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Dos Santos EO, Klain VF, Manrique SB, Roman IJ, Dos Santos HF, Sangioni LA, Vogel FSF, Reck J, Webster A, Padilha TC, de Almeida MAB, Dos Santos E, Born LC, Botton SA. The Influence of Landscape Structure on the Occurrence of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Sarcocystis spp. in Free-Living Neotropical Primates. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1680-1696. [PMID: 36178615 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Habitat fragmentation is the main threat to primate survival in the world. Additionally, changes in the environments in which they live can also contribute to exposure to pathogens. To investigate some pathogens that free-living primates may be exposed to in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS; southern Brazil) and characterize the forest remnants in which they live, we investigated anti-Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Sarcocystis spp. antibodies in the serum of the animals. METHODS We analyzed 105 serum samples from 63 black howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya), 39 southern brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans), and 03 capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus cucullatus), which were captured in forest fragments of RS. Indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) were used to detect antibodies to the agents. We then characterized the landscapes in a multiscale approach in radii from 200 to 1400 m to investigate the relationship of the presence of the agents with landscape elements. RESULTS In the IFAT-IgG, 13.3% (14/105) of the samples were seropositive for N. caninum, 4.8% (5/105) for T. gondii, and 5.7% (6/105) for Sarcocystis spp. In the IHA-IgM/IgG, 24.8% (26/105) were seropositive for T. gondii. The metrics that best explained exposure to agents were edge and patch density, forest cover, urban cover, and average Euclidean distance to the nearest patch. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the primates were exposed to the agents studied, demonstrating that some landscape features are associated with exposures to the investigated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisandro O Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 63C, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Vinícius F Klain
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde E da Vida da Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Rio Grande Do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681 - Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Sebastián B Manrique
- Laboratório de Primatologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde E da Vida da Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Rio Grande Do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 6681 - Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Isac Junior Roman
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 63C, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Helton F Dos Santos
- Núcleo de Estudos E Pesquisas Em Animais Silvestres, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Laboratório Central de Diagnóstico de Patologias Aviárias, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 63C, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 63C, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S F Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 63C, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Do Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado Do Sul, Rio Grande Do Sul, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, Eldorado Do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Anelise Webster
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Do Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado Do Sul, Rio Grande Do Sul, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, Eldorado Do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Thamiris C Padilha
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Do Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado Do Sul, Rio Grande Do Sul, Estrada Do Conde, 6000 - Sans Souci, Eldorado Do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio B de Almeida
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental Em Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância Em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 5400 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, 90450-190, Brazil
| | - Edmilson Dos Santos
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental Em Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância Em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 5400 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, 90450-190, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Born
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental Em Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância Em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul. Av. Ipiranga, 5400 - Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, 90450-190, Brazil
| | - Sônia A Botton
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Roraima 1000, Prédio 63C, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
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Maria M, Al-Razi H, Akbar A, Muzaffar SB, Nekaris K. Artificialcanopy bridge use by primates and other arboreal mammals in a fragmented tropical forest of northeast Bangladesh. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Forest fragmentation has resulted in a breakdown in connectivity for arboreal species. Effects of fragmentation are particularly acute in forest patches in densely populated countries, resulting in high mortality in many species attempting to cross roads to travel between forest patches. We evaluated the use of three, single-line artificial canopy bridges made of polypropylene ropes in a forest patch in northeastern Bangladesh. Camera traps were used to determine the extent of bridge use by different species. A total of 1060 events of bridge use by mammals were observed using our artificial canopy bridges over the 157 camera trap days. Eight mammal species, including five primate species, two squirrel species and one palm civet species were recorded using the bridges at varying levels of frequency. The location of the bridge and season influenced bridge use. We did not observe mortality of mammals from road accidents or electrocution during the study period. We suggest that artificial canopy bridges increased connectivity between forest patches and reduced mortality from road accidents and electrocution. We strongly recommend the use of this and other, simple canopy bridges to prevent mortality of arboreal mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Maria
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Slow Loris Research and Conservation Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Hassan Al-Razi
- Bangladesh Slow Loris Research and Conservation Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Creative Conservation Alliance, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ali Akbar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabir Bin Muzaffar
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - K.A.I. Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, School of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Poornima AMNS, Weerasekara WMLS, Vinobaba M, Karunarathna KANK. Community-level awareness and attitudes towards human-monkey conflict in Polonnaruwa district, Sri Lanka. Primates 2022; 63:261-270. [PMID: 35380312 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As the demand for resources has increased with the high population growth rate, people have been tempted to encroach on wildlife areas for activities such as logging, animal husbandry, agriculture, and developmental projects. This has led to the spread of human-inhabited areas into wildlife habitats and resulting conflict between humans and wildlife. Human-monkey conflict (HMC) is a developing issue in Sri Lanka, negatively impacting both nonhuman primate conservation and human welfare. To address and mitigate HMC, it is essential to assess community-level awareness about nonhuman primates in order to mitigate such conflict. The aim of this study was to evaluate awareness and public perception towards diurnal monkeys in Polonnaruwa district in North Central Sri Lanka. A structured questionnaire survey (N = 200) was carried out from December 2018 to November 2019. Respondents' knowledge about monkeys was found to depend on gender and occupation. Respondents' attitudes towards monkeys were dependent on gender, ethnic group, religion, state of education, and monthly household income. Those who had experienced many disturbances from monkeys held more negative attitudes towards monkeys than others. A nonlethal multidisciplinary approach is critical to reducing the increasing HMC in Polonnaruwa district. Similar approaches can be operated in other areas where human-wildlife conflict is causing strain on wildlife conservation and human welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M N S Poornima
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Eastern University, Sri Lanka Vantharumoolai, Chenkallady, Sri Lanka.
| | - W M L S Weerasekara
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Eastern University, Sri Lanka Vantharumoolai, Chenkallady, Sri Lanka.,Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - M Vinobaba
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Eastern University, Sri Lanka Vantharumoolai, Chenkallady, Sri Lanka
| | - K A N K Karunarathna
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Eastern University, Sri Lanka Vantharumoolai, Chenkallady, Sri Lanka
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Nijman V. Crop and property damage caused by Purple-faced Langurs Trachypithecus vetulus (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae). JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2021. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7401.13.14.20302-20306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Pebsworth PA, Radhakrishna S. The costs and benefits of coexistence: What determines people's willingness to live near nonhuman primates? Am J Primatol 2021; 83:e23310. [PMID: 34329501 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Living near primate species has positive and negative outcomes for human communities. While most studies focus on understanding people's perceptions regarding the adverse consequences of interacting with primates, less is known about people's willingness to coexist with primates or reasons that may promote human-primate coexistence. We surveyed 794 people co-living with four different primate species-rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta, bonnet macaque Macaca radiata, lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus, and Hanuman langur Semnopithecus dussumieri-in southern and western India to understand how people perceived the costs and benefits of coexistence. The results of our semi-structured interview study revealed that although tangible costs (i.e., financial losses from primate depredation) primarily drive people's stated tolerance for primate presence, intangible benefits from primates (i.e., their ecological, existence, sentience, and religious values) also critically affect attitudes towards coexistence. Amongst the four species, people associated rhesus macaques with the greatest costs and fewest benefits, lion-tailed macaques with the lowest costs, and bonnet macaques with the highest benefits. People preferred lion-tailed macaques and Hanuman langurs more than bonnet and rhesus macaques, and affection for a species shaped how people viewed costs accruing from the species. People's preferences for species were influenced by their existence, ecological, and sentience values more than their religious value. We suggest that intangible benefits influence people's fondness for a primate species and this, in turn, shapes how people perceive costs resulting from the species. Hence strengthening people's perceptions of the intangible benefits they receive from primate species will improve human tolerance for living near primates. We argue that there is a need to understand the context of human-primate conflicts beyond the cost aspects and focus on the benefits to improve human-primate coexistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Pebsworth
- National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore, India.,Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Sindhu Radhakrishna
- National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore, India
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Amato KR, Kuthyar S, Ekanayake‐Weber M, Salmi R, Snyder‐Mackler N, Wijayathunga L, Vandercone R, Lu A. Gut microbiome, diet, and conservation of endangered langurs in Sri Lanka. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Amato
- Department of Anthropology Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Sahana Kuthyar
- Department of Anthropology Northwestern University Evanston Illinois USA
| | - Marcy Ekanayake‐Weber
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA
| | - Roberta Salmi
- Department of Anthropology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
- Kaludiyapokuna Primate Conservation and Research Project Dambulla Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Rajnish Vandercone
- Kaludiyapokuna Primate Conservation and Research Project Dambulla Sri Lanka
- Department of Biological Sciences Rajarata University Mihintale Sri Lanka
| | - Amy Lu
- Kaludiyapokuna Primate Conservation and Research Project Dambulla Sri Lanka
- Department of Anthropology Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA
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Gould L, Cowen LLE. Lemur catta in small forest fragments: Which variables best predict population viability? Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23095. [PMID: 32003047 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is an increasingly serious issue affecting primates in most regions where they are found today. Populations of Lemur catta (ring-tailed lemur) in Madagascar's south-central region are increasingly restricted to small, isolated forest fragments, surrounded by grasslands or small-scale agriculture. Our aim was to evaluate the potential for population viability of L. catta in nine forest fragments of varying sizes (2-46 ha, population range: 6-210 animals) in south-central Madagascar, using a set of comparative, quantitative ecological measures. We used Poisson regression models with a log link function to examine the effects of fragment size, within-fragment food availability, and abundance of matrix resources (food and water sources) on L. catta population sizes and juvenile recruitment. We found a strong association between overall population size and (a) fragment size and (b) abundance of key food resources Melia azedarach and Ficus spp. (per 100 m along transect lines). Juvenile recruitment was also associated with fragment size and abundance of the two above-mentioned food resources. When the largest population, an outlier, was removed from the analysis, again, the model containing fragment size and abundance of M. azedarach and Ficus spp. was the best fitting, but the model that best predicted juvenile recruitment contained only fragment size. While our results are useful for predicting population presence and possible persistence in these fragments, both the potential for male dispersal and the extent of human disturbance within most fragments play crucial roles regarding the likelihood of long-term L. catta survival. While seven of the nine fragments were reasonably protected from human disturbance, only three offered the strong potential for male dispersal, thus the long-term viability of many of these populations is highly uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gould
- Department of Anthropology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura L E Cowen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Al-Razi H, Maria M, Bin Muzaffar S. Mortality of primates due to roads and power lines in two forest patches in Bangladesh. ZOOLOGIA 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/zoologia.36.e33540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Primates
are in imminent risk of extinction due to different types of anthropogenic activities. Mortality due to road accidents and electrocution from power lines are among the major direct anthropogenic threats to the survival of primates. We collected primate mortality data from 2015 to 2017 at Lawachara National Park and Satchari National Park in northeastern Bangladesh. We recorded 27 fatalities in five species of primates caused by road accidents (n = 15) and electrocution (n = 12). Most mortality records were for Trachypithecus phayrei (Blyth, 1847) (n = 8) while the lowest recorded mortality was for Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) (n = 3). Ninety percent of primates in Bangladesh are threatened and populations are gradually declining. Our results suggest that roads and power supply lines are major sources of primate mortality that should be managed in these two forests. We strongly suggest avoiding construction of roads and power supply lines inside forests. Furthermore, control of the speed limit of vehicles inside the forests, use of insulated power lines, maintenance of natural canopy bridges and preparation of artificial canopy bridges are strongly recommended.
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Katsis L, Cunneyworth PMK, Turner KME, Presotto A. Spatial Patterns of Primate Electrocutions in Diani, Kenya. INT J PRIMATOL 2018; 39:493-510. [PMID: 30369684 PMCID: PMC6182719 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrocution from power infrastructure threatens many primate species, yet knowledge of effective evidence-based mitigation strategies is limited. Mitigation planning requires an understanding of the spatial distribution of electrocutions to prioritize high-risk areas. In Diani, a coastal Kenyan town, electrocution is an important cause of death for five primate species. In this study we aim to describe the spatial patterns of electrocutions and electric shock incidents (collectively referred to as electrocutions hereafter) and identify electrocution hotspots to guide an effective primate conservation approach in Diani. Colobus Conservation, a not-for-profit organization, has recorded electrocutions and annual primate census data since 1998. We georeferenced 329 electrocution data points and analyzed them using QGIS. We identified and compared hotspots across species, seasons, and time using kernel density estimation and Getis-Ord-Gi*. We employed spatial regression models to test whether primate population density and power line density predicted the location of electrocution hotspots. Electrocutions occurred in hotspots that showed little variation in location between species and seasons. The limited variation in hotspot location over time likely occurred as a result of new building development in Diani and variability in primate detection rates by community members. Primate density and power line density were significant predictors of electrocution density for Angolan black-and-white colobus (Colobus angolensis palliatus) and Sykes monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis albogularis), but the relationship was weak, suggesting the presence of additional risk factors. This study provides a framework for systematic spatial prioritization of power lines that can be used to reduce primate electrocutions in Diani, and can be adopted in other areas of the world where primates are at risk from electrocution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Katsis
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH UK
| | | | - Katy M E Turner
- 1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TH UK
| | - Andrea Presotto
- 3Department of Geography and Geosciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, MD 21801 USA
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Maibeche Y, Moali A, Yahi N, Menard N. Is diet flexibility an adaptive life trait for relictual and peri-urban populations of the endangered primate Macaca sylvanus? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118596. [PMID: 25714476 PMCID: PMC4340959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss, fragmentation and urban expansion may drive some species to marginal habitats while others succeed in exploiting urban areas. Species that show dietary flexibility are more able to take advantage of human activities to supplement their diet with anthropogenically abundant and accessible resources. The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus) is an endangered species due to the loss of its habitat, and human pressure. The population of Gouraya National Park (Algeria) lives in a relictual habitat that constitutes about 0.6% of the species range. In addition, this population is a unique case where urban expansion favours contact zones between Barbary macaque habitats and a big city (Bejaia). We quantified the dietary composition of Gouraya macaques over an annual cycle with the objective to understand how diet flexibility of this species may help it adapt to a relictual habitat or cope with urban expansion. We recorded the phenology of plant species every month. This study shows that Gouraya macaques, compared to those living in other forest types of the distribution area, are under lower seasonal constraints. They consume a greater amount of fruit and seeds that are available throughout much of the year, and a lesser amount of costly to find and extract subterranean foods. Therefore the Gouraya relictual habitat appears as a favourable environment compared to other major habitats of that species. This study also shows that colonizing peri-urban zones increases the availability and species richness of diet resources for Barbary macaques as they consume more human foods and exotic plants than in farther sites. Adult males eat more human foods than adult females and immatures do. The exploitation of high-energy anthropogenic food could favour macaque population growth and expansion towards the city center associated with human/macaque conflicts. We recommend applying management actions to restore macaques back to their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Maibeche
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University Abderahmane Mira, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Aissa Moali
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University Abderahmane Mira, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Nassima Yahi
- Laboratory of vegetal ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Alger, Algeria
| | - Nelly Menard
- UMR 6553, laboratoire “Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Evolution”, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/University of Rennes 1, Station Biologique de Paimpont, Paimpont, France
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Purple-faced Langurs in Human-Modified Environments Feeding on Cultivated Fruits: A Comment to Dela (2007, 2012). INT J PRIMATOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-012-9609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Testing a model for predicting primate crop-raiding using crop- and farm-specific risk values. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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