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Li Y, Ma R, Hao X. Therapeutic role of PTEN in tissue regeneration for management of neurological disorders: stem cell behaviors to an in-depth review. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:268. [PMID: 38627382 PMCID: PMC11021430 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) represents the initial tumor suppressor gene identified to possess phosphatase activity, governing various cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, migration, metabolic pathways, autophagy, oxidative stress response, and cellular senescence. Current evidence suggests that PTEN is critical for stem cell maintenance, self-renewal, migration, lineage commitment, and differentiation. Based on the latest available evidence, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which PTEN regulates activities of different stem cell populations and influences neurological disorders, encompassing autism, stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review aims to elucidate the therapeutic impacts and mechanisms of PTEN in relation to neurogenesis or the stem cell niche across a range of neurological disorders, offering a foundation for innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at tissue repair and regeneration in neurological disorders. This review unravels novel therapeutic strategies for tissue restoration and regeneration in neurological disorders based on the regulatory mechanisms of PTEN on neurogenesis and the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China.
| | - Ruishuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
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2
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Sun Y, Zhao H, Yang S, Wang G, Zhu L, Sun C, An Y. Urine-derived stem cells: Promising advancements and applications in regenerative medicine and beyond. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27306. [PMID: 38509987 PMCID: PMC10951541 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, stem cells are a prominent focus of regenerative engineering research. However, due to the limitations of commonly used stem cell sources, their application in therapy is often restricted to the experimental stage and constrained by ethical considerations. In contrast, urine-derived stem cells (USCs) offer promising advantages for clinical trials and applications. The noninvasive nature of the collection process allows for repeated retrieval within a short period, making it a more feasible option. Moreover, studies have shown that USCs have a protective effect on organs, promoting vascular regeneration, inhibiting oxidative stress, and reducing inflammation in various acute and chronic organ dysfunctions. The application of USCs has also been enhanced by advancements in biomaterials technology, enabling better targeting and controlled release capabilities. This review aims to summarize the current state of research on USCs, providing insights for future applications in basic and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuguang Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
| | - Guangjie Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
| | - Leijie Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
| | - Chang Sun
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
| | - Youzhong An
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, PR China
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Teles E Silva AL, Yokota BY, Sertié AL, Zampieri BL. Generation of Urine-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Cerebral Organoids for Modeling Down Syndrome. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1116-1123. [PMID: 36652145 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS, or trisomy 21, T21), is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Alterations in the complex process of cerebral cortex development contribute to the neurological deficits in DS, although the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not completely understood. Human cerebral organoids (COs) derived from three-dimensional (3D) cultures of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a new avenue for gaining a better understanding of DS neuropathology. In this study, we aimed to generate iPSCs from individuals with DS (T21-iPSCs) and euploid controls using urine-derived cells, which can be easily and noninvasively obtained from most individuals, and examine their ability to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes grown in monolayer cultures, as well as into 3D COs. We employed nonintegrating episomal vectors to generate urine-derived iPSC lines, and a simple-to-use system to produce COs with forebrain identity. We observed that both T21 and control urine-derived iPSC lines successfully differentiate into neurons and astrocytes in monolayer, as well as into COs that recapitulate early features of human cortical development, including organization of neural progenitor zones, programmed differentiation of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, and upper-and deep-layer cortical neurons as well as astrocytes. Our findings demonstrate for the first time the suitability of using urine-derived iPSC lines to produce COs for modeling DS.
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Baliña-Sánchez C, Aguilera Y, Adán N, Sierra-Párraga JM, Olmedo-Moreno L, Panadero-Morón C, Cabello-Laureano R, Márquez-Vega C, Martín-Montalvo A, Capilla-González V. Generation of mesenchymal stromal cells from urine-derived iPSCs of pediatric brain tumor patients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1022676. [PMID: 36776860 PMCID: PMC9910217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1022676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a virtually inexhaustible source of starting material for next generation cell therapies, offering new opportunities for regenerative medicine. Among different cell sources for the generation of iPSCs, urine cells are clinically relevant since these cells can be repeatedly obtained by non-invasive methods from patients of any age and health condition. These attributes encourage patients to participate in preclinical and clinical research. In particular, the use of urine-derived iPSC products is a convenient strategy for children with brain tumors, which are medically fragile patients. Here, we investigate the feasibility of using urine samples as a source of somatic cells to generate iPSC lines from pediatric patients with brain tumors (BT-iPSC). Urinary epithelial cells were isolated and reprogrammed using non-integrative Sendai virus vectors harboring the Yamanaka factors KLF4, OCT3/4, SOX2 and C-MYC. After reprogramming, BT-iPSC lines were subject to quality assessment and were compared to iPSCs obtained from urine samples of non-tumor pediatric patients (nonT-iPSC). We demonstrated that iPSCs can be successfully derived from a small volume of urine obtained from pediatric patients. Importantly, we showed that BT-iPSCs are equivalent to nonT-iPSCs in terms of morphology, pluripotency, and differentiation capacity into the three germ layers. In addition, both BT-iPSCs and nonT-iPSCs efficiently differentiated into functional mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (iMSC) with immunomodulatory properties. Therefore, this study provides an attractive approach to non-invasively generate personalized iMSC products intended for the treatment of children with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Baliña-Sánchez
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER)-CSIC-US-UPO, Seville, Spain
| | - Yolanda Aguilera
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER)-CSIC-US-UPO, Seville, Spain
| | - Norma Adán
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER)-CSIC-US-UPO, Seville, Spain
| | - Jesús María Sierra-Párraga
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER)-CSIC-US-UPO, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Olmedo-Moreno
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER)-CSIC-US-UPO, Seville, Spain
| | - Concepción Panadero-Morón
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER)-CSIC-US-UPO, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | - Alejandro Martín-Montalvo
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER)-CSIC-US-UPO, Seville, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivian Capilla-González
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy, Andalusian Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine Centre (CABIMER)-CSIC-US-UPO, Seville, Spain,*Correspondence: Vivian Capilla-González,
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Liu C, Helsper S, Marzano M, Chen X, Muok L, Esmonde C, Zeng C, Sun L, Grant SC, Li Y. Human Forebrain Organoid-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Labeling with Iron Oxides for In Vitro Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3060. [PMID: 36551816 PMCID: PMC9775717 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The significant roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as intracellular mediators, disease biomarkers, and therapeutic agents, make them a scientific hotspot. In particular, EVs secreted by human stem cells show significance in treating neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and ischemic stroke. However, the clinical applications of EVs are limited due to their poor targeting capabilities and low therapeutic efficacies after intravenous administration. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles are biocompatible and have been shown to improve the targeting ability of EVs. In particular, ultrasmall SPIO (USPIO, <50 nm) are more suitable for labeling nanoscale EVs due to their small size. In this study, induced forebrain neural progenitor cortical organoids (iNPCo) were differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and the iNPCo expressed FOXG1, Nkx2.1, α-catenin, as well as β-tubulin III. EVs were isolated from iNPCo media, then loaded with USPIOs by sonication. Size and concentration of EV particles were measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis, and no significant changes were observed in size distribution before and after sonication, but the concentration decreased after labeling. miR-21 and miR-133b decreased after sonication. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated contrast visualized for the USPIO labeled EVs embedded in agarose gel phantoms. Upon calculation, USPIO labeled EVs exhibited considerably shorter relaxation times, quantified as T2 and T2* values, reducing the signal intensity and generating higher MRI contrast compared to unlabeled EVs and gel only. Our study demonstrated that USPIO labeling was a feasible approach for in vitro tracking of brain organoid-derived EVs, which paves the way for further in vivo examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Shannon Helsper
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Mark Marzano
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Xingchi Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- High Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Laureana Muok
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Colin Esmonde
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Changchun Zeng
- High Performance Materials Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Samuel C. Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
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Becker L, Fischer F, Fleck JL, Harland N, Herkommer A, Stenzl A, Aicher WK, Schenke-Layland K, Marzi J. Data-Driven Identification of Biomarkers for In Situ Monitoring of Drug Treatment in Bladder Cancer Organoids. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136956. [PMID: 35805961 PMCID: PMC9266781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture recapitulating patient-specific histopathological and molecular diversity offers great promise for precision medicine in cancer. In this study, we established label-free imaging procedures, including Raman microspectroscopy (RMS) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), for in situ cellular analysis and metabolic monitoring of drug treatment efficacy. Primary tumor and urine specimens were utilized to generate bladder cancer organoids, which were further treated with various concentrations of pharmaceutical agents relevant for the treatment of bladder cancer (i.e., cisplatin, venetoclax). Direct cellular response upon drug treatment was monitored by RMS. Raman spectra of treated and untreated bladder cancer organoids were compared using multivariate data analysis to monitor the impact of drugs on subcellular structures such as nuclei and mitochondria based on shifts and intensity changes of specific molecular vibrations. The effects of different drugs on cell metabolism were assessed by the local autofluorophore environment of NADH and FAD, determined by multiexponential fitting of lifetime decays. Data-driven neural network and data validation analyses (k-means clustering) were performed to retrieve additional and non-biased biomarkers for the classification of drug-specific responsiveness. Together, FLIM and RMS allowed for non-invasive and molecular-sensitive monitoring of tumor-drug interactions, providing the potential to determine and optimize patient-specific treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Becker
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.S.-L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Felix Fischer
- Institute of Applied Optics (ITO), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (F.F.); (A.H.)
| | - Julia L. Fleck
- Mines Saint-Etienne, CNRS, UMR 6158 LIMOS, Centre CIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, 42270 Saint Jarez-en-Priest, France;
| | - Niklas Harland
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (N.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Alois Herkommer
- Institute of Applied Optics (ITO), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (F.F.); (A.H.)
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University of Tuebingen Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (N.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Wilhelm K. Aicher
- Center of Medical Research, Department of Urology at UKT, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.S.-L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tueingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Julia Marzi
- Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany; (L.B.); (K.S.-L.)
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies”, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tueingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Deficiency of N-glycanase 1 perturbs neurogenesis and cerebral development modeled by human organoids. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:262. [PMID: 35322011 PMCID: PMC8942998 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04693-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMutations in N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1), which deglycosylates misfolded glycoproteins for degradation, can cause NGLY1 deficiency in patients and their abnormal fetal development in multiple organs, including microcephaly and other neurological disorders. Using cerebral organoids (COs) developed from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), we investigate how NGLY1 dysfunction disturbs early brain development. While NGLY1 loss had limited impact on the undifferentiated cells, COs developed from NGLY1-deficient hESCs showed defective formation of SATB2-positive upper-layer neurons, and attenuation of STAT3 and HES1 signaling critical for sustaining radial glia. Bulk and single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed premature neuronal differentiation accompanied by downregulation of secreted and transcription factors, including TTR, IGFBP2, and ID4 in NGLY1-deficient COs. NGLY1 malfunction also dysregulated ID4 and enhanced neuronal differentiation in CO transplants developed in vivo. NGLY1-deficient CO cells were more vulnerable to multiple stressors; treating the deficient cells with recombinant TTR reduced their susceptibility to stress from proteasome inactivation, likely through LRP2-mediated activation of MAPK signaling. Expressing NGLY1 led to IGFBP2 and ID4 upregulation in CO cells developed from NGLY1-deficiency patient’s hiPSCs. In addition, treatment with recombinant IGFBP2 enhanced ID4 expression, STAT3 signaling, and proliferation of NGLY1-deficient CO cells. Overall, our discoveries suggest that dysregulation of stress responses and neural precursor differentiation underlies the brain abnormalities observed in NGLY1-deficient individuals.
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Hopkins HK, Traverse EM, Barr KL. Methodologies for Generating Brain Organoids to Model Viral Pathogenesis in the CNS. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111510. [PMID: 34832665 PMCID: PMC8625030 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The human brain is of interest in viral research because it is often the target of viruses. Neurological infections can result in consequences in the CNS, which can result in death or lifelong sequelae. Organoids modeling the CNS are notable because they are derived from stem cells that differentiate into specific brain cells such as neural progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, and glial cells. Numerous protocols have been developed for the generation of CNS organoids, and our goal was to describe the various CNS organoid models available for viral pathogenesis research to serve as a guide to determine which protocol might be appropriate based on research goal, timeframe, and budget. (2) Methods: Articles for this review were found in Pubmed, Scopus and EMBASE. The search terms used were "brain + organoid" and "CNS + organoid" (3) Results: There are two main methods for organoid generation, and the length of time for organoid generation varied from 28 days to over 2 months. The costs for generating a population of organoids ranged from USD 1000 to 5000. (4) Conclusions: There are numerous methods for generating organoids representing multiple regions of the brain, with several types of modifications for fine-tuning the model to a researcher's specifications. Organoid models of the CNS can serve as a platform for characterization and mechanistic studies that can reduce or eliminate the use of animals, especially for viruses that only cause disease in the human CNS.
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Ray A, Joshi JM, Sundaravadivelu PK, Raina K, Lenka N, Kaveeshwar V, Thummer RP. An Overview on Promising Somatic Cell Sources Utilized for the Efficient Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1954-1974. [PMID: 34100193 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in understanding developmental biology, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. The initial human iPSC studies used fibroblasts as a starting cell source to reprogram them; however, it has been identified to be a less appealing somatic cell source by numerous studies due to various reasons. One of the important criteria to achieve efficient reprogramming is determining an appropriate starting somatic cell type to induce pluripotency since the cellular source has a major influence on the reprogramming efficiency, kinetics, and quality of iPSCs. Therefore, numerous groups have explored various somatic cell sources to identify the promising sources for reprogramming into iPSCs with different reprogramming factor combinations. This review provides an overview of promising easily accessible somatic cell sources isolated in non-invasive or minimally invasive manner such as keratinocytes, urine cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells used for the generation of human iPSCs derived from healthy and diseased subjects. Notably, iPSCs generated from one of these cell types derived from the patient will offer ethical and clinical advantages. In addition, these promising somatic cell sources have the potential to efficiently generate bona fide iPSCs with improved reprogramming efficiency and faster kinetics. This knowledge will help in establishing strategies for safe and efficient reprogramming and the generation of patient-specific iPSCs from these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ray
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Jahnavy Madhukar Joshi
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, 580009, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sundaravadivelu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Khyati Raina
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nibedita Lenka
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune - 411007, Ganeshkhind, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishwas Kaveeshwar
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, 580009, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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