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Hassan ZR, El-Sayed S, Zekry KM, Ahmed SG, Abd-Elhamid AH, Salama DEA, Taha AK, Mahmoud NA, Mohammed SF, Amin MM, Mohamed RE, Eraque AMS, Mohamed SA, Abdelgalil RM, Atta SA, Fahmy NT, Badr MS. Impact of atorvastatin and mesenchymal stem cells combined with ivermectin on murine trichinellosis. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:57. [PMID: 38105357 PMCID: PMC10725854 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is one of the global food-borne parasitic diseases that can cause severe tissue damage. The traditionally used drugs for the treatment of trichinellosis have limited efficacy against the encysted larvae in the muscular phase of the disease. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the role of atorvastatin and mesenchymal stem cells combined with ivermectin against different phases of Trichinella in experimentally infected mice. A total of 120 male Swiss albino mice were divided into two major groups (n = 60 of each), intestinal and muscular phases. Then, each group was subdivided into 10 subgroups (n = 6); non-infected control, infected non-treated control, infected ivermectin treated, infected atorvastatin treated, infected mesenchymal stem cells treated, infected combined ivermectin and atorvastatin treated, infected combined mesenchymal stem cells and ivermectin treated, infected combined mesenchymal stem cells and atorvastatin treated, infected combined mesenchymal stem cells and a full dose of (ivermectin and atorvastatin) treated, and infected combined mesenchymal stem cells and half dose of (ivermectin and atorvastatin) treated. Mice were sacrificed at days 5 and 35 post-infection for the intestinal and muscular phases, respectively. The assessment was performed through many parameters, including counting the adult intestinal worms and muscular encysted larvae, besides histopathological examination of the underlying tissues. Moreover, a biochemical assay for the inflammatory and oxidative stress marker levels was conducted. In addition, levels of immunohistochemical CD31 and VEGF gene expression as markers of angiogenesis during the muscular phase were investigated. The combined mesenchymal stem cells and atorvastatin added to ivermectin showed the highest significant reduction in adult worms and encysted larvae counts, the most noticeable improvement of the histopathological changes, the most potent anti-inflammatory (lowest level of IL-17) and anti-angiogenic (lowest expression of CD31 and VEGF) activities, and also revealed the highly effective one to relieve the oxidative stress (lowest level of SOD, GSH, and lipid peroxidase enzymes). These observed outcomes indicate that adding mesenchymal stem cells and atorvastatin to ivermectin synergistically potentiates its therapeutic efficacy and provides a promising candidate against trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab R Hassan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt.
| | - Samar El-Sayed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Kareman M Zekry
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Samah Gouda Ahmed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Hassan Abd-Elhamid
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa E A Salama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Entertainment Area, Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt
| | - Azza Kamal Taha
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Nihal A Mahmoud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa Fathy Mohammed
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha Elsayed Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Ayat M S Eraque
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Shimaa A Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Ranya M Abdelgalil
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Yosief Abbas Street, Cairo, Kairo, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Attia Atta
- Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, 36VF+MJ2, Warraq Al Arab, El Warraq, Giza Governorate, 3863130, Egypt
| | - Nermeen Talaat Fahmy
- Genomics, Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), 3 Emtedad Ramses, Al Abbaseyah Al Gharbeyah, El Weili, Cairo Governorate, 4435102, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Badr
- Molecular Biology and Genetic-Bioinformatics Nano-Robot Diagnostics, Medical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, El-Khalyfa El-Mamoun Street Abbasya, Cairo, Egypt
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Spanakis M, Alon-Ellenbogen D, Ioannou P, Spernovasilis N. Antibiotics and Lipid-Modifying Agents: Potential Drug-Drug Interactions and Their Clinical Implications. PHARMACY 2023; 11:130. [PMID: 37624085 PMCID: PMC10457919 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based prescribing requires taking into consideration the many aspects of optimal drug administration (e.g., dosage, comorbidities, co-administered drugs, etc.). A key issue is the administration of drugs for acute disorders that may potentially interfere with previously prescribed long-term medications. Initiating an antibiotic for an acute bacterial infection constitutes a common example. Hence, appropriate knowledge and awareness of the potential DDIs of antibiotics would lead to proper adjustments, thus preventing over- or under-treatment. For example, some statins, which are the most prescribed lipid-modifying agent (LMA), can lead to clinically important drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with the concurrent administration of antibiotics, e.g., macrolides. This review discusses the clinically significant DDIs of antibiotics associated with co-administrated lipid-lowering therapy and highlights common cases where regimen modifications may or may not be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Spanakis
- Department Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
- Computational Biomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Danny Alon-Ellenbogen
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Petros Ioannou
- Department of Internal Medicine & Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece;
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Verdaguer IB, Zafra CA, Crispim M, Sussmann RA, Kimura EA, Katzin AM. Prenylquinones in Human Parasitic Protozoa: Biosynthesis, Physiological Functions, and Potential as Chemotherapeutic Targets. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203721. [PMID: 31623105 PMCID: PMC6832408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parasitic protozoa cause a large number of diseases worldwide and, for some of these diseases, there are no effective treatments to date, and drug resistance has been observed. For these reasons, the discovery of new etiological treatments is necessary. In this sense, parasitic metabolic pathways that are absent in vertebrate hosts would be interesting research candidates for the identification of new drug targets. Most likely due to the protozoa variability, uncertain phylogenetic origin, endosymbiotic events, and evolutionary pressure for adaptation to adverse environments, a surprising variety of prenylquinones can be found within these organisms. These compounds are involved in essential metabolic reactions in organisms, for example, prevention of lipoperoxidation, participation in the mitochondrial respiratory chain or as enzymatic cofactors. This review will describe several prenylquinones that have been previously characterized in human pathogenic protozoa. Among all existing prenylquinones, this review is focused on ubiquinone, menaquinone, tocopherols, chlorobiumquinone, and thermoplasmaquinone. This review will also discuss the biosynthesis of prenylquinones, starting from the isoprenic side chains to the aromatic head group precursors. The isoprenic side chain biosynthesis maybe come from mevalonate or non-mevalonate pathways as well as leucine dependent pathways for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Finally, the isoprenic chains elongation and prenylquinone aromatic precursors origins from amino acid degradation or the shikimate pathway is reviewed. The phylogenetic distribution and what is known about the biological functions of these compounds among species will be described, as will the therapeutic strategies associated with prenylquinone metabolism in protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi B. Verdaguer
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Camila A. Zafra
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Marcell Crispim
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Rodrigo A.C. Sussmann
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Porto Seguro 45810-000 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Emília A. Kimura
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
| | - Alejandro M. Katzin
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508000, Brazil; (I.B.V.); (C.A.Z.); (M.C.); (E.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-3091-7330; Fax: +5511-3091-7417
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