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Izquierdo-Pujol J, Puertas MC, Martinez-Picado J, Morón-López S. Targeting Viral Transcription for HIV Cure Strategies. Microorganisms 2024; 12:752. [PMID: 38674696 PMCID: PMC11052381 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication to undetectable levels, reduces mortality and morbidity, and improves the quality of life of people living with HIV (PWH). However, ART cannot cure HIV infection because it is unable to eliminate latently infected cells. HIV latency may be regulated by different HIV transcription mechanisms, such as blocks to initiation, elongation, and post-transcriptional processes. Several latency-reversing (LRA) and -promoting agents (LPA) have been investigated in clinical trials aiming to eliminate or reduce the HIV reservoir. However, none of these trials has shown a conclusive impact on the HIV reservoir. Here, we review the cellular and viral factors that regulate HIV-1 transcription, the potential pharmacological targets and genetic and epigenetic editing techniques that have been or might be evaluated to disrupt HIV-1 latency, the role of miRNA in post-transcriptional regulation of HIV-1, and the differences between the mechanisms regulating HIV-1 and HIV-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Izquierdo-Pujol
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria C. Puertas
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Medicine, University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Morón-López
- IrsiCaixa, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (J.I.-P.); (M.C.P.); (J.M.-P.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Crespo R, Ne E, Reinders J, Meier JI, Li C, Jansen S, Górska A, Koçer S, Kan TW, Doff W, Dekkers D, Demmers J, Palstra RJ, Rao S, Mahmoudi T. PCID2 dysregulates transcription and viral RNA processing to promote HIV-1 latency. iScience 2024; 27:109152. [PMID: 38384833 PMCID: PMC10879814 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 latency results from tightly regulated molecular processes that act at distinct steps of HIV-1 gene expression. Here, we characterize PCI domain-containing 2 (PCID2) protein, a subunit of the transcription and export complex 2 (TREX2) complex, to enforce transcriptional repression and post-transcriptional blocks to HIV-1 gene expression during latency. PCID2 bound the latent HIV-1 LTR (long terminal repeat) and repressed transcription initiation during latency. Depletion of PCID2 remodeled the chromatin landscape at the HIV-1 promoter and resulted in transcriptional activation and latency reversal. Immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry identified PCID2-interacting proteins to include negative viral RNA (vRNA) splicing regulators, and PCID2 depletion resulted in over-splicing of intron-containing vRNA in cell lines and primary cells obtained from PWH. MCM3AP and DSS1, two other RNA-binding TREX2 complex subunits, also inhibit transcription initiation and vRNA alternative splicing during latency. Thus, PCID2 is a novel HIV-1 latency-promoting factor, which in context of the TREX2 sub-complex PCID2-DSS1-MCM3AP blocks transcription and dysregulates vRNA processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Enrico Ne
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julian Reinders
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny I.J. Meier
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne Jansen
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alicja Górska
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Selin Koçer
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tsung Wai Kan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter Doff
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee679a PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dick Dekkers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee679a PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee679a PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Palstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Ee622 PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Pasternak AO, Berkhout B. HIV persistence: silence or resistance? Curr Opin Virol 2023; 59:101301. [PMID: 36805974 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of suppressive antiretroviral therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs in infected individuals persist and fuel viral rebound once therapy is interrupted. The persistence of viral reservoirs is the main obstacle to achieving HIV eradication or a long-term remission. The last decade has seen a profound change in our understanding of the mechanisms behind HIV persistence, which appears to be much more complex than originally assumed. In addition to the persistence of transcriptionally silent proviruses in a stable latent reservoir that is invisible to the immune system, HIV is increasingly recognized to persist by resistance to the immune clearance, which appears to play a surprisingly prominent role in shaping the reservoir. In this review, we discuss some emerging insights into the mechanisms of HIV persistence, as well as their implications for the development of strategies towards an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Prins HAB, Crespo R, Lungu C, Rao S, Li L, Overmars RJ, Papageorgiou G, Mueller YM, Stoszko M, Hossain T, Kan TW, Rijnders BJA, Bax HI, van Gorp ECM, Nouwen JL, de Vries-Sluijs TEMS, Schurink CAM, de Mendonça Melo M, van Nood E, Colbers A, Burger D, Palstra RJ, van Kampen JJA, van de Vijver DAMC, Mesplède T, Katsikis PD, Gruters RA, Koch BCP, Verbon A, Mahmoudi T, Rokx C. The BAF complex inhibitor pyrimethamine reverses HIV-1 latency in people with HIV-1 on antiretroviral therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade6675. [PMID: 36921041 PMCID: PMC10017042 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade6675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactivation of the latent HIV-1 reservoir is a first step toward triggering reservoir decay. Here, we investigated the impact of the BAF complex inhibitor pyrimethamine on the reservoir of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Twenty-eight PLWH on suppressive antiretroviral therapy were randomized (1:1:1:1 ratio) to receive pyrimethamine, valproic acid, both, or no intervention for 14 days. The primary end point was change in cell-associated unspliced (CA US) HIV-1 RNA at days 0 and 14. We observed a rapid, modest, and significant increase in (CA US) HIV-1 RNA in response to pyrimethamine exposure, which persisted throughout treatment and follow-up. Valproic acid treatment alone did not increase (CA US) HIV-1 RNA or augment the effect of pyrimethamine. Pyrimethamine treatment did not result in a reduction in the size of the inducible reservoir. These data demonstrate that the licensed drug pyrimethamine can be repurposed as a BAF complex inhibitor to reverse HIV-1 latency in vivo in PLWH, substantiating its potential advancement in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrieke A. B. Prins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Raquel Crespo
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Lungu
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Letao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald J. Overmars
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Yvonne M. Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mateusz Stoszko
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanvir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tsung Wai Kan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J. A. Rijnders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hannelore I. Bax
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric C. M. van Gorp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan L. Nouwen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theodora E. M. S. de Vries-Sluijs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolina A. M. Schurink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariana de Mendonça Melo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Els van Nood
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Angela Colbers
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - David Burger
- Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Palstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thibault Mesplède
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter D. Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob A. Gruters
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Birgit C. P. Koch
- Department of Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annelies Verbon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Bi M, Kang W, Sun Y. Expression of HSPA14 in patients with acute HIV-1 infection and its effect on HIV-1 replication. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123600. [PMID: 36845091 PMCID: PMC9947146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Heat shock protein (HSPs) are important intracellular factors, which are often involved in the regulation of viral replication including HIV-1 in infected individuals as molecular chaperone proteins. Heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70/HSPA) family play important roles in HIV replication, but this family contain many subtypes, and it is unclear how these subtypes participate in and affect HIV replication. Methods To detect the interaction between HSPA14 and HspBP1 by CO-IP. Simulating HIV infection status in vitro to detect the change of intracellular HSPA14 expression after HIV infection in different cells. Constructing HSPA14 overexpression or knockdown cells to detect intracellular HIV replication levels after in vitro infection. Detecting the difference of HSPA expression levels in CD4+ T cells of untreated acute HIV-infected patients with different viral load. Results In this study, we found that HIV infection can lead to changes in the transcriptional level of many HSPA subtypes, among which HSPA14 interacts with HIV transcriptional inhibitor HspBP1. The expression of HSPA14 in Jurkat and primary CD4+T cells infected with HIV were inhibited, overexpression of HSPA14 inhibited HIV replication, while knocking down HSPA14 promoted HIV replication. We also found that the expression level of HSPA14 is higher in peripheral blood CD4+T cells of untreated acute HIV infection patients with low viral load. Conclusion HSPA14 is a potential HIV replication inhibitor and may restrict HIV replication by regulating the transcriptional inhibitor HspBP1. Further studies are needed to determine the specific mechanism by which HSPA14 regulates viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
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