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Evaluation of Rosmarinic Acid on Broiler Growth Performance, Serum Biochemistry, Liver Antioxidant Activity, and Muscle Tissue Composition. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233313. [PMID: 36496834 PMCID: PMC9739218 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different doses of rosmarinic acid (RA) on the growth performance, serum biochemical indices, liver antioxidant activity, and muscle nutritional component of broiler chickens during 1-20 days of age. A total of 1000 1-day-old Cobb 500 white-feathered broilers were divided into five groups. Each group included four replicates and 50 birds per replicate. The control group was the basic fodder group fed with a basal diet. The experimental groups included four levels of RA (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg RA added to the basal diet, respectively). The results showed that a quadratic increase in final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) and a quadratic decrease in the feed/gain (F/G) ratio were observed with increasing dietary RA levels. At 200 mg/kg RA supplementation, growth performance was significantly improved. Moreover, under this RA treatment, the highest levels of total protein and globulin were detected in the serum, the activities of total superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver of broilers were significantly increased, and the malondialdehyde content was significantly decreased, indicating a higher antioxidant capacity of the liver when 200 mg/kg RA was added to the basal diet. The flavor of the muscle meat was improved by dietary supplementation with 200 mg/kg RA. Therefore, adding 200 mg/kg of RA to the diet could significantly improve the growth performance of broilers, improve liver antioxidant capacity, and improve muscle quality, etc. The addition of RA to broiler feed as a natural antioxidant has great prospects.
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Lee DT, Lee JT, Ruan C, Rochell SJ. Influence of increasing glycine concentrations in reduced crude protein diets fed to broilers from 0 to 48 days. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102038. [PMID: 35921733 PMCID: PMC9356093 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Lee DT, Lee JT, Ashworth AJ, Kidd MT, Mauromoustakos A, Rochell SJ. Evaluation of a threonine fermentation product as a digestible threonine source in broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Pirzado SA, Hassan FU, Arain MA, Zhengke W, Huiyi C, Haile TH, Guohua L. Effect of azomite on growth performance, nutrient utilization, serum biochemical index and bone mineralization of broilers fed low protein diet. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1953409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ahmed Pirzado
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan
| | - Faiz ul Hassan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Arain
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan
| | - Wu Zhengke
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cai Huiyi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tesfay Hagos Haile
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Guohua
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Amer SA, Beheiry RR, Abdel Fattah DM, Roushdy EM, Hassan FAM, Ismail TA, Zaitoun NMA, Abo-Elmaaty AMA, Metwally AE. Effects of different feeding regimens with protease supplementation on growth, amino acid digestibility, economic efficiency, blood biochemical parameters, and intestinal histology in broiler chickens. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:283. [PMID: 34433469 PMCID: PMC8390192 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was conducted to estimate the impacts of using varied feeding regimens with or without protease supplementation on the growth performance, apparent amino acid ileal digestibility (AID%), economic efficiency, intestinal histology, and blood biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Three hundred one-day-old chicks (Ross 308 broiler) were randomly allotted to a 3 × 2 factorial design. The experimental design consisted of three feeding regimens; FR1: a recommended protein SBM diet, FR2: a low-protein SBM diet, and FR3: a low-protein diet with the inclusion of 5% DDGS and 5% SFM, with or without protease supplementation (250 mg/kg). Results Increased feed intake and feed conversion ratio were observed in the FR3 treatment during the starter stage and decreased body weight and body weight gain during the grower stage. However, there was no significant effect of the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction on the overall performance. The economic value of diets also remained unaffected by the different feeding regimens, protease supplementation, or interaction. Protease supplementation resulted in lowering the AID% of tryptophan and leucine. Reduced AID% of methionine was evident in the FR2 + VE and FR3 − VE treatments. Histological findings substantiated the FR3 treatment mediated a decrease in the duodenal and jejunal villous height (VH), jejunal villous width (VW), and ileal VW, whereas, increase in the ileal crypt depth (CD). The FR2 + VE treatment reduced the VH:CD ratio in the duodenum. The duodenal CD and the jejunal goblet cell count were reduced as a consequence of protease supplementation. The FR3 + VE treatment documented a rise in duodenal CD, while an increase in the jejunal goblet cell count was observed in the FR3 − VE treatment. The FR3 treatment enhanced the IgM serum levels compared to the FR1 and FR2 treatments. IgM serum levels were also elevated following protease supplementation. FR3 + VE treatment increased IgM serum levels. The highest serum ALP was found in the FR3 treatment, whereas the lowest level was obtained in the FR2 treatment. Conclusion Low-protein SBM-based diets could be used without affecting the birds’ growth. Altered morphometric measures of the intestine and increased IgM and ALP levels indicated the low-protein SBM/DDGS-SFM diet-induced damage of the intestinal histoarchitecture and immune system of birds. These different diets and protease supplementation failed to affect economic efficiency positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A Amer
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Rasha R Beheiry
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Abdel Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Elshimaa M Roushdy
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Fardos A M Hassan
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Tamer Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noha M A Zaitoun
- Department of Economics, Faculty of Commerce, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Azza M A Abo-Elmaaty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Abdallah E Metwally
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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Low crude protein diets for broiler chickens aged 8 to 21 days should have a 50% essential-to-total nitrogen ratio. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Influence of branched chain amino acid inclusion in diets varying in ingredient composition on broiler performance, processing yields, and pododermatitis and litter characteristics. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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8
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Hilliar M, Swick RA. Nutritional implications of feeding reduced-protein diets to meat chickens. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Global interest has emerged for the implementation of reduced-protein diets for meat chickens. The necessity of their development stems from environmental impacts and health and welfare concerns surrounding current meat-chicken production. Reduced crude-protein diets are possible with the increasing affordability of supplemental crystalline amino acids. Supplementing broiler feed with methionine, lysine and threonine is common practice in industry and has enabled a reduction of dietary crude protein to the levels currently used. However, further reduction of dietary protein often results in poor performance. Several nutritional options have been investigated with a focus on crystalline essential and non-essential amino acids such as glycine. However, reducing the crude protein of meat-chicken diets does change the ingredient and nutrient profile aside from the amino acid composition. Alterations in non-protein nitrogen concentrations, dietary electrolyte balance, minerals, fibre and carbohydrates, methyl-donors and polyphenols must be considered in formulations to ensure successful implementation of reduced-protein diets. The ability to maintain performance with reduced-protein diets may benefit sustainability and longevity of the meat-chicken industry.
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Rico-Guevara A, Sustaita D, Gussekloo S, Olsen A, Bright J, Corbin C, Dudley R. Feeding in Birds: Thriving in Terrestrial, Aquatic, and Aerial Niches. FEEDING IN VERTEBRATES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13739-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
The anatomical structure and function of beaks, bills and tongue together with the mechanics of deglutition in birds have contributed to the development of a taste system denuded of macrostructures visible to the human naked eye. Studies in chickens and other birds have revealed that the avian taste system consists of taste buds not clustered in papillae and located mainly (60 %) in the upper palate hidden in the crevasses of the salivary ducts. That explains the long delay in the understanding of the avian taste system. However, recent studies reported 767 taste buds in the oral cavity of the chicken. Chickens appear to have an acute sense of taste allowing for the discrimination of dietary amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, quinine, Ca and salt among others. However, chickens and other birds have small repertoires of bitter taste receptors (T2R) and are missing the T1R2 (related to sweet taste in mammals). Thus, T1R2-independent mechanisms of glucose sensing might be particularly relevant in chickens. The chicken umami receptor (T1R1/T1R3) responds to amino acids such as alanine and serine (known to stimulate the umami receptor in rodents and fish). Recently, the avian nutrient chemosensory system has been found in the gastrointestinal tract and hypothalamus related to the enteroendocrine system which mediates the gut-brain dialogue relevant to the control of feed intake. Overall, the understanding of the avian taste system provides novel and robust tools to improve avian nutrition.
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Cheled-Shoval SL, Reicher N, Niv MY, Uni Z. Detecting thresholds for bitter, umami, and sweet tastants in broiler chicken using a 2-choice test method. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2206-2218. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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12
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Roura E, Baldwin M, Klasing K. The avian taste system: Potential implications in poultry nutrition. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Navidshad B, Boo LJ, Akhlaghi A. Effect of dietary fish oil on n-3 fatty acid content of meat from broiler chickens fed low protein diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/an12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary fish oil and crude protein (CP) levels on fatty acid composition of the thigh and breast tissues of broiler chickens. Four hundred and fifty, 1-day-old mixed-sex broiler chicks were used in a completely randomised design with factorial arrangement consisting of two dietary CP levels (21 v. 18.0% and 19 v. 17.1% for grower and finisher diets, respectively), and three levels of fish oil inclusion (0, 2 or 4%). Specific increases in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 : 5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6) were observed in breast and thigh tissues as a response to increased fish oil supplementation. The n-6 : n-3 fatty acid ratio in breast and thigh meat samples decreased (P < 0.05) in birds fed low protein diets, but dietary protein level led to no alteration in the total n-3 fatty acids of the tissues (P > 0.05). Thigh tissue of chickens fed low protein diets had a higher concentration of DHA (P < 0.05), while the DHA and EPA concentrations in breast tissue were not affected by dietary protein level (P > 0.05). Results of the present study showed that fish oil can be used to fortify EPA and DHA levels in chicken meat and there is an interaction between dietary fatty acids and protein level on meat oxidative stability, and a reduction in dietary protein level may lead to a better oxidative stability of chicken meat.
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Corzo A, Loar IIRE, Kidd MT, Burgess SC. Dietary protein effects on growth performance, carcass traits and expression of selected jejunal peptide and amino acid transporters in broiler chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2011000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Corzo
- Mississippi State University, USA
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Döll S, Dänicke S. The Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) in animal feeding. Prev Vet Med 2011; 102:132-45. [PMID: 21571381 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of cereal grains with toxic secondary metabolites of fungi, mycotoxins, is a permanent challenge in animal nutrition as health and performance of the animals may be compromised as well as the quality of animal derived food. Therefore the present article reviews the issue of mycotoxins in animal nutrition. As the Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) are of particular importance under the production conditions in central Europe and Germany, with respect to their frequent occurrence in toxicologically relevant concentrations, special emphasis is layed on those mycotoxins. The effects of DON and ZON on susceptible animals as well as management strategies to cope with the contamination of grain with those toxins are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Döll
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Widyaratne G, Drew M. Effects of protein level and digestibility on the growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens1. Poult Sci 2011; 90:595-603. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Stilborn H, Moran E. Effect of added l-glutamic acid on male broiler performance when using wheat- or corn-based diets and 2 different anticoccidials. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Berres J, Vieira S, Dozier W, Cortês M, de Barros R, Nogueira E, Kutschenko M. Broiler responses to reduced-protein diets supplemented with valine, isoleucine, glycine, and glutamic acid. J APPL POULTRY RES 2010. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2009-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Fernandes J, Murakami A, Martins E, Sakamoto M, Garcia E. Effect of arginine on the development of the pectoralis muscle and the diameter and the protein:deoxyribonucleic acid rate of its skeletal myofibers in broilers. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1399-406. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Döll S, Schrickx JA, Dänicke S, Fink-Gremmels J. Deoxynivalenol-induced cytotoxicity, cytokines and related genes in unstimulated or lipopolysaccharide stimulated primary porcine macrophages. Toxicol Lett 2009; 184:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Namroud N, Shivazad M, Zaghari M. Effects of Fortifying Low Crude Protein Diet with Crystalline Amino Acids on Performance, Blood Ammonia Level, and Excreta Characteristics of Broiler Chicks. Poult Sci 2008; 87:2250-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kamran Z, Sarwar M, Nisa M, Nadeem M, Mahmood S, Babar M, Ahmed S. Effect of Low-Protein Diets Having Constant Energy-to-Protein Ratio on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens from One to Thirty-Five Days of Age. Poult Sci 2008; 87:468-74. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Corzo A, Fritts C, Kidd M, Kerr B. Response of broiler chicks to essential and non-essential amino acid supplementation of low crude protein diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Urdaneta-Rincon M, Leeson S. Effect of Dietary Crude Protein and Lysine on Feather Growth in Chicks to Twenty-One Days of Age. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1713-7. [PMID: 15510558 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.10.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate feather development in male broiler chickens fed variable levels of dietary CP and lysine. Diets contained 170, 210, 250, or 290 g of CP/kg with 0.86, 1.22, 1.34, or 1.46% lysine, each being fed to 2 replicate groups of 4 chicks. Dietary CP per se had a significant effect on feather weight and feather nitrogen gain. Increasing dietary CP from 170 to 250 g of CP/kg of diet increased feather weight and feather nitrogen gain. No differences were found at higher dietary CP levels. Dietary lysine levels from 0.86 to 1.46% did not affect feather weight, feather nitrogen gain, or feather:body weight in male chicks to 21 d. However, feather weight and feather nitrogen gain decreased as lysine increased in diets with 170 and 210 g of CP but not with 250 or 290 g of CP/kg. Percentage of total feather nitrogen was also influenced by the level of dietary lysine in diets containing 210 and 250 g of CP/kg. Feather development was more influenced by dietary CP per se than by levels of lysine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Urdaneta-Rincon
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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25
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Sklan D, Noy Y. Catabolism and Deposition of Amino Acids in Growing Chicks: Effect of Dietary Supply. Poult Sci 2004; 83:952-61. [PMID: 15206622 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.6.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid (AA) deposition and catabolism were examined in broilers by determining intake and carcass deposition of AA, while defining catabolism as the difference between intake and deposition. The first trial examined the effects of increasing concentrations of a single limiting AA, lysine, on carcass deposition and catabolism. Carcass deposition of all AA increased to a plateau. Catabolism of lysine increased linearly, whereas other AA showed decreased catabolism as dietary lysine increased before reaching a plateau. Carcass AA composition was not influenced by the diet. In the second trial, different dietary ratios of AA were examined and these resulted in increased carcass deposition of lysine, threonine, and arginine before reaching a plateau, whereas other AA showed constant deposition. Catabolism of all AA tended to increase with dietary concentration. Efficiency of AA deposition decreased with age and catabolism comprised a smaller proportion of intake in the first week posthatch. A third trial examined changing AA ratios and composition. No correlation was observed between dietary AA concentrations and carcass deposition, whereas catabolism was linearly correlated with dietary composition. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the catabolic pathways of some AA are interrelated. These data are consistent with a model where carcass accretion is determined by the limiting AA until some maximal rate is achieved, whereby another AA may become limiting. Excess supply of any AA is catabolized and these catabolic processes interact with an accompanying energy cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sklan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University, Animal Sciences, Rehovot, Israel.
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Hussein A, Cantor A, Pescatore A, Gates R, Burnham D, Ford M, Paton N. Effect of Low Protein Diets with Amino Acid Supplementation on Broiler Growth. J APPL POULTRY RES 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/10.4.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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27
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Onifade AA, Odunsi AA, Babatunde GM, Olorede BR, Muma E. Comparison of the supplemental effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antibiotics in low-protein and high-fibre diets fed to broiler chickens. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1999; 52:29-39. [PMID: 10548974 DOI: 10.1080/17450399909386149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were completed to compare the supplemental effects of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and sub-therapeutic antibiotics in high-fibre and low-protein diets for broiler chicks. In experiment 1, yeast was added at 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 g kg-1 while penicillin, tylosin or neoterramycin were added at 150 mg kg-1 into different batches of a high-fibre diet containing 250 g kg-1 palm kernel meal. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antibiotics increased BW, BWG, FCR, feed intake, carcass and breast weights above the control. Small intestine weight was reduced by antibiotics, while yeast caused a lower deposition of abdominal fat. Liver weights of different treated broilers were similar. The performance indices were superior on penicillin and 3.0 g kg-1 yeast compared to other supplements evaluated. In the second experiment, 1.5 and 3.0 g kg-1 of yeast, and 0.75 mg kg-1 of procaine penicillin, zinc bacitracin and tylosin were separately added to a 180 g kg-1 crude protein diet. Performance of the chicks with additives was compared with unsupplemented negative and positive controls containing 180 and 210 g kg-1 crude protein respectively. Broilers fed with supplements had superior BW, BWG, FCR and feed intake compared to the negative control, but carcass data were similar. Dietary penicillin increased BW, BWG, feed intake more than other supplements, but yeast stimulated higher FCR. Data from both studies indicated that Saccharomyces cerevisiae comparatively increased growth and carcass weight and reduce abdominal fat, therefore, it can serve as a natural substitute for antibiotics in broiler diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Onifade
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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28
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Kerr B, Kidd M. Amino Acid Supplementation of Low-Protein Broiler Diets: 2. Formulation on an Ideal Amino Acid Basis. J APPL POULTRY RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/8.3.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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29
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Amino Acid Supplementation of Low-Protein Broiler Diets: 1. Glutamic Acid and Indispensable Amino Acid Supplementation. J APPL POULTRY RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/8.3.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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30
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Carmichael NL, Jones RB, Satterlee DG. Treating Japanese quail with vitamin C does not facilitate their capture by the experimenter. Br Poult Sci 1999; 40:148-52. [PMID: 10405053 DOI: 10.1080/00071669988006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
1. Vitamin C supplementation reduces fear of novel situations and of people. The present study examined its effects on the ease of capture of male Japanese quail by the experimenter. 2. At 20 d of age, quail received either vitamin C (ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate, APP, 1 g L-ascorbic acid/l) solution or untreated drinking water (UDW) for 24 h before they were mixed in 2 groups of 40 (20 APP + 20 UDW. All the birds in 1 group were caught individually by an unsighted experimenter whereas a sighted catcher captured the others. The bird's identity was noted each time. This capture/recapture procedure was repeated 6 times for each group (12 capture trials per bird) and an overall capture rank across all 12 trials was assigned to each bird. 3. Regardless of whether the catcher was sighted or unsighted, the mean ranks of neither APP nor UDW quail differed significantly from the value expected by chance. Neither were there any linear trends in the effects of repeated testing. Thus, prior treatment with vitamin C neither facilitated nor hindered capture. 4. Body weights were similar in both treatment groups and there were no significant intra-individual correlations between body weight and capture rank. 5. Highly significant tendencies were found for individual birds to be caught at similar stages of each capture trial regardless of treatment or test situation. This finding sounds a cautionary note for all studies involving putatively random sampling of a population.
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Blair R, Jacob J, Ibrahim S, Wang P. A Quantitative Assessment of Reduced Protein Diets and Supplements to Improve Nitrogen Utilization. J APPL POULTRY RES 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/8.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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