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Morecroft R, Phillipps J, Zhou A, Butt O, Khaddour K, Johanns T, Ansstas G. Case report: Increased efficacy of cetuximab after pembrolizumab failure in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1385094. [PMID: 38779101 PMCID: PMC11109434 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1385094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the first-line option for treating advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). However, up to half of patients experience no benefit and treatment resistance, warranting newer therapeutic approaches. Combinatory approaches, including cetuximab, may help overcome immunotherapy resistance and improve response rates in advanced cSCC. We report three cases of metastatic cSCC that achieved significant clinical responses after cetuximab therapy following initial progression on pembrolizumab. We have retrospectively reviewed these cases at a single academic center between 2018 and 2023. All patients initially progressed on pembrolizumab, after which cetuximab (mono- or combination therapy) was added with two complete responses and one partial response. Initial responses were noted within 2 to 7 months of starting cetuximab. While the benefit of cetuximab and immunotherapy in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma has growing evidence, information regarding cSCC remains limited. This study adds three cases to the underreported literature on treating advanced cSCC with cetuximab after initially failing immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Morecroft
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jordan Phillipps
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Alice Zhou
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Omar Butt
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Karam Khaddour
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tanner Johanns
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - George Ansstas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Jiang R, Fritz M, Que SKT. Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Updated Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1800. [PMID: 38791879 PMCID: PMC11119634 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Representing the second most common skin cancer, the incidence and disease burden of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) continues to increase. Surgical excision of the primary site effectively cures the majority of cSCC cases. However, an aggressive subset of cSCC persists with clinicopathological features that are indicative of higher recurrence, metastasis, and mortality risks. Acceleration of these features is driven by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The past several years have seen remarkable progress in shaping the treatment landscape for advanced cSCC. Risk stratification and clinical management is a top priority. This review provides an overview of the current perspectives on cSCC with a focus on staging, treatment, and maintenance strategies, along with future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Mike Fritz
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Syril Keena T. Que
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
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3
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Buruiană A, Gheban BA, Gheban-Roșca IA, Georgiu C, Crișan D, Crișan M. The Tumor Stroma of Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Complex Environment That Fuels Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1727. [PMID: 38730679 PMCID: PMC11083853 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME), a complex assembly of cellular and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, plays a crucial role in driving tumor progression, shaping treatment responses, and influencing metastasis. This narrative review focuses on the cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) tumor stroma, highlighting its key constituents and their dynamic contributions. We examine how significant changes within the cSCC ECM-specifically, alterations in fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, laminins, proteoglycans, and collagens-promote cancer progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. The cellular composition of the cSCC TME is also explored, detailing the intricate interplay of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial cells, pericytes, adipocytes, and various immune cell populations. These diverse players modulate tumor development, angiogenesis, and immune responses. Finally, we emphasize the TME's potential as a therapeutic target. Emerging strategies discussed in this review include harnessing the immune system (adoptive cell transfer, checkpoint blockade), hindering tumor angiogenesis, disrupting CAF activity, and manipulating ECM components. These approaches underscore the vital role that deciphering TME interactions plays in advancing cSCC therapy. Further research illuminating these complex relationships will uncover new avenues for developing more effective treatments for cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Buruiană
- Department of Pathology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.B.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Alexandru Gheban
- Department of Histology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana-Andreea Gheban-Roșca
- Department of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400129 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Carmen Georgiu
- Department of Pathology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.B.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Doința Crișan
- Department of Pathology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.B.); (C.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Maria Crișan
- Department of Histology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Conley J, Perry JR, Ashford B, Ranson M. Ex vivo therapeutic screening of metastatic cSCC: A review of methodological considerations for clinical implementation. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15089. [PMID: 38659312 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common malignancy worldwide, with most deaths caused by locally advanced and metastatic disease. Treatment of resectable metastases is typically limited to invasive surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy; however, many patients fail to respond and there is minimal data to predict response or propose effective alternatives. Precision medicine could improve this, though genomic biomarkers remain elusive in the high mutational background and genomic complexity of cSCC. A phenotypic approach to precision medicine using patient-derived ex vivo tumour models is gaining favour for its capacity to directly assess biological responses to therapeutics as a functional, predictive biomarker. However, the use of ex vivo models for guiding therapeutic selection has yet to be employed for metastatic cSCC. This review will therefore evaluate the existing experimental models of metastatic cSCC and discuss how ex vivo methods could overcome the shortcomings of these existing models. Disease-specific considerations for a prospective methodological pipeline will also be discussed in the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Conley
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jay R Perry
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Christensen RL, Wiinberg M, Lerche CM, Demehri S, Olesen UH, Haedersdal M. Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with adjuvant ablative fractional laser displays increased tumour clearance of squamous cell carcinoma, a murine study. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15013. [PMID: 38414090 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors are used as systemic immunotherapy for locally advanced and metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); however, improved treatment efficacy is urgently needed. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of combining systemic anti-PD-1 treatment with adjuvant ablative fractional laser (AFL) in a spontaneous SCC mouse model. Tumours induced by ultraviolet radiation in the strain C3.Cg-Hrhr /TifBomTac were divided into four groups: anti-PD-1-antibody+AFL (n = 33), AFL alone (n = 22) anti-PD-1-antibody alone (n = 31) and untreated controls (n = 46). AFL was given at Day 0 (100 mJ/mb, 5% density), while anti-PD-1-antibody (ip, 200 μg) at Days 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8. Response to treatment was evaluated by tumour growth, survival time and by dividing response to treatment into complete responders (clinically cleared tumours), partial responders (reduced tumour growth rate compared to untreated controls) and non-responders (no decrease in tumour growth rate compared to untreated controls). The strongest tumour response was observed following the combination of systemic anti-PD-1 treatment combined with laser exposure, resulting in the highest percentage of complete responders (24%) compared with untreated controls (0%, p < 0.01), AFL monotherapy (13%, p > 0.05) and anti-PD-1-antibody monotherapy (3%, p > 0.05). Moreover, all three treatment interventions demonstrated significantly reduced tumour growth rates compared with untreated controls (p < 0.01), and the mice had significantly longer survival times (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the combination treatment revealed an improved treatment effect that significantly enhanced the complete tumour clearance not observed with the monotherapies, indicating a possible additive effect of anti-PD-1 with adjuvant AFL in treatment of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Louise Christensen
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Wiinberg
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Catharina Margrethe Lerche
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shadmehr Demehri
- Center for Cancer Immunology and Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Uffe Høgh Olesen
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merete Haedersdal
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chang CT, Chen YH, Shyur LF. Phytocompounds from essential oil of Mentha aquatica L. cv. Lime prevent vemurafenib-promoted skin carcinogenesis via inhibiting HRAS Q61L keratinocytes and reprogramming macrophage activities. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155161. [PMID: 37939409 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twenty to thirty percent of patients taking BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib (PLX4032) for melanoma develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. PURPOSE This study aimed to elucidate the chemopreventive effect of essential oil from Mentha aquatica L. cv. Lime (EO) and its major constituents, limonene and carvone (L + C) that made up 45.68% of the EO, against PLX4032-induced cutaneous side effects. METHODS PLX4032 accelerated skin papilloma formation and keratinocyte HRAS mutation in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced two-stage skin carcinogenesis mouse model was used to evaluate the in vivo bioefficacy of EO and L + C. The effects and molecular mechanisms of EO and L + C on deregulating mouse PDVHRASQ61L keratinocyte activities were demonstrated using a spectrum of bioactivity assays, western blotting, immunochemistry, and keratinocyte-macrophage co-culture assay. RESULTS Treatment with EO suppressed colony formation ability, cell migration, invasion, and induced G2/M cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in PDVHRASQ61L keratinocytes, and L + C treatment inhibited colony formation, cell migration and invasion of PDV cells. In mouse skin irritated with DMBA/TPA (DT group) or DMBA/TPA with PLX4032 (DTP group), topical application of EO and L + C significantly delayed papilloma appearance and reduced papilloma incidence compared to DT or DTP controls. Histopathology results showed that EO and L + C treatment attenuated K14+ keratinocyte proliferation and paradoxical MAPK activation, and shifted the macrophage population from M2 (CD163+) to M1 (iNOS+) in the mouse skin microenvironment. The conditioned medium of EO or L + C pre-treated PDV keratinocytes promoted M0 macrophages to differentiate from THP-1 cells into M1-like macrophages. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that EO and L + C in combination prevent PLX4032-induced cutaneous side-effects and skin carcinogenesis in mice through reprogramming the macrophage cell population and inhibiting keratinocyte activity. Both mint EO and the natural products L + C can be considered to be effective chemopreventive agents that might be useful in reducing cutaneous lesions in human patients administrated with BRAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ting Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- Taichung District Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Changhua 515, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; PhD Program in Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 401, Taiwan.
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7
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Bommakanti KK, Kosaraju N, Tam K, Chai-Ho W, St John M. Management of Cutaneous Head and Neck Squamous and Basal Cell Carcinomas for Immunocompromised Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3348. [PMID: 37444461 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) continues to rise, and more than one million cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. The increase in prevalence has been attributed to increased lifespan and improvements in survival for conditions that increase the risk of these malignancies. Patients who are immunocompromised have a higher risk of developing NMSC compared to the general population. In immunosuppressed patients, a combination of prevention, frequent surveillance, and early intervention are necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality. In this review, we collate and summarize current knowledge regarding pathogenesis of head and neck cutaneous SCC and BCC within immunocompromised patients, examine the potential role of the immune response in disease progression, and detail the role of novel immunotherapies in this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K Bommakanti
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
- UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program (HNCP), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
| | - Nikitha Kosaraju
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
| | - Kenric Tam
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
- UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program (HNCP), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
| | - Wanxing Chai-Ho
- UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program (HNCP), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
| | - Maie St John
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
- UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program (HNCP), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
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Chiang E, Stafford H, Buell J, Ramesh U, Amit M, Nagarajan P, Migden M, Yaniv D. Review of the Tumor Microenvironment in Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2453. [PMID: 37173918 PMCID: PMC10177565 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely known that tumor cells of basal and squamous cell carcinoma interact with the cellular and acellular components of the tumor microenvironment to promote tumor growth and progression. While this environment differs for basal and squamous cell carcinoma, the cellular players within both create an immunosuppressed environment by downregulating effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and promoting the release of pro-oncogenic Th2 cytokines. Understanding the crosstalk that occurs within the tumor microenvironment has led to the development of immunotherapeutic agents, including vismodegib and cemiplimab to treat BCC and SCC, respectively. However, further investigation of the TME will provide the opportunity to discover novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Chiang
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haleigh Stafford
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jane Buell
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Uma Ramesh
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Moran Amit
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Migden
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dan Yaniv
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
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Fujimura T. Stromal Factors as a Target for Immunotherapy in Melanoma and Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074044. [PMID: 35409404 PMCID: PMC8999844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1) antibodies (Abs) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 (CTLA4) Abs, have been widely administered for not only advanced melanoma, but also various non-melanoma skin cancers. Since profiles of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) play important roles in immunotherapy using ICIs, it is important to evaluate cancer stromal cells such as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as well as stromal extracellular matrix protein, to predict the efficacy of ICIs. This review article focuses particularly on TAMs and related factors. Among TILs, TAMs and their related factors could be the optimal biomarkers for immunotherapy such as anti-PD1 Ab therapy. According to the studies presented, TAM-targeting therapies for advanced melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer will develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Fujimura
- Department of Dermatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Maeda T, Hiura A, Uehara J, Toyoshima R, Nakagawa T, Yoshino K. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with survival and sentinel lymph node positivity in invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A retrospective study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:615-620. [PMID: 34715284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a known prognostic biomarker for survival and is predictive of sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity in some cancers. However, its usefulness as a prognostic biomarker for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the relationship between the NLR and the disease-specific survival and SLN positivity in patients with cSCC. METHODS In this single-center retrospective case series, we analyzed patients with cSCC who underwent blood tests prior to the initiation of treatment at our oncology hospital. The relationship between the patients' clinical characteristics (including the NLR) and the disease-specific survival and SLN positivity was evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS An elevated NLR was an independent prognostic factor for poor disease-specific survival and a predictive factor for SLN positivity. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the small number of participants and selection bias due to the large proportion of high-risk cases in our patient population. CONCLUSION NLR is a useful biomarker in cSCC because it is simple to measure and can predict prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Maeda
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Azusa Hiura
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiro Uehara
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rino Toyoshima
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoe Nakagawa
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshino
- Department of Dermatologic Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Piipponen M, Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Kähäri VM. The Role of p53 in Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184507. [PMID: 34572732 PMCID: PMC8466956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common types of cancer worldwide, and their incidence is increasing. Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the three major types of skin cancer. Melanoma originates from melanocytes, whereas BCC and cSCC originate from epidermal keratinocytes and are therefore called keratinocyte carcinomas. Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a common risk factor for skin cancers, but they differ with respect to oncogenic mutational profiles and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. cSCC is the most common metastatic skin cancer, and it is associated with poor prognosis in the advanced stage. An important early event in cSCC development is mutation of the TP53 gene and inactivation of the tumor suppressor function of the tumor protein 53 gene (TP53) in epidermal keratinocytes, which then leads to accumulation of additional oncogenic mutations. Additional genomic and proteomic alterations are required for the progression of premalignant lesion, actinic keratosis, to invasive and metastatic cSCC. Recently, the role of p53 in the invasion of cSCC has also been elucidated. In this review, the role of p53 in the progression of cSCC and as potential new therapeutic target for cSCC will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Piipponen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Dermatology and Venereology Division, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2-3131600
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12
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Warnig C, Wollina U. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region: A single center analysis of 1296 tumors with clinical characteristics, comorbidities, treatment, and sun-protection behavior. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14992. [PMID: 34009659 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common non-melanoma skin cancer among Caucasians. We analyzed our data on tumors been treated between 2006 and 2016 at the Skin Cancer Center of an academic teaching hospital. Thousand hundred and ninety-four patients with 1296 SCC have been identified including 804 males (67.3%) and 390 females (32.7%). The mean age among females was significantly higher with (83.9 ± 7.9) years compared with males ([79.3 ± 8.1] years; P < .001). The most common tumor localizations were outer ears (n = 227, 17.5%), scalp (216, 16.7%), and forehead (215, 16.6%). The majority of tumors was stage I. 31.9% of patients had previous SCC or Bowen's cancer, 29.1% had actinic keratoses. Major non-dermatological comorbidities were cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. SCC were treated by delayed Mohs surgery. First Mohs procedure resulted in R0 status in 83.9%. Most cases with R1 resection were located on nose and eyelids. For a subpopulation of patients (n = 105), a structured questionnaire study evaluated changes in sun protection behavior after skin cancer. After the confirmed diagnosis of a cutaneous SCC concerns about harm to the skin by intense sunlight was reported by 78.4% (76) of participants, with 92.0% among females versus 73.6% among males. Eighty percent of females and 76.8% of males wanted to care more about sun-protection in the future, spend less time 84.0% (females) and 72.5% (males) in the sun, and adapt their leisure activities for a better sun protection in 92.0% (females) and 81.9% (males). Secondary prevention in males needs improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Warnig
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital, Dresden, Germany
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Venables ZC. Icelandic study of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) epidemiology highlights the worldwide burden of disease and challenges of in situ and invasive cSCC registry data. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:477-478. [PMID: 34060067 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z C Venables
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.,National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, London, UK
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