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Singh A, Singh R, Parganiha A, Tripathi MK. Annual rhythm in immune functions of blood leucocytes in an ophidian, Natrix piscator. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12157. [PMID: 38802537 PMCID: PMC11130258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Annual variations in animal's physiological functions are an essential strategy to deal with seasonal challenges which also vary according to the time of year. Information regarding annual adaptations in the immune-competence to cope with seasonal stressors in reptiles is scarce. The present research plan was designed to analyze the presence of circannual immune rhythms in defense responses of the leucocytes in an ophidian, Natrix piscator. Peripheral blood leucocytes were obtained, counted, and superoxide anion production, neutrophil phagocytosis, and nitrite release were tested to assess the innate immune functions. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated by centrifugation (utilizing density gradient) and the cell proliferation was measured. The Cosinor rhythmometry disclosed the presence of significant annual rhythms in the number of leucocytes, superoxide anion production, nitric oxide production, and proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes. The authors found that respiratory burst activity and proliferative responses of lymphocytes were crucial immune responses that showed the annual rhythm. It was summarized that the immune function of the N. piscator is a labile attribute that makes the animal competent to cope with the seasonal stressor by adjustment in the potency of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221002, India
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221002, India
| | - Arti Parganiha
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, School of Studies of Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India.
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221002, India.
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2
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Fajardo C, Santos P, Passos R, Vaz M, Azeredo R, Machado M, Fernández-Boo S, Baptista T, Costas B. Early Molecular Immune Responses of Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus L.) Following Infection with Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12944. [PMID: 37629124 PMCID: PMC10454659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Turbot aquaculture production is an important economic activity in several countries around the world; nonetheless, the incidence of diseases, such furunculosis, caused by the etiological agent A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, is responsible for important losses to this industry worldwide. Given this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate early immune responses in turbot (S. maximus L.) following infection with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. For this, 72 fish were individually weighed and randomly distributed into 6 tanks in a circulating seawater system. For the bacterial challenge, half of the individuals (3 tanks with 36 individuals) were infected using a peritoneal injection with the bacterial suspension, while the other half of individuals were injected with PBS and kept as a control group. Several factors linked to the innate immune response were studied, including not only haematological (white blood cells, red blood cells, haematocrit, haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes) and oxidative stress parameters, but also the analyses of the expression of 13 key immune-related genes (tnf-α, il-1β, il-8, pparα-1, acox1, tgf-β1, nf-kB p65, srebp-1, il-10, c3, cpt1a, pcna, il-22). No significant differences were recorded in blood or innate humoral parameters (lysozyme, anti-protease, peroxidase) at the selected sampling points. There was neither any evidence of significant changes in the activity levels of the oxidative stress indicators (catalase, glutathione S-transferase, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase). In contrast, pro-inflammatory (tnf-α, il-1β), anti-inflammatory (il-10), and innate immune-related genes (c3) were up-regulated, while another gene linked with the lipid metabolism (acox1) was down-regulated. The results showed new insights about early responses of turbot following infection with A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Fajardo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI·MAR), University of Cadiz (UCA), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Paulo Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
- Department of Aquatic Production, School of Biomedicine and Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Passos
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
| | - Mariana Vaz
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
| | - Rita Azeredo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Marina Machado
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Sergio Fernández-Boo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
| | - Teresa Baptista
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-620 Peniche, Portugal; (R.P.); (M.V.); (T.B.)
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal; (C.F.); (P.S.); (R.A.); (M.M.); (S.F.-B.)
- Department of Aquatic Production, School of Biomedicine and Biomedical Sciences, Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Sørgaard M, Sveinsson K, Patel S, Nilsen HK, Olsen AB, Vaagnes Ø, Colquhoun DJ, Gulla S. MLVA genotyping of Moritella viscosa reveals serial emergence of novel, host-specific clonal complexes in Norwegian salmon farming. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:535-543. [PMID: 36787245 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A Multi-Locus Variable number of tandem repeat Analysis (MLVA) genotyping scheme was developed for the epidemiological study of Moritella viscosa, which causes 'winter ulcer' predominantly in sea-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The assay involves multiplex PCR amplification of six Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) loci, followed by capillary electrophoresis and data interpretation. A collection of 747 spatiotemporally diverse M. viscosa isolates from nine fish species was analysed, the majority from farmed Norwegian salmon. MLVA distributed 76% of the isolates across three major clonal complexes (CC1, CC2 and CC3), with the remaining forming minor clusters and singletons. While 90% of the salmon isolates belong to either CC1, CC2 or CC3, only 20% of the isolates recovered from other fish species do so, indicating a considerable degree of host specificity. We further highlight a series of 'clonal shifts' amongst Norwegian salmon isolates over the 35-year sampling period, with CC1 showing exclusive predominance prior to the emergence of CC2, which was later supplanted by CC3, before the recent re-emergence of CC1. Apparently, these shifts have rapidly swept the entire Norwegian coastline and conceivably, as suggested by typing of a small number of non-Norwegian isolates, the Northeast Atlantic region as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonal Patel
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
- Vaxxinova Norway AS, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Øyvind Vaagnes
- Vaxxinova Norway AS, Bergen, Norway
- Blue Analytics AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Duncan J Colquhoun
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
- University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Sepúlveda D, Hansen MJ, Dalsgaard I, Skov J, Lorenzen N. Antigenic variability of Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2a: A hurdle for vaccine efficacy against vibriosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:300-311. [PMID: 36202204 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite vaccination, outbreaks of vibriosis still occur in sea-reared rainbow trout in Denmark. Vibriosis outbreaks are caused mainly by V. anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2a, and bacterins of both serotypes are included in the commonly used vaccine against this disease in Danish aquaculture. However, while the strains belonging to serotype O1 are genetically similar, the strains belonging to serotype O2a are highly diverse. This work aimed first at examining how the antibody response and protection induced by bacterin-based vaccines were affected by the antigenic variability within V. anguillarum serotype O2a strains. Following vaccination of rainbow trout with either a commercial or an experimental vaccine, specific antibody reactivity in serum from vaccinated fish was examined by ELISA against 23 strains of V. anguillarum serotype O2a (VaO2a). The strains were divided into 4 distinct subgroups according to the observed detection pattern. Seven strains were strongly recognized only by sera from fish vaccinated with the experimental vaccine (EV-I antisera), while 13 other strains were primarily recognized by sera from fish vaccinated with the commercial vaccine (CV antisera). Two strains were recognized by both EV-I and CV antisera, but with intermediate reactivity, while one strain was not recognized at all. A partly similar recognition pattern was observed when purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as antigen in the examination of antibody reactivity in Western blotting. The level of protection was highly dependent on both the vaccine and the strain used for challenge and showed no consistent correlation with antibody reactivity. Secondly, we attempted to use a bacterin vaccine based on one of the V. anguillarum O2a strains intermediately recognized by both EV-I and CV antisera to investigate whether that could potentially provide protection across strain variability. The immunized fish did mount a cross-reactive antibody response, but protection still varied depending on the strain used for challenge. Interestingly, the grouping of strains according to antibody reactivity correlated not only with genotyping based on single nucleotides polymorphisms analysis (SNP) but also with variability in the accessory genome, indicating that presence or absence of protein antigens or proteins associated with the biosynthesis of antigenic epitopes may explain the observed distinct serological subgrouping within VaO2a strains by trout immune sera. In terms of vaccination against VaO2a, our results demonstrate that it is important to take (local) antigen variations into account when using bacterin-based vaccines but also that alternatives to traditional bacterin-based vaccines might be needed to induce protection against the highly virulent Vibrio anguillarum serotype O2a strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagoberto Sepúlveda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Mie Johanne Hansen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Skov
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
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Virulence Genes and In Vitro Antibiotic Profile of Photobacterium damselae Strains, Isolated from Fish Reared in Greek Aquaculture Facilities. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223133. [PMID: 36428362 PMCID: PMC9687077 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the species Photobacterium damselae are pathogens of cultured marine fish, causing diseases of high importance, such as Pasteurellosis. Thus, they are considered a major threat to the aquaculture sector. Despite the great importance of fish mariculture for the Greek economy, the distribution and abundance of these bacteria are not well documented in aquaculture units in Greece. Keeping this in mind, the scope of the present study was to investigate the presence, antibiotic profile, and virulence of Photobacterium bacteria originating from a representative sample of mariculture units throughout Greece. Samples were collected from diseased fish belonging to three different cultured fish species, namely Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax, and Pagrus pagrus, from both the Aegean and the Ionian Sea. Tissue samples were cultured in agar media, and bacteria were molecularly identified using both bacterial universal and species-specific primer pairs for Photobacterium spp. Additionally, the identified strains were characterized for the presence of virulence genes as well as antibiotic profiles. According to the results, the aforementioned bacteria are distributed in the Greek aquaculture units and are characterized by high pathogenicity based on the abundance of virulence genes. Furthermore, the majority of the detected strains exhibit some level of antibiotic resistance. In summary, our results indicate the need for systematic surveillance and study of their antibiotic profiles in Greek aquaculture since these bacteria constitute a major threat to the sector.
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Bhardwaj AK, Chandra RK, Pati AK, Tripathi MK. Seasonal immune rhythm of leukocytes in the freshwater snakehead fish, Channa punctatus. J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:727-736. [PMID: 36053305 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01460-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Annual rhythms are observed in many physiological processes and are an important approach to cope with seasonal stressors. The use of lower vertebrates as an experimental model is crucial to understand the evolution of this biological clock. This study aims to characterize the seasonal variability in the leukocyte immune responses in Channa punctatus. Leukocytes were harvested from peripheral blood and respiratory burst activity, leukocyte phagocytosis, and nitrite production were assessed to study innate immunity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were segregated by centrifugation (density gradient) and proliferative responses of lymphocytes, in the presence of mitogens, were used to study cell-mediated immunity. Annual rhythms were validated in superoxide anion production, nitrite release and phagocytosis. Cosinor analysis revealed a differential pattern of lymphocyte proliferation which was dependent upon season and mitogen used. It was concluded that seasonal variation in immune activity might be associated with annual adaptation against diseases and the optimum immune status of seasonal breeders like fish helps them fight seasonal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Department of Zoology, School of Studies in Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chandra
- Department of Zoology, School of Studies in Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India
| | - Atanu Kumar Pati
- Odisha State Higher Education Council, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751 002, India.,School of Studies in Life Science, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, School of Studies in Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India.
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7
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Abolfathi M, Akbarzadeh A, Hajimoradloo A, Joshaghani HR, Ross NW. Seasonal variations in the skin epidermal structure and mucosal immune parameters of rainbow trout skin (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at different stages of farming. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:965-974. [PMID: 35843528 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in the epidermal structure and the innate immunity parameters of skin mucus in rainbow trout. The skin epidermis and mucus samples were collected over three consecutive seasons including winter, spring and late summer from three different weight groups i.e., 2-20 g (W1), 100-200 g (W2) and 400-600 g (W3) fish. The skin mucosal immunity analysis of rainbow trout showed that the haemagglutination activity increased significantly with increasing fish size from W1 to W3 in all three seasons, while no significant seasonal changes occurred in haemagglutination activity. Moreover, the bactericidal activity against fish pathogens increased significantly with increasing water bacterial load in late summer. The SDS-PAGE analysis of mucus showed a high amount of low molecular weight proteins (<35 kDa) in the late summer that was correlated with the increase in bactericidal activity. Histological analysis of the epidermis structure of rainbow trout skin showed that the density and size of goblet cells and consequently the mucus secretion significantly increased in W3 group in all seasons. In all three weight groups of fish, the density of goblet cells significantly increased from winter to spring and late summer along with increasing water temperature. Moreover, the goblet cell density showed a significant positive relationship with the soluble protein concentration and haemagglutination activity (p < 0.01). The results of this study demonstrated the more active immune role of the skin epidermal cells and mucus in rainbow trout during summer to protect fish against the pathogenic microorganisms. Given its potent bactericidal properties and the lack of haemolytic activity, the rainbow trout mucus might be used as a safe and inexpensive source for developing antimicrobial agents to prevent and treat some bacterial diseases in human and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Abolfathi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Joshaghani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences School of Paramedicine, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Neil W Ross
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Bacteriophages in the Control of Aeromonas sp. in Aquaculture Systems: An Integrative View. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020163. [PMID: 35203766 PMCID: PMC8868336 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas species often cause disease in farmed fish and are responsible for causing significant economic losses worldwide. Although vaccination is the ideal method to prevent infectious diseases, there are still very few vaccines commercially available in the aquaculture field. Currently, aquaculture production relies heavily on antibiotics, contributing to the global issue of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Therefore, it is essential to develop effective alternatives to antibiotics to reduce their use in aquaculture systems. Bacteriophage (or phage) therapy is a promising approach to control pathogenic bacteria in farmed fish that requires a heavy understanding of certain factors such as the selection of phages, the multiplicity of infection that produces the best bacterial inactivation, bacterial resistance, safety, the host’s immune response, administration route, phage stability and influence. This review focuses on the need to advance phage therapy research in aquaculture, its efficiency as an antimicrobial strategy and the critical aspects to successfully apply this therapy to control Aeromonas infection in fish.
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Nakajima H, Miyashita A, Hamamoto H, Sekimizu K. A novel application of bubble-eye strain of Carassius auratus for ex vivo fish immunological studies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10757. [PMID: 34031429 PMCID: PMC8144383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated a new application of bubble-eye goldfish (commercially available strain with large bubble-shaped eye sacs) for immunological studies in fishes utilizing the technical advantage of examining immune cells in the eye sac fluid ex vivo without sacrificing animals. As known in many aquatic species, the common goldfish strain showed an increased infection sensitivity at elevated temperature, which we demonstrate may be due to an immune impairment using the bubble-eye goldfish model. Injection of heat-killed bacterial cells into the eye sac resulted in an inflammatory symptom (surface reddening) and increased gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in vivo, and elevated rearing temperature suppressed the induction of pro-inflammatory gene expressions. We further conducted ex vivo experiments using the immune cells harvested from the eye sac and found that the induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was suppressed when we increased the temperature of ex vivo culture, suggesting that the temperature response of the eye-sac immune cells is a cell autonomous function. These results indicate that the bubble-eye goldfish is a suitable model for ex vivo investigation of fish immune cells and that the temperature-induced infection susceptibility in the goldfish may be due to functional impairments of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Nakajima
- Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan.,Drug Discoveries by Silkworm Models, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kazuhisa Sekimizu
- Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Genome Pharmaceuticals Institute Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. .,Drug Discoveries by Silkworm Models, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Abolfathi M, Akbarzadeh A, Hajimoradloo A, Joshaghani HR. Seasonal changes of hydrolytic enzyme activities in the skin mucus of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss at different body sizes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103499. [PMID: 31560872 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune factors in the skin mucus of fish are affected by the ecological and physiological conditions such as developmental stage and seasonal cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal changes in soluble protein and the hydrolytic enzyme activities of the skin mucus of rainbow trout including lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and proteases at different body sizes. Skin mucus samples were collected over three consecutive season periods including winter, spring and late summer. In each season, sampling was performed separately from three different weight groups including 2-20 g (W1), 100-200 g (W2) and 400-600 g (W3) fish. Our results showed a significant increase of soluble protein in all three weight groups from winter to spring when water temperature elevated from 9 °C to 14 °C. Moreover lysozyme activity was remarkably elevated in W1 fish from winter to late summer. In all three seasons, the activity of lysozyme was significantly decreased along with increasing the fish size. Contrary to lysozyme, the activity of proteases and ALP showed a decreasing trend from winter to late summer. A significant positive correlation was found between the proteases and ALP activity, proposing that both proteases and ALP might have important synergic roles in the mucosal innate immune function of rainbow trout. Moreover, using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of some proteases genes including cathepsin-L and cathepsin-D, we demonstrated that the proteases are transcribed and likely synthesized in epidermal mucus cells of rainbow trout. The present study confirmed seasonal changes of hydrolytic enzyme activities in the skin mucus of rainbow trout across all three weight groups, with the highest variation in juvenile fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Abolfathi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Abdolmajid Hajimoradloo
- Department of Fisheries, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Joshaghani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Golestan University of Medical Sciences School of Paramedicine, Gorgan, Iran
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Ronza P, Robledo D, Bermúdez R, Losada AP, Pardo BG, Martínez P, Quiroga MI. Integrating Genomic and Morphological Approaches in Fish Pathology Research: The Case of Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus) Enteromyxosis. Front Genet 2019; 10:26. [PMID: 30766546 PMCID: PMC6365611 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteromyxosis, caused by Enteromyxum scophthalmi, is one of the most devastating diseases stemming from myxozoan parasites in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.), being a limiting factor for its production. The disease develops as a cachectic syndrome, associated to catarrhal enteritis and leukocytic depletion, with morbidity and mortality rates usually reaching 100%. To date, no effective treatment exists and there are different unknown issues concerning its pathogenesis. The gross and microscopic lesions associated to enteromyxosis have been thoroughly described, and several morphopathological studies have been carried out to elucidate the mechanisms of this host-parasite interaction. More recently, efforts have been focused on a multidisciplinary approach, combining histopathology and transcriptome analysis, which has provided significant advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of this parasitosis. RNA-Seq technology was applied at early and advanced stages of the disease on fishes histologically evaluated and classified based on their lesional degree. In the same way, the transcriptomic data were analyzed in relation to the morphopathological picture and the course of the disease. In this paper, a comprehensive review of turbot enteromyxosis is presented, starting from the disease description up to the most novel information extracted by an integrated approach on the infection mechanisms and host response. Further, we discuss ongoing strategies toward a full understanding of host-pathogen interaction and the identification of suitable biomarkers for early diagnosis and disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ronza
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Diego Robledo
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Bermúdez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Losada
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Belén G Pardo
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Departamento de Zoología, Genética y Antropología Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Departamento de Anatomía, Producción Animal y Ciencias Clínicas Veterinarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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Lillehaug A, Børnes C, Grave K. A pharmaco-epidemiological study of antibacterial treatments and bacterial diseases in Norwegian aquaculture from 2011 to 2016. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2018; 128:117-125. [PMID: 29733026 DOI: 10.3354/dao03219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sales and prescription of antibacterials for use in Norwegian fish-farming according to diagnosis, fish species and production stage from 2011 to 2016 are analysed. The study is based on antibacterial sales data from wholesalers, pharmacies and feed mills and on prescription data obtained from a register of all prescriptions of antibacterials used in farmed fish. The results show that the fish-farming industry uses very small volumes of antibacterials. In 2016, a total of 212 kg were sold; the only antibacterial substances sold were florfenicol and oxolinic acid. The total amount corresponded to 0.16 mg kg-1 fish slaughtered, or to approximately 0.14% of the fish produced that year. The majority of prescriptions were for non-specific bacterial infections; as most common diseases are under control by vaccination. Most prescriptions for salmonid fish were during early production stages. However, due to higher biomasses of fish, the highest quantities of antibacterials were prescribed during the seawater production phase of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. An increasing proportion of the prescriptions was for other species, including cleaner fish used for salmon lice control; in 2016 most prescriptions were for this fish category. Due to the negligible use of antibacterials in Norwegian aquaculture, in particular for on-growers, the risk of development of antimicrobial resistance and its transmission to humans through consumption of fish is considered negligible.
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Fri J, Ndip RN, Njom HA, Clarke AM. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Non-Cholera Vibrios Isolated from Farmed and Wild Marine Fish (Argyrosomus japonicus), Implications for Public Health. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1296-1304. [PMID: 29565731 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibiogram and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of Vibrio isolates recovered from a marine fish (Argyrosomus japonicus) and water samples from two commercial dusky kob aquaculture farms and the Kariega estuary, South Africa, and to evaluate these findings for their public health implications. A total of 277 molecularly confirmed Vibrio isolates consisting of 126 Vibrio fluvialis, 45 Vibrio vulnificus, 30 Vibrio Parahaemolyticus, and 76 vibrios belonging to species of the genus other than Vibrio cholerae were subjected to susceptibility testing to 15 antibiotics by the disc diffusion method. Multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was used to determine the antibiotic resistance-associated health risk, while polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate the presence of 14 ARGs for nonsusceptible strains. Highest resistances were recorded to amoxicillin (76.2%), ampicillin (67.5%), erythromycin (38.3%), and doxycycline (35.0%), while susceptibilities were highest to gentamicin (100%), followed by norfloxacin (97.8%), florfenicol (90.3%), tetracycline (87.7%), and chloramphenicol (87.4%). We recorded a 58.5% multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥2 antimicrobial classes). MARI did not vary significantly between sites (p > 0.05); however, values of >0.2 were recorded in 40% (108/277) of all strains tested. ARG markers, ampC, blaOXA, tetA, tetM, dfr1, sul1, sul2, ermB, nptII, strA, and SXT integrase, were detected in one or more strains with ermB (82.5%), sul2 (53.8%), strA (44%), dfr1 (42.3%), and tetM (38.3%) being the most abundant. Healthy marine finfish (dusky kob) and their environment can serve as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant vibrios and ARGs, which could be disseminated to humans and other susceptible bacteria and this therefore becomes a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Fri
- 1 Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare , Alice, South Africa
| | - Roland Ndip Ndip
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea , Buea, Cameroon
| | - Henry Akum Njom
- 1 Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare , Alice, South Africa
| | - Anna Maria Clarke
- 1 Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare , Alice, South Africa
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Xing J, Li P, Tang X, Zhan W. Recombinant Hsp33 and OmpC protein can serve as promising divalent vaccine with protection against Vibrio anguillarum and Edwardsiella tarda in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 74:341-348. [PMID: 29309834 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio anguillarum and Edwardsiella tarda are severe aquaculture pathogens shared similar epidemiological characteristics and susceptible to flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In our previous studies, recombinant(r) protein heat shock protein 33 (rHsp33) from V. anguillarum and outer membrane protein C (rOmpC) from E. tarda were proved to have protection against V. anguillarum and E. tarda, respectively. In this paper, the cross protection of rHsp33 against E. tarda and rOmpC against V. anguillarum, and the protection of divalent vaccine candidate (rHsp33 + rOmpC, rHC) against both V. anguillarum and E. tarda were evaluated. RHC, rHsp33, and rOmpC were vaccinated to flounder, respectively, and the percentages of surface immunoglobulin-positive (sIg+) cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), serum IgM, specific antibodies against V. anguillarum or E. tarda, specific antibodies against rHsp33, rOmpC or rHC, the expression of immune-related genes and relative percent survival (RPS) against V. anguillarum or E. tarda were measured. The results showed that: RHC could induced the enhancement of sIg + cells and high levels of specific antibodies against both V. anguillarm and E. tarda; Also a significant increase of specific antibodies against rHsp33, rOmpC or rHC, and up-regulation of gene expression of CD3, CD4-1, CD4-2, CD8α, CD8β and IgM in spleen, head-kidney, and hindgut, RPS of 70 ± 3.45% against V. anguillarum and 60 ± 1.48% against E. tarda, respectively. In addition, rHsp33 induced specific antibodies against E. tarda and rOmpC, and had a RPS of 43.3 ± 3.73% against E. tarda; rOmpC could evoke specific antibodies against V. anguillarum and rHsp33, and had a RPS of 44 ± 1.27% against V. anguillarm; The results demonstrated that there was cross protection of rHsp33 against E. tarda and rOmpC against V. anguillarum, rHC as a divalent vaccine can induce significant immune response and efficient protection against both E. tarda and V. anguillarum in flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Pengwei Li
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei Town, Qingdao, PR China.
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Abstract
We review current knowledge about climate change impacts on Arctic seafood production. Large-scale changes in the Arctic marine food web can be expected for the next 40-100 years. Possible future trajectories under climate change for Arctic capture fisheries anticipate the movement of aquatic species into new waters and changed the dynamics of existing species. Negative consequences are expected for some fish stocks but others like the Barents Sea cod (Gadus morhua) may instead increase. Arctic aquaculture that constitutes about 2% of global farming is mainly made up of Norwegian salmon (Salmo salar) farming. The sector will face many challenges in a warmer future and some of these are already a reality impacting negatively on salmon growth. Other more indirect effects from climate change are more uncertain with respect to impacts on the economic conditions of Arctic aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Troell
- The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Lilla Frescativägen 4, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2 B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Eide
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science , UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - John Isaksen
- Industrial Economics, Nofima, P.O. box 6122, 9291 Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Crépin
- The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Lilla Frescativägen 4, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2 B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Krasnov A, Jørgensen SM, Afanasyev S. Ig-seq: Deep sequencing of the variable region of Atlantic salmon IgM heavy chain transcripts. Mol Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28623734 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M plays a key role in systemic protection of Atlantic salmon against pathogens. Until recent, studies have focused on antigen-specific antibodies and little is known about the IgM repertoire: its size, developmental changes and responses to antigens. We report the development of deep sequencing protocol to characterize the repertoire of IgM heavy chain variable region. Its structure and changes were examined at the early stages of life and after infection with virus of cardiac myopathy. Clonotypes are identified by the V and J gene segments and amino acid sequences of CDR3, which determine the contribution of the heavy chain to the antigen binding properties. A major fraction of transcripts are functional while the rest are either sterile (transcribed from noncoding parts of Ig loci) or include stop codons. Despite marked difference in frequencies of combinations of V and J genes, the size of repertoire is large. The IgM diversity steadily increases after hatch followed with temporal reduction during smoltification and recovery after seawater transfer. Most clonotypes are present only in one fish. However multiple transcripts in uninfected fish are produced exclusively from a small fraction of shared clonotypes. While only 4.7% of clonotypes are detected in three and more fish, they comprise 35% of transcripts. Increased frequencies of most abundant clonotypes were detected in the head kidney and blood at ten weeks after viral infection and all were shared. Occurrence of the same clonotypes in multiple individuals can be explained with either their simple structure or exposure to common antigens. Complexity of CDR3 assessed by contents of non complementary nucleotides is slightly lower in shared clonotypes but difference is small. High nucleotide diversity of CDR3 with identical amino acid sequences suggests selection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey Afanasyev
- Nofima AS, PO Box 210, NO-1431 Ås, Norway; Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, M. Toreza av. 44, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
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17
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Bayliss SC, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Bartie KL, Aanensen DM, Sheppard SK, Adams A, Feil EJ. The Promise of Whole Genome Pathogen Sequencing for the Molecular Epidemiology of Emerging Aquaculture Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:121. [PMID: 28217117 PMCID: PMC5290457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food-producing sector, and the sustainability of this industry is critical both for global food security and economic welfare. The management of infectious disease represents a key challenge. Here, we discuss the opportunities afforded by whole genome sequencing of bacterial and viral pathogens of aquaculture to mitigate disease emergence and spread. We outline, by way of comparison, how sequencing technology is transforming the molecular epidemiology of pathogens of public health importance, emphasizing the importance of community-oriented databases and analysis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sion C Bayliss
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
| | | | - Kerry L Bartie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling Stirling, UK
| | - David M Aanensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK; The Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridge, UK
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling Stirling, UK
| | - Edward J Feil
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
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18
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Chuah LO, Effarizah ME, Goni AM, Rusul G. Antibiotic Application and Emergence of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) in Global Catfish Aquaculture. Curr Environ Health Rep 2017; 3:118-27. [PMID: 27038482 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Catfish is one of the most cultivated species worldwide. Antibiotics are usually used in catfish farming as therapeutic and prophylactic agents. In the USA, only oxytetracycline, a combination of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim, and florfenicol are approved by the Food Drug Administration for specific fish species (e.g., catfish and salmonids) and their specific diseases. Misuse of antibiotics as prophylactic agents in disease prevention, however, is common and contributes in the development of antibiotic resistance. Various studies had reported on antibiotic residues and/or resistance in farmed species, feral fish, water column, sediments, and, in a lesser content, among farm workers. Ninety percent of the world aquaculture production is carried out in developing countries, which lack regulations and enforcement on the use of antibiotics. Hence, efforts are needed to promote the development and enforcement of such a regulatory structure. Alternatives to antibiotics such as antibacterial vaccines, bacteriophages and their lysins, and probiotics have been applied to curtail the increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to the imprudent application of antibiotics in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Oon Chuah
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M E Effarizah
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Abatcha Mustapha Goni
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Gulam Rusul
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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19
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Monteiro SH, Garcia F, Gozi KS, Romera DM, Francisco JG, Moura-Andrade GCR, Tornisielo VL. Relationship between antibiotic residues and occurrence of resistant bacteria in Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) cultured in cage-farm. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:817-823. [PMID: 27494596 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1208457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antibiotic residues found in the muscle of cage-farm-raised Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus), the occurrence of resistant bacteria, and the sanitary practices adopted by farmers in Ilha Solteira reservoir, Brazil. Nine fish (three small fish, 40-200 g; three medium-sized fish, 200-500 g; and three large fish, 500-800 g) were collected from four cage farms every three months from April 2013 to January 2014. Ten antibiotic residues were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and bacteria were isolated and tested for antibiotic resistance to determine the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index. Only three antibiotics (oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and florfenicol) were detected in the muscle of Nile tilapia, and their residues were the highest in small fish; however, the MAR index was higher in large fish. In addition, a direct positive relationship between the MAR index and the concentration of antibiotic residues in Nile tilapia was found. Overall, the adoption of prophylactic management practices improved the sanitary status of cage farms, reducing bacterial infections and hampering the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio H Monteiro
- a Biological Institute , São Paulo , SP Brazil
- b Center of Nuclear Energy on Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Kátia S Gozi
- d Center of Aquaculture, São Paulo State University , Jaboticabal , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Jeane G Francisco
- b Center of Nuclear Energy on Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
| | | | - Valdemar L Tornisielo
- b Center of Nuclear Energy on Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil
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20
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21
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Igbinosa EO. Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance of Vibrio Isolates in Aquaculture Environments: Implications for Public Health. Microb Drug Resist 2015; 22:238-45. [PMID: 26540391 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2015.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Vibrio isolates recovered from four different fish pond facilities in Benin City, Nigeria, determine their antibiogram profiles, and evaluate the public health implications of these findings. Fish pond water samples were collected from four sampling sites between March and September 2014. A total of 56 samples were collected and screened for the isolation of Vibrio species using standard culture-based methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the identities of the Vibrio species using the genus-specific and species-specific primers. Vibrio species were detected at all the study sites at a concentration on the order of 10(3) and 10(6) CFU/100 ml. A total of 550 presumptive Vibrio isolates were subjected to PCR confirmation. Of these isolates, 334 isolates tested positive, giving an overall Vibrio prevalence rate of 60.7%. The speciation of the 334 Vibrio isolates from fish ponds yielded 32.63% Vibrio fluvialis, 20.65% Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 18.26% Vibrio vulnificus, and 28.44% other Vibrio species. In all, 167 confirmed Vibrio isolates were selected from a pool of 334 confirmed Vibrio isolates for antibiogram profiling. The susceptibility profiles of 20 antimicrobial agents on the isolates revealed a high level of resistance for AMP(R), ERY(R), NAL(R), SUL(R), TMP(R), SXT(R), TET(R), OTC(R), and CHL(R). The percentage of multiple drug resistance Vibrio isolates was 67.6%. The multiple antibiotic resistance index mean value of 0.365 for the Vibrio isolates found in this study indicated that the Vibrio isolates were exposed to high-risk sources of contamination when antibiotics were frequently used. The resistant Vibrio strains could be transmitted through the food chain to humans and therefore constitutes a risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etinosa O Igbinosa
- Applied Microbial Processes & Environmental Health Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin , Benin City, Nigeria
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22
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Fortes-Silva R, Oliveira I, Vieira V, Winkaler E, Guerra-Santos B, Cerqueira R. Daily rhythms of locomotor activity and the influence of a light and dark cycle on gut microbiota species in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). BIOL RHYTHM RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1094972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Pal KB, Verma PR, Gupta T, Mukhopadhyay B. Synthesis of the Trisaccharide Repeating Unit of the Lipopolysaccharide fromMoritella viscosaStrain M2-226. J Carbohydr Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2015.1021476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lafferty KD, Harvell CD, Conrad JM, Friedman CS, Kent ML, Kuris AM, Powell EN, Rondeau D, Saksida SM. Infectious diseases affect marine fisheries and aquaculture economics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2015; 7:471-96. [PMID: 25251276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seafood is a growing part of the economy, but its economic value is diminished by marine diseases. Infectious diseases are common in the ocean, and here we tabulate 67 examples that can reduce commercial species' growth and survivorship or decrease seafood quality. These impacts seem most problematic in the stressful and crowded conditions of aquaculture, which increasingly dominates seafood production as wild fishery production plateaus. For instance, marine diseases of farmed oysters, shrimp, abalone, and various fishes, particularly Atlantic salmon, cost billions of dollars each year. In comparison, it is often difficult to accurately estimate disease impacts on wild populations, especially those of pelagic and subtidal species. Farmed species often receive infectious diseases from wild species and can, in turn, export infectious agents to wild species. However, the impact of disease export on wild fisheries is controversial because there are few quantitative data demonstrating that wild species near farms suffer more from infectious diseases than those in other areas. The movement of exotic infectious agents to new areas continues to be the greatest concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Lafferty
- Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, c/o Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106; *
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25
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Abstract
Vaccination plays an important role in large-scale commercial fish farming and has been a key reason for the success of salmon cultivation. In addition to salmon and trout, commercial vaccines are available for channel catfish, European seabass and seabream, Japanese amberjack and yellowtail, tilapia and Atlantic cod. In general, empirically developed vaccines based on inactivated bacterial pathogens have proven to be very efficacious in fish. Fewer commercially available viral vaccines and no parasite vaccines exist. Substantial efficacy data are available for new fish vaccines and advanced technology has been implemented. However, before such vaccines can be successfully commercialized, several hurdles have to be overcome regarding the production of cheap but effective antigens and adjuvants, while bearing in mind environmental and associated regulatory concerns (e.g., those that limit the use of live vaccines). Pharmaceutical companies have performed a considerable amount of research on fish vaccines, however, limited information is available in scientific publications. In addition, salmonids dominate both the literature and commercial focus, despite their relatively small contribution to the total volume of farmed fish in the world. This review provides an overview of the fish vaccines that are currently commercially available and some viewpoints on how the field is likely to evolve in the near future.
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26
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Haematological and innate immune responses in Puntius sarana: normal range and seasonal variation. Open Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-012-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA study was conducted to measure the normal ranges, seasonal and annual variations in haematological and immune parameters of juvenile healthy Puntius sarana (weighing 75–100 g) during three major seasons over two consecutive years. Significantly (P<0.05) lower serum myeloperoxidase and ceruloplasmin activities, superoxide production, plasma glucose level, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration were detected in winter as compared to the summer season. However, serum lysozyme activity, antiprotease activity, total erythrocyte count (TEC) and TLC profiles were consistent during all seasons. The reference intervals (25th–75th) of each parameter were estimated and a range was established. The annual changes in immune parameters with minimum and maximum values were measured and a significant variation was noticed in myeloperoxidase, antiprotease, total protein levels and TEC over two consecutive years. The lower levels in haematological and innate immune status of fish during winter possibly indicate a higher disease risk period for the species.
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27
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Structural studies of the lipopolysaccharide of Moritella viscosa strain M2-226. Carbohydr Res 2012; 347:164-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Bjornsdottir B, Gudmundsdottir T, Gudmundsdottir BK. Virulence properties of Moritella viscosa extracellular products. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:333-343. [PMID: 21401642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01246.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Moritella viscosa is the causative agent of winter ulcer disease of marine fish. Knowledge of its pathogenicity is limited and there are no reports comparing the virulence properties of a collection of bacterial isolates. The in vivo and in vitro virulence of the extracellular products (ECP) of 22 M. viscosa isolates was screened. Two non-virulent Canadian isolates and a Norwegian isolate with reduced virulence produced non-lethal ECP. Correlation was obtained between cytotoxin and haemolysin production of M. viscosa. Isolates from salmon produced ECP with lower cytotoxic and haemolytic activities than ECP of isolates originating from other hosts. Correlation was not found between lethality of ECPs in salmon and cytotoxic or haemolytic activities. All isolates secreted esterases and a metallopeptidase (MvP1), degraded starch and produced siderophores. Variable levels of ECP protein concentration, different enzymatic activities and siderophore production could not explain differences in virulence. The results show that virulent M. viscosa isolates secrete a lethal toxic factor of unknown nature and that cytotoxin production may reflect host adaptation. Cell-culture models may not be optimal for determining the virulence of M. viscosa, as no association between cytotoxicity and bacterial virulence was obtained. Non-virulent strains may be useful in future research on M. viscosa virulence, as construction of mutants has not been successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bjornsdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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29
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Stochastic modelling of direct costs of pancreas disease (PD) in Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Prev Vet Med 2010; 93:233-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Feng CY, Johnson SC, Hori TS, Rise M, Hall JR, Gamperl AK, Hubert S, Kimball J, Bowman S, Rise ML. Identification and analysis of differentially expressed genes in immune tissues of Atlantic cod stimulated with formalin-killed, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. Physiol Genomics 2009; 37:149-63. [PMID: 19240301 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.90373.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological changes, elicited in animal immune tissues by exposure to pathogens, may be studied using functional genomics approaches. We created and characterized reciprocal suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA libraries to identify differentially expressed genes in spleen and head kidney tissues of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) challenged with intraperitoneal injections of formalin-killed, atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. Of 4,154 ESTs from four cDNA libraries, 10 genes with immune-relevant functional annotations were selected for QPCR studies using individual fish templates to assess biological variability. Genes confirmed by QPCR as upregulated by A. salmonicida included interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-8, a small inducible cytokine, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), ferritin heavy subunit, cathelicidin, and hepcidin. This study is the first large-scale discovery of bacteria-responsive genes in cod and the first to demonstrate upregulation of IRF1 in fish immune tissues as a result of bacterial antigen stimulation. Given the importance of IRF1 in vertebrate immune responses to viral and bacterial pathogens, the full-length cDNA sequence of Atlantic cod IRF1 was obtained and compared with putative orthologous sequences from other organisms. Functional annotations of assembled SSH library ESTs showed that bacterial antigen stimulation caused changes in many biological processes including chemotaxis, regulation of apoptosis, antimicrobial peptide production, and iron homeostasis. Moreover, differences in spleen and head kidney gene expression responses to the bacterial antigens pointed to a potential role for the cod spleen in blood-borne pathogen clearance. Our data show that Atlantic cod immune tissue responses to bacterial antigens are similar to those seen in other fish species and higher vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Y Feng
- Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland
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Hargrave BT, Doucette LI, Haya K, Friars FS, Armstrong SM. A micro-dilution method for detecting oxytetracycline-resistant bacteria in marine sediments from salmon and mussel aquaculture sites and an urbanized harbour in Atlantic Canada. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 56:1439-45. [PMID: 18589456 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A micro-dilution technique with changes in optical density (OD) used to measure bacterial growth over 72 h in culture media containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 microg OTC (oxytetracycline)ml(-1) was applied to determine growth inhibition (GI) in mixed bacterial strains cultured from samples of marine sediments and salmon feed pellets. Growth of control cultures (Aeromonas salmonicida) was inhibited at all OTC concentrations. Some feed pellet samples and under-cage sediments from salmon aquaculture sites in the Bay of Fundy showed GI up to > or = 160 microg OTCml(-1). Lower values (40 to 80 microg OTC ml(-1)) occurred in subsurface (5-18 cm) sediments, > 100 m from salmon pens and adjacent to sewage outfalls in Halifax Harbour. GI values < 20 microg OTC ml(-1) in sediment from reference locations in Halifax Harbour and mussel aquaculture sites are considered to reflect natural background levels for OTC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry T Hargrave
- Ecosystem Research Division, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2.
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Mutoloki S, Alexandersen S, Gravningen K, Evensen O. Time-course study of injection site inflammatory reactions following intraperitoneal injection of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with oil-adjuvanted vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:386-393. [PMID: 18282765 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) following vaccination with oil-based vaccines has not been previously characterized in any detail. In this study, groups of Atlantic cod were intraperitoneally injected with commercial oil-adjuvanted vaccines ALPHA JECT 3000 (AJ 3000) and AJ 6-2. A water-based vaccine ALPHA MARINE Vibrio (AVM), an experimental liposome vaccine and physiological saline (placebo) were also included for comparison. Histopathological changes at the injection sites were evaluated semi-quantitatively at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 25 weeks post-vaccination (p.v.), parallel with the examination of vaccine antigen retention. Gross intra-abdominal lesions were only examined at 12 and 25 weeks. The results show that the onset of inflammation in all vaccinated groups was rapid to develop, with intense cellular infiltrations predominated by mononuclear cells especially in groups injected by oil-based vaccines. Inflammation induced by AVM and liposome vaccines resolved within 12 weeks. In contrast, oil-adjuvanted vaccines produced mild, persistent but ultimately decreasing reactions. Persistent antigens were observed in oil-based and liposome vaccines. The results show that the cod inflammatory response is similar to other bony fish species. The findings also suggest that cod has an efficient innate immune system that is able to rapidly remove or sequester antigens from the injection site leading to the down-regulation of inflammation. Oil-adjuvanted vaccines appear to be well-tolerated by this species and show promise as a possible approach for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mutoloki
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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Sarter S, Kha Nguyen HN, Hung LT, Lazard J, Montet D. Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from farmed catfish. Food Control 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2006.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bowden TJ, Thompson KD, Morgan AL, Gratacap RML, Nikoskelainen S. Seasonal variation and the immune response: a fish perspective. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 22:695-706. [PMID: 17116408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 08/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The environment in which an animal lives affects the physiology and psychology of that animal. The greater the distance from the equator the more profound this influence becomes, as the environment becomes more variable over the years. Temperature, photoperiod, precipitation and other environmental conditions, which are directly or indirectly controlled by the season, can affect an animal. It is becoming apparent that these conditions may impact on the immune system, and this can affect animal health. This review looks at the known mechanisms for transducing environmental cues and how these can affect immune parameters and function. The main focus is fish, especially in relation to aquaculture and the associated disease risks. Work on other animal classes is included for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Bowden
- Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK.
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Gudmundsdóttir BK, Björnsdóttir B. Vaccination against atypical furunculosis and winter ulcer disease of fish. Vaccine 2007; 25:5512-23. [PMID: 17367897 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Atypical furunculosis is a problem in farming of salmonids and various other fish species caused by a heterogeneous group of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida strains. Winter ulcer is a disease of salmonids and cod caused by Moritella viscosa, but a number of fish species are susceptible to the infection. Vaccines are available against atypical furunculosis of salmonids, but their efficacy is dependent on the characteristics of the infective strain. Vaccines for non-salmonid fish are currently not commercially available. Furunculosis vaccines for salmon can induce cross protection against some atypical A. salmonicida infections and only in some fish species. Polyvalent injection vaccines based on inactivated bacterial cells are available against winter ulcer disease of salmonids. Outbreaks of winter ulcer disease in vaccinated salmon are, however, continuously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarnheidur K Gudmundsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur v/Vesturlandsveg, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Akinbowale OL, Peng H, Barton MD. Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from aquaculture sources in Australia. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:1103-13. [PMID: 16630011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To carry out a preliminary assessment of the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobials in bacteria that has been isolated from a variety of aquaculture species and environments in Australia. METHOD AND RESULTS A total of 100 Gram-negative (Vibrio spp. and Aeromonas spp. predominantly) and four Gram-positive bacteria isolated from farmed fish, crustaceans and water from crab larval rearing tanks were obtained from diagnostic laboratories from different parts of Australia. All the isolates were tested for sensitivity to 19 antibiotics and Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations were determined by the agar dilution method. Plasmid DNA was isolated by the alkali lysis method. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxycillin, cephalexin and erythromycin was widespread; resistance to oxytetracycline, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and sulfonamides was common but resistance to chloramphenicol, florfenicol, ceftiofur, cephalothin, cefoperazone, oxolinic acid, gentamicin, kanamycin and trimethoprim was less common. All strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Multiple resistance was also observed and 74.4% of resistant isolates had between one and ten plasmids with sizes ranging 2-51 kbp. CONCLUSIONS No antibiotics are registered for use in aquaculture in Australia but these results suggest that there has been significant off-label use. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria to humans via the food chain is a significant health concern. In comparison with studies on terrestrial food producing animals, there are fewer studies on antibiotic resistance in bacteria from aquaculture enterprises and this study provides further support to the view that there is the risk of transfer of resistant bacteria to humans from consumption of aquaculture products. From the Australian perspective, although there are no products registered for use in aquaculture, antimicrobial resistance is present in isolates from aquaculture and aquaculture environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L Akinbowale
- School of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Gudmundsdóttir BK, Björnsdóttir B, Gudmundsdóttir S, Bambir SH. A comparative study of susceptibility and induced pathology of cod, Gadus morhua (L.), and halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.), following experimental infection with Moritella viscosa. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:481-7. [PMID: 16911535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study experimental challenges with Moritella viscosa, the causative agent of winter ulcers in salmonids, were performed on juvenile Atlantic cod and Atlantic halibut. The challenges involved both intramuscular (i.m.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections and bath with a strain originally isolated from Atlantic salmon. Cod was found to be significantly more sensitive than halibut to the infection. Both fish species were found to be more sensitive to i.m. than i.p. challenges. Both challenges induced a systemic disease in cod and halibut, but only cod was infected with an experimental bath challenge. Pathognomonic signs were found to be comparable with those described in M. viscosa-infected salmon and turbot. The main distinguishing pathological sign was that the cod showed host response to M. viscosa infection resulting in granuloma formation in infected tissues, which is a known response of cod to a infection with another Gram-negative bacterium, Aeromonas salmonicida. Re-isolation of M. viscosa from kidneys of cod and halibut with clear disease signs was problematic and optimization of isolation measures is needed. The results of this study indicate that M. viscosa infection may be a risk factor in cod farming, but that halibut is more resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Gudmundsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland.
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Cabello FC. Heavy use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture: a growing problem for human and animal health and for the environment. Environ Microbiol 2006; 8:1137-44. [PMID: 16817922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 948] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated growth of finfish aquaculture has resulted in a series of developments detrimental to the environment and human health. The latter is illustrated by the widespread and unrestricted use of prophylactic antibiotics in this industry, especially in developing countries, to forestall bacterial infections resulting from sanitary shortcomings in fish rearing. The use of a wide variety of antibiotics in large amounts, including non-biodegradable antibiotics useful in human medicine, ensures that they remain in the aquatic environment, exerting their selective pressure for long periods of time. This process has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture environments, in the increase of antibiotic resistance in fish pathogens, in the transfer of these resistance determinants to bacteria of land animals and to human pathogens, and in alterations of the bacterial flora both in sediments and in the water column. The use of large amounts of antibiotics that have to be mixed with fish food also creates problems for industrial health and increases the opportunities for the presence of residual antibiotics in fish meat and fish products. Thus, it appears that global efforts are needed to promote more judicious use of prophylactic antibiotics in aquaculture as accumulating evidence indicates that unrestricted use is detrimental to fish, terrestrial animals, and human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Cabello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Björnsdóttir B, Gudmundsdóttir S, Bambir SH, Magnadóttir B, Gudmundsdóttir BK. Experimental infection of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), by Moritella viscosa, vaccination effort and vaccine-induced side-effects. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2004; 27:645-655. [PMID: 15509259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Moritella viscosa is the causative agent of winter ulcers in farmed salmonids and Atlantic cod in countries around the North Atlantic. The bacterium has also been isolated from various marine fish species. Bacterial diseases have been a limiting factor in farming of turbot, but M. viscosa has not so far been isolated. In this study, turbot was shown to be sensitive to M. viscosa infection in experimental challenges. Pathological changes in infected turbot were comparable with those previously described for winter ulcers in salmon. A multivalent commercial salmon vaccine, containing M. viscosa as one of five antigens and a mineral oil adjuvant, did not protect turbot against challenge 13 weeks post-vaccination. Weight gain of vaccinated turbot compared with controls was not reduced 7 weeks post-vaccination. Vaccination did not induce a specific anti-M. viscosa response, while elevated anti-M. viscosa antibody levels were detected both in vaccinated and unvaccinated fish 5 weeks post-challenge. The vaccine did, however, induce an antibody response against Aeromonas salmonicida, another vaccine component. Minor intra-abdominal adhesions were detected in vaccinated fish and fish injected with a mineral oil adjuvant. The measurement of various innate humoral immune parameters did not reveal significant differences between vaccinated and control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Björnsdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavík, Iceland
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