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Kaur R, Arora N, Rawat SS, Keshri AK, Sharma SR, Mishra A, Singh G, Prasad A. Vaccine for a neglected tropical disease Taenia solium cysticercosis: fight for eradication against all odds. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1447-1458. [PMID: 34379534 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1967750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Taenia solium infection is among the 17 most neglected tropical diseases identified by World Health Organization and to be eradicated by 2030. This parasite infects the central nervous system (Neurocysticercosis [NCC]) and intestine [Taeniasis]). NCC is the most frequent cause of acquired epilepsy in endemic regions and Taeniasis is responsible for the widespread malnutrition and abdominal discomfort among children. Epilepsy caused by T. solium is preventable and the total elimination of NCC can be achieved by good hygiene, mass therapy, and most importantly vaccination of pigs or humans. Vaccine for pig is available but not widely in use and for humans it's still elusive. AREA COVERED Several vaccine candidates for porcine cysticercosis have been tried like TSOL18, SP3Vac, KETc7, TSOL45, etc. with good success in the limited field trial. This review highlights some seminal contributions for the anti-cestode vaccine, the associated challenges, current status, suggestive future directions, and the need of vaccine for human use. EXPERT OPINION Though several vaccines are available, none is being widely used due to lack of awareness, economic constraints, accessibility, etc. Hence, there is a need for a newer, economic, and reliable vaccine for humans or pigs use to reduce the disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimanpreet Kaur
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Naina Arora
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Suraj S Rawat
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anand Kumar Keshri
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubha Rani Sharma
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi-Jharkhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Neurology, Dayanad Medical College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Amit Prasad
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Ahn CS, Kim JG, Huh S, Kang I, Kong Y. Advances in Serological Diagnosis of Taenia solium Neurocysticercosis in Korea. Genomics Inform 2019; 17:e7. [PMID: 30929408 PMCID: PMC6459165 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2019.17.1.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysticercosis, a parasitic disease caused by Taenia solium metacestode (TsM), has a major global public health impact in terms of disability-adjusted life years. The parasite preferentially infects subcutaneous tissue, but may invade the central nervous system, resulting in neurocysticercosis (NC). NC is an important neglected tropical disease and an emerging disease in industrialized countries due to immigration from endemic areas. The prevalence of taeniasis in Korea declined from 0.3%–12.7% during the 1970s to below 0.02% since the 2000s. A survey conducted from 1993 to 2006 revealed that the percentage of tested samples with high levels of specific anti-TsM antibody declined from 8.3% to 2.2%, suggesting the continuing occurrence of NC in Korea. Modern imaging modalities have substantially improved the diagnostic accuracy of NC, and recent advances in the molecular biochemical characterization of the TsM cyst fluid proteome also significantly strengthened NC serodiagnosis. Two glycoproteins of 150 and 120 kDa that induce strong antibody responses against sera from patients with active-stage NC have been elucidated. The 150 kDa protein showed hydrophobic-ligand binding activities and might be critically involved in the acquisition of host-derived lipid molecules. Fasciclin and endophilin B1, both of which play roles in the homeostatic functions of TsM, showed fairly high antibody responses against calcified NC cases. NC is now controllable and manageable. Further studies should focus on controlling late-onset intractable seizures and serological diagnosis of NC patients infected with few worms. This article briefly overviews diagnostic approaches and discusses current issues relating to NC serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seob Ahn
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jeong-Geun Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Sun Huh
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Medical Education, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Korea
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Gonçalves FDA, Machado GA, Oliveira HB, Rezende MTNP, Mineo JR, Costa-Cruz JM. Hydrophobic fraction of Taenia saginata metacestodes, rather than hydrophilic fraction, contains immunodominant markers for diagnosing human neurocysticercosis. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2011; 43:254-9. [PMID: 20563491 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering that alternative antigens for diagnosing neurocysticercosis continue to be a challenge because of the increasing difficulty in obtaining parasites from naturally infected pigs for preparation of Taenia solium homologous antigen, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the detergent (D) and aqueous (A) fractions from saline extract of Taenia saginata metacestodes for diagnosing neurocysticercosis. METHODS Taenia saginata was obtained from naturally infected bovines in the Triângulo Mineiro region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The carcasses came from cold storage units and had been slaughtered in accordance with the inspection technique recommended by the Federal Inspection Service. The D and A fractions were obtained by using Triton X-114 (TX-114). Serum samples were obtained from 40 patients with a diagnosis of neurocysticercosis, 45 with other parasitic diseases and 30 from apparently normal individuals. IgG antibody levels were evaluated using the ELISA and immunoblotting assays. RESULTS The ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 95% and 73.3%, when using saline extract; 95% and 82.6% for the D fraction; and 65% and 61.3% for the A fraction, respectively. The immunoblotting assay confirmed the ELISA results, such that the D fraction was more efficient than the other extracts, and the 70-68 kDa component was immunodominant among neurocysticercosis patients. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that the D fraction from Taenia saginata metacestodes obtained using TX-114 can be used as a heterologous antigenic fraction in the immunoblotting assay for serologically diagnosing human neurocysticercosis, given its ability to select immunodominant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de Assunção Gonçalves
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Taenia saginata metacestode antigenic fractions without affinity to concanavalin A are an important source of specific antigens for the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:638-44. [PMID: 20130125 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00516-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Taenia saginata metacestode antigens have been constituted a useful alternative antigen for neurocysticercosis (NC) serodiagnosis, particularly due to an increasing difficulty to obtain Taenia solium homologous antigen. Cross-reactivity with Echinococcus granulosus infection occurs in homologous and heterologous antigens and could be avoided by using different purified methods. The present study evaluated antigen fractions obtained from saline extracts of T. saginata metacestodes purified by affinity chromatography with jacalin or concanavalin A (ConA) lectins to detect IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblot analysis to diagnose human NC. Serum samples were collected from 142 individuals: 40 of them were diagnosed with NC, 62 presented Taenia sp. and other parasites, and 40 were apparently healthy individuals. The jacalin- and ConA-unbound fractions demonstrated sensitivity and specificity higher than those of bound fractions. Among unbound fractions, ConA demonstrated statistically higher sensitivity and specificity by ELISA (90% and 93.1%, respectively). By immunoblot assay, the 64- to 68-kDa component from the ConA-unbound fraction showed 100% sensitivity and specificity, making this component suitable for use as a specific antigen for diagnosis of NC. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing the relevance of using the unbound ConA fraction of T. saginata metacestodes to diagnose NC. In conclusion, the results obtained herein clearly demonstrate that antigenic fractions without affinity to ConA, obtained from T. saginata metacestodes, are an important source of specific peptides and are efficient in the diagnosis of NC when tested by immunoblot assay.
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Sciutto E, Chavarria A, Fragoso G, Fleury A, Larralde C. The immune response in Taenia solium cysticercosis: protection and injury. Parasite Immunol 2008; 29:621-36. [PMID: 18042169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2007.00967.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews current knowledge on the innate and acquired immune responses in human Taenia solium neurocysticercosis, highlighting the conditions that appear to be favourable for the survival or destruction of the parasite and for the benefit or injury to its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sciutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, México DF, Mexico.
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Yong TS, Yeo IS, Seo JH, Chang JK, Lee JS, Kim TS, Jeong GH. Serodiagnosis of cysticercosis by ELISA-inhibition test using monoclonal antibodies. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1993; 31:149-56. [PMID: 8343457 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1993.31.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were produced against crude scolex extract of T. solium metacestodes, and applied to ELISA-inhibition test for improving the specificity of serodiagnosis of human cysticercosis. Four hybridomas secreting species-specific anticysticercal Mabs (Cya-1, Cya-7, Cya-28 and Cya-31) were selected. Each Mab reacted on antigenic components of 25.5 kDa (Cya-1), 28 kDa (Cya-7), 87.5 kDa (Cya-28), and 12.5 kDa (Cya-31). IFA showed that Cya-1 was located at the calcium corpuscles, and Cya-7 at the loose connective tissue of T. solium metacestode scolex. Cya-28 and Cya-31 reacted on the tegument of the scolex. By conventional ELISA, 23 out of 28 (82.1%) cysticercosis patients were found serologically positive, but 1 out of 9 (11.1%) sparganosis cases and 6 out of 31 (19.4%) paragonimiasis cases showed false positives. By ELISA-inhibition test using species-specific anti-cysticercal Mab Cya-7, 19 out of 28 (67.9%) cysticercosis cases were found serologically positive, but there were no false positives in other parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Yong
- Department of Parasitology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kong Y, Cho SY, Kim SI, Kang SY. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of major component proteins in cystic fluid of Taenia solium metacestodes. KISAENGCH'UNGHAK CHAPCHI. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1992; 30:209-18. [PMID: 1420034 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1992.30.3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
When cystic fluid of Taenia solium metacestodes (CF) was filtrated through Sephacryl S-300 Superfine, major proteins were in fractions III and IV. Major protein in fraction III was Band C protein of 150 kDa and that in fraction IV was Band N protein (Choi et al., 1990). When CF was electrophoresed in 0.9% agarose gel and reacted with anti-CF rabbit serum (RACF), two main bands, a long outer and a short inner band, were precipitated, together with 8 minor bands. RACF reacted with fraction III forming the long outer band whereas RACF formed the short inner band with fraction IV in immunoelectrophoresis (IEP). The long outer precipitin band of CF fraction III was similar to antigen B in hydatid fluid (HF) of Oriol et al. (1971), while the short inner band of CF fraction IV was similar to HF antigen 5 of Capron et al. (1967). When HF was reacted with RACF, the short inner band was immunoprecipitated without forming the long outer band. Common antigenicity between CF and HF seemed to exist in fraction IV rather than in fraction III of CF. Patient sera of neurocysticercosis reacted more frequently with fraction III than with fraction IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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Rogan MT, Craig PS, Zeyhle E, Romig T, Lubano GM, Deshan L. Evaluation of a rapid dot-ELISA as a field test for the diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991; 85:773-7. [PMID: 1801352 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(91)90451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) was developed as a field test for the diagnosis of cystic hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The 30 min test was based on the detection of antibodies to antigen B of hydatid fluid and was carried out using 50 microliters of whole blood in a field assessment in the Turkana region of north-west Kenya. Initial laboratory studies showed antigen B to be preferable to crude cyst fluid, with 94% sensitivity and 90.3% specificity for Echinococcus infections. The field test was rapid, inexpensive and simple to perform and is considered to be a useful back-up to ultrasound scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Rogan
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, UK
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Kong Y, Kang SY, Cho SY. Component proteins in cystic fluid of Taenia solium metacestodes collected surgically from neurocysticercosis patients. KISAENGCH'UNGHAK CHAPCHI. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1990; 28:101-8. [PMID: 1702989 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1990.28.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Surgically collected cystic fluid of Taenia solium metacestodes from patients of intracranial cystic lesion were compared in their protein composition with those from naturally infected pigs in Cheju Do, Korea and Ecuador. In non-denaturing discontinuous-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (disc-PAGE), no discernible differences were recognized in banding patterns between the cystic fluids from Cheju Do and Ecuador, and between the cystic fluids from pigs and human lesions except wider bands that corresponded to human albumin and gamma-globulin (in 4 of 9 patients). In reducing SDS-PAGE, bands in the cystic fluid from Ecuador showed the same banding pattern with that from Cheju Do but two bands of 21 and 17 kDa were stained darker. Cystic fluids from patients revealed the same protein compositions of the major protein bands of 94, 64, 15, 10 and 7 kDa as in the cystic fluid of pig origin, but human albumin (66 kDa), heavy and light chains of gamma globulin (55 and 22.5 kDa) were contaminated in 4 of 9 cystic fluids. Human CSF proteins seem to have been contaminated during cystic fluid collection. In any cystic fluid from patients, the major protein component was 150 kDa which was subdivided into 15, 10 and 7 kDa in reducing SDS-PAGE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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