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Wu J, Ma X, Liao X, Song C, Li S, Zhang L, Lu L. Dietary calcium and nonphosphate phosphorus interaction influences tibiotarsus development and related gene expression of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102851. [PMID: 37356300 PMCID: PMC10404789 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The dietary needs of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) are interdependent, thus accurate evaluation of Ca and P requirements of broilers to support skeleton health and optimal growth is critical. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary Ca and nonphytate P (NPP) levels and their interactions on growth performance, tibiotarsus characteristics, tibiotarsus metabolism-related enzyme and proteins, and their gene expression of broilers, so as to provide a rational recommendation for Ca and NPP levels in diet. A total of 540 one-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 15 treatments with 6 replicate cages of 6 birds per cage for each treatment in a completely randomized design involving a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (5 levels of Ca × 3 levels of NPP). The birds were fed the corn-soybean meal diet containing 0.60%, 0.70%, 0.80%, 0.90%, or 1.00% Ca and 0.35%, 0.40%, or 0.45% NPP for 21 d. Dietary Ca level affected (P < 0.03) the bone mineral density, bone mineral content (BMC), breaking strength, ash percentage and ash Ca contents in tibia, which showed linear (P < 0.006) responses to dietary Ca levels. Dietary NPP level affected (P < 0.05) tibia BMC, ash percentage, and FGF23 mRNA level. Broilers that received 0.40% and 0.45% NPP had higher (P < 0.04) tibia BMC and ash percentage than those that received 0.35% NPP, but no differences (P > 0.05) were found between 0.40% and 0.45% NPP. Broilers that received 0.40% NPP had higher (P = 0.02) tibia FGF23 mRNA level than those that received 0.35% NPP, but no differences (P > 0.05) were detected between 0.40% and 0.45% NPP or 0.45% and 0.35% NPP. The interactions between dietary Ca and NPP affected (P < 0.05) ADG, ALP activity, bone gal protein, FGF23 contents, and the mRNA expression levels ALP and bone gal protein in tibia of broilers. Results from the present study indicate that dietary Ca and NPP interaction influences growth, tibiotarsus development, and related gene expression of broiler chickens. Considering all the criteria, the dietary levels of 0.90% Ca and 0.45% NPP would be optimal for both growth and tibiotarsus development of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Wu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Xinyan Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunling Song
- Beijing TIPLANT Bio-Tech. Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Sufen Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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David LS, Anwar MN, Abdollahi MR, Bedford MR, Ravindran V. Calcium Nutrition of Broilers: Current Perspectives and Challenges. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101590. [PMID: 37238019 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca) plays an essential role in poultry nutrition as 99% of Ca is located in birds' skeletal system. However, oversupply of Ca rather than deficiency of Ca is the current concern in commercial broiler diets. Calcium is an inexpensive dietary nutrient due to the cheap and abundant availability of limestone, the major Ca source; therefore, little attention was given to the oversupply of Ca in the past. The recent shift in the use of digestible P in broiler feed formulations has necessitated a closer look at digestible Ca, as Ca and P are interrelated in their absorption and postabsorptive utilisation. In this context, data on ileal digestibility of Ca and P in ingredients has been determined. Preliminary data on the digestible Ca and digestible P requirements for the different growth stages of broilers have also recently become available. The present review focusses on these recent advances in Ca nutrition. In addition, aspects of homeostatic control mechanisms, different Ca sources and factors influencing Ca digestibility in poultry are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Shiromi David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M Naveed Anwar
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Van Den Brink Poultry Ltd., Christchurch 7677, New Zealand
| | - M Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Moradi S, Abdollahi MR, Moradi A, Jamshidi L. Effect of Bacterial Phytase on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization, and Bone Mineralization in Broilers Fed Pelleted Diets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091450. [PMID: 37174487 PMCID: PMC10177589 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of a bacterial 6-phytase on growth performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of nutrients, blood parameters, and bone mineralization in broilers was evaluated. A total of 630 one-day-old male broilers were allocated to 7 dietary treatments, including positive control (PC) diet containing dicalcium phosphate, the PC marginally reduced in available P (avP) by 0.1% and calcium (Ca) by 0.2% vs. PC (NC1) or moderately reduced by 0.15 and 0.3% vs. PC (NC2), respectively, and four further diets comprising the NC1 and NC2 supplemented with 500 or 1000 FTU/kg of phytase in starter and finisher phases. A constant Ca to avP ratio was maintained across all diets. The body weight gain (BWG) and feed per unit gain (FCR) of birds fed NC1 and NC2 diets supplemented with phytase (500 and 1000 U/kg) was equivalent to that of birds fed the PC diet at 35 days. Phytase supplementation in the NC1 diet linearly increased the CAID of nitrogen (N) (p < 0.01), phosphorus (P) (p < 0.01), and Ca (p < 0.05). Additionally, phytase reduced (p < 0.01) excreta P concentration by approximately 27%, improved (p < 0.001) toe ash, and tended to increase tibia ash (p = 0.08), comparable with the PC. In conclusion, the addition of bacterial 6-phytase dosed in the range of 500-1000 FTU/kg was effective in replacing 1.5 g/kg avP and 3 g/kg Ca in broilers fed pelleted diets, using bone quality, BWG, and FCR as outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah 85438-67156, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Arash Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah 85438-67156, Iran
| | - Leili Jamshidi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam 516-69315, Iran
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Demann J, Petersen F, Dusel G, Bog M, Devlamynck R, Ulbrich A, Olfs HW, Westendarp H. Nutritional Value of Duckweed as Protein Feed for Broiler Chickens-Digestibility of Crude Protein, Amino Acids and Phosphorus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010130. [PMID: 36611739 PMCID: PMC9817926 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Duckweed is gaining attention in animal nutrition and is considered as a potential alternative protein source for broiler chickens. In order to evaluate the nutritional value of duckweed, three individual batches were investigated. They consisted of a mixture of Lemna minuta and Lemna minor (A, 17.5% crude protein), Spirodela polyrhiza (B, 24.6% crude protein) and Lemna obscura (C, 37.0% crude protein). Treatment diets contained 50% batch A, 50% batch B, and 25, 50 and 75% of batch C. All diets were fed to broiler chickens (Ross 308) from an age of 21 to 27 days. Diets with a share of 50 and 75% of batch C led to decreased feed intake (109.3 and 74.9 g/day, respectively) compared to the control. Standardized ileal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids differed significantly between duckweed batches, at values for methionine between 49.9 and 90.4%. For all amino acids, batch A consistently had the lowest and batch C the highest digestibility. Batches had different tannin contents of 2943, 2890 and 303 mg/kg for batches A, B and C, respectively. The apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus differed significantly between all batches (50.8-78.9%). Duckweed can be used as a protein feed for broiler chickens. However, a defined and stable biomass composition optimized for the requirements of broiler chickens is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Demann
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (H.W.); Tel.: +49-541-969-5055 (H.W.)
| | - Finn Petersen
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Georg Dusel
- Life Science and Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Bingen, 55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Manuela Bog
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Ulbrich
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Olfs
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Heiner Westendarp
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (H.W.); Tel.: +49-541-969-5055 (H.W.)
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Noruzi H, Hassanabadi A, Golian A, Aziz-Aliabadi F. Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus restrictions on growth performance, intestinal morphology, nutrient retention, and tibia characteristics in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2022; 64:231-241. [PMID: 36250957 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2136510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the effects of dietary calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) restrictions on growth performance, intestinal morphology, nutrient apparent total tract retention (ATTR), and tibia characteristics.2. A total of 1296, one-day-old male Ross-308 broilers were reared for 42 d. During the starter phase (1-10 d), all birds were fed a nutrient-adequate diet (C). Diets fed during the grower phase (11-24 d) included: 1. C; 2. 15% of the Ca and aP in C; 3. 30% of the Ca and aP in C. At the beginning of the finisher phase (25 d), chickens fed the C diet were divided into two subgroups including C, and C+ phytase (500 FTU/kg). Restricted treatments were divided into eight subgroups as 1. C; 2. 10% of the Ca and aP in C; 3. 20% of the Ca and aP in C; 4. 30% of the Ca and aP in C; 5. C+ phytase; 6. 10% of the Ca and aP in C+ phytase; 7. 20% of the Ca and aP in C+ phytase and 8. 30% of the Ca and aP in C+ phytase.3. On d 24 and 42, ATTR of Ca and phytate phosphorus (pP) were linearly increased by decreasing Ca and aP levels (P<0.05). Birds receiving phytase showed higher nutrient ATTR compared to those fed non-phytase supplemented diets (P<0.05). Tibia Ca and P were linearly decreased at 24 d (P<0.05) and tibial ash was linearly decreased (P<0.05) at 42 d by decreasing levels of Ca and aP in finisher diets (without phytase). By decreasing the levels of Ca and aP in the finisher diets (with phytase) with a 30% reduction of Ca and aP in the grower phase, tibia ash linearly decreased (P <0.05). Using 500 FTU/kg phytase improved tibia traits compared to non-phytase supplemented treatments (P<0.05).4. In general, decreasing dietary Ca and aP (up to 30%) during grower and finisher phases increased ATTR of minerals and decreased Ca, P and breaking strength (BS) of tibia without any negative effect on growth performance or intestinal morphology. Reduced dietary Ca and aP decreased tibial ash content, although 500 FTU/kg phytase improved ATTR of minerals and tibia attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Noruzi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 91779-48974
| | - Ahmad Hassanabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 91779-48974
| | - Abolghasem Golian
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 91779-48974
| | - Fatemeh Aziz-Aliabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, 91779-48974
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6
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Solomon H, Adejoro FA, Nkukwana TT. Efficacy of three heat-stable microbial phytases on growth performance and bone development and strength of broilers fed diets deficient in available phosphorus. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the response of broilers to either of three phytase enzymes in a P-deficient diet. A total of 2340 as-hatched Cobb500 chicks were allocated to nine treatments, each with 13 replicate pens. Starter and finisher diets consisted of a positive control (PC), negative control 1 and 2 (NC1, NC2). The PC, NC1 and NC2 diets had Ca:avP ratios of 0.50, 0.33 and 0.43 in the starter feed; and 0.46, 0.22 and 0.35 in the finisher feed; NC1 diets were then supplemented with Phytaverse, Quantum Blue and Axtra-PHY at 500 and 1000 FTU/kg. Enzyme type had a significant effect on body weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and production efficiency factor (PEF) during the 0-7 d period. Interactions between enzyme type and inclusion levels had a significant effect on feed intake (FI) at 1-21 d (P =0.02) and 1-35 d (P =0.031) age. While FI decreased as Axtra-PHY inclusion levels increased from 500 to 1000 FTU/kg feed, FI increased in birds supplemented with Quantum Blue, but with no effects on Phytaverse supplemented birds. Increasing enzyme dose to 1000 FTU/kg feed improved bone breaking strength but did not affect growth performance, tibia ash, Ca or P concentration of the birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Solomon
- University of Pretoria, 56410, Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Thobela Tryphina Nkukwana
- University of Pretoria, 56410, Department of Animal and Wildlife Science, Pretoria, South Africa, 0002
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Hakami Z, Sulaiman ARA, Alharthi AS, Casserly R, Bouwhuis MA, Abudabos AM. Growth performance, carcass and meat quality, bone strength, and immune response of broilers fed low-calcium diets supplemented with marine mineral complex and phytase. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101849. [PMID: 35390569 PMCID: PMC8987615 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Influence of marine mineral complex (CeltiCal) as a partial substitute for limestone on growth efficiency, carcass traits, meat quality, bone strength, calcium (Ca) retention, and immune response was investigated in broilers fed low-Ca diets with or without phytase (PHY) addition for a 35-d trial period. A total of 300 one-day-old Ross 308 straight-run broilers were randomly allocated to: T1 (positive control), recommended Ca levels + PHY; T2 (negative control), 0.2% below the recommended Ca levels + PHY; T3, 0.1% below the recommended Ca levels + 0.2% CeltiCal + PHY; T4, 0.2% below the recommended Ca levels + 0.4% CeltiCal + PHY; T5, 0.2% below the recommended Ca levels + 0.4% CeltiCal. PHY was added at 500 phytase units/kg diets. Each dietary treatment had 10 replications of 6 chicks each. Results revealed that production efficiency factor was greater for T4 compared to T2 and T5 during 22-35 d and for T1, T3, and T4 compared to T2 during 0 to 35 d (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio was lower for T3 and T4 compared to T2 and T5 during 0 to 35 d (P < 0.05). T4 had a greater (P < 0.05) dressing percentage than T2, which had a lighter (P < 0.01) small intestinal relative weight than all other treatments. Breast meat temperature at 15 min postmortem was highest for T1 and lowest for T3 (P < 0.001). Breast meat pH was greater for T1 compared to T5 at 15 min postmortem and for T3 compared to T4 at 24 h postmortem (P < 0.05). T5 had a lower breast meat redness than all other treatments at 15 min postmortem and then T1 and T3 at 24 h postmortem (P < 0.01). Tibia and femur weights were greater (P < 0.05) for T3, T4, and T5 compared to T2, which had the lowest tibia ash content (P < 0.05) and femur geometric properties (P < 0.001). Greater antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus (P < 0.01) and Ca retention (P < 0.001) were observed for T3 and T4 in comparison to T2. Based on the findings of this research, CeltiCal can adequately replace a considerable portion of limestone in broiler reduced-Ca diets containing PHY.
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Anwar U, Ahmad S, Abdelgayed SS, Hussain M, Rehman A, Riaz M, Yousaf M, Bilal MQ, Bhatti SA, Rahman MA. Influence of Phytase with Or without Organic Acid (Sodium Di-Formate) Supplementation on Growth Performance, Carcass Response, Protein and Mineral Digestibility in Starter Phase of Broilers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- U Anwar
- University of Agriculture, Pakistan
| | - S Ahmad
- University of Agriculture, Pakistan
| | | | | | - A Rehman
- University of Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - M Riaz
- University of Agriculture, Pakistan
| | - M Yousaf
- University of Agriculture, Pakistan
| | - MQ Bilal
- University of Agriculture, Pakistan
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Influence of dietary phosphorus concentrations on the performance of rearing pigeons (Columba livia), and bone properties of squabs. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101744. [PMID: 35220034 PMCID: PMC8881650 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary P levels on the performance of rearing pigeons, and bone characteristics of squabs from 7 to 21 d of age. A total of 192 pairs of adult Silver King pigeons (40 wk of age) were used. The pigeons were randomly allocated to one of 4 treatment groups, each consisting of eight replicates of 6 pigeon pairs per replicate. Dietary treatments included the basal diet (containing 0.3% of P), the basal diet supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8% inorganic P. And the dietary Ca content was kept at 1.40% across all treatments. The experimental diets were fed to parent pigeons as corn-soybean complete pellet feed, and squabs fed with crop milk secreted by parent pigeons. Pigeons in the group of 0.4% supplemental non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) had shorter (P = 0.045) oviposition interval than those in the control group and group of 0.8% NPP. When the diet was supplemented with 0.8% of NPP, the least average egg weight was observed (P = 0.006). Female breeding birds had much higher (P < 0.01) Ca, P, and ALP in serum than male ones. At 7-d of age, dietary P supplementation influenced P and Ca content in tibia ash of squabs (P < 0.05). The tibia ash Ca content in the group of 0.2% NPP was the highest among the treatments (P = 0.007). At d 21 of age, both the birds in the group of 0.4 and 0.8% NPP had higher tibia breaking strength (P < 0.01) and tibia ash contents (P < 0.001) compared to the ones in the control group. In conclusion, the P deficiency in the diet of parent pigeons could cause poor bone mineralization of squabs, especially impaired the bone-breaking strength and bone ash content. The 0.8% of NPP supplementation in the diet has a positive influence on mineralization of squabs although production depression was observed. Both P and Ca metabolism of female breeding birds were more active than male ones at earlier time points of rearing period. The desirable supplemental NPP level in diet for breeding pigeon was 0.4% according to the performance data in the present trial. The recommended Ca: P ratio for pigeons, which was different from the optimum value for broilers, needs to be studied in the future.
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Moita VHC, Duarte ME, Kim SW. Supplemental Effects of Phytase on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in the Jejunum and the Impacts on Nutrient Digestibility, Intestinal Morphology, and Bone Parameters in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3351. [PMID: 34944129 PMCID: PMC8698009 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine supplemental effects of phytase on modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, bone parameters, and growth performance of broiler chickens. Three hundred and sixty newly hatched broiler chickens (Ross 308) (44 ± 2 g BW) were randomly allotted in 6 treatments with 10 birds per cage based on a completely randomized design and fed for 27 d. The treatments consisted of one negative control (NC), diet formulated meeting the requirements suggested by Ross recommendations (2019), and without phytase supplementation. The other treatments consisted of a positive control diet (PC) formulated with 0.15% deficient Ca and P and split into 5 treatments with different phytase inclusion levels (0, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 FTU/kg feed). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to feeds as an indigestible marker to measure apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients. On d 27, 3 birds were randomly selected from each cage and euthanized to collect samples for analyzing the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum, oxidative stress status, AID, and bone parameters. Data were analyzed using the proc Mixed of SAS 9.4. Phytase supplementation tended to have a quadratic effect (p = 0.078) on the overall ADG (maximum: 41 g/d at 2833 FTU/kg of feed). Supplementation of phytase at 2,000 FTU/kg increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and reduced (p < 0.05) Pelomonas. Moreover, it tended to reduce Helicobacter (p = 0.085), Pseudomonas (p = 0.090) Sphingomonas (p = 0.071). Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) the villus height and the AID of CP; and tended to increase (p = 0.086) the AID of P. Phytase supplementation increased (p < 0.05) breaking strength and P content in the tibia. In conclusion, phytase supplementation showed potential benefits on the modulation of the mucosa-associated microbiota in the jejunum by tending to reduce harmful bacteria (Pelomonas, Helicobacter, and Pseudomonas) and increase beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus). In addition, it showed positive effects increasing apparent ileal digestibility of CP and P, enhancing intestinal morphology (villus height), and improving the bone parameters (bone breaking strength, ash, and P content). Phytase supplementation at a range of 38 to 59 FTU/d or 600 to 950 FTU/kg of feed provided the most benefits related to nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (V.H.C.M.); (M.E.D.)
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11
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Salisbury F, Cowieson A, Gous R. Constraints on the modelling of calcium and phosphorus growth of broilers: a systematic review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1974804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Salisbury
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | | | - R.M. Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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12
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Lee SA, Febery E, Mottram T, Bedford MR. Growth performance, real-time gizzard pH and calcium solubility in the gut of broiler chickens is dependent on the interaction between dietary calcium concentration and limestone particle size. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:827-834. [PMID: 34009073 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1929840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of limestone particle size and dietary Ca concentration on performance, real-time gizzard pH, and Ca and P solubility in the gastrointestinal tract of 21d broiler chickens.2. A total of 576, one-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were randomly allocated among 4 treatments, with 8 replicate pens, and 18 birds per pen. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial consisting of two particle sizes of limestone (coarse, CL, 1200 µm; fine, FL, 44 µm) and two Ca concentrations (9.6 or 6.0 g/kg). On d 19 and 20, four birds per treatment were administered Heidelberg pH capsules and readings monitored for 3 h.3. Reducing Ca concentration from 9.6 to 6.0 g/kg had no effect on d 21 weight gain or FCR of birds fed CL; however, feeding FL at 9.6 g/kg Ca increased weight gain by 10% and reduced FCR by 5% compared to FL at 6.0 g/kg Ca (P < 0.001).4. Average gizzard pH readings ranged from pH 0.67 to 3.01 across all treatments. Birds fed CL at 6.0 g/kg Ca had lower average gizzard pH compared to birds fed 9.6 g/kg Ca, while birds fed FL at 6.0 g/kg Ca had higher gizzard pH than birds fed CL at both Ca concentrations, but was comparable to birds fed FL at 9.6 g/kg Ca (P < 0.001).5. For birds fed CL at 6.0 g/kg Ca, soluble Ca in the gizzard was approximately 40% lower (P < 0.05) than all other treatments, and reduced by 44% (P < 0.05) in the small intestine compared with birds fed FL at 6.0 g/kg Ca.6. These findings demonstrated that the effect of Ca concentration on gizzard pH, Ca solubility and broiler performance was dependent on limestone particle size and suggested that solubility per se had little relevance to performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Lee
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK
| | - E Febery
- Drayton Animal Health, Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire, UK
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Alagawany M, Ashour EA, El-Kholy MS, Mohamed LA, Abd El-Hack ME. Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on growth, carcass characteristics and liver and kidney functions of growing Egyptian geese. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101244. [PMID: 34217905 PMCID: PMC8256282 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of different dietary levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (P) on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and blood components of growing geese. A total of 120, 4-wk-old Egyptian goslings with similar body weights were randomly distributed to four groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, which included 2 levels of Ca (0.85% and 0.70%) and 2 levels of non-phytate P (0.45% and 0.35%). Each group was subdivided into 6 replicates of five birds. The experiment lasted 8 wk, from 4 to 12 wk of age. Results show that dietary Ca level had no significant effect on any of the studied growth performance traits over the full experimental period. Dietary P level also had no significant impact on these traits, with the exception of daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio at 8 to 12 wk of age; these improved significantly with the low P diet. Geese received a diet containing 0.70% Ca + 0.45% P had the lowest body weight values at 12 wk of age and the lowest daily body weight gain, and feed intake at 8 to 12 weeks of age. While, the lowest value of feed conversion ratio was recorded in geese fed low level of Ca with low level of P (0.70% Ca + 0.35% P). There were no significant effects of the different dietary levels of Ca, P, or their interaction on all studied carcass parameters. Low dietary Ca level significantly increased the plasma levels of total protein, albumin, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and creatinine and significantly decreased the plasma levels of Ca and P. Different dietary P levels had no significant effect on plasma levels of albumin, AST, ALT, ALP, and urea, whereas the 0.35% P-based diet significantly decreased the plasma contents of total protein, creatinine, Ca, and P. Plasma levels of albumin, creatinine, urea, Ca, and P were not affected by an interaction between Ca and P. Diets containing 0.70% Ca and 0.45% P lead to the highest plasma values for total protein, ALT, AST, and ALP compared with the other dietary Ca and P combinations. In conclusion, dietary Ca and P levels can be simultaneously reduced without negative impacts on growth performance, carcass characteristics, or blood biochemical components. We advise to avoid increasing the dietary Ca: P ratio, as it leads to negative effects on growth performance and blood biochemistry in growing geese. So, the findings of the current study recommended the low levels of Ca (0.70%) and non-phytate P (0.35%) for the performance of Egyptian geese during the fattening period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Elwy Ali Ashour
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | | | - Laila Ali Mohamed
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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14
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Krieg J, Borda-Molina D, Siegert W, Sommerfeld V, Chi YP, Taheri HR, Feuerstein D, Camarinha-Silva A, Rodehutscord M. Effects of calcium level and source, formic acid, and phytase on phytate degradation and the microbiota in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:23. [PMID: 33722307 PMCID: PMC7962351 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet acidification, dietary calcium (Ca) level, and phytase supplementation are known influences on the microbial community in the digestive tract and on phosphorus (P) utilization of broiler chickens. Effects of dietary factors and microbiota on P utilization may be linked because microorganisms produce enzymes that release P from phytate (InsP6), the main source of P in plant feedstuffs. This study aimed to detect linkages between microbiota and InsP6 degradation by acidifying diets (i.e., replacing Ca carbonate (CaCO3) by Ca formate or adding formic acid to CaCO3-containing diets), varying Ca levels, and supplementing phytase in a three-factorial design. We investigated i) the microbial community and pH in the digestive tract, ii) prececal (pc) P and Ca digestibility, and iii) InsP6 degradation. RESULTS All factors under investigation influenced digesta pH and the microbiota composition. Predicted functionality and relative abundance of microorganisms indicated that diets influenced the potential contribution of the microbiota on InsP degradation. Values of InsP6 degradation and relative abundance of the strains Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri were correlated. Phytase supplementation increased pc InsP6 disappearance, with differences between Ca levels, and influenced concentrations of lower inositol phosphate isomers in the digestive tract. Formic acid supplementation increased pc InsP6 degradation to myo-inositol. Replacing CaCO3 by Ca-formate and the high level of these Ca sources reduced pc InsP6 disappearance, except when the combination of CaCO3 + formic acid was used. Supplementing phytase to CaCO3 + formic acid led to the highest InsP6 disappearance (52%) in the crop and increased myo-inositol concentration in the ileum digesta. Supplementing phytase leveled the effect of high Ca content on pc InsP6 disappearance. CONCLUSIONS The results point towards a contribution of changing microbial community on InsP6 degradation in the crop and up to the terminal ileum. This is indicated by relationships between InsP6 degradation and relative abundance of phosphatase-producing strains. Functional predictions supported influences of microbiota on InsP6 degradation. The extent of such effects remains to be clarified. InsP6 degradation may also be influenced by variation of pH caused by dietary concentration and solubility of the Ca in the feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Krieg
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Borda-Molina
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yung Ping Chi
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hamid Reza Taheri
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791 Iran
| | | | | | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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Babatunde OO, Osho SO, Park CS, Adeola O. Additivity of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of phosphorus in mixed diets containing corn and soybean meal fed to broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6907-6913. [PMID: 33248606 PMCID: PMC7704994 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an integral part of diet formulation for broiler chickens as P is required for various biochemical processes essential to life. A study was designed to examine the additivity of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of P in mixed diets containing corn and soybean meal (SBM) with or without phytase supplementation. Birds were fed a commercial starter diet from day 0 to 21 after hatching and then allotted to 7 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with the BW as a blocking factor. Four semipurified diets were prepared to contain corn or SBM as the sole source of P with or without the addition of phytase at 1,000 phytase units/kg of diet. Two mixed diets were also prepared to contain corn and SBM with or without the addition of phytase at 1,000 phytase units/kg diet. A P-free diet (PFD) was formulated to determine the basal ileal endogenous loss of P. There were 16 replicate cages of the PFD and 8 replicate cages of the 6 experimental diets, with 8 birds per replicate cage for a total of 512 birds. Diets were fed for 3 d. The ileal digesta of birds were collected from the distal two-thirds of the ileum on day 24 after hatching. The SID of P in corn and SBM were 52.2 and 65.4%, respectively (SEM = 1.37). The addition of phytase improved (P < 0.05) both the AID and SID of P in the corn, SBM, and mixed diets. The determined AID or SID in the corn and SBM with or without phytase was used to predict the AID or SID in the mixed diets. There were no differences between the predicted and determined digestibility values in the mixed diets for either AID or SID of P and thus additive. Phytase supplementation of the mixed diet did not influence the additivity of AID or SID. In conclusion, the AID or SID of P in the corn and SBM was additive in the mixed diets containing corn and SBM with or without the addition of phytase.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Babatunde
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - S O Osho
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - C S Park
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
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16
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Zanu HK, Kheravii SK, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Dietary calcium and meat and bone meal as potential precursors for the onset of necrotic enteritis. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1831419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - S. K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | | | - R. A. Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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17
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Imari ZK, Hassanabadi A, Nassiri Moghaddam H. Response of broiler chickens to calcium and phosphorus restriction: Effects on growth performance, carcase traits, tibia characteristics and total tract retention of nutrients. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1808101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeyad Kamal Imari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Hassanabadi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Nassiri Moghaddam
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Davin R, Kwakernaak C, Dersjant-Li Y. Effect of two commercial limestone sources with different solubility on the efficacy of two phytases in 0-21 d old broilers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/jaan2020.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A study evaluated the effects of limestone sources with different solubility on the efficacy of two phytases in broilers. A 2×5 factorial arrangement was employed with two commercial limestone sources and five diet treatments; a positive control (PC) diet with 7.2 g/kg P and 9.6 g/kg Ca, and a negative control diet containing reductions of 1.87 g/kg available P, 1.99 g/kg Ca and 0.4 g/kg Na, supplemented with either Buttiauxella phytase (PhyB) or Escherichia coli phytase (PhyE) at 500 or 1000 FTU/kg diet. The two limestone sources were feed-grade commercial products with different particle sizes and solubility (fast-soluble (FS) 100%; slow-soluble (SS) 26% soluble after 30 minutes at pH 3) containing similar levels of Ca. Diets were fed to one-day-old Ross 308 males (n=2,400) with 30 birds/pen and eight pens/treatment in two phases (starter 0-10 d and grower 10-21 d). On d 21, ileal digesta was collected from 12 birds/pen to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P and Ca, and myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) disappearance, and tibias from four birds/pen for ash determination. The SS limestone improved body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and FCR vs FS limestone in starter/grower phases (P<0.05), and improved AID of P (P<0.05) and IP6 disappearance (P<0.05) at d 21. There was an interaction between limestone and phytase on BWG, FI and FCR in the grower phase (P≤0.05) whereby FS (vs SS) limestone reduced BWG at either dose of PhyE, but only at 500 FTU/kg of PhyB. At an equivalent dose, PhyB had higher BWG and feed intake than PhyE (P<0.05). At 1000 FTU/kg, performance was equivalent (BWG and FI) or superior (FCR) to the PC, PhyB produced greater tibia ash, AID of P and IP6 disappearance (P<0.05). The findings showed that the effects of limestone particle size on phytase efficacy varied with phytase source and dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Davin
- Schothorst Feed Research, P.O. Box 553, 8200 AM Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - C. Kwakernaak
- Schothorst Feed Research, P.O. Box 553, 8200 AM Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Y. Dersjant-Li
- DuPont Animal Nutrition, DuPont Nutrition and Biosciences, Archimedesweg 30, 2333 CN Leiden, the Netherlands
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19
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Zhai HX, Cowieson AJ, Lehmann M, Wilson JW. Research Note: Delay in sampling influences the profile of phytate in gizzard digesta and ileal digestibility of phosphorus in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5065-5069. [PMID: 32988543 PMCID: PMC7598329 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different durations of time delay when sampling digesta from the gizzard and ileum of broilers on the degradation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) and digestibility of phosphorus (P). There was 1 experimental diet with a supplemental phytase activity of 1,212 phytase units/kg feed, which was provided to birds from day 13 to 18 after hatching. The diet was formulated to provide 6.6 g/kg Ca and 1.9 g/kg nonphytate P and fed to 24 cages of 6 birds. The 24 cages of birds were further randomly divided into 6 subgroups of 4 cages from which the digesta samples in the gizzard and ileum were collected at 0, 5, 10, or 20 min postmortem. The results showed that the concentration of InsP6 decreased linearly (P = 0.002), InsP5 decreased quadratically (P = 0.038), and the summation of concentrations of P in InsP6-4 decreased linearly (P = 0.028) in the gizzard digesta with the increasing delay of sampling. In the ileum, the digestibility of phytate P tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.087), and the digestibility of total P decreased linearly (P = 0.026) with prolonged delay. In conclusion, delay in sampling could alter the measured profile of InsP esters in gizzard digesta probably because of a continued effect of supplemental phytase, while the ileal digestibility of total P could diminish. Therefore, standard sampling procedures should be implemented to minimize variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H X Zhai
- DSM (China) Animal Nutrition Research Center Co., Ltd, Bazhou, P. R. China.
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - M Lehmann
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - J W Wilson
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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20
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Zanu HK, Kheravii SK, Morgan NK, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Interactive effect of dietary calcium and phytase on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: 3. Serum calcium and phosphorus, and bone mineralization. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3617-3627. [PMID: 32616258 PMCID: PMC7597768 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is chelated by phytic acid and forms phytate-mineral complexes reducing Ca availability and the ability of phytase to hydrolyze phytate. An increased Ca concentration in the gut favors the activity of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). Therefore, it was hypothesized that high dietary calcium with high dietary phytase would decrease serum Ca and P and bone mineralization during necrotic enteritis occurrence. A total of 768 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks were randomly allocated to 8 treatments with 6 replicate pens, each housing 16 birds. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was applied: dietary Ca (0.6 or 1.0%), phytase (500 or 1,500 FTU/kg), and challenge (no or yes). Half of the birds (384) were challenged with Eimeria spp. on day 9 and C. perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on day 14 and 15. Blood was collected from 2 birds per pen to determine Ca, P, and parathyroid hormone in the serum. The middle toe, tibia, and femur were excised from 2 birds per pen on day 16 and 29 for determination of ash, breaking strength (BS), and mineral concentration. The challenge decreased (P < 0.05) serum Ca+ in birds regardless of dietary Ca level (day 16). There was a challenge × Ca interaction (P < 0.05) for tibial BS (day 16), with challenge being more severe in birds fed high Ca than low Ca diets. A challenge × phytase interaction (P < 0.05) was present for femur ash (day 16), with high phytase only increasing ash in challenged birds. The challenge decreased (P < 0.05) the BS of femur and tibia at each time point. Birds fed high dietary Ca had lower tibial Mg (P < 0.001), Fe (P < 0.001), Na (P < 0.001), and Zn (P < 0.05) concentrations (day 29). Altogether, high dietary Ca and phytase improved bone mineralization showing that attention to Ca and P nutrition and phytase matrix values is warranted when high levels of phytase are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - N K Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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21
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Al-Qahtani M, Ahiwe EU, Abdallh ME, Chang'a EP, Gausi H, Bedford MR, Iji PA. Endogenous enzyme activities and tibia bone development of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase, β-glucanase and phytase. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:1049-1060. [PMID: 32299170 PMCID: PMC8100487 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study assessed the effect of different levels of xylanase, β-glucanase and phytase on intestinal enzyme activities and tibia bone development in broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets. Methods Twelve experimental diets were formulated using a 3×2×2 factorial design (three doses of phytase and two doses of both xylanase and β-glucanase) and offered to 648 day-old Ross 308 male chicks having 6 replicates groups with 9 birds per replicate and lasted for 35 days. Results An interaction between the enzymes products improved (p<0.01) the activity of chymotrypsin. Protein content at d 10 was highest (p<0.001) with addition of phytase while general proteolytic activity (GPA) (p<0.02) and lipase activity (p<0.001) were decreased. At d 24, there were improvements in protein content (p<0.01) and lipase (p<0.04) with supplementation of superdose phytase. Addition of superdose phytase decreased in chymotrypsin (p<0.02), trypsin (p<0.01) and GPA (p<0.001). The optimum dose of xylanase decreased the chymotrypsin activity (p = 0.05), while the GPA (p<0.001) was increased with the optimum level of β-glucanase. Superdose phytase supplementation at d 10 improved maltase (p = 0.05), sucrase (p<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (p<0.001) activities in the jejunum while aminopeptidase activity was highest (p<0.005) with the low level of phytase. Protein content of jejunum mucosa was bigger (p<0.001) in birds fed superdose phytase while maltase activity (p<0.001) at d 24 was reduced by this treatment. Sucrase (p<0.04) and aminopeptidase activities (p<0.001) improved when diets supplemented with low levels of phytase. Tibia bone breaking strength was highest (p<0.04) with addition of low level of superdose phytase or optimum level of β-glucanase. Bone dry matter content decreased (p<0.04) when diets supplemented with phytase. Conclusion From the results obtained in this study, supplementation of superdose phytase was the most effective, however, the cost-benefit analysis of the use of such a dose needs to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.,Ministry of Education, Riyadh, 12435, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emmanuel Uchenna Ahiwe
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Medani Eldow Abdallh
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Edwin Peter Chang'a
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Harriet Gausi
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | | | - Paul Ade Iji
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia.,College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, P.O. Box 1544, Nausori, Fiji
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22
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Babatunde OO, Cowieson AJ, Wilson JW, Adeola O. The impact of age and feeding length on phytase efficacy during the starter phase of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6742-6750. [PMID: 31287893 PMCID: PMC8913947 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytase is of importance to the poultry industry because of its ability to hydrolyze phytate and release phosphorus (P) for use by poultry. However, the effect of age on phytase efficacy is not fully understood. A total of 864 day-old broiler chicks were used to investigate the effect of age and feeding length on phytase efficacy using growth performance, mineral utilization, and tibia ash as response criteria of evaluation. The experiment was arranged as a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial in a randomized complete block design with 3 diets including; a positive control (PC; 0.4% non-phytate P (nPP)), a negative control (NC; 0.2% nPP) and a NC diet supplemented with phytase at 2,000 FYT/kg; 2 ages (i.e., days 14 and 22); and 2 feeding lengths (i.e., 2 and 5 D) with 8 replicates each. Birds fed the NC had decreased (P < 0.01) body weight gain and feed efficiency compared with birds fed the PC regardless of age or feeding length. Similarly, birds fed the phytase-supplemented diet had improved (P < 0.01) performance as compared to birds fed the NC regardless of age. There were no significant differences in P utilization between birds fed for 2 to 14 D or 22 D and birds fed for 5 D to both ages. However, phytase was more efficacious at day 14 than day 22 when mineral utilization was considered because the super dose of phytase elicited greater response in birds fed the phytase supplemented diet for 2 D until day 14. In contrast, percentage tibia ash improved (P < 0.01) in birds fed phytase supplemented diet for 5 D at both ages as compared with birds fed for 2 D. In conclusion, testing phytase products, even at high doses, for 2 D during the second week in the life cycle of broiler chicks, can be recommended from the results of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Babatunde
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
| | - J W Wilson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Fallah H, Karimi A, Sadeghi A, Behroozi-Khazaei N. Modelling and optimizing of calcium and non-phytate phosphorus requirements of male broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age using response surface methodology. Animal 2020; 14:1598-1609. [PMID: 32216861 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is the main site of P and Ca deposition; therefore, accurate estimation of Ca and P requirements is necessary to maintaining health and optimum performance of broiler chickens. A response surface methodology (RSM) using a central composite design (CCD) was used for evaluating and optimizing of Ca and non-phytate P (NPP) requirements of broiler chickens for optimal performance, ileal nutrient digestibility and bone mineralization from 1 to 21 days of age. A total of 750 one-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into 50 cages including 9 treatments, each replicated 5 times (except central treatment with 10 replicates) and 15 birds in each cage by CCD. The dietary Ca levels of 4.3, 5.6, 8.6, 11.7 and 13.0 g/kg and NPP of 2.5, 2.9, 4.0, 5.0 and 5.4 g/kg were used for nine treatments of CCD. The results indicated that the linear and quadratic effects of NPP, quadratic effects of Ca and Ca × NPP were significant for average weight gain (AWG, P < 0.05), average feed intake (AFI, P < 0.05), feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.05) and Ca and P apparent ileal digestibility (AID, P < 0.05); however, the linear effect of Ca was significant only for FCR (P < 0.05). On the other hand, tibia and toe ash were affected by NPP (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) and Ca (quadratic, P < 0.01). The second-order polynomial regression model was significant for AWG (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.001), AFI (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001), FCR (R2 = 0.78, P < 0.001), AID of Ca (R2 = 0.78, P < 0.001) and P (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001), tibia ash (R2 = 0.86, P < 0.001) and toe ash (R2 = 0.85, P < 0.001). The multi-objective optimization indicated that broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age need 7.03 and 4.47 g/kg of Ca and NPP, respectively, to achieve optimal AWG, FCR, tibia and toe ash. However, the dietary Ca and NPP levels can be reduced to 6.57 and 3.95 g/kg with a slight negative impact on performance and bone mineralization, respectively. In conclusion, the findings indicate that using multi-objective optimization model such as RSM provides more information regarding optimum Ca and NPP requirements of broiler chickens, considering the complex interaction between these two minerals. While the NPP levels are in line with current recommended requirements, Ca levels are considerably lower and suggest that current recommended Ca requirements may be in excess of the needs of the broiler.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fallah
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
| | - A Karimi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
| | - A Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
| | - N Behroozi-Khazaei
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Pasdaran St., University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj66177-15175, Iran
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Asensio X, Abdelli N, Piedrafita J, Soler MD, Barroeta AC. Effect of fibrous diet and vitamin C inclusion on uniformity, carcass traits, skeletal strength, and behavior of broiler breeder pullets. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2633-2644. [PMID: 32359599 PMCID: PMC7597537 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment studied the effect of broiler breeder nutritional strategies on uniformity, carcass traits, tibia parameters, and behavior during rearing and prebreeder periods (up to 22 wk of age). One-day-old pullets (n = 384) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial, with 2 fiber levels (control vs. fibrous diet, 15% diluted in AMEn and nutrient content) and 2 vitamin C feed inclusions (0 vs. 200 mg/kg). At 6, 15, and 22 wk, blood sampling was carried out (4 birds/replicate) to determine serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, and behavior was observed by visual scan sampling. At 22 wk, carcass traits, tibia parameters, and intestinal morphology were assessed (2 birds/replicate), and tail- and wing-feather integrity of all birds were scored. Fibrous diet did not modify BW uniformity, mortality, or tibia growth when compared with control diet. Pullets fed the fibrous diet had lower tibia breaking strength, elastic modulus, and ash content values (P < 0.05). They also had lower ALP serum level at 6 and 22 wk (P < 0.05), their breast muscle was less developed (18.5 vs. 19.8%, P < 0.05), and their abdominal fat deposition was higher (1.14 vs. 0.87%, P < 0.05). At 15 and 22 wk, they performed, on average, 97% less grasping feather pecking and 45% less non–food object pecking behaviors, and their wing-feather score was lower (P < 0.05) at 22 wk. Tail- and wing-feather scores of the control treatments were reduced by vitamin C inclusion (tail: 0.30 vs. 1.15, P < 0.05; wing: 0.98 vs. 1.26, P < 0.05) at 22 wk. In conclusion, fibrous diet improves carcass traits (reduces breast muscle and increases abdominal fat deposition), deteriorates bone mineral deposition and thus skeletal strength, and reduces stereotypic behaviors, improving wing-feather integrity. Vitamin C inclusion improves tail- and wing-feather integrity of lower in feed allowance.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Asensio
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Aviagen S.A.U. 08184 Palau-solità i Plegamans, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - N Abdelli
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Piedrafita
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M D Soler
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Public Veterinary Health and Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - A C Barroeta
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNIBA), Department of Animal and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Zanu HK, Keerqin C, Kheravii SK, Morgan NK, Wu SB, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Influence of meat and bone meal, phytase, and antibiotics on broiler chickens challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: 1. growth performance, intestinal pH, apparent ileal digestibility, cecal microbiota, and tibial mineralization. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1540-1550. [PMID: 32111321 PMCID: PMC7587631 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of meat and bone meal (MBM), phytase, and antibiotics (AB) on the performance, intestinal pH, ileal digestibility, cecal microbiota, and tibial mineralization in Ross 308 broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis (NE). A total of 672-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were allocated to 8 treatments with 6 replicate pens, with 14 birds each. The study employed a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: MBM (no or yes), AB (no or yes, zinc bacitracin + salinomycin), and phytase level (500 or 1,500 FTU/kg; both using 500 matrix recommendations). Diets were based on wheat–soybean meal–canola meal. All birds were challenged with Eimeria spp on day 9 and Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) strain EHE-NE18 on day 14 and day 15. On day 21 (postchallenge), birds fed MBM had reduced weight gain (WG; P < 0.05) relative to without MBM. A 2-way phytase × AB interaction for WG on day 14 (P < 0.001) and day 21 (P < 0.001) and feed conversion ratio on day 21 (P < 0.001) and day 42 (P < 0.01) indicated positive effects of high phytase on bird performance in the presence of AB. On day 42, a 3-way MBM × phytase × AB interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for WG, showing high phytase increased WG with AB, relative to the birds without AB in the presence of MBM. A 2-way MBM × phytase interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for apparent ileal digestibility of Ca and P on day 16, whereby there was a notable reduction in Ca and P digestibility in birds fed MBM-free diets and a low phytase level, but with the high phytase level, Ca and P digestibility was not influenced by MBM. In conclusion, in NE challenged birds, high phytase has a beneficial effect on leg health and mineral utilization to the extent that it can replace MBM and has beneficial effects on bird performance in the presence of AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - C Keerqin
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - N K Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S-B Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Mtei AW, Abdollahi MR, Schreurs NM, Ravindran V. Impact of corn particle size on nutrient digestibility varies depending on bird type. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5504-5513. [PMID: 31329975 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between bird type (broilers and layers) and corn particle size (fine, medium, and coarse) on the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of DM, nitrogen (N), starch, fat, gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), and AMEn was investigated in a 2 by 3 factorial study of 6 dietary treatments. Whole corn was ground in a hammer mill to pass through screen sizes of 2.0, 5.0, and 8.0 mm for fine, medium, and coarse grades, respectively. A corn-soybean meal diet, mixed using the same batch of ingredients, was fed to both bird types. Titanium dioxide was included in all diets for digestibility measurements. 35-day-old Ross 308 male broilers and 59-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were used in this study. For each bird type, 108 birds of uniform body weights were accommodated in 18 replicates (6 replicates per particle size and 6 birds per replicate). The treatment diets were offered ad libitum for 7 d prior to the collection of ileal digesta. A bird type by particle size interaction was observed (P < 0.001) for the CAID of DM, starch and GE. In broilers, CAID of DM, starch and GE was unaffected by particle size, whilst in layers, increasing the corn particle size to medium and coarse resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) CAID for DM, starch and GE compared to fine particles. The CAID of N and fat was greater (P < 0.05) in broilers than layers and the opposite was observed (P < 0.05) for Ca and P. Regardless of bird type, coarse and medium-ground corn resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) Ca digestibility compared to finely-ground corn. Overall, broilers had a greater digestibility of nutrients than layers, except for Ca and P. Feeding medium and coarse corn particles benefited the CAID of DM, starch and GE in layers, suggesting that digestive system in these birds is probably more sensitive to feed particle size than broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Mtei
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - N M Schreurs
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Kim SW, Li W, Angel R, Plumstead PW. Modification of a limestone solubility method and potential to correlate with in vivo limestone calcium digestibility. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6837-6848. [PMID: 31392342 PMCID: PMC6870549 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Work was done to modify a limestone solubility assay to improve predictions of in vivo apparent ileal digestibility of Ca (AID Ca) in broilers and impacts on AID P. Limestones (LIME) were obtained from 3 commercial sources. LIME-1 (0.633 mm mean diameter, GMD); LIME-2 (ground sub-sample of LIME-1, GMD = 0.063 mm); LIME-3 (GMD = 0.326 mm), and LIME-4 (GMD = 0.831 mm). Solubility was determined at 5, 15, and 30 min of incubation using either a 0.2 N HCl (S1) or a pH 3 HCl (pH = 0.26) solution buffered with 3 M glycine (S2) to mimic gizzard and proventriculus pH. An AID trial was conducted with 320 Ross 708 male broilers. Treatments (Trt) were no added LIME, or added LIME-1, 2, 3, and 4 to achieve 0.67% Ca, to a basal diet (no added inorganic P, 0.07% Ca) with or without 1,000 U phytase/kg (36 h, 23 to 24 D of age, n = 8, 4 birds/n). Distal ileal digesta was collected from all birds and pooled by pen. Irrespective of interaction, LIME solubilized quicker and more completely with S1 vs. S2 at all time points (P < 0.05). LIME-2 solubilized the quickest, while LIME-3 had the lowest solubility through all incubation times (P < 0.05). The AID Ca was 66.30, 47.46, 19.93, and 66.33% for LIME-1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively (0 U/kg, P < 0.05). Phytase inclusion increased AID Ca by 15% on average (P < 0.05). The AID P dig was highest in no LIME added diet (74.91%) and adding LIME reduced (P < 0.05) AID P to 23.14, 12.78, 65.47, and 37.40%, for LIME-1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively in the absence of phytase. Regression showed that GMD, 15- and 30-min solubility were critical for AID Ca (R2 between 0.978 and 0.988). In conclusion, the solubility dynamics including speed and extend of solubilization, rather than a single timepoint, yield better predictions for in vivo Ca digestibility of LIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - W Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - R Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - P W Plumstead
- Chemunique PTY LTD, 330 Surrey Avenue, Ferndale, Randburg, 2194, South Africa
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Kolakshyapati M, Bailey C, Zimazile Sibanda T, Morgan N, Ruhnke I. Determination of gastrointestinal passage rate using three different markers in laying hens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1427-1436. [PMID: 31298444 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) marker technique is currently widely practiced as a method to evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) passage rate in poultry. However, this method requires sacrificing the animal to obtain digesta samples, is labour-intensive and eliminates the possibility of follow-up studies with the same individual. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the radiographic methods barium-impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) and barium sulphate (BaSO4 ) suspension are in agreement with the TiO2 technique and can be used as an alternative method for GI passage rate determination in laying hens. Whole-body radiographs were taken at different time points. Hens of group 3 (n = 55) were orally inoculated with 5 g of feed mixed with 0.15 g TiO2 , 5 hens per time point sacrificed, and whole gastrointestinal organs (crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine and large intestine) were collected and analysed for TiO2 content. The average marker passage rate of hens administered BaSO4 was significantly faster than those administered BIPS (gizzard: 15.2 hr vs. 43.2 hr; small intestine: 15.2 hr vs. 38.4 hr, respectively). A greater percentage of BIPS remained in the crop at 0, 0.5, 2, 3 and 8 hr post-inoculation (p.i.) and in the gizzard at 2, 24, 36 and 48 hr p.i. (all p < 0.05) compared to TiO2 . In conclusion, the evaluation of the GI transit time is feasible using BIPS, TiO2 and BaSO4 . The evaluation of the GI transit time using BIPS and BaSO4 needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Kolakshyapati
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig Bailey
- North Hill Veterinary Clinic, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Terence Zimazile Sibanda
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalie Morgan
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Trairatapiwan T, Ruangpanit Y, Songserm O, Attamangkune S. Determination of true ileal phosphorus digestibility of maize and soybean meal and true ileal calcium digestibility of soybean meal for broiler chickens. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an17886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted, using the regression method, to determine the true ileal phosphorus (P) digestibility of maize and soybean meal (SBM), and true ileal calcium (Ca) digestibility of SBM for broiler chickens. The aim of Experiment 1 was to determine true ileal P digestibility of maize and SBM. The experimental diets were formulated with four inclusion levels of each test ingredient to achieve graded concentrations of total P (2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 g/kg, respectively). The P concentrations in maize-based diets were adjusted by the inclusion of monosodium phosphate. The Ca:total P ratio in all diets was maintained at 1.35 by the addition of limestone. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine true ileal Ca digestibility of SBM. Experimental diets were formulated to contain four levels of SBM to achieve graded concentrations of Ca (2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 g/kg, respectively). Because of the low concentration of Ca in SBM, all diets were supplemented with a similar level of limestone to prevent any Ca deficiency. The Ca:total P ratio in all diets was adjusted to be equal by the addition of monosodium phosphate. In both experiments, titanium dioxide (3 g/kg) was used as the indigestible marker. One-day-old male broiler chicks were fed a commercial starter diet from 1 to 21 days of age. On Day 22, a total of 240 and 120 birds were assigned to eight and four dietary treatments in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, with five replicate cages and six birds per cage. Birds were fed the experimental diets for 7 days. On Day 29, ileal digesta were collected from the posterior half of ileum, and the true P and Ca digestibility of test ingredients were calculated by linear regression analysis. True P digestibility of maize and SBM were determined to be 33.8% and 42.3%, respectively. True Ca digestibility of SBM was determined to be 45.9%.
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Kim SW, Li W, Angel R, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Effects of limestone particle size and dietary Ca concentration on apparent P and Ca digestibility in the presence or absence of phytase. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4306-4314. [PMID: 30590821 PMCID: PMC6305832 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of limestone particle size and Ca concentration on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of P and Ca in the presence or absence of a 6-phytase derived from Buttiauxella sp., expressed in Trichoderma. Treatment diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM) based with no added inorganic Ca or P. The design consisted of a factorial arrangement of 2 particle sizes of limestone from the same source (mean particle size: pulverized, PUV < 75 μm; particulate, PAR = 402 μm); 3 Ca (0.6, 0.8, and 1.0%) and 2 phytase levels (0 and 1,000 (FTU)/kg) plus the corn-SBM basal diet with no added Ca (0.14% Ca), resulting a total of 13 treatments (Trts, n = 9, 3 birds/n). Starting at 27 d of age, broilers were fed the mash diets for 32 h, then sampled for gizzard pH and distal ileal digestibility. Gizzard pH was 1.94 in birds fed diet without added Ca and was similar to those fed diet with PAR limestone regardless of phytase. Gizzard pH was increased in birds fed PUV limestone diets irrespectively of phytase inclusion compared to birds fed 0.14% Ca (P < 0.05), except in birds fed 0.60% Ca diet. In the absence of phytase, AID P was reduced as a result of increases in limestone inclusion (P < 0.05), with a greater effect seen in PUV as compared to PAR limestone. The AID Ca in birds fed PUV limestone diets was lower than that of those fed PAR limestone diets (22.1% vs. 28.2%; P < 0.05). In the presence of phytase, the AID P was not affected by increasing Ca concentration when PAR limestone was used as the Ca source (average = 64.3%), whereas AID P decreased from 66.9% (0.6% Ca) to 51.0% (1.0% Ca) when PUV limestone was used as the Ca source (P < 0.05). In summary, impact of Ca concentration on AID Ca and P was dependent on limestone particle size and phytase inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-W Kim
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - W Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - R Angel
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - M Proszkowiec-Weglarz
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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The effects ofmicrobial phytases and dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on the productive performance and bone mineralization of broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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The uses of microbial phytase as a feed additive in poultry nutrition – a review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Most of the phosphorus (P) in feed ingredients is present as phytate, which is poorly available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of different poultry species due to the lack of endogenous phytase. The supplementation of phytase increases the utilization of P by hydrolyzing phytate, which consequently may reduce the excretion of P in the environment. In addition, it has been suggested that phytase may improve the feed utilization, weight gain, egg production and egg traits, nutrient digestibility, energy availability, retention of important minerals in blood and bones. Thus, the effectiveness of phytase on performance and Ca and P absorption in layer chickens fed corn-soybean based diets has been well recognized. The current review briefly discusses the supplementation of phytase in the diet of poultry on performance and egg production and characteristics as well as amino acids and minerals availability.
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Dersjant-Li Y, Evans C, Kumar A. Effect of phytase dose and reduction in dietary calcium on performance, nutrient digestibility, bone ash and mineralization in broilers fed corn-soybean meal-based diets with reduced nutrient density. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Anwar M, Ravindran V, Morel P, Ravindran G, Cowieson A. Measurement of the true ileal calcium digestibility of some feed ingredients for broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Angelovičová M, Mellen M, Zajác P, Čapla J, Angelovič M. Tibia mineralization of chickens determined to meat production using a microbial phytase. POTRAVINARSTVO 2018. [DOI: 10.5219/805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of the research was 6-phytase of microbial origin. It was used in feed mixtures for chickens determined to meat production. Its effect has been studied in relation to the tibia mineralization by calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. 6-phytase is a product of Aspergillus oryzae. That was obtained by means of biotechnological processes of production of commercially available enzymes. It was incorporated in the feed mixtures 0.1%. In a 38-day feeding trial, 300 one-day-old, as hatched, Cobb 500 chickens determined to meat production (100 birds per group) were fed on one concentrations of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (2.32, 2.31 g.kg-1, respectively and supplemental microbial phytase (0 and 500 FTU.kg-1 feed mixtures). Control group was used to compare the results and control feed mixtures contained 4.5 g.kg-1 without microbial phytase. At days 40 it was selected 6 birds in every group, which were slaughter in accordance with the principles of welfare. Left tibias of every bird were used to determination of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contents. According to in vivo, it was found that the addition of microbial phytase to reduced dietary non-phytate phosphorus increased concentrations of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in tibia. The differences among groups were statistically significant (p <0.05). It was concluded that reducing of dietary non-phytate phosphorus on the 2.32, 2.31 g.kg-1, respectively, by monocalcium phosphate and microbial phytase supplementation in feed mixtures facilitated tibia mineralization at chicken determined to meat production.
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Effect of dietary high non-phytate phosphorus level on growth performance and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in Lion-head geese. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cardoso EF, Donzele JL, de Oliveira Donzele RFM, Sufiate BL, Silva AD, Tizziani T. Non-phytate phosphorus requirement for broilers from 8 to 21 days of age under heat stress conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:317-325. [PMID: 28971283 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two trials were conducted to determine the non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) requirement for broiler under heat stress. In both trials, birds were distributed in a completely randomized 4 × 2 factorial design with four nPP concentrations: 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55%, and two Ca supply techniques: Ca fixed at 0.899% (CaF) or varying along with nPP aiming a 2:1 Ca to nPP ratio (CaV). Both trials had eight pens/treatment, with nine and five birds/pen for exp. 1 and exp. 2, respectively. nPP concentration had no effect on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), nor fat deposition ratio (FDR). nPP levels showed a linear effect on protein deposition ratio (PDR) only for CaF diets. The nPP levels had a significant effect, regardless the technique adopted, on tibia phosphorus (TibP), which varied quadratically, on tibia calcium (TibCa) that increased quadratically and linearly, respectively, on CaF and CaV diets, and on tibia ash (TibAsh) that showed a quadratic effect for both. No effect was observed on Ca to P ratio in the tibia (TibCa:TibP). The nPP levels showed a linear increase effect over phosphorus intake (PI), phosphorus excreted (PE), and phosphorus retained (PR), and a linear decrease effect on phosphorus retention coefficient (PRC). Therefore, the nPP requirement for broilers from 8 to 21 days of age that provided better performance and bone variables were 0.250 and 0.484%, respectively, for CaF diets and 0.250 and 0.511%, respectively, for CaV diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro Ferreira Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
| | - Juarez Lopes Donzele
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Leite Sufiate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda Dione Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Tarciso Tizziani
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
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Gautier A, Walk C, Dilger R. Influence of dietary calcium concentrations and the calcium-to-non-phytate phosphorus ratio on growth performance, bone characteristics, and digestibility in broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2795-2803. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Borda-Molina D, Vital M, Sommerfeld V, Rodehutscord M, Camarinha-Silva A. Insights into Broilers' Gut Microbiota Fed with Phosphorus, Calcium, and Phytase Supplemented Diets. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2033. [PMID: 28066358 PMCID: PMC5165256 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytase supplementation in broiler diets is a common practice to improve phosphorus (P) availability and to reduce P loss by excretion. An enhanced P availability, and its concomitant supplementation with calcium (Ca), can affect the structure of the microbial community in the digestive tract of broiler chickens. Here, we aim to distinguish the effects of mineral P, Ca, and phytase on the composition of microbial communities present in the content and the mucosa layer of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of broiler chickens. Significant differences were observed between digesta and mucosa samples for the GIT sections studied (p = 0.001). The analyses of 56 individual birds showed a high microbial composition variability within the replicates of the same diet. The average similarity within replicates of digesta and mucosa samples across all diets ranged from 29 to 82% in crop, 19-49% in ileum, and 17-39% in caeca. Broilers fed with a diet only supplemented with Ca had the lowest body weight gain and feed conversion values while diets supplemented with P showed the best performance results. An effect of each diet on crop mucosa samples was observed, however, similar results were not obtained from digesta samples. Microbial communities colonizing the ileum mucosa samples were affected by P supplementation. Caeca-derived samples showed the highest microbial diversity when compared to the other GIT sections and the most prominent phylotypes were related to genus Faecalibacterium and Pseudoflavonifractor, known for their influence on gut health and as butyrate producers. Lower microbial diversity in crop digesta was linked to lower growth performance of birds fed with a diet only supplemented with Ca. Each diet affected microbial communities within individual sections, however, no diet showed a comprehensive effect across all GIT sections, which can primarily be attributed to the great variability among replicates. The substantial community differences between digesta and mucosa derived samples indicate that both habitats have to be considered when the influence of diet on the gut microbiota, broiler growth performance, and animal health is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Borda-Molina
- Animal Nutrition Department, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marius Vital
- Microbial Interactions and Processes Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vera Sommerfeld
- Animal Nutrition Department, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Rodehutscord
- Animal Nutrition Department, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amélia Camarinha-Silva
- Animal Nutrition Department, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
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Perryman K, Cattley R, Masey O'Neill H, Bedford M, Dozier W. Interactive effects of dietary adaptation period length and titration diet type on apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility and phosphorus retention in growing broilers. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2332-41. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Investigation of the interaction between separate calcium feeding and phytase supplementation on growth performance, calcium intake, nutrient digestibility and energy utilisation in broiler starters. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Anwar MN, Ravindran V, Morel PCH, Ravindran G, Cowieson AJ. Effect of limestone particle size and calcium to non-phytate phosphorus ratio on true ileal calcium digestibility of limestone for broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:707-713. [PMID: 27277341 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1196341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of limestone particle size and calcium (Ca) to non-phytate phosphorus (P) ratio on the true ileal Ca digestibility of limestone for broiler chickens. A limestone sample was passed through a set of sieves and separated into fine (<0.5 mm) and coarse (1-2 mm) particles. The analysed Ca concentration of both particle sizes was similar (420 g/kg). Six experimental diets were developed using each particle size with Ca:non-phytate P ratios of 1.5:1, 2.0:1 and 2.5:1, with ratios being adjusted by manipulating the dietary Ca concentrations. A Ca-free diet was also developed to determine the basal ileal endogenous Ca losses. Titanium dioxide (3 g/kg) was incorporated in all diets as an indigestible marker. Each experimental diet was randomly allotted to 6 replicate cages (8 birds per cage) and fed from d 21 to 24 post hatch. Apparent ileal digestibility of Ca was calculated using the indicator method and corrected for basal endogenous losses to determine the true Ca digestibility. The basal ileal endogenous Ca losses were determined to be 127 mg/kg of dry matter intake. Increasing Ca:non-phytate P ratios reduced the true Ca digestibility of limestone. The true Ca digestibility coefficients of limestone with Ca:non-phytate P ratios of 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 were 0.65, 0.57 and 0.49, respectively. Particle size of limestone had a marked effect on the Ca digestibility, with the digestibility being higher in coarse particles (0.71 vs. 0.43).
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Anwar
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - V Ravindran
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - P C H Morel
- a Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - G Ravindran
- b Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - A J Cowieson
- c Poultry Research Foundation , University of Sydney , Camden , Australia
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Rousseau X, Valable AS, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Même N, Godet E, Magnin M, Nys Y, Duclos MJ, Narcy A. Adaptive response of broilers to dietary phosphorus and calcium restrictions. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2849-2860. [PMID: 27194731 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of chickens to adapt to and compensate for early dietary restriction of non-phytate P ( NPP: ) and/or Ca (10 to 21 d) in a later phase (22 to 35 d), and to determine whether compensatory processes depend on the P and Ca concentrations in the finisher diet. Four diets were formulated and fed to broilers from 10 to 21 d in order to generate birds with different mineral status: L1 (0.6% Ca, 0.30% NPP), L2 (0.6% Ca, 0.45% NPP), H1 (1.0% Ca, 0.30% NPP), and H2 (1.0% Ca, 0.45% NPP). On d 22, each group was divided into three groups which received a low (L, 0.48% Ca, 0.24% NPP), moderate (M, 0.70% Ca, 0.35% NPP), or high (H, 0.90% Ca, 0.35% NPP) finisher diet until 35 d, resulting in a total of 12 treatments. Lowering the Ca level enhanced apparent ileal digestibility of P (P AID) at 21 d especially with the high NPP level (Ca × NPP, P < 0.01). The lower bone mineralization observed at 21 d in broilers fed the L1 diet compared to those fed the H2 diet had disappeared by 35 d with long-term stimulation of the P AID with the low NPP level (P < 0.001). Although P AID and growth performance were improved in birds fed the L1L compared to the L1H and H2H treatments, tibia characteristics tended to be lower in birds fed the L1L compared to those fed the L1H treatment. Birds fed the H1M treatment had higher P AID, growth performance and tibia ash content than those fed the H1H treatment. A significant increase in the mRNA levels of several genes encoding Ca and P transporters was observed at 35 d in birds fed the L1 followed by the L diet compared to birds fed the L1 followed by the M diet. In conclusion, chickens are able to adapt to early dietary changes in P and Ca through improvement of digestive efficiency in a later phase, and the extent of the compensation in terms of growth performance and bone mineralization depends on the P and Ca levels in the subsequent diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavière Rousseau
- INRA-UR0083, Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.,MixScience, F-35172 Bruz cedex, France
| | | | - Marie-Pierre Létourneau-Montminy
- Université Laval, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Département des Sciences Animales, Québec, J1M 1Z3, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Même
- INRA-UR0083, Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Estelle Godet
- INRA-UR0083, Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Yves Nys
- INRA-UR0083, Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Agnès Narcy
- INRA-UR0083, Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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Perryman K, Masey O'Neill H, Bedford M, Dozier W. Effects of calcium feeding strategy on true ileal phosphorus digestibility and true phosphorus retention determined with growing broilers. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1077-87. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hosseini SJ, Kermanshahi H, Nassirimoghaddam H, Nabipour A, Mirakzeh MT, Saleh H, Kazemifard M. Effects of 1.25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol and Hydroalcoholic Extract of Withania Coagulans Fruit on Bone Mineralization and Mechanical and Histological Properties of Male Broiler Chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/18069061-2015-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - H Saleh
- Higher Educational Complex of Saravan, Iran
| | - M Kazemifard
- Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University, Irã
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47
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Anwar MN, Ravindran V, Morel PC, Ravindran G, Cowieson AJ. Apparent ileal digestibility of calcium in limestone for broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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48
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Hamdi M, López-Vergé S, Manzanilla E, Barroeta A, Pérez J. Effect of different levels of calcium and phosphorus and their interaction on the performance of young broilers. Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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49
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Anwar M, Ravindran V, Morel P, Ravindran G, Cowieson A. Measurement of true ileal calcium digestibility in meat and bone meal for broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Influence of separate feeding of calcium on nutrient digestibility, energy utilisation and performance of young broilers fed pelleted wheat-based diets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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