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Palese F, Rakotobe M, Zurzolo C. Transforming the concept of connectivity: unveiling tunneling nanotube biology and their roles in brain development and neurodegeneration. Physiol Rev 2025; 105:1823-1865. [PMID: 40067081 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025] Open
Abstract
Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are thin tubular membrane protrusions that connect distant cells, generating a complex cellular network. Over the past few decades, research on TNTs has provided important insights into their biology, including structural composition, formation mechanisms, modulators, and functionality. It has been discovered that TNTs allow cytoplasmic continuity between connected cells, facilitating fast intercellular communication via both passive and active exchange of materials. These features are pivotal in the nervous system, where rapid processing of inputs is physiologically required. TNTs have been implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer in various in vitro models, and TNT-like structures have also been observed in the developing brain and in vivo. This highlights their significant role in pathophysiological processes. In this comprehensive review we aim to provide an extensive overview of TNTs, starting from key structural features and mechanisms of formation and describing the main experimental techniques used to detect these structures both in vitro and in vivo. We focus primarily on the nervous system, where the discovery of TNTs could prompt a reconsideration of the brain functioning as individual units (the neuronal theory of Cajal) versus neurons being physically connected, as Golgi believed. We illustrate the involvement of TNTs in brain development and neurodegenerative states and highlight the limitations and future research needs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Palese
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3691, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Paris, France
| | - Malalaniaina Rakotobe
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3691, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Paris, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3691, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis, Paris, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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2
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Cheng MH, Wang HH, Hua MDS, Kuo HF, Lin ZJ, Hsieh CC, Hsu CH, Li CY, Wang SC, Chen YH, Wu SH, Liu WL, Liu PL. Magnolol facilitates mitochondrial-peroxisome dysfunction and induces oxeiptosis in lung cancer cells following transfer via tunneling nanotubes. Biomed Pharmacother 2025; 187:118126. [PMID: 40347844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2025] [Revised: 04/25/2025] [Accepted: 04/30/2025] [Indexed: 05/14/2025] Open
Abstract
Recent therapeutic advances have improved survival rates for patients with lung cancer. However, drug resistance remains a significant challenge and is closely linked to mitochondrial alterations in lung cancer cells. Magnolol, a compound extracted from Magnolia officinalis, has anti-cancer properties. However, its impact on mitochondria in cancer cells remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of Magnolol in lung cancer and elucidate its effects on mitochondria in lung cancer cells. The effects of Magnolol on lung cancer were studied using xenograft mouse studies and in vitro analyses. Magnolol promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits the antioxidant pathway in cancer cells. This disruption further impairs redox interactions between mitochondria and peroxisome, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and mitocytosis. Additionally, Magnolol activates oxeiptosis, facilitating intercellular transport of damaged mitochondria and peroxisomes via tunneling nanotubes. The increased fusion of mitochondria may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, promote the accumulation of dysfunctional peroxisomes in recipient cells, and elevate ROS levels. In turn, this process enhances oxeiptosis, ultimately inhibiting tumour progression. These findings suggest that Magnolol may serve as a promising targeted therapeutic for disrupting mitochondrial function in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Cheng
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mo Da-Sang Hua
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsuan-Fu Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Gangshan Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zi-Jing Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chong-Chao Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC; Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Hsin Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Yang Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Chi Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Szu-Hui Wu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Lun Liu
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 243, Taiwan, ROC; Data Science Center, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 242, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Po-Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC.
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3
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Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Li J, Su Y. ZC3H12D gene expression exhibits dual effects on the development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2025; 15:17234. [PMID: 40383849 PMCID: PMC12086231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-02163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2025] [Indexed: 05/20/2025] Open
Abstract
While precision oncology requires robust biomarkers, current predictors for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) often show limited clinical utility. This study investigates the multifaceted roles of ZC3H12D, a novel immunomodulatory molecule, in LUAD progression and tumor microenvironment regulation. Multi-omics analyses integrated ZC3H12D transcriptomic (511 tumors vs 59 normals), proteomic (74 tumors vs 69 normals), and single-cell RNA-seq data (15 tumors vs 11 normals). Immunohistochemistry validated ZC3H12D expression in 51 matched pairs. Computational biology approaches assessed immune infiltration, genomic instability (TMB/MSI/HRD), and pathway enrichment. Functional validation employed ZC3H12D knockdown in PC9 cells with colony formation and transwell assays. Multi-omics verification confirmed ZC3H12D upregulation in LUAD at both mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.001), with single-cell resolution revealing predominant localization in tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Moreover, ZC3H12D expression positively correlated with immune regulatory genes while inversely associating with genes involved in cellular respiration. Its expression was also linked to clinical markers such as TMB, MSI, HRD, tumor purity, and ploidy. Notably, high ZC3H12D expression revealed Immune-infiltrated microenvironment and favorable prognosis, despite silencing ZC3H12D resulted in significant inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and invasion in vitro (p < 0.001). Our findings demonstrate that high ZC3H12D expression in immune cells appears to enhance antitumor immune activity, whereas lower expression in malignant cells contributes to reduced cellular proliferation and migration. This spatial duality challenges conventional biomarker paradigms and provides mechanistic insights for developing cell type-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, NO.1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Yuhuan Zhang
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Companion Diagnostics, Jiaxing Yunying Medical Inspection Co., Ltd, No.153 Huixin Road, Nanhu, Jiaxing, 314033, China
- Department of R&D, Shanghai Yunying Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, No.518 Xinzhuan Road, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201612, China
| | - Jieyi Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Companion Diagnostics, Jiaxing Yunying Medical Inspection Co., Ltd, No.153 Huixin Road, Nanhu, Jiaxing, 314033, China.
- Department of R&D, Shanghai Yunying Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, No.518 Xinzhuan Road, Songjiang, Shanghai, 201612, China.
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, NO.1 East Banshan Road, Gongshu, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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Rivera B, Aroca C, González B, Guzmán N, Letelier P, Uribe P, Fornés M, Villegas JV, Boguen R. Bacteria-Mediated Anomalous Rho GTPase Activation Alters Sperm Structure and Provokes Premature Capacitation Events: A Possible Mechanism of Infertility. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:3783. [PMID: 40332456 PMCID: PMC12028253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26083783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2025] [Revised: 02/01/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025] Open
Abstract
Male infertility is often linked to sperm quality issues; however, the mechanisms behind these alterations remain unclear in certain contexts. This study investigates the impact of anomalous Rho GTPase activation-a process triggered by bacterial toxins-on human sperm structure and function. Human spermatozoa were exposed in vitro to a Rho GTPase activator derived from Escherichia coli under both capacitating and non-capacitating conditions. The results showed increased RhoA GTPase activity in non-capacitating conditions, without affecting viability or mitochondrial membrane potential. However, progressive motility decreased across both conditions, while non-progressive motility and acrosome reaction rates increased. Additionally, intracellular calcium levels rose exclusively in non-capacitating conditions. Structural analysis revealed an increase in abnormal sperm morphology, particularly vacuoles in the sperm head. These findings highlight that anomalous Rho GTPase activation disrupts essential processes like motility and capacitation, which are crucial for successful fertilization. This study provides novel insights into how bacterial infections may induce sperm damage, proposing that Rho GTPase activity could serve as a biomarker for evaluating sperm quality in cases of infertility linked to urogenital infections. Understanding these mechanisms may improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for male infertility associated with bacterial pathogens. Human spermatozoa were exposed in vitro to a Rho GTPase activator derived from Escherichia coli under both capacitating and non-capacitating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (B.R.); (C.A.); (B.G.); (N.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Claudia Aroca
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (B.R.); (C.A.); (B.G.); (N.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Braian González
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (B.R.); (C.A.); (B.G.); (N.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Neftalí Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (B.R.); (C.A.); (B.G.); (N.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Pablo Letelier
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (B.R.); (C.A.); (B.G.); (N.G.); (P.L.)
| | - Pamela Uribe
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (P.U.); (J.V.V.)
| | - Miguel Fornés
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Andrología de Mendoza, Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Departamento de Morfología y fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza M5500, Argentina;
| | - Juana Valentina Villegas
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (P.U.); (J.V.V.)
| | - Rodrigo Boguen
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Salud de Precisión, Departamento de Procesos Diagnósticos y Evaluación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (B.R.); (C.A.); (B.G.); (N.G.); (P.L.)
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5
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Ji Y, Lin Y, He J, Xie Y, An W, Luo X, Qiao X, Li Z. Research progress of mitochondria and cytoskeleton crosstalk in tumour development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2025; 1880:189254. [PMID: 39732178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/24/2024] [Indexed: 12/30/2024]
Abstract
During tumour progression, organelle function undergoes dramatic changes, and crosstalk among organelles plays a significant role. Crosstalk between mitochondria and other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoskeleton has focussed attention on the mechanisms of tumourigenesis. This review demonstrates an overview of the molecular structure of the mitochondrial-cytoskeletal junction and its biological interactions. It also presents a detailed and comprehensive description of mitochondrial-cytoskeletal crosstalk in tumour occurrence and development, including tumour cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolic rearrangement, and metastasis. Finally, the application of crosstalk in tumour therapy, including drug combinations and chemoresistance, is discussed. This review offers a theoretical basis for establishing mitochondrial-cytoskeletal junctions as therapeutic targets, and offers novel insights into the future management of malignant tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ji
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yingchi Lin
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China; Provincial key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China; Clinical Cancer Research Center of Shenyang, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wenmin An
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xinyu Luo
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Department of Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China; Department of Central Laboratory, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Zhenning Li
- Department of Oromaxillofacial-Head and Neck Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang 110002, Liaoning Province, China.
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6
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Chen F, Xue Y, Zhang W, Zhou H, Zhou Z, Chen T, YinWang E, Li H, Ye Z, Gao J, Wang S. The role of mitochondria in tumor metastasis and advances in mitochondria-targeted cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:1419-1443. [PMID: 39307891 PMCID: PMC11554835 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central actors in diverse physiological phenomena ranging from energy metabolism to stress signaling and immune modulation. Accumulating scientific evidence points to the critical involvement of specific mitochondrial-associated events, including mitochondrial quality control, intercellular mitochondrial transfer, and mitochondrial genetics, in potentiating the metastatic cascade of neoplastic cells. Furthermore, numerous recent studies have consistently emphasized the highly significant role mitochondria play in coordinating the regulation of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and immunotherapeutic interventions. This review provides a comprehensive and rigorous scholarly investigation of this subject matter, exploring the intricate mechanisms by which mitochondria contribute to tumor metastasis and examining the progress of mitochondria-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yucheng Xue
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyi Zhou
- The First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Eloy YinWang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hengyuan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoming Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China.
- Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Junjie Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China.
- Institute of Orthopedic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Motor System Disease Research and Precision Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Kuo FC, Chen PC, You SY, Tsai CC, Tsai HY, Liu CJ, Wu DC, Lin MW, Huang B. Transplanting mitochondria from gastric epithelial cells reduces the malignancy of gastric cancer. Mitochondrion 2024; 78:101939. [PMID: 39067839 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for energy supplementation and metabolic homeostasis of cancer cells. Using mitochondria transplantation to reduce the malignancy of gastric cancer (GC) cells is herein proposed. In our study normal human gastric mucous epithelium cell line (GES-1) showed a lower mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) compared to immortalized human vascular endothelial cell line (EAhy 926) and human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS). The transplantation of GES-1 mitochondria to AGS were confirmed both by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. After transplanting GES-1 mitochondria, the AGS showed a reduced cell migration, and invasion without affecting cell viability and apoptosis. Investigating the expression of proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), transplanted GES-1 mitochondria reduced the expression of mesenchymal markers α-SMA, MMP-9, snail, vimentin and N-cadherin, whereas the epithelial markers E-cadherin and clauding-1 were not changed. The proteins implicated in the cell cycle such as cyclin B1 and D1 were decreased. In mice, inoculation with AGS carrying the transplanted GES-1 mitochondria resulted in smaller sized tumors. Further investigating the mitochondrial balance, the transplanted GES-1 mitochondria were more stably preserved compared to endogenous AGS mitochondria. The MMP, ATP production and mitochondrial mass decreased in GES-1 mitochondria and the mitophagic proteins LC3 II and PINK1 were up-regulated. In conclusion the decreased malignancy of AGS was a result of exogenous GES-1 mitochondria transplantation. This suggests for a therapy with low efficiency mitochondria transplantation in the treatment of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chen Kuo
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chen Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu You
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chung Tsai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jung Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Gangshan Hospital, Kaohsiung 820, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wei Lin
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital/E-Da Cancer Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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8
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Marabitti V, Vulpis E, Nazio F, Campello S. Mitochondrial Transfer as a Strategy for Enhancing Cancer Cell Fitness:Current Insights and Future Directions. Pharmacol Res 2024; 208:107382. [PMID: 39218420 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
It is now recognized that tumors are not merely masses of transformed cells but are intricately interconnected with healthy cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), forming complex and heterogeneous structures. Recent studies discovered that cancer cells can steal mitochondria from healthy cells to empower themselves, while reducing the functions of their target organ. Mitochondrial transfer, i.e. the intercellular movement of mitochondria, is recently emerging as a novel process in cancer biology, contributing to tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to therapy by shaping the metabolic landscape of the tumor microenvironment. This review highlights the influence of transferred mitochondria on cancer bioenergetics, redox balance and apoptotic resistance, which collectively foster aggressive cancer phenotype. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of mitochondrial transfer are discussed, emphasizing the potential of targeting these pathways to overcome drug resistance and improve treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Marabitti
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vulpis
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Francesca Nazio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Silvia Campello
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy.
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Bai M, Cui Y, Sang Z, Gao S, Zhao H, Mei X. Zinc ions regulate mitochondrial quality control in neurons under oxidative stress and reduce PANoptosis in spinal cord injury models via the Lgals3-Bax pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 221:169-180. [PMID: 38782079 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a serious traumatic nervous system disorder characterized by extensive neuronal apoptosis. Oxidative stress, a key factor in neuronal apoptosis, leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, making mitochondrial quality control within cells crucial. Previous studies have demonstrated zinc's anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties in protecting mitochondria during spinal cord injury treatment, yet the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Single-cell sequencing analysis has identified Lgals3 and Bax as core genes in apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate whether zinc ions protect intracellular mitochondria by inhibiting the apoptotic proteins Lgals3 and Bax. We elucidated zinc ions' key role in mitigating mitochondrial quality control dysfunction triggered by oxidative stress and confirmed this was achieved by targeting the Lgals3-Bax pathway. Zinc's inhibitory effect on this pathway not only preserved mitochondrial integrity but also significantly reduced PANoptosis after spinal cord injury. Under oxidative stress, zinc ion regulation of mitochondrial quality control reveals an organelle-targeted therapeutic strategy, offering a novel approach for more precise treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Bai
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Cui
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Zelin Sang
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering, China
| | - Haosen Zhao
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering, China; Liaoning Provincial Clinical Research Center for Bone Tissue Engineering, China; Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Development, China.
| | - Xifan Mei
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering, China; Liaoning Provincial Clinical Research Center for Bone Tissue Engineering, China; Liaoning Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Medical Testing and Drug Development, China.
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10
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Bailly C, Degand C, Laine W, Sauzeau V, Kluza J. Implication of Rac1 GTPase in molecular and cellular mitochondrial functions. Life Sci 2024; 342:122510. [PMID: 38387701 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Rac1 is a member of the Rho GTPase family which plays major roles in cell mobility, polarity and migration, as a fundamental regulator of actin cytoskeleton. Signal transduction by Rac1 occurs through interaction with multiple effector proteins, and its activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). The small protein is mainly anchored to the inner side of the plasma membrane but it can be found in endocellular compartments, notably endosomes and cell nuclei. The protein localizes also into mitochondria where it contributes to the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, including both mitobiogenesis and mitophagy, in addition to signaling processes via different protein partners, such as the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2 and chaperone sigma-1 receptor (σ-1R). The mitochondrial form of Rac1 (mtRac1) has been understudied thus far, but it is as essential as the nuclear or plasma membrane forms, via its implication in regulation of oxidative stress and DNA damages. Rac1 is subject to diverse post-translational modifications, notably to a geranylgeranylation which contributes importantly to its mitochondrial import and its anchorage to mitochondrial membranes. In addition, Rac1 contributes to the mitochondrial translocation of other proteins, such as p53. The mitochondrial localization and functions of Rac1 are discussed here, notably in the context of human diseases such as cancers. Inhibitors of Rac1 have been identified (NSC-23766, EHT-1864) and some are being developed for the treatment of cancer (MBQ-167) or central nervous system diseases (JK-50561). Their effects on mtRac1 warrant further investigations. An overview of mtRac1 is provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bailly
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; University of Lille, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), 3 rue du Professeur Laguesse, 59000 Lille, France; OncoWitan, Consulting Scientific Office, Lille (Wasquehal) 59290, France.
| | - Claire Degand
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - William Laine
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Vincent Sauzeau
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Kluza
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020 - UMR1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
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11
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Jing M, Xiong X, Mao X, Song Q, Zhang L, Ouyang Y, Pang Y, Fu Y, Yan W. HMGB1 promotes mitochondrial transfer between hepatocellular carcinoma cells through RHOT1 and RAC1 under hypoxia. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:155. [PMID: 38378644 PMCID: PMC10879213 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial transfer plays an important role in various diseases, and many mitochondrial biological functions can be regulated by HMGB1. To explore the role of mitochondrial transfer in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with HMGB1, field emission scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry were used to detect the mitochondrial transfer between HCC cells. We found that mitochondrial transfer between HCC cells was confirmed using tunnel nanotubes (TNTs). The transfer of mitochondria from the highly invasive HCC cells to the less invasive HCC cells could enhance the migration and invasion ability of the latter. The hypoxic conditions increased the mitochondrial transfer between HCC cells. Then the mechanism was identified using co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase reporter assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. We found that RHOT1, a mitochondrial transport protein, promoted mitochondrial transfer and the migration and metastasis of HCC cells during this process. Under hypoxia, HMGB1 further regulated RHOT1 expression by increasing the expression of NFYA and NFYC subunits of the NF-Y complex. RAC1, a protein associated with TNTs formation, promoted mitochondrial transfer and HCC development. Besides, HMGB1 regulated RAC1 aggregation to the cell membrane under hypoxia. Finally, the changes and significance of related molecules in clinical samples of HCC were analyzed using bioinformatics and tissue microarray analyses. We found that HCC patients with high HMGB1, RHOT1, or RAC1 expression exhibited a relatively shorter overall survival period. In conclusion, under hypoxic conditions, HMGB1 promoted mitochondrial transfer and migration and invasion of HCC cells by increasing the expression of mitochondrial transport protein RHOT1 and TNTs formation-related protein RAC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjia Jing
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qianben Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lumiao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yiming Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yingzhi Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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12
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Peng X, Zheng J, Liu T, Zhou Z, Song C, Geng Y, Wang Z, Huang Y. Tumor Microenvironment Heterogeneity, Potential Therapeutic Avenues, and Emerging Therapies. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2024; 24:288-307. [PMID: 37537777 DOI: 10.2174/1568009623666230712095021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review describes the comprehensive portrait of tumor microenvironment (TME). Additionally, we provided a panoramic perspective on the transformation and functions of the diverse constituents in TME, and the underlying mechanisms of drug resistance, beginning with the immune cells and metabolic dynamics within TME. Lastly, we summarized the most auspicious potential therapeutic strategies. RESULTS TME is a unique realm crafted by malignant cells to withstand the onslaught of endogenous and exogenous therapies. Recent research has revealed many small-molecule immunotherapies exhibiting auspicious outcomes in preclinical investigations. Furthermore, some pro-immune mechanisms have emerged as a potential avenue. With the advent of nanosystems and precision targeting, targeted therapy has now transcended the "comfort zone" erected by cancer cells within TME. CONCLUSION The ceaseless metamorphosis of TME fosters the intransigent resilience and proliferation of tumors. However, existing therapies have yet to surmount the formidable obstacles posed by TME. Therefore, scientists should investigate potential avenues for therapeutic intervention and design innovative pharmacological and clinical technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Peng
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jingfan Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Tianzi Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ziwen Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chen Song
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yan Geng
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zichuan Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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13
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Guo X, Can C, Liu W, Wei Y, Yang X, Liu J, Jia H, Jia W, Wu H, Ma D. Mitochondrial transfer in hematological malignancies. Biomark Res 2023; 11:89. [PMID: 37798791 PMCID: PMC10557299 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are energy-generated organelles and take an important part in biological metabolism. Mitochondria could be transferred between cells, which serves as a new intercellular communication. Mitochondrial transfer improves mitochondrial defects, restores the biological functions of recipient cells, and maintains the high metabolic requirements of tumor cells as well as drug resistance. In recent years, it has been reported mitochondrial transfer between cells of bone marrow microenvironment and hematological malignant cells play a critical role in the disease progression and resistance during chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss the patterns and mechanisms on mitochondrial transfer and their engagement in different pathophysiological contexts and outline the latest knowledge on intercellular transport of mitochondria in hematological malignancies. Besides, we briefly outline the drug resistance mechanisms caused by mitochondrial transfer in cells during chemotherapy. Our review demonstrates a theoretical basis for mitochondrial transfer as a prospective therapeutic target to increase the treatment efficiency in hematological malignancies and improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Guo
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Can Can
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wancheng Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yihong Wei
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jinting Liu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hexiao Jia
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Jia
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Hanyang Wu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Daoxin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, P.R. China.
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Harrington JS, Ryter SW, Plataki M, Price DR, Choi AMK. Mitochondria in health, disease, and aging. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2349-2422. [PMID: 37021870 PMCID: PMC10393386 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are well known as organelles responsible for the maintenance of cellular bioenergetics through the production of ATP. Although oxidative phosphorylation may be their most important function, mitochondria are also integral for the synthesis of metabolic precursors, calcium regulation, the production of reactive oxygen species, immune signaling, and apoptosis. Considering the breadth of their responsibilities, mitochondria are fundamental for cellular metabolism and homeostasis. Appreciating this significance, translational medicine has begun to investigate how mitochondrial dysfunction can represent a harbinger of disease. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of mitochondrial metabolism, cellular bioenergetics, mitochondrial dynamics, autophagy, mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns, mitochondria-mediated cell death pathways, and how mitochondrial dysfunction at any of these levels is associated with disease pathogenesis. Mitochondria-dependent pathways may thereby represent an attractive therapeutic target for ameliorating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Harrington
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | | | - Maria Plataki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - David R Price
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States
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