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Riveros RL, de Sousa Camargos R, Macari M, de Paula Reis M, Leme BB, Sakomura NK. Dynamic of heat production partitioning in rooster by indirect calorimetry. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:75-83. [PMID: 35507842 PMCID: PMC9834651 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. METHODS Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O2 consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO2 and VCO2. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R-t)×I+L; I = 1 if t<R or I = 0 if t>R; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. RESULTS The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Lizana Riveros
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil,Corresponding Author: Rony Lizana Riveros, E-mail:
| | - Rosiane de Sousa Camargos
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Marcos Macari
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Matheus de Paula Reis
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Bruno Balbino Leme
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Chwalibog
- Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 13, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - R.L. Baldwin
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Brainer MMA, Rabello CBV, Santos MJB, Lopes CC, Ludke JV, Silva JHV, Lima RA. Prediction of the metabolizable energy requirements of free-range laying hens. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:117-24. [PMID: 26812318 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted with the aim of estimating the ME requirements of free-range laying hens for maintenance, weight gain, and egg production. These experiments were performed to develop an energy requirement prediction equation by using the comparative slaughter technique and the total excreta collection method. Regression equations were used to relate the energy intake, the energy retained in the body and eggs, and the heat production of the hens. These relationships were used to determine the daily ME requirement for maintenance, the efficiency energy utilization above the requirements for maintenance, and the NE requirement for maintenance. The requirement for weight gain was estimated from the energy content of the carcass, and the diet's efficiency energy utilization was determined from the weight gain, which was measured during weekly slaughter. The requirement for egg production was estimated by considering the energy content of the eggs and the efficiency of energy deposition in the eggs. The requirement and efficiency energy utilization for maintenance were 121.8 kcal ME/(kg∙d)and 0.68, respectively. Similarly, the NE requirement for maintenance was 82.4 kcal ME/(kg∙d), and the efficiency energy utilization above maintenance was 0.61. Because the carcass body weight and energy did not increase during the trial, the weight gain could not be estimated. The requirements for egg production requirement and efficiency energy utilization for egg production were 2.48 kcal/g and 0.61, respectively. The following energy prediction equation for free-range laying hens (without weight gain) was developed: ME /(hen ∙ d) = 121.8 × W + 2.48 × EM, in which W = body weight (kg) and EM = egg mass (g/[hen ∙ d]).
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Francesch M, Broz J, Brufau J. Effects of an experimental phytase on performance, egg quality, tibia ash content and phosphorus bioavailability in laying hens fed on maize- or barley-based diets. Br Poult Sci 2010; 46:340-8. [PMID: 16050188 DOI: 10.1080/00071660500127001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A 24-week performance trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental phytase on performance, egg quality, tibia ash content and phosphorus excretion in laying hens fed on either a maize- or a barley-based diet. At the end of the trial, an ileal absorption assay was conducted in order to determine the influence of phytase supplementation on the apparent absorption of calcium and total phosphorus (P). Each experimental diet was formulated either as a positive control containing 3.2 g/kg non-phytate phosphorus (NPP), with the addition of dicalcium phosphate (DCP), or as a low P one, without DCP addition. Both low P diets (containing 1.3 or 1.1 g/kg NPP) were supplemented with microbial phytase at 0, 150, 300 and 450 U/kg. The birds were housed in cages, allocating two hens per cage as the experimental unit. Each of 10 dietary treatments was assigned to 16 replicates. Low dietary NPP (below 1.3 g/kg) was not able to support optimum performance of hens during the laying cycle (from 22 to 46 weeks of age), either in maize or barley diets. Rate of lay, daily egg mass output, feed consumption, tibia ash percentage and weight gain were reduced in hens fed low NPP diets. The adverse effects of a low P diet were more severe in hens on a maize diet than in those on a barley diet. Low dietary NPP reduced egg production, weight gain, feed consumption and tibia ash content and microbial phytase supplementation improved these parameters. Hens given low NPP diets supplemented with phytase performed as well as the hens on positive control diets containing 3.2 g/kg of NPP. A 49% reduction of excreta P content was achieved by feeding hens on low NPP diets supplemented with phytase, without compromising performance. Phytase addition to low NPP diets increased total phosphorus absorption at the ileal level, from 0.25 to 0.51 in the maize diet and from 0.34 to 0.58 in the barley diet. Phosphorus absorption increased linearly with increasing levels of dietary phytase. Mean phosphorus absorption was higher in barley diets than in maize diets (0.49 vs 0.39).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Francesch
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentaries, Department of Animal Nutrition, Centre Mas Bové, Reus, Spain.
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Jalal M, Scheideler S, Pierson EM. Strain Response of Laying Hens to Varying Dietary Energy Levels With and Without Avizyme Supplementation. J APPL POULTRY RES 2007. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/16.3.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to determine a metabolisable energy (ME) requirement model for broiler breeder hens. The influence of temperature on ME requirements for maintenance was determined in experiments conducted in three environmental rooms with temperatures kept constant at 13, 21 and 30 degrees C using a comparative slaughter technique. The energy requirements for weight gain were determined based upon body energy content and efficiency of energy utilisation for weight gain. The energy requirements for egg production were determined on the basis of egg energy content and efficiency of energy deposition in the eggs. 2. The following model was developed using these results: ME = kgW0.75(806.53-26.45T + 0.50T2) + 31.90G + 10.04EM, where kgW0.75 is body weight (kg) raised to the power 0.75, T is temperature ( degrees C), G is weight gain (g) and EM is egg mass (g). 3. A feeding trial was conducted using 400 Hubbard Hi-Yield broiler breeder hens and 40 Peterson males from 31 to 46 weeks of age in order to compare use of the model with a recommended feeding programme for this strain of bird. The application of the model in breeder hens provided good productive and reproductive performance and better results in feed and energy conversion than in hens fed according to strain recommendation. In conclusion, the model evaluated predicted an ME intake which matched breeder hens' requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B V Rabello
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Grobas S, Mendez J, De Blas C, Mateos GG. Influence of dietary energy, supplemental fat and linoleic acid concentration on performance of laying hens at two ages. Br Poult Sci 1999; 40:681-7. [PMID: 10670682 DOI: 10.1080/00071669987089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of metabolisable energy (ME), supplemental fat (SFAT) and linoleic acid (LIN) content of the diet on the productive performance and weight of eggs and egg components of Isabrown hens of 22 or 74 weeks of age. 2. Six diets were formulated to contain the following concentrations of ME (MJ/kg), SFAT (g/kg) and LIN (g/kg), respectively: A) 11.8, 0 and 11.5; B) 11.8, 40 and 11.5; C) 11.8, 40 and 16.5; D) 11.2, 40 and 16.5; E) 11.2, 40 and 11.5; and F) 11.2, 0 and 11.5. Data were collected for 28 d and analysed using linear contrasts to test the effect of SFAT, LIN, ME and their interactions. 3. When the LIN content of the diets was maintained constant at 11.5 g/kg, an increase in the SFAT from 0 to 40 g/kg increased egg weight (63.8 vs 64.5 g; P<0.05), food intake (119 vs 124 g; P<0.01) and energy intake (1.36 vs. 1.42 MJ/d; P<0.01) and body weight change of the hens (-85 vs. 27 g; P<0.001). Supplemental fat also increased yolk (15.8 vs. 16.3 g; P<0.001) and albumen weight (40.8 vs. 42.3 g; P<0.01) but yolk to albumen ratio was not modified. 4. Egg and albumen weights were improved by SFAT in early but not in late producing hens. As a result, yolk to albumen ratio decreased in the younger hens, from 0.371 to 0.357, but increased in the older hens, from 0.408 to 0.415; P<0.01) with fat addition. 5. An increase in the LIN content of the diets from 11.5 to 16.5 g/kg did not modify any of the traits studied. 6. It was concluded that the LIN requirement of the hens for maximal productivity and weight of eggs is 11.5 g/kg or less. Supplemental fat increased the weight of eggs and albumen in the younger but not in older hens and the beneficial effect was independent of its LIN content.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grobas
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Politénica de Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Based on balance and respiration measurements with 60 White Leghorns during the laying period from 27 to 48 wk of age, a factorial method for estimating the energy requirement for egg production is proposed. The present experiment showed that the deposition of fat and energy increased during the laying period, but protein deposition slightly decreased. It has been shown that the efficiency of ME utilization for fat energy deposition is higher than for protein energy deposition in the egg. Because the proportions of protein and fat differ during the laying period, and because energy utilization is different between protein and fat, the ME requirement was calculated as the sum of ME for maintenance and the partial requirements for protein, fat, and carbohydrate deposition. For practical applications, functions for prediction of protein (OP), fat (OF), and energy (OE) in eggs during the laying period have been established according to the following model: OP, OF, or OE = a + b1 x egg (grams per day) + b2 x age (weeks). The average ME requirement [calculated with either measured or predicted chemical composition, and by applying a constant maintenance requirement of 98 kcal/kg BW.75 and partial efficiencies for energy retention in protein (Kop = .50), fat (Kof = .79), and carbohydrates (Koc = .79)] increased from .26 Mcal at 27 wk of age to .29 Mcal at 48 wk, corresponding to 5.93 and 6.07 Mcal/kg egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chwalibog
- Department of Animal Science and Animal Health, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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LATSHAW J, HAVENSTEIN G, TOELLE V. Energy Level in the Laying Diet and Its Effects on the Performance of Three Commercial Leghorn Strains. Poult Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0691998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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