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Reis MP, Gous RM, Hauschild L, Sakomura NK. Evaluation of a mechanistic model that estimates feed intake, growth and body composition, nutrient requirements, and optimum economic response of broilers. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 5:101016. [PMID: 37968229 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient meat production is crucial in addressing global market demands and sustainability goals. Modeling production systems has gained worldwide attention, offering valuable insights for predicting outcomes and optimizing economic returns. In the poultry industry, researchers have developed mathematical models to predict animal performance and maximize profits. These models incorporate theories to explain real-world processes and enable future event predictions. One such model is the Broiler Growth Model (BGM), which serves as a predictive tool for estimating feed intake, growth, and body composition of broilers. The BGM takes into account the genetic potential of the broilers, the feed they are provided, and several constraining factors that may prevent the animal from achieving their genetic potential. To evaluate the BGM, a series of simulations were performed: (i) model behavior was evaluated by simulating the response of males and females from 22 to 35 d to feeds differing in dietary protein content and nutrient density; (ii) model prediction was evaluated using the results of a protein response trial conducted at UNESP in which six dietary protein levels were fed to male and female broilers over a 56 d period; and (iii) model optimization was used to maximize economic returns in the above trial. The model behaved as expected when feeds differing in protein content were fed, with feed intake per kg of BW increasing as protein level was decreased, resulting in lower gains and higher body lipid contents. Increasing nutrient density resulted in higher feed intake in the second level, followed by a reduction in feed intake in the highest nutrient feed. The simulated response to nutrient density resulted in increasing body lipid deposition as the nutrient density increased. In comparing the simulated and actual results of the protein response trial, the overall error of prediction was up to 15% for feed intake, BW, and body protein. The optimization routine allows the simulation of different economic scenarios, helping in decision-making. The Broiler Growth Model emerges as a valuable tool for the poultry industry, offering predictive capabilities and economic optimization potential. While minor discrepancies between simulated and actual results exist, the BGM holds significant promise for enhancing efficiency and profitability in broiler production, contributing to the broader goals of sustainable broiler meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Reis
- Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - R M Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, 3201 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - L Hauschild
- Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.
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Reis MP, Couture C, Sakomura NK, Hauschild L, Angel CR, Narcy A, Létourneau-Montminy MP. A first model of the fate of dietary calcium and phosphorus in broiler chickens. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 5:100896. [PMID: 37500377 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To reduce P excretion and increase the sustainability of poultry farms, one needs to understand the mechanisms surrounding P metabolism and its close link with Ca metabolism to precisely predict the fate of dietary P and Ca and related requirements for birds. This study describes and evaluates a model developed to estimate the fate of Ca and P consumed by broilers. The Ca and P model relies on three modules: (1) digestion of Ca and P; (2) dynamics of Ca and P in soft tissue and feathers; and (3) dynamics of body ash. Exogenous phytase affects the availability of Ca and P; thus, to predict the absorption of those minerals, the model also accounts for the effect of phytase on Ca and P digestibility. We used a database to estimate the consequences of dietary Ca, P, and phytase over feed intake response. This study followed a four-step process: (1) Ca and P model development and its coupling with a growth broiler model; (2) model behavior assessment; (3) sensitivity analysis to identify the most influential parameters; and (4) external evaluation based on three databases. The proportion of P in body protein and the Ca to P ratio in bone are the most sensitive parameters of P deposition in soft tissue and bone, representing 91 and 99% of the total variation. The external evaluation results indicated that body water and protein had an overall mean square prediction error (rMSPE) of 7.22 and 12.3%, respectively. The prediction of body ash, Ca, and P had an rMSPE of 7.74, 11.0, and 6.56%, respectively, mostly errors of disturbances (72.5, 51.6, and 90.7%, respectively). The rMSPE for P balance was 13.3, 18.4, and 22.8%, respectively, for P retention, excretion, and retention coefficient, with respective errors due to disturbances of 69.1, 99.9, and 51.3%. We demonstrated a mechanistic model approach to predict the dietary effects of Ca and P on broiler chicken responses with low error, including detailed simulations to show the confidence level expected from the model outputs. Overall, this model predicts broilers' response to dietary Ca and P. The model could aid calculations to minimize P excretion and reduce the impact of broiler production on the environment. A model inversion is ongoing that will enable the calculation of Ca and P dietary quantities for a specific objective. This will simplify the use of the model and the feed formulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Reis
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - C Couture
- Department of Animal Sciences, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V0A6, Canada
| | - N K Sakomura
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - L Hauschild
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - C R Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2311, United States
| | - A Narcy
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Nouzilly F-37380, France
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3
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Freitas LFV, Dorigam JCP, Reis MP, Horna F, Fernandes JBK, Sakomura NK. Eimeria maxima infection impacts the protein utilisation of broiler chicks from 14 to 28 days of age. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 5:100807. [PMID: 37183118 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In floor-raised broilers, coccidiosis is responsible for reducing the use of nutrients, mainly by impairing intestinal tissue function and activating the immune system. Understanding and quantifying how balanced dietary protein (BP) is used when birds are challenged will allow nutritionists to make decisions regarding challenged flocks. This study aimed to determine the effects of Eimeria maxima on broiler performance and body composition, and to calculate changes in the maintenance and efficiency of protein utilisation (Ep). A total of 2 400 male 14-day-old Cobb500 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to ten groups with six replications of 40 birds each, with a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Five levels of BP in reference to digestible lysine (3.6, 7.2, 10.8, 14.4, and 18.0 g/kg) were fed to unchallenged (NCH) and challenged (CH) broilers with 7 × 103E. maxima sporulated oocysts from 14 to 28 days of age. Performance and body deposition were measured using a comparative slaughter technique to compare BP maintenance requirements and Ep. ANOVA followed by a posthoc test was performed to compare the effects of BP levels, challenge, and their interactions. A monomolecular model describing the responses of NCH and CH broilers to BP intake, maintenance, and maximum protein deposition was compared. There were significant interactions between body weight gain and digestible lysine intake among the factors studied. Infection had a negative impact on all variables analysed, proving the efficacy of the challenge. The maintenance did not differ between the CH and NCH groups. Increased levels of dietary BP did not recover the maximum protein deposition in CH broilers. Eimeria maxima significantly reduced Ep by a factor of 0.09 times on Ep compared to the control group. The Eimeria maxima challenge was responsible to modify the use of BP altering the body composition and impairing broilers performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F V Freitas
- Animal Science Departament, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J C P Dorigam
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - M P Reis
- Animal Science Departament, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Horna
- Animal Science Departament, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B K Fernandes
- Aquaculture Center, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Animal Science Departament, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de acesso Professor Paulo Donato Castellene, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Cannas A, Cabrera VE, Dougherty HC, Ellis JL, Gallo A, Huhtanen P, Kyriazakis I, McPhee M, Reed KF, Sakomura NK, van Milgen J. Editorial: The 10th international Workshop on Modelling Nutrient Digestion and Utilization in Farm Animals (MODNUT). Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 5:101067. [PMID: 38286524 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Cannas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy.
| | - V E Cabrera
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - H C Dougherty
- Department of Animal Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - J L Ellis
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Gallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze animali, della nutrizione e degli alimenti (DIANA), Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - P Huhtanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Production Systems, Jokioinen, Finland
| | - I Kyriazakis
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - M McPhee
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Armidale Livestock Industries Centre, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - K F Reed
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - N K Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J van Milgen
- Pegase, INRAE, Institut Agro, Le Clos, Saint Gilles 35590, France
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Reis MP, Ferreira NT, Gous RM, Sakomura NK. Update and evaluation of the egg production model in laying hens. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 5:101015. [PMID: 37973429 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.101015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The egg production model (EPM) described here is a mechanistic and stochastic model that simulates the amino acid and energy requirements of laying hens. It takes into account their potential rate of laying, and egg weight over time, and the composition of the feed provided. The model predicts feed intake based on the assumption that hens will consume enough feed to reach their genetic potential. The environment is assumed to be non-limiting, although feed intake may be constrained by bulk capacity when bulky feeds are offered. The simulation model integrates a least-cost feed formulator, which enables the prediction of a feeding program that maximizes economic returns. A series of simulations were conducted to demonstrate the model behavior, external evaluation, and the economic optimization routine. The model behavior showed that as the energy content in the feed decreased, the simulated feed intake increased to compensate. Consequently, feeds with lower energy concentrations led to an overconsumption of nutrients, resulting in increased egg component weights (yolk and albumen). However, when the balanced protein was reduced while maintaining a constant energy-to-protein ratio, there was no change in egg components, consistent with published literature. The external evaluation indicated that feed intake, egg production, and egg weight were estimated with low error, and there was a similar trend observed between the estimated and observed data. This demonstrates the reliability of the model. Additionally, the paper provides a demonstration of how to use and interpret the results from the egg production model, including the economic optimization routine. The study found that a feed containing 7.8 g/kg of digestible lysine maximized economic returns. This optimization tool can be valuable in making nutritional decisions to optimize economic returns in an egg production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Reis
- Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - N T Ferreira
- Trouw Nutrition Canada, 7504 Puslinch, Ontario, Canada
| | - R M Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Carbis Road, 3201 Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - N K Sakomura
- Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil.
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Teofilo GFS, Riveros RL, Leme BB, Camargos RS, Macari M, Fernandes JBK, Sakomura NK. Energy utilization and requirement of broiler breeders during the production phase. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102980. [PMID: 37666142 PMCID: PMC10491783 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate energy utilization and propose models for metabolizable and net energy requirements in broiler breeders during the egg production phase. Sixty Cobb500 broiler breeders aged between 29 and 65 wk were randomly assigned to 3 feeding levels. At each age, 6 birds were adapted for 8 d to 3 levels of metabolizable energy intake (MEi), established based on the amount of feed allocated: 1) the amount of feed recommended in the guideline, 2) 25% above, and 3) 25% below. The birds were housed in respirometry chambers for 6 d (1 adaptation, 4 feeding state, 1 fasting) to measure oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production to calculate heat production (HP) and fasting HP (FHP). Daily measurements of feed intake, egg weight, egg production, and total excreta were recorded. Variables of MEi, HP, and retained energy (RE) in the egg were calculated, while RE in the body and its partitioning into fat and protein in the egg and body were calculated from MEi, total HP (THP), and RE in the egg. Statistical analysis involved linear regression of multiple factors with MEi and age (categorical) as the independent variables. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between visceral mass and the evaluated variables. The study proposed mixed models for developing models of energy requirements for both metabolizable (ME) and net systems (NE). The study found that FHP (average 259 ± 20.08 kJ/kg0.75*d) remained constant throughout the production cycle regardless of the MEi level (P > 0.05). The efficiency of energy utilization for depositing protein and fat in the body changed with the bird's age. The lower error model was considered to select ME requirements for maintenance, egg, and gain efficiencies, disregarding the effect of age. The efficiencies were 0.89, 0.78, and 0.80 for maintenance, gain, and egg production, respectively. The NE was unaffected by age and showed a lower error than the ME model. The NE system was found to be more accurate in expressing the energy requirements of broiler breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F S Teofilo
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R L Riveros
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B B Leme
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R S Camargos
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Macari
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B K Fernandes
- Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University (CAUNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal 14884-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Leme BB, Sakomura NK, Vargas L, Nascimento CCN, Antayhua FAP, Dorigam JC, Macari M, Gous RM. Composition of feathers and pulp of two broiler genotypes. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:552-556. [PMID: 35164618 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. Cobb and Ross broilers (200 of each sex and breed) were fed four phases of diets ad libitum formulated with balanced protein to match their amino acid requirements throughout growth. Ten birds per genotype were sampled and euthanised at two-weekly intervals from 14 to 112 d of age. All feathers were dry-plucked from each of the seven tracts (specific skin areas) and pulp (the centre of the feather filament) was removed from primary and secondary remiges.2. Daily losses of feathers were collected from an additional 20 individually-caged broilers of each breed. These feathers were separated into natal down, contour feathers, remiges and rectrices and then pooled by type, sex and genotype to quantify water and protein contents. Only those feathers collected from male Cobb 500 MX broilers were analysed for amino acid content.3. Amino acid contents of feathers from the seven tracts were measured only in Cobb males on days 1, 28 and 70; for pulp on days 28 and 70; and for the four types of moulted feathers.4. Protein content on a dry matter basis remained relatively constant over all ages and tracts during growth. Water content decreased with age in both sexes and genotype. Lysine and methionine content in feathers decreased with age while cystine, valine, leucine and serine increased. Lysine, methionine and histidine levels were higher in pulp than in mature feathers whereas cystine and valine were higher in mature feathers than in pulp.5. These results, together with information about moulting patterns in broilers, enabled the effects of age of the bird and of the type of feather, to be taken into account when determining the rate of deposition of amino acids in feathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Leme
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp) Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp) Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Vargas
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp) Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C C N Nascimento
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp) Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F A P Antayhua
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp) Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J C Dorigam
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - M Macari
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp) Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Nascimento MQ, Gous RM, Reis MP, Viana GS, Nogueira BRF, Sakomura NK. Gut capacity of broiler breeder hens. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:710-716. [PMID: 33834908 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1912290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Broiler breeders are subjected to qualitative or quantitative feed restrictions to prevent obesity, which causes major health and welfare problems. Diluting their feed by adding inert or low nutrient, bulky materials can reduce obesity, but the capacity of the gut needs to be determined to apply this strategy successfully. Two trials were conducted to measure the bulk capacity of Ross 308 broiler breeders prior to and after the onset of lay. The trial was completely randomised, with nine individually-caged breeders, with each cage as a replicate, totalling 189 birds per trial2. Birds were given ad libitum access to one of 21 maize-soyabean based feeds, an undiluted control or progressive dilution (10, 20, 30 and 40%) with either cellulose fibre, rice husk, sand, vermiculite or sawdust. Feeds were analysed for density, crude-, acid detergent- and neutral detergent-fibre, water-holding capacity (WHC), cation-exchange capacity and oil-holding capacity.2. In general, feed intake (scaled to body weight0.67) increased and then declined as the proportion of each diluent increased. Intake increased linearly when rice hulls and sand were used as diluents.3. Water holding capacity was the most appropriate measure to define the gut capacity of broiler breeders.4. The trial data was used to estimate the maximum-scaled feed intake (SFImax) in broiler breeders, which was 240-56.1WHC + 4.34WHC2 g/kg0.67/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Q Nascimento
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - R M Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - M P Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - G S Viana
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - B R F Nogueira
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, Brazil
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9
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Martinez KNM, Viana GDS, Silva EPD, Reis MP, Gous RM, Sakomura NK. The response of reproducing Japanese quail to dietary valine. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:726-730. [PMID: 33739193 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1905775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. A feeding trial was conducted to measure the responses of Japanese quail to dietary valine. In total, 280 Japanese quail were randomly assigned to eight treatments giving seven replicates (cage - 35 cm length, 35 cm width × 15 cm high). Experimental diets were formulated using a dilution technique to give a range dietary Val concentration (1.97 to 9.85 g/kg).2. Feed intake was maximised at 6.66 g Val/kg and above, but declined linearly below this level. Body weight reached a maximum of 170 g on 6.66 g Val/kg. Egg output peaked at 9.5 ± 0.3 g/bird/d with an egg weight of 11 g for the 6.66 g Val/kg diet. Rate of laying for the group that received the feed with the lowest Val content was close to zero (1.40%), but egg weight on this treatment was 70% of the maximum egg weight. Valine required per gram of egg output was estimated as 10.6 mg/g, whereas the maintenance requirement was 159 mg/kg body weight. Val required for maximum egg output was estimated in 154 mg/d.3. The marginal cost of Val in Brazil currently is negative below a level of 8.0 g/kg feed, which is above that required for maximum egg output. Consequently, Val cannot be regarded as a limiting amino acid currently, as the optimum economic intake exceeds the requirements of all the individuals in the population. The price of a quail egg weighing 11 g in Brazil at the time of the experiment was R$ 0.021. Even if the marginal revenue for these eggs was doubled to 0.4 c/g, there would be no reason to increase the intake of Val.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N M Martinez
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - G da S Viana
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Luke, Finland
| | - E P da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - M P Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - R M Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - N K Sakomura
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Silva EP, Sakomura NK, Dorigam JCP, Lima MB, Malheiros EB, Fernandes JBK. Sulfur amino acid requirements for pullets in growth and pre-laying trials. Anim Prod Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Context
To obtain a good performance of the hens in the laying phase, adequate nutrition in the growth and pre-laying phase is necessary, especially for meeting amino acid requirements that are related to development of reproductive organs (ovary and oviduct).
Aims
The objective of the present study was to predict the requirements for methionine (Met) plus cystine (Cys) from the growth of the body, feathers and reproductive organs of laying hens.
Methods
The model estimates Met+Cys requirements as the relationship between the deposition of Met+Cys into three compartments (body, feathers, and reproductive organs) and their utilisation efficiency. The efficiency of utilisation was determined by a linear regression between Met+Cys deposition and intake for pullets aged 14–28, 56–70 and 98–112 days. Protein weight and deposition in the body and feathers were determined by the comparative slaughter method. The Gompertz function was used to model body, feathers, ovary, oviduct and liver weight against age.
Key results
Our results showed that the inclusion of parameters descriptive of the growth of reproductive organs and the correction for feather losses in the model enabled Met+Cys requirements for growth in pre-laying trials to be predicted with a greater precision.
Conclusions
The model developed in this study for determining the Met+Cys requirements for Dekalb White pullets could be extended, provided the necessary adjustments are made, to other amino acids, strains and species.
Implications
Meeting Met+Cys requirements in the phase of maximum growth of the reproductive organs (weeks) contributes to the uniformity of the age when the pullets reach sexual maturity and, consequently, start the egg production.
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Vargas L, Sakomura NK, Leme BB, Antayhua FAP, Campos D, Gous RM, Fisher C. A description of the growth and moulting of feathers in commercial broilers. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:454-464. [PMID: 32233666 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1747597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Changes in feather length and weight and daily losses of down, contour feathers, remiges and retrices were studied in two commercial broiler strains to determine feather growth and moult in broilers up to 112 d of age. 2. Ten pens of 20 chicks for each sex x strain were fed adequate amounts of dietary protein in a four-phase feeding programme. Ten birds were sampled per genotype at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 and 112 d. Feather loss was determined for individual birds caged within a nylon net. 3. All feathers were dry-plucked from each of seven tracts, with representative feathers from the capital-cervical, dorsopelvic and interscapular, pectoral and femoral tracts being randomly selected. Three rectrices of the dorsocaudal tract and three primaries and secondaries of the humeral-alar tract of the right wing were evaluated. 4. The length of the selected feathers was measured, and the feathers from each tract and from the whole bird were weighed. 5. A wide range of rates of maturing (0.0250-0.0907/d) and mature weights (9.62-52.9 g) were evident between sampled tracts. 6. Feather weight failed to predict some moults which were detected by the measurement of feather losses. From the weight data, moulting was evident only in the humeral-alar and dorsocaudal tracts, whereas, when daily losses were measured, contour feathers accounted for over 0.7 proportion of feather losses. Logistic equations adequately described the cumulative losses of down, contour feathers and remiges. 7. Feather loss needs to be considered when feather growth is determined from feather weight at different ages. 8. The rate of maturing (B) of feathers was numerically higher in Ross males and females than in the Cobb strain. In females, B was higher than in males (0.0483 vs. 0335/d) but the mature weight was lower (162 vs. 230 g).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vargas
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio De Mesquita Filho , Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio De Mesquita Filho , Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - B B Leme
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio De Mesquita Filho , Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - F A P Antayhua
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio De Mesquita Filho , Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - D Campos
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio De Mesquita Filho , Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - R M Gous
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - C Fisher
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Earth Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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12
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Vargas L, Sakomura NK, Leme BB, Antayhua F, Reis M, Gous R, Fisher C. A description of the potential growth and body composition of two commercial broiler strains. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:266-273. [PMID: 31986911 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1716300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1. The potential growth of feathers and feather-free body and their chemical components was measured in two commercial broiler strains. 2. A total of 200 chicks of each sex x strain were fed adequate amounts of dietary protein using a four-phase feeding programme. Ten birds per genotype were sampled at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 and 112 d of age. They were weighed before and after being dry-plucked to determine the weight of feathers, and the feather-free body was then minced and analysed for water, protein and lipid. 3. Body weights and chemical composition of males of the two strains were similar throughout the trial. Females of the two strains differed only in their body lipid contents, with mature Cobb females being higher than Ross (1371 vs. 1210 g). 4. Mature body weights of males and females from both strains averaged 8420 g and 6650 g; mature body protein weights averaged 1555 g and 1030 g; and mature body lipid contents averaged 908 and 1290 g, respectively. 5. Rates of maturing per day of body weights of males and females of both strains averaged 0.0385 and 0.0368; feather-free body protein was 0.0316 and 0.0348 and body lipid was 0.0503 and 0.0375, respectively. The rates for body lipid differed between Cobb and Ross females (0.0352 vs. 0.0397/d). Separate equations were required for males and females to describe the allometric relationship between lipid and protein in the feather-free body. 6. The rate of maturing of feathers in females was higher than in males (0.0526 vs. 0398/d) and the mature weight was lower (205 vs. 266 g), respectively. Mature body weights of broilers in this trial were considerably higher than those measured using the same protocol 24 years ago, whereas rates of maturing remained the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vargas
- Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista , Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - B B Leme
- Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Antayhua
- Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV-UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Reis
- Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias Campus de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho , Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - R Gous
- Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - C Fisher
- Animal and Poultry Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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13
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Mansano CFM, Macente BI, Silva PDES, da Rocha RW, Escobar A, Sakomura NK, Khan KU, Fernandes JBK, da Silva EP. An update on the cecectomy technique in roosters anesthetized with isoflurane used in subsequent amino acid digestibility experiments. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4042-4047. [PMID: 30839082 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims to study an alternative technique of cecectomy in roosters using inhalation anesthesia for subsequent use in digestibility experiments. A total of 30 adult chickens of Leghorn breed were used with an average age of 27 wk. The birds were preoxygenated, and the anesthetic induction was performed using isoflurane diluted in oxygen. After proper muscle relaxation, endotracheal intubation was performed using a Murphy catheter and kept in anesthesia under mechanical ventilation with a constant monitoring of electrocardiography variables, heart rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, and body temperature during the surgical procedure. An incision of approximately 3 cm was made between keel and cloaca in order to expose and extirpate the cecum followed by a simple ligature. The opening of the peritoneal cavity was closed in 2 ways: Sultan suture technique was used for closing the abdominal wall and modified Cushing intradermic continuous points for closing the skin. The time for anesthesia induction and preoperational period noted to be 10 ± 2 min. Surgical procedures completed in 7 ± 1.5 min. No intraoperatively and postoperatively harm observed in animals. Water was immediately provided after the birds returned to cages and feed offered after 24 h of surgery. In remaining birds, no abnormalities were observed during and after the experimental period (3 mo). The present study describes a promising update on cecectomy technique regarding anesthesia induction and surgical procedures in roosters using potential drugs and safer surgical materials without any trans- and postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F M Mansano
- Brazil University (Universidade Brasil), Campus Fernandópolis, 15600-000 Fernandópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - B I Macente
- Brazil University (Universidade Brasil), Campus Fernandópolis, 15600-000 Fernandópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - P do E S Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - R W da Rocha
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - A Escobar
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - K U Khan
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - J B K Fernandes
- Aquaculture Center of Unesp, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - E P da Silva
- School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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14
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Bendezu HCP, Sakomura NK, Malheiros EB, Gous RM, Ferreira NT, Fernandes JBK. Modelling the egg components and internal cycle length of laying hens. Anim Prod Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A model that can estimate the changes that occur to the composition of egg components over time is an important tool for the nutritionists, since it can provide information about the nutrients required by a laying hen to achieve her potential egg output. In this context, the present study was aimed to model the potential egg production of laying hens during the egg-production period. One hundred and twenty Hy-Line W36 and ISA-Brown layers were used from 18 to 60 weeks of age, with each bird being an experimental unit. The birds were housed in individual cages during the experimental period. Egg production (%), egg weight (g) and the weight of egg components were recorded for each bird. The data were used to calculate the parameters of equations for predicting the weights of yolk, albumen and shell, and for predicting internal cycle length. The predicted results were evaluated by regressing residual (observed minus predicted) values of the predicted values centred of their average value. The equations for predicting mean yolk weight with age are for Hy-Line W36 (y1) and ISA-Brown (y2) respectively. Albumen and shell weights for Hy-Line W36 were described by the equations 15.07 × (yolk weight)0.37 and 0.70 × (yolk + albumen weight)0.50 respectively, and for ISA-Brown, 21.99 × (yolk weight)0.24 and 1.60 × (yolk + albumen weight)0.34 respectively. The average internal cycle length over time for Hy-Line W36 (ICL1) is described by the model 22.95 + 5.24 × (0.962t) + 0.02 × t and for ISA-Brown by 24.01 + 10.29 × (0.94t) + 0.004 × t, where t is the age at first egg (days). The assessment of the results indicated that the equations for predicting egg weight were more accurate for Hy-Line W36 but less precise for both strains, whereas the equation models for predicting the internal cycle lengths were more accurate and precise for ISA-Browns. The models could predict the potential weight of egg components and the rate of laying associated with the internal cycle lengths, and, on the basis of this information, it is possible to improve the nutrient requirement estimated.
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15
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Sousa RF, Dourado LRB, Lopes JB, Fernandes ML, Kato RK, Nascimento DCN, Sakomura NK, Lima SBP, Ferreira GJBC. Effect of an Enzymatic Blend and Yeast on the Performance, Carcass Yield and Histomorphometry of the Small Intestine in Broilers from 21 to 42 Days of Age. Braz J Poult Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RF Sousa
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - JB Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - RK Kato
- Biogenic Group-nutrição e saúde animal, Brazil
| | | | | | - SBP Lima
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Brazil
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16
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Dorigam JCP, Sakomura NK, Sarcinelli MF, Gonçalves CA, de Lima MB, Peruzzi NJ. Optimal in-feed amino acid ratio for broiler breeder hens based on deletion studies. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:1194-1204. [PMID: 27862400 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An ideal amino acid ratio (IAAR) for breeder hens is needed for maximum nitrogen retention (NR) taking into account nitrogen deposition in body (NDB ), feathers (NDF ) and egg mass (NEM) to improve dietary protein efficiency. Thus, the aim of this study was to apply the deletion method to derive the IAAR for broiler breeder hens. The nitrogen balance trials were performed from 31 to 35 weeks and from 46 to 50 weeks. Twelve treatments with eight replicates and one hen per cage were used. A balanced diet (BD) was formulated to meet the requirement of all nutrients. The other diets were formulated diluting 55% of BD with corn starch and refilled with amino acids (AAs) and other ingredients, except the AA tested. Each trial lasted 25 days. Feather losses, egg production and egg weight were recorded daily, and the samples were stored to further determine NEM and nitrogen in feather losses (NDFL ). At the start and the end of each period, a group of birds were slaughtered to further determine NDB and NDF . The NR was calculated as the sum of NDB , NDF , NDFL , NEM and the nitrogen maintenance requirement (NMR). The deletion of valine greatly depressed the NR in peak production (31 to 35 weeks) while the deletion of the isoleucine greatly depressed the NR of the hens from 46 to 50 weeks of age. The percentual reduction in NR and the per cent of the AA to delete from the BD were used to calculate the AA requirement. The average IAAR was Lys 100, Met+Cys 86, Trp 23, Thr 80, Arg 113, Val 90, Ile 91, Leu 133, Phe+Tyr 108, Gly+Ser 94 and His 35. The IAAR was in line with the recommendation from the literature, validating deletion method with the advantages from a rapid and low-cost procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C P Dorigam
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista 'julio de mesquita filho', Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista 'julio de mesquita filho', Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M F Sarcinelli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista 'julio de mesquita filho', Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista 'julio de mesquita filho', Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M B de Lima
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista 'julio de mesquita filho', Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N J Peruzzi
- Department of Exact Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista 'julio de mesquita filho', Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Loureiro BA, Sakomura NK, Vasconcellos RS, Sembenelli G, Gomes MOS, Monti M, Malheiros EB, Kawauchi IM, Carciofi AC. Insoluble fibres, satiety and food intake in cats fed kibble diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:824-834. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G. Sembenelli
- Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP; Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - M. O. S. Gomes
- University of São Paulo - USP; Cidade Universitária; São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. Monti
- Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP; Jaboticabal, Brazil
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18
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Bonato MA, Sakomura NK, Gous RM, Silva EP, Soares L, Peruzzi NJ. Description of a model to optimise the feeding of amino acids to growing pullets. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:123-33. [PMID: 26927476 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1127892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. A nutrition model is described that may be used to optimise the amino acid nutrition of laying-type pullets prior to the onset of lay. It is not a method of optimising lifetime laying performance. 2. The potential growth and composition of the body, feathers, ovary and oviduct are described from hatching to the age at which sexual maturity is attained, from which the daily amino acid and energy requirements for the average individual in the population can be calculated. 3. There are two parts to the approach used, the first being a description of the model itself and the second being a description of how the required information was gathered. A number of assumptions made in developing the model are discussed. 4. The rates of maturing of the body, feather-free body and body protein of the DeKalb pullets used were shown to be constant at 0.017/d and those of feathers at 0.02/d. These are considerably slower than those of the oviduct and ovary (0.139 and 0.084/d respectively). The ovary attained a higher mature weight (78.4 vs. 58.7 g) than the oviduct. 5. The age at which the growth of the reproductive organs is initiated in the model is defined by the user. The daily amount of threonine required to meet the requirements for maintenance and potential growth of the developing tissues and organs is calculated for each day of the growing period from hatching to the age at which the first egg is laid. A method of calculating the required daily concentration of threonine in the feed is described, from which a feeding programme may be derived. 6. For the model to produce an optimum economic feeding programme for a population of laying-type pullets, more information than is available from this study is required. These issues are discussed in the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bonato
- a Department of Animal Sciences , São Paulo State University, UNESP , Jaboticabal , SP , Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- a Department of Animal Sciences , São Paulo State University, UNESP , Jaboticabal , SP , Brazil
| | - R M Gous
- b School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Pietermaritzburg , South Africa
| | - E P Silva
- a Department of Animal Sciences , São Paulo State University, UNESP , Jaboticabal , SP , Brazil
| | - L Soares
- a Department of Animal Sciences , São Paulo State University, UNESP , Jaboticabal , SP , Brazil
| | - N J Peruzzi
- a Department of Animal Sciences , São Paulo State University, UNESP , Jaboticabal , SP , Brazil
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19
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de Lima MB, Sakomura NK, Dorigam JCP, da Silva EP, Ferreira NT, Fernandes JBK. Maintenance valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan requirements for poultry. Poult Sci 2016; 95:842-50. [PMID: 26769273 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry maintenance requirements for valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan were measured by nitrogen balance using different unit systems. The nitrogen balance trial lasted 5 d with 48 h of fasting (with roosters receiving only water+sucrose) and the last 72 h for feeding and excreta collection. Forty grams of each diet first-limiting in valine, isoleucine, or tryptophan was fed by tube each day (3 d) to give a range of intakes from 0 to 101, 0 to 119, and 0 to 34 mg/kg BW d of valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan, respectively. A nitrogen-free diet containing energy, vitamins, and minerals, meeting the rooster requirements, was offered ad libitum during these three d. To confirm that the amino acids studied were limiting, a treatment was added with a control diet formulated by adding 0.24 g/kg of L-valine, 0.21 g/kg of L-isoleucine, and 0.10 g/kg of L-tryptophan to the diets with lower amino acid level. Excreta were collected during the last 3 d of the balance period and the nitrogen content of the excreta was analyzed. For each amino acid, a linear regression between nitrogen retention (NR) and amino acid intake was performed. The equations from linear regression were: NR=-98.6 (±10.1)+2.4 (±0.2)×Val, NR=-46.9 (±7.1)+2.3 (±0.1)×Ile, NR=-39.5 (±7.7)+7.3 (±0.4)×Trp; where Val, Ile, and Trp are the intakes of valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan in mg/kg body weight per d, respectively. The valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan required to maintain the body at zero NR were calculated to be 41, 20, and 5 mg/kg body weight per d, respectively. For the system unit mg per kg of metabolic weight, the intake of valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan was 59, 32, and 9, respectively. Considering the degree of maturity of the animal and body protein content (BPm (0.73)×u), the amounts of valine, isoleucine, and tryptophan required for maintenance were calculated to be 247, 134, and 37 mg per unit of maintenance protein (BPm (0.73)×u) per d. Maintenance requirement is more adequately expressed as body protein content.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B de Lima
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - N K Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - J C P Dorigam
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - E P da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - N T Ferreira
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil, 14884-900
| | - J B K Fernandes
- Aquaculture Center of University Estadual Paulista 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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20
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Dorigam JCP, Sakomura NK, de Lima MB, Sarcinelli MF, Suzuki RM. Establishing an essential amino acid profile for maintenance in poultry using deletion method. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:884-92. [PMID: 26608748 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the essential amino acid profile and the ideal ratio for the maintenance of poultry by deletion method. A nitrogen balance (NB) trial was conducted using 198 adult roosters, housed individually in metabolic cages. The treatments were 33 purified diets being 11 diets with an amino acid mixture providing high protein intake of 500 mg N/BWkg (0.75) per day, 11 diets providing medium protein intake of 250 mg N/BWkg (0.75) per day (in each diet, one amino acid tested was diluted 50%) and 11 diets providing low protein intake of 125 mg N/BWkg (0.75) per day (made by omitting the amino acid tested). Each treatment had six replicates. After 48 h of fasting receiving water plus sucrose, the roosters were fed 40 g of the diets by tube once a day for 3 days. The excreta were collected within 72 h after the first feeding. The diets and excreta were analysed for nitrogen content. For each amino acid studied, a linear regression was fitted by NB and amino acid intake (AAI). The maintenance requirements were estimated as the AAI to maintain the NB equal to zero. The daily amino acid requirements for maintenance were estimated to be Lys 11, Met 29, Thr 23, Trp 5, Arg 50, Val 29, His 6, Gly 54, Phe 49, Leu 78 and Ile 21 mg/BWkg (0.75) per day. Therefore, the amino acid ratio for maintenance was concluded to be Lys 100, Met 276, Thr 220, Trp 48, Arg 467, Val 275, His 60, Gly 511, Phe 467, Leu 735 and Ile 198% independent of the scale. The essential amino acid profile and the ideal ratio for the maintenance of poultry estimated in this study contributed to improve the factorial model for estimating essential amino acid requirements for poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C P Dorigam
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista "julio de mesquita filho", Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista "julio de mesquita filho", Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - M B de Lima
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista "julio de mesquita filho", Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M F Sarcinelli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista "julio de mesquita filho", Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R M Suzuki
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e veterinárias, Universidade estadual paulista "julio de mesquita filho", Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Faridi A, Gitoee A, Donato DCZ, France J, Sakomura NK. Broiler responses to digestible threonine at different ages: a neural networks approach. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:738-47. [PMID: 26249314 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted with broiler chickens to evaluate the effects of digestible threonine (DThr) and crude protein (CP) on their performance at three different phases of age: 1-14, 15-28 and 29-42 days. The measured traits included the following: average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass crude protein (CCP), body lipid (BL), feather weight gain (FWG), protein deposited in feather (FCP), carcass plus feather protein (CFCP), carcass Thr deposition (CDThr) and nitrogen excretion (NE). A dilution technique was used to create seven diets (with eight replicates) increasing the DThr content from 1.5 to 10 g/kg of diet for phase 1, 1.3-8.9 g/kg of diet for phase 2, and 1.2-8.2 g/kg of diet for phase 3. Data measured were imported into neural networks (NNs) to: (i) predict the measured traits in response to DThr and CP, (ii) rank the importance of DThr and CP on these traits through sensitivity analysis and (iii) find the optimal levels of DThr and CP that lead to the desired (maximum or minimum) responses. For each trait investigated, 50 different random groups of data were generated using a bootstrapping method. These 50 data groups were then used to develop 50 separate NNs which were subsequently combined to construct the final ensemble NN model. In general, accuracy of the models constructed was acceptable, although models of high (ADG, FCR, CFCP, BL, DThr and NE; 0.64 ≤ R(2) ≤ 0.99) and low (CCP, FWG and FCP; 0.26 ≤ R(2) ≤ 0.79) accuracy were obtained. All models developed showed the greatest sensitivity to DThr. This may be explained by the dilution technique diet preparation used in these experiments. Optimization results showed decreases in optimal values of DThr and CP with increasing age for all traits. The highest level of DThr was suggested for minimum BL, followed by minimum FCR, maximum ADG, maximum CFCP, minimum NE and maximum CCP respectively. Results showed that the optimal values of DThr for minimum FCR in phases 1-3 were 8.5, 7.4 and 6.4 g/kg of diet, while these values for maximum ADG were 8.2, 7.2 and 6.4 g/kg of diet respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Faridi
- Center of Excellence in the Animal Sciences Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Gitoee
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - D C Z Donato
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - J France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - N K Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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Figueiredo FOM, Berchielli TT, Resende KT, Gomes HFB, Almeida AK, Sakomura NK, Teixeira IAMA. Energy requirements for growth of pubertal female Saanen goats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:294-300. [PMID: 26249003 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research on energy requirements of female Saanen goats, using the factorial approach, has not considered the specific requirements for maintenance and growth during the pubertal phase. Thus, the purpose of this study was to estimate energy requirements for maintenance (Trial 1) and growth (Trial 2) of non-pregnant and non-lactating female Saanen goats at the pubertal phase from 30 to 45 kg. In Trial 1, the net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm ) were estimated using 18 female Saanen goats randomly assigned to three levels of intake: ad libitum, and 70% and 40% of ad libitum intake. These animals were pair-fed in six slaughter groups, each consisting of one animal for each level of intake. In Trial 2, the net energy requirements for growth (NEg ) were estimated using 18 female Saanen goats, which were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at targeted BW of 30, 38 and 45 kg. The NEm was 52 kcal/kg(0.75) of BW. The NEg increased from 3.5 to 4.7 Mcal/kg of BW gain as BW increased from 30 to 45 kg. Our results suggest that the guidelines of the major feeding systems for the entire growth phase may not be adequate for females at pubertal phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- F O M Figueiredo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - T T Berchielli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - K T Resende
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - H F B Gomes
- Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso/UFMT, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - A K Almeida
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - N K Sakomura
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - I A M A Teixeira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Bonato MA, Sakomura NK, Gous RM, Dourado LRB, Rafael JM, Fernandes JBK. The response to dietary threonine in laying-type pullets during growth. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:361-9. [PMID: 25719219 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2015.1019425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. This study aimed to provide information on the response of laying-type pullets to dietary threonine (THR) during three periods of growth prior to the onset of lay. Different batches of Dekalb White pullets were used in three separate trial periods (from 4 to 6, 8 to 11 and 13 to 16 weeks of age) using 8 dietary THR concentrations in each period, using a completely randomised design, and with each treatment being replicated 6 times, using 15 birds per replication in period 1 and 8 birds in periods 2 and 3. In period 1 the THR content (THRc) ranged from 2.3 to 7.6 mg/g, in period 2 from 1.7 to 5.5 mg/g, and in period 3 from 1.4 to 4.7 mg THR/g feed. 2. Body weight gain, food intake and the deposition of protein and lipid in the feather-free body and in the feathers were measured in each period. Linear regressions were fitted to all data falling below the break point defined by the broken stick regression, to estimate the efficiency of utilisation of THR. The maximum protein growth rate was 4.0 ± 0.2, 5.3 ± 0.4 and 3.5 ± 0.5 g/d in periods 1, 2 and 3, respectively. 3. The efficiency of utilisation of dietary THR for THR deposition in each period was the same, at 0.85 ± 0.1 mg/mg. As dietary THRc decreased, the amount of body lipid deposition increased. 4. With this information, it is possible to determine the daily requirement for THR for the potential growth of body and feather protein in growing pullets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Bonato
- a Department of Animal Sciences , São Paulo State University, UNESP , Jaboticabal , SP , Brazil
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Carneiro MIF, Sakomura NK, Malheiros EB, Araújo JA, Silva EPD, Kawauchi IM, Fernandes JBK, Sousa JRSTD. Evaluation of babassu meal in feed for layer hens during the growth phase. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x160279-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - JA Araújo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
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dos Santos PA, Rabello CBV, Sakomura NK, da Silva EP, Dorigam JCP, dos Santos MJB, Lorena-Rezende IMB. Modelling of the nitrogen deposition and dietary lysine requirements of Redbro broilers. Anim Prod Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the coefficients of the Goettingen model for Redbro birds and estimate the digestible lysine requirements. To determine the model parameters, three nitrogen balance trials were performed in Periods I (14–28 days), II (42–56 days) and III (70–84 days), using 42 birds per trial. The birds were individually housed and subjected to six diets with increasing levels of nitrogen, with lysine as the limiting amino acid (deficient by 20% in relation to other amino acids). Dietary nitrogen concentrations were 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 g/kg. A control diet was added to confirm lysine as the first limiting amino acid. Nitrogen balance trials were divided into 5 days of adaptation and two periods of excreta collection, each one of 5 days. The response of the birds to a control diet confirmed that lysine was the first limiting amino acid. The adjustment of the exponential functions between nitrogen retention or excretion and nitrogen intake allowed estimation of parameters of the Goettingen model. The maximum potential for nitrogen retention was 3276, 2585 and 2603 mg/BWkg0.67.day, nitrogen maintenance requirement was 225, 135 and 122 mg/BWkg0.67.day and efficiency of nitrogen utilisation was 313 × 10−6, 406 × 10−6 and 415 × 10−6 in the phases of 14–28, 42–56 and 70–84 days. The digestible lysine intake for Periods I, II and III, based on 60% of the maximum potential for nitrogen retention, was 711, 989 and 1272 mg/day (1.225%, 1.137% and 1.09% of lysine in the diet for a daily feed intake of 58, 87and 117 g/day), respectively.
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Martins MS, Sakomura NK, Souza DF, Filho FOR, Gomes MOS, Vasconcellos RS, Carciofi AC. Brewer's yeast and sugarcane yeast as protein sources for dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:948-57. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Martins
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brazil
| | - N. K. Sakomura
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brazil
| | - D. F. Souza
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brazil
| | - F. O. R. Filho
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brazil
| | - M. O. S. Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brazil
| | | | - A. C. Carciofi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brazil
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Sakomura NK, Barbosa NAA, Longo FA, Silva EPD, Bonato MA, Fernandes JBK. Effect of dietary betaine supplementation on the performance, carcass yield, and intestinal morphometrics of broilers submitted to heat stress. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2013000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- NK Sakomura
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | - NAA Barbosa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | | | | | - MA Bonato
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | - JBK Fernandes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
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Siqueira JC, Sakomura NK, Dourado LRB, Ezequiel JMB, Barbosa NAA, Fernandes JBK. Diet formulation techniques and lysine requirements of 1- to 22-day-old broilers. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2013000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JC Siqueira
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão; Universidade Estadual Paulista
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29
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Veloso RR, Sakomura NK, Kawauchi IM, Malheiros EB, Carciofi AC. Effects of food processing and fibre content on the digestibility, energy intake and biochemical parameters of Blue-and-gold macaws (Ara ararauna
L. - Aves, Psittacidae). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 98:251-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Veloso
- Departamento de Zootecnia (DZ/CCA); Universidade Estadual do Maranhão (UEMA); São Luís Maranhão Brasil
| | - N. K. Sakomura
- Departamento de Zootecnia; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brasil
| | - I. M. Kawauchi
- Departamento de Zootecnia; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brasil
| | - E. B. Malheiros
- Departamento de Zootecnia; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brasil
| | - A. C. Carciofi
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP); Jaboticabal Brasil
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de-Oliveira LD, de Carvalho Picinato MA, Kawauchi IM, Sakomura NK, Carciofi AC. Digestibility for dogs and cats of meat and bone meal processed at two different temperature and pressure levels*. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:1136-46. [PMID: 21954906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of two rendering processes applied to meat and bone meal (MBM) production, associated or not with extrusion, by measuring diet apparent total tract digestibility of dogs and cats, and true digestibility of amino acids (AA) by cecectomized roosters. Four diets were evaluated, with the main protein source as follows: conventional and extruded MBM; high temperature and pressure (HPT; 135 °C, 3 bar, 20 min) and extruded MBM; conventional non-extruded MBM; HPT non-extruded MBM. Nutrient digestibility and food metabolizable energy content were evaluated with dogs and cats by the method of total collection of faeces. True AA digestibility was evaluated by a precision-fed assay with cecectomized roosters. The evaluated MBM had high-ash content. The HPT process of MBM increased the digestibility of crude protein of the diets by cats, and the true digestibility of several AA by cecectomized roosters. The extrusion process did not modify the apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of MBM by dogs and their amino acid digestibility by roosters, but increased the digestibility of the dietary protein by cats. Dogs fed HPT MBM presented a higher urea post-prandial response, suggesting reductions in bioavailability and protein synthesis from absorbed AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D de-Oliveira
- College of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Bonato MA, Sakomura NK, Siqueira JC, Fernandes JBK, Gous RM. Maintenance requirements for methionine and cysteine, and threonine for poultry. S AFR J ANIM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.4314/sajas.v41i3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dourado LRB, Siqueira JC, Sakomura NK, Pinheiro SRF, Marcato SM, Fernandes JBK, Silva JHV. Poultry feed metabolizable energy determination using total or partial excreta collection methods. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2010000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - JHV Silva
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba Convênio PROCAD UNESP
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Dourado LRB, Sakomura NK, Barbosa NAA, Bonato MA, Kawuauchi IM, Fernandes JBK, Costa FGP. Corn and soybean meal metabolizable energy with the addition of exogenous enzymes for poultry. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2009000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - FGP Costa
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brasil
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Marcato SM, Sakomura NK, Munari DP, Fernandes JBK, Kawauchi ÍM, Bonato MA. Growth and body nutrient deposition of two broiler commercial genetic lines. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2008000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to determine a metabolisable energy (ME) requirement model for broiler breeder hens. The influence of temperature on ME requirements for maintenance was determined in experiments conducted in three environmental rooms with temperatures kept constant at 13, 21 and 30 degrees C using a comparative slaughter technique. The energy requirements for weight gain were determined based upon body energy content and efficiency of energy utilisation for weight gain. The energy requirements for egg production were determined on the basis of egg energy content and efficiency of energy deposition in the eggs. 2. The following model was developed using these results: ME = kgW0.75(806.53-26.45T + 0.50T2) + 31.90G + 10.04EM, where kgW0.75 is body weight (kg) raised to the power 0.75, T is temperature ( degrees C), G is weight gain (g) and EM is egg mass (g). 3. A feeding trial was conducted using 400 Hubbard Hi-Yield broiler breeder hens and 40 Peterson males from 31 to 46 weeks of age in order to compare use of the model with a recommended feeding programme for this strain of bird. The application of the model in breeder hens provided good productive and reproductive performance and better results in feed and energy conversion than in hens fed according to strain recommendation. In conclusion, the model evaluated predicted an ME intake which matched breeder hens' requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B V Rabello
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Sakomura NK, Longo FA, Oviedo-Rondon EO, Boa-Viagem C, Ferraudo A. Modeling energy utilization and growth parameter description for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2005; 84:1363-9. [PMID: 16206556 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.9.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to develop and evaluate a model to estimate ME requirements and determine Gompertz growth parameters for broilers. The first experiment was conducted to determine maintenance energy requirements and the efficiencies of energy utilization for fat and protein deposition. Maintenance ME (MEm) requirements were estimated to be 157.8, 112.1, and 127.2 kcal of ME/kg(0.75) per day for broilers at 13, 23, and 32 degrees C, respectively. Environmental temperature (T) had a quadratic effect on maintenance requirements (MEm = 307.87 - 15.63T + 0.3105T(2); r2= 0.93). Energy requirements for fat and protein deposition were estimated to be 13.52 and 12.59 kcal of ME/g, respectively. Based on these coefficients, a model was developed to calculate daily ME requirements: ME = BW(0.75) (307.87 - 15.63T + 0.3105 T2) + 13.52 Gf + 12.59 Gp. This model considers live BW, the effects of environmental temperature, and fractional fat (Gf) and protein (Gp) deposition. The second experiment was carried out to estimate the growth parameters of Ross broilers and to collect data to evaluate the ME requirement model proposed. Live BW, empty feather-free carcass, weight of the feathers, and carcass chemical compositions were analyzed until 16 wk of age. Parameters of Gompertz curves for each component were estimated. Males had higher growth potential and higher capacity to deposit nutrients than females, except for fat deposition. Data of BW and body composition collected in this experiment were fitted into the energy model proposed herein and the equations described by Emmans (1989) and Chwalibog (1991). The daily ME requirements estimated by the model determined in this study were closer to the ME intake observed in this trial compared with other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Sakomura
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Santos AL, Sakomura NK, Freitas ER, Fortes CMS, Carrilho ENVM. Comparison of free range broiler chicken strains raised in confined or semi-confined systems. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2005000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- R Neme
- Universidade Estadual Paulista
| | | | - FB Fialho
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
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40
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine models for ME requirements for broiler breeder pullets using the factorial method. The influence of the temperature on maintenance ME requirements was determined by experiments conducted in three environmental rooms with temperature kept constant at 15,22, and 30 degrees C, using the comparative slaughter technique. The energy requirements for weight gain were determined based on the body energy content and efficiency of energy utilization for weight gain. Two ME requirement models for each age were developed using the coefficients for maintenance and weight gain. The models for 3 to 8 wk were ME = W(0.75) (186.52 - 1.94T) + 2.47WG, and ME = W(0.75) (174 - 1.88T) + 2.83WG; for 9 to 14 wk, ME = W(0.75) (186.52 - 1.94T) + 2.69WG, and ME = W(0.75) (174 - 1.88T) + 2.50WG; and 15 to 20 wk, ME = W(0.75) (186.52 - 1.94T) + 2.76WG, and ME = W(0.75) (174 - 1.88T) + 3.24WG. In these equations, W is BW (kg), T is temperature (degrees C), and WG is daily weight gain (g). These models were compared to the breeder's recommendations in a feeding trial from 5 to 20 wk of age. Models 1 and 2 provided energy intakes that promoted BW smaller than the breeder's recommendation. However, all breeder pullets had weights above the standard recommendation. Model 2 gave the smallest ME intake and BW close to the standard recommendation and provided the best prediction of ME requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Sakomura
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Campus de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da utilização de trigo em grão ou moído sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte nos períodos de 21 a 42 e 21 a 49 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 2240 machos, de 21 dias de idade, da linhagem Ross, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 mais uma testemunha sem inclusão de trigo, sendo os fatores a forma física do trigo (grão e moído) e os níveis de inclusão de trigo (15, 30 e 45%), totalizando sete tratamentos, com oito repetições de 40 aves cada. As dietas foram isoenergéticas e isonutricionais. Não ocorreram diferenças estatísticas entre os fatores estudados, assim como não ocorreram interações entre os fatores sobre as características de desempenho e de carcaça estudadas. Pelos resultados obtidos, é possível concluir que a inclusão de até 45% de trigo, em grão ou moído, não altera o desempenho e as características de carcaças dos frangos de corte no período de 21 a 49 dias de idade.
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42
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Café MB, Sakomura NK, Junqueira OM, Carvalho MRB, Del Bianchi M. Determinação do Valor Nutricional das Sojas Integrais Processadas para Aves. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2000000100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Três ensaios biológicos foram realizados com o objetivo de determinar o conteúdo de energia metabolizável e do coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo da soja integral processada por diferentes métodos (extrusão e tostagem) e do farelo de soja reconstituído com óleo. No primeiro e segundo ensaios, foram utilizadas a metodologia tradicional de coleta total de excretas, utilizando pintos no primeiro ensaio e galos no segundo. No terceiro ensaio, empregou-se a metodologia de alimentação forçada (Sibbald, 1976) com galos adultos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as sojas testadas apresentaram composições bromatológicas semelhantes. Os processamentos usados para a soja integral conferiram diferenças na digestibilidade dos nutrientes da soja e os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo obtidos para a soja extrusada e para o farelo de soja com adição de óleo foram superiores aos obtidos para soja tostada pelo vapor. Os valores de energia metabolizável obtidos para a soja extrusada foram superiores aos encontrados para a soja tostada pelo vapor e para o farelo de soja com adição de óleo, que foram semelhantes entre si.
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Affiliation(s)
- MB Café
- Universidade Federal de Goiás
| | | | | | | | - M Del Bianchi
- Centro Regional Universitário de Espírito Santo do Pinhal
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Café MB, Sakomura NK, Junqueira OM, Malheiros EB, Del Bianchi M. Composição e Digestibilidade dos Aminoácidos das Sojas Integrais Processadas para Aves. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2000000100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
O presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a composição em aminoácidos e os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos da soja integral extrusada, tostada e do farelo de soja reconstituído de óleo. Foi utilizada a metodologia da alimentação forçada (Sibbad, 1976) com galos adultos. Para o cálculo dos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos aminoácidos das sojas testadas, foram consideradas as perdas endógenas e metabólicas obtidas de galos em jejum. Os dados médios de digestibilidade verdadeira de todos os aminoácidos testados foram de 91,1% para a soja extrusada, 78,6% para a soja tostada e 90,5% para o farelo de soja. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a digestibilidade dos aminoácidos da soja integral tostada foi inferior a da soja extrusada e farelo de soja + óleo, que por sua vez foram semelhantes entre si. Portanto, pode-se afirmar que os diferentes tipos de processamentos da soja integral conferem a esse alimento características nutricionais distintas para aves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - M Del Bianchi
- Centro Regional Universitário de Espírito Santo do Pinhal
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Abstract
Digestibility of diets based on corn and soybean meal or soybeans treated by roasting or extrusion, with or without an enzyme supplementation, was measured by "true" (Sibbald) methods, by analysis of excreta, and by analysis of ileal digesta. Only analysis of ileal digesta was able to consistently measure differences between soybean and enzyme treatments in the digestibility of CP, starch, fat, and ME. The amino acid (AA) digestibility of the diets was measured by analysis of the ileal contents. Whereas enzyme supplementation improved overall CP digestibility by 2.9%, this improvement was not equal for all AA. Of the AA most important for broilers fed corn-soybean diets, the digestibilities of Lys, Met, and Arg were not improved or not improved significantly by the enzyme supplementation; however, that of Val was improved by 2.3% and that of Thr was improved by 3.0%. A performance trial demonstrated that enzyme supplementation with equal diet formulation improved BW and the feed conversion ratio by 1.9 and 2.2%, respectively. A second performance trial compared standard diet formulations with formulations using enzyme supplementation and energy levels that were reduced by the amount of improvement provided by the inclusion of enzyme in the first performance trial. No difference was seen between treatments, showing that the improvement of nutrient utilization brought about by enzyme supplementation completely compensated for the reduced energy content. Whereas enzyme supplementation should allow a reduction in CP formulation as well, individual AA were not improved equally by supplementation and should also be balanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zanella
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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