1
|
Deloer S, Nakamura R, Mi-Ichi F, Adachi K, Kobayashi S, Hamano S. Mouse models of amoebiasis and culture methods of amoeba. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:520-525. [PMID: 27080249 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the third leading parasitic cause of man mortality in the world. Infection occurs via ingestion of food or water contaminated with cysts of E. histolytica. Amoebae primarily colonize the intestine. The majority of amoebic infections are asymptomatic, but under some conditions, approximately 4-10% of infections progress to the invasive form of the disease. To better understand the pathogenesis of amoebiasis and the interaction between amoebae and their hosts, the development of suitable animal models is crucial. Pigs, gerbils, cats and mice are used as animal models for the study of amoebiasis in the laboratory. Among these, the most commonly used model is the mouse. In addition to intestinal amoebiasis, we developed a mouse model of liver abscess by inoculating amoeba through portal vein. However, the frequency of successful infection remains low, which is dependent on the conditions of amoebae in the laboratory. As the maintenance of virulent amoebae in the laboratory is unstable, it needs further refinement. This review summarizes mouse models of amoebiasis and the current state of laboratory culture method of amoebae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmina Deloer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Doctoral Leadership Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Risa Nakamura
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Doctoral Leadership Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Fumika Mi-Ichi
- Divisions of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga 849-8501, Japan
| | - Keishi Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube 755-8505, Japan
| | - Seiki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Hamano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Doctoral Leadership Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee J, Park SJ, Yong TS. Serodiagnosis of amoebiasis using a recombinant protein fragment of the 29 kDa surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30:1487-91. [PMID: 11428340 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To develop an improved serodiagnostic test for amoebiasis, we performed a detailed analysis of the immunodominant epitopes of the 29 kDa surface antigen and evaluated its sensitivity and specificity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the fragment containing the immunodominant epitope was evaluated further and compared with full-length recombinant 29 kDa protein. Specificity and sensitivity of the two ELISAs were assessed using 55 human sera of parasitic protozoa infection cases (25 amoebiasis, 20 giardiasis and 10 toxoplasmosis sera) and 10 healthy control sera. The immunodominant epitope of the 29 kDa antigen is localised only in the N-terminus 14-54 amino acid residues. The sensitivities of the two ELISAs were very high, 92 and 96%, respectively. The specificity of the fragment was 100%, whereas the specificity of the full-length 29 kDa protein was 86.6%. These results indicate that the fragment containing the immunodominant epitope of the 29 kDa protein can be used to accurately serodiagnose amoebiasis without cross-reactivity from other parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park SJ, Yong TS, Chang JK, Im K, Soh CT. Characterization of YS-27, an axenic Korean strain of Entamoeba histolytica. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1999; 37:59-62. [PMID: 10188386 PMCID: PMC2733052 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1999.37.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of YS-27, an axenic Entamoeba strain, was performed by three different laboratory methods. Zymodeme analysis using starch gel electrophoresis and PCR with species-specific primers showed that YS-27 is a pathogenic Entamoeba which belongs to the group II zymodeme. Pathogenicity of YS-27 was further confirmed by observing the formation of liver abscess in Mongolian gerbils. These results showed that YS-27 is E. hisolytica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Park
- Department of Parasitology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim JM, Jung HC, Im KI, Song IS, Kim CY. Synergy between Entamoeba histolytica and Escherichia coli in the induction of cytokine gene expression in human colon epithelial cells. Parasitol Res 1998; 84:509-12. [PMID: 9660143 DOI: 10.1007/bf03356595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica induces the expression and secretion of interleukin 8 (IL-8) by cultured colon epithelial cells. We assessed the array of cytokine genes expressed by human colon epithelial cells in response to co-culture with E. histolytica trophozoites and tested the hypothesis that enteric bacteria may alter the E. histolytica-induced expression of such genes. HT-29 colon epithelial cells were co-cultured with E. histolytica trophozoites in the presence or absence of Escherichia coli. Cytokine gene expression was assessed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IL-8 mRNA in colon epithelial cells was up-regulated following exposure to E. histolytica and this was paralleled by increased IL-8 secretion. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-1alpha/beta mRNAs were also up-regulated in these cells. When HT-29 cells were co-cultured with E. coli DH5alpha and E. histolytica there was a synergistic increase in the expression of IL-8, IL-1alpha, and GM-CSF. These results suggest that enteric bacteria may significantly affect early proinflammatory signals produced in host tissues in response to E. histolytica infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Im KI, Choi JT, Hong YP, Kim TE, La MS. [cDNAs encoding the antigenic proteins in pathogenic strain of Entamoeba histolytica]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1997; 35:203-10. [PMID: 9335186 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1997.35.3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) analysis was performed to identify the pathogenic strain specific amplicons. mRNAs were purified from the trophozoites of the pathogenic strain YS-27 and the non-pathogenic strain S 16, respectively. Three kinds of first stranded cDNAs were reverse transcribed from the mRNAs by one base anchored oligo-dT11M (M: A, C, or G) primers. Each cDNA template was used for DDRT-PCR analysis. A total of 144 pathogenic strain specific amplicons was observed in DDRT-PCR analysis using primer combinations of the 11 arbitrary primers and the 3 one base anchored oligo-dT11M primers. Of these, 31 amplicons were verified as the amplicons amplified only from the mRNAs of the pathogenic strain by DNA slot blot hybridization. Further characterization of the 31 pathogenic strain specific amplicons by DNA slot blot hybridization analysis using biotin labeled probes of the PCR amplified DNA of cysteine proteinase genes revealed that 21 of them were amplified from the mRNAs of the cysteine proteinase genes. Four randomly selected amplicons out of the rest 10 amplicons were used for screening of cDNA library followed by immunoscreening and all of them were turned out to be amplified from the mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K I Im
- Department of Parasitology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee M, Hong ST. Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in cyst-passers by immunoblot. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1996; 34:247-54. [PMID: 9017910 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1996.34.4.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of invasive strains of Entamoeba histolytica according to their pathogenicity has been a topic of long debate, but now the pathogenic species only is regarded as E. histolytica while the non pathogenic species is E. dispar. The present study applied immunoblot to differentiate infections of the two species among microscopically-detected cyst-passers in Korea. The crude extract of E. histolytica separated in 5.20% gradient gels, revealed many fractions of 94, 81, 71, 50, 44, 38.5, 37.5, 29, 19, and 18 kDa when the cysteine proteinase inhibitor, E64, was supplemented. The scrum IgG antibody of 3 proven E, histolytica cases reacted with the antigenic fractions of 117, 110, 99, 68, 66, 60, 54, 52, 46, and 45 kDa. Sera of PCR confirmed 3 cases of E. dispar reacted only to the 117 kDa fraction of the E. histolytica crude extract which was regarded as non-specific. To the antigen of monoxenic E. dispar, sera of E. dispar and E. histolytica cases showed the same immunoblot reactions. The serum IgA antibody reacted with several antigenic fractions of both E. histolytica and E. dispar, but IgM and IgE antibodies showed no reaction to either antigen. Sera of 24 symptomless amebic cyst passers were screened with the E. histolytica antigen; two were found to be infected by E. histolytica and 22 were by E. dispar. The present findings suggest that in Korea most of asymptomatic cyst passers of E. histolytica are carriers of E. dispar. Immunoblot using E. histolytica antigen is a good technique for the differentiation of E. histolytica and E. dispar infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Choe SC, Lee M, Lee SK, Im K, Tannich E, Lee SH, Hong ST. Differentiation of Korean isolates of Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1996; 34:15-20. [PMID: 8820737 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1996.34.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cysts of Entamoeba histolytica are still found from humans in Korea, but not all of the cysts are known as pathogenic. The non-pathogenic strain is regarded as a different species, E. dispar. In this study, Korean isolates of conventional E. histolytica were subjected for the differentiation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Human stools were screened by routine microscopic examination, and cyst or trophozoite positive stools were inoculated into Robinson media. The cultivated trophozoite positive stools were inoculated into Robinson media. The cultivated trophozoites were prepared for DNA extraction, and the DNAs were used for PCR with common primers of P1 gene. The PCR products were digested with 3 restriction enzymes and RFLP was observed. Also anti-sense primers containing the cleavage site of each restriction enzyme were designed for differentiation only by PCR. The PCR products of Korean isolates S9, S12, YS-6, and YS-27 were spliced by Taq I and Xmn I but not by Acc I, and the isolates S1, S3, S11, S15, S16, S17, S20, YS-17, and YS-44 were spliced by Acc I but not by Taq I and Xmn I. These RFLP pattern correlated well with PCR products by the species specific primers. The findings confirm that the Korean isolates S9, S12, YS-6, and YS-27 are E. histolytica and others are E. dispar. In Korea, most of the asymptomatic cyst carriers are infected by E. dispar, not by E. histolytica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Choe
- Department of Parasitology and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim JM, Jung HC, Im K, Cho YJ, Kim CY. [Interleukin-8 gene expression in the human colon epithelial cell line, HT-29, exposed to Entamoeba histolytica]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 1995; 33:357-64. [PMID: 8591014 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.1995.33.4.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, is one of major causative agents of intestinal disease all over the world. In acute experimental infection, the early host response to E. histolytica is characterized by an infiltration of neutrophils. However, the chemotactic signal for this response is not well known. Based on the finding that human epithelial cells produce the potent neutrophil chemoattractant and activator, interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-8 gene expression was examined thoroughly in human colon epithelial cells exposed to E. histolytica trophozoites. Cellular RNAs were extracted from HT-29 or Caco-2 human colon epithelial cells exposed to E. histolytica trophozoites for 30 minutes, 1 and 3 hours. IL-8 mRNA transcripts were measured by reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using synthetic standard RNA. The number of IL-8 mRNA molecules increased from 30 minutes to 3 hours of exposure period, reaching 3.1 x 10(7) molecules/micrograms of total RNA. Expression pattern of IL-8 mRNA transcripts was parallel to the amounts of IL-8 protein measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lysates of E. histolytica also induced expression of mRNA for IL-8 in colon epithelial cells. These results suggest that acute inflammatory reaction by E. histolytica may be initially triggered by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-8 secreted from epithelial cells of the colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Hanyang University College of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|