Ferroptosis and Autophagy-Related Genes in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy

Cardiovascular safety of Janus kinase inhibitors: A pharmacovigilance study from 2012-2023

Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKinibs) are increasingly used for autoimmune diseases, prompting concerns about their cardiovascular safety. This study aims to assess the cardiovascular safety of JAKinibs in real-world settings. We conducted a retrospective analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data from the fourth quarter of 2012 to the second quarter of 2023, focusing on cardiovascular adverse events (AEs) associated with JAKinibs. We used disproportionality analysis to calculate reporting odds ratios (RORs) and identify signals of increased cardiovascular risk. This study identified 13,556 reports of cardiovascular AEs associated with JAKinibs in the FAERS database. Compared to the full database, Baricitinib exhibited significant signals for embolic and thrombotic events (ROR025 = 5.58), ischemic heart disease (ROR025 = 1.56), and cardiac arrhythmias (ROR025 = 1.14). Tofacitinib was associated with the signal for hypertension (ROR025 = 1.05), and upadacitinib was linked to embolic and thrombotic events (ROR025 = 1.23). When compared to TNF-α inhibitors, upadacitinib, baricitinib and tofacitinib showed 7, 6, and 2 positive signals, respectively (all ROR025 > 1). These findings highlight the need for careful cardiovascular monitoring and risk assessment for patients receiving JAKinibs, particularly those with pre-existing cardiovascular risk factors or older age.

Identification and experimental validation of biomarkers associated with mitochondrial and programmed cell death in major depressive disorder

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and programmed cell death (PCD), though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the molecular pathways involved in MDD using a transcriptomic analysis approach.

Methods

Transcriptomic data related to MDD were obtained from public databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), PCD-related genes (PCDs), and mitochondrial-related genes (MitoGs) were analyzed to identify key gene sets: PCD-DEGs and MitoG-DEGs. Correlation analysis (|correlation coefficient| > 0.9, p < 0.05) was performed to select candidate genes. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and intersection of four algorithms were used to identify key candidate genes. Machine learning and gene expression validation were employed, followed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for further validation. A nomogram was developed to predict MDD probability based on biomarkers. Additional analyses included immune infiltration, regulatory networks, and drug predictions.

Results

CD63, IL17RA, and IL1R1 were identified as potential biomarkers, with significantly higher expression levels in the MDD cohort. These findings were validated by RT-qPCR. A nomogram based on these biomarkers demonstrated predictive capacity for MDD. Differential immune cell infiltration was observed, with significant differences in nine immune cell types, including activated T cells and eosinophils, between the MDD and control groups. ATF1 was identified as a common transcription factor for CD63, IL17RA, and IL1R1. Shared miRNAs for CD63 and IL1R1 included hsa-miR-490-3p and hsa-miR-125a-3p. Drug prediction analysis identified 50 potential drugs, including verteporfin, etynodiol, and histamine, targeting these biomarkers.

Conclusion

CD63, IL17RA, and IL1R1 are key biomarkers for MDD, providing insights for diagnostic development and targeted therapies. The predictive nomogram and drug predictions offer valuable tools for MDD management.

Progress in the study of the mechanism of ferroptosis in coronary heart disease and clinical intervention strategies

Coronary heart disease (CHD), a serious cardiovascular condition with complex and diverse pathogenesis, has recently seen increased attention to the role of ferroptosis-a novel iron-dependent form of programmed cell death. This review synthesizes current research on ferroptosis mechanisms in CHD and emerging clinical intervention strategies. Ferroptosis is characterized by dysregulated iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, processes intimately linked to CHD pathophysiology. Under ischemic and hypoxic conditions commonly seen in coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiomyocytes become particularly susceptible to ferroptosis, resulting in cellular dysfunction and diminished cardiac performance. Mechanistic studies have revealed that altered expression of iron metabolism-related proteins (including GPX4, FTH1, TfR1, and HO-1), accumulation of lipid peroxidation products, and disruption of antioxidant defense systems (particularly the Nrf2/GPX4 pathway) are central to ferroptosis progression in cardiac tissue. Clinically, both specific ferroptosis inhibitors (such as Ferrostatin-1) and traditional medicine components (such as Puerarin) have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates, showing cardioprotective effects in experimental models. However, research into ferroptosis mechanisms in CHD remains in its early stages, with significant questions regarding its relationship with other cell death pathways and the clinical efficacy of ferroptosis-targeting interventions requiring further investigation. Future research directions should include in-depth mechanistic exploration and the development of more effective, safer clinical interventions targeting the ferroptosis pathway in cardiovascular disease.

Transcriptome Data Combined With Mendelian Randomization Analysis Identifies Key Genes Associated With Mitochondria and Programmed Cell Death in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Background

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a major cause of cervical and lumbar diseases, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. Mitochondria and cell death have been implicated in IDD, but the key related genes remain unknown.

Methods

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between IDD and control samples were identified using GSE70362. Mitochondria-related genes (MRGs) and programmed cell death-related genes (PCDRGs) were intersected with DEGs to find DE-MRGs and DE-PCDRGs. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified key module genes, and the overlap with DEGs revealed candidate genes. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to determine genes causally linked to IDD. Machine learning and expression validation further refined key genes, which were then used to build a nomogram to predict IDD risk. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), immune infiltration, and single-cell analysis were performed.

Results

A total of 515 DEGs were intersected with 224 key module genes, yielding 31 candidate genes. Six genes-BCKDHB, BID, TNFAIP6, VRK1, CAB39L, and TMTC1-showed a causal relationship with IDD. BID, TNFAIP6, and TMTC1 were further identified as key genes through machine learning and validation. A nomogram was developed based on these genes. GSEA revealed BID and TMTC1 were enriched in N-glycan biosynthesis, TNFAIP6 and TMTC1 in aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, and BID and TMTC1 in ribosomal pathways. Activated dendritic cells, CD56dim natural killer cells, monocytes, and other immune cells were elevated in IDD, with TNFAIP6 strongly correlating with activated dendritic cells. Key genes were expressed at higher levels in degraded samples.

Conclusion

BID, TMTC1, and TNFAIP6 were identified as key genes linked to mitochondria and cell death in IDD, offering new insights for diagnosis and treatment.

Identification of Prognostic Genes Related to Cell Senescence and Lipid Metabolism in Glioblastoma Based on Transcriptome and Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain cancer, with poor prognosis due to its aggressive behavior and high heterogeneity. This study aimed to identify cellular senescence (CS) and lipid metabolism (LM)-related prognostic genes to improve GBM prognosis and treatment. Transcriptome and scRNA-seq data, CS-associated genes (CSAGs), and LM-related genes (LMRGs) were acquired from public databases. Prognostic genes were identified by intersecting CSAGs, LMRGs, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by WGCNA and univariate Cox regression. A risk model and nomogram were constructed. Analyses covered clinicopathological features, immune microenvironment, somatic mutations, and drug sensitivity. GBM scRNA-seq data identified key cells and prognostic gene expression. SOCS1 and PHB2 were identified as prognostic markers, contributing to the construction of a robust risk model with excellent predictive ability. High-risk group (HRG) patients had poorer survival, higher immune and stromal scores, and distinct somatic mutation profiles. Drug sensitivity analysis revealed significant differences in IC50 values. In microglia differentiation, SOCS1 and PHB2 showed dynamic expression patterns. These findings provide new strategies for GBM prognosis and treatment.

A comprehensive study on the impact of Ligustrum vicaryi L. fruit polysaccharide on myocardial fibrosis through animal experiments, network pharmacology and molecular docking

Background

Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is a prevalent pathological condition associated with various heart diseases, such as heart failure and arrhythmias, which disrupt electrical signals and reduce pumping efficiency. This research explored the therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of Ligustrum vicaryi L. fruit polysaccharide (LVFP) on MF.

Methods

In vivo experiments, including fibrosis markers assay, echocardiography, HE staining, Sirius red staining, and Masson's trichrome staining, were performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of LVFP in treating isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MF. We utilized the PharmMapper database to identify targets of LVFP, aiming to explore potential targets. Additionally, we obtained MF-related targets from the GeneCards database. We utilized Venny, a bioinformatics tool, to identify the intersection between the targets of LVFP and those related to MF. We utilized the STRING database to construct a protein interaction network for the overlapping targets and identified key targets for LVFP in treating MF through cytoHubba analysis. We conducted Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis on the intersection targets. We also examined the interaction between LVFP and the key targets using molecular docking techniques.

Results

LVFP significantly inhibited fibrosis biomarker such as hydroxyproline (HYP) and decreased myocardial fibrosis level as shown by heart weight to tibia length (HW/TL) measurement when compared to ISO-treated mice. Additionally, it increased ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) levels. LVFP showed decreased collagen levels compared to the ISO-treated mice by histological quantification of cardiac fibrosis. Based on the monosaccharide structures of LVFP, 413 targets were identified, with 67 associated with MF. Analysis indicated that the 9 hub genes (AKT1, HSP90AA1, SRC, GSK3β, VEGFR2, RHOA, ENO1, PKM, and IL-2) play roles in MF treatment by participating in signaling pathways related to prostate cancer, lipid and atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance. Molecular docking results showed that LVFP exhibited strong binding potential to VEGFR2 (-8.65 kcal/mol), AKT1 (-7.36 kcal/mol) and GSK3β (-7.68 kcal/mol).

Conclusion

LVFP shows promise as a therapeutic agent for MF, primarily through the regulation of various signaling pathways and targets. These findings provide novel insights for the treatment of MF utilizing LVFP.

Polycystic ovary syndrome and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: Mendelian randomization and single-cell analysis insights

BACKGROUND

The process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may promote fibrosis in ovarian tissue related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thus affecting ovarian function and hormonal balance.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore key genes associated with EMT in PCOS and their potential molecular regulatory mechanisms, exclusively from the perspective of transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), combined with Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis.

METHODS

The dataset for PCOS and EMT-related genes (EMT-RGs) were sourced from public databases. The key genes in this study were identified via differential expression analysis, MR, and evaluation of expression levels. Enrichment analysis and a series of functional analyses were conducted on these genes to further elucidate their potential mechanisms. Subsequently, using scRNA-seq data and validation of the expression of key genes, key cell group in PCOS were identified, followed by pseudo-time and cell communication analyses to provide deeper insights.

RESULTS

Three key genes, NUCB2 [odds ratio (OR) = 0.8634, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.8145-0.9152, P < 0.0001], PGF (OR = 0.8393, 95% CI: 0.7185-0.9805, P < 0.05), and CRIM1 (OR = 0.7539, 95% CI: 0.6556-0.670, P < 0.0001), were identified as having a unidirectional causal association with PCOS and were associated with a reduced risk of PCOS. In public datasets, NUCB2 exhibited significantly increased expression in PCOS samples, while PGF and CRIM1 showed the opposite trends. These three genes were enriched in pathways related to cellular functions, metabolic processes, and the operation of the nervous system, and they were co-expressed in smooth muscle. Additionally, five cell clusters were annotated, among which fibroblasts were identified as key cells due to their highest expression of all three key genes. Further analysis revealed a bifurcation event occurring during the mid-development stage of fibroblasts, with PCOS samples displaying a higher abundance of fibroblasts. In PCOS samples, fibroblasts exhibited more extensive communication with secretory epithelial cells, indicating a more complex intercellular interaction within this condition.

CONCLUSION

This study identified three EMT-RGs: NUCB2, PGF, and CRIM1, which were associated with a reduced risk of PCOS, with fibroblast identified as a key cell group in the disease's pathology. This provides new insights for PCOS research.

Identification of novel ferroptosis-related biomarkers associated with the oxidative stress pathways in ischemic cardiomyopathy

Background

Ferroptosis is a cell death process that depends on iron and reactive oxygen species. It significantly contributes to cardiovascular diseases. However, its exact role in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is still unclear.

Methods

Using bioinformatics methods, we identified new molecular targets associated with ferroptosis in ICM and conducted various analyses-including correlation analysis, pathway enrichment analysis, protein interaction network construction, and analysis of transcription factor and drug interactions, to reveal the potential mechanisms behind these genes.

Results

We evaluated two independent training sets of ICM, GSE57338 and GSE5406, comprising 203 ICM samples, and validation sets GSE76701 to examine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to ferroptosis. After extracting the intersection of the gene sets and ferroptosis-related genes, 53 DEGs were identified. Enrichment analyses showed that the alterations in ferroptosis-related DEGs were mainly enriched in oxidative stress response, and immune-related pathways. Furthermore, 11 hub genes were identified using protein-protein interaction network analysis. The key interactions between 11 hub genes were more pronounced in protein localization during ICM development. In addition, we construct a hub gene and transcription factor interaction network and a small molecule drug-gene interaction network. We found that among these hub genes, the N-acetylneuraminate outer membrane channel(NANC) gene is positively correlated with most of the small-molecule drugs used to treat ICM, and its high expression might increase resistance.

Conclusions

Ferroptosis exists in ICM and and is associated with oxidative stress. This association suggests that ferroptosis may facilitate the progression of ICM.

Identification of core genes related to exosomes and screening of potential targets in periodontitis using transcriptome profiling at the single-cell level

BACKGROUND

The progression and severity of periodontitis (PD) are associated with the release of extracellular vesicles by periodontal tissue cells. However, the precise mechanisms through which exosome-related genes (ERGs) influence PD remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role and potential mechanisms of key exosome-related genes in PD using transcriptome profiling at the single-cell level.

METHODS

The current study cited GSE16134, GSE10334, GSE171213 datasets and 19,643 ERGs. Initially, differential expression analysis, three machine learning (ML) models, gene expression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were proceeded to identify core genes. Subsequently, a core gene-based artificial neural network (ANN) model was built to evaluate the predictive power of core genes for PD. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immunoinfiltration analysis were conducted based on core genes. To pinpoint key cell types influencing the progression of periodontal at the single-cell level, a series of single-cell analyses covering pseudo-time series analysis were accomplished. The expression verification of core genes was performed through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS

CKAP2, IGLL5, MZB1, CXCL6, and AADACL2 served as core genes diagnosing PD. Four core gene were elevated in the PD group in addition to down-regulated AADACL2. The core gene-based-ANN model had AUC values of 0.909 in GSE16134 dataset, which exceeded AUC of each core gene, highlighting the accurately and credibly predictive performance of ANN model. GSEA revealed that ribosome was co-enriched by 5 core genes, manifesting the expression of these genes might be critical for protein structure or function. Immunoinfiltration analysis found that CKAP2, IGLL5, MZB1, and CXCL6 exhibited positive correlations with most discrepant immune cells/discrepant stromal cells, which were highly infiltrated in PD. B cells and T cells holding crucial parts in PD were identified as key cell types. Pseudo-time series analysis revealed that the expression of IGLL5 and MZB1 increased during T cell differentiation, increased and then decreased during B cell differentiation. The qRT-PCR proved the mRNA expression levels of CKAP2 and MZB1 were increased in the blood of PD patients compared to controls. But the mRNA expression levels of AADACL2 was decreased in the PD patients compared to controls. This is consistent with the trend in the amount of expression in the dataset.

CONCLUSION

CKAP2, IGLL5, MZB1, CXCL6 and AADACL2 were identified as core genes associated with exosomes, helping us to understand the role of these genes in PD.

Ferroptosis-Related Genes in IgA Nephropathy: Screening for Potential Targets of the Mechanism

Aims: Exploring key genes and potential molecular pathways of ferroptosis in immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Methods: The IgAN datasets and ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) were obtained in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and FerrDb database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using R software and intersected with FRGs to obtain differentially expressed FRGs (DE-FRGs). After that, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis (PEA) and Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation were performed on DE-FRGs. In the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) website, we construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The PPI network was further investigated with screening hub genes with Cytoscape software. The core genes were then subjected to gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Finally, the samples were analyzed for immune infiltration in R, and the correlation between hub genes and immune cells was analyzed. Results: A total of 347 DEGs were identified. CD44, CDO1, CYBB, IL1B, RRM2, AKR1C1, activated transcription factor-3 (ATF3), CDKN1A, GDF15, JUN, MGST1, MIOX, MT1G, NR4A1, PDK4, TNFAIP3, and ZFP36 were determined as DE-FRGs. JUN, IL1B, and ATF3 were then screened as hub genes. GSEA and immune infiltration analysis revealed that the hub genes were closely associated with immune inflammatory responses such as NOD-like receptor signaling, IL-17 signaling, and TNF signaling. Conclusions: Our results show that JUN and ATF3 are possibly critical genes in the process of IgAN ferroptosis and may be related with immune cell infiltration.

The Gene Network Correlation Analysis of Obesity to Type 1 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disorders: An Interactome-Based Bioinformatics Approach

The current study focuses on the importance of Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) in biological processes and the potential of targeting PPIs as a new treatment strategy for diseases. Specifically, the study explores the cross-links of PPIs network associated with obesity, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and cardiac disease (CD), which is an unexplored area of research. The research aimed to understand the role of highly connected proteins in the network and their potential as drug targets. The methodology for this research involves retrieving genes from the NCBI online gene database, intersecting genes among three diseases (type 1 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular) using Interactivenn, determining suitable drug molecules using NetworkAnalyst, and performing various bioinformatics analyses such as Generic Protein-Protein Interactions, topological properties analysis, function enrichment analysis in terms of GO, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), gene co-expression network, and protein drug as well as protein chemical interaction network. The study focuses on human subjects. The results of this study identified 12 genes [VEGFA (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A), IL6 (Interleukin 6), MTHFR (Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase), NPPB (Natriuretic Peptide B), RAC1 (Rac Family Small GTPase 1), LMNA (Lamin A/C), UGT1A1 (UDP-glucuronosyltransferase family 1 membrane A1), RETN (Resistin), GCG (Glucagon), NPPA (Natriuretic Peptide A), RYR2 (Ryanodine receptor 2), and PRKAG2 (Protein Kinase AMP-Activated Non-Catalytic Subunit Gamma 2)] that were shared across the three diseases and could be used as key proteins for protein-drug/chemical interaction. Additionally, the study provides an in-depth understanding of the complex molecular and biological relationships between the three diseases and the cellular mechanisms that lead to their development. Potentially significant implications for the therapy and management of various disorders are highlighted by the findings of this study by improving treatment efficacy, simplifying treatment regimens, cost-effectiveness, better understanding of the underlying mechanism of these diseases, early diagnosis, and introducing personalized medicine. In conclusion, the current study provides new insights into the cross-links of PPIs network associated with obesity, T1DM, and CD, and highlights the potential of targeting PPIs as a new treatment strategy for these prevalent diseases.

The detrimental role of galectin-3 and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the cardiac consequences of myocardial ischemia in the context of obesity

The association between cardiac fibrosis and galectin-3 was evaluated in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). The role of galectin-3 and its association with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activation in the progression of cardiovascular fibrosis was also evaluated in obese-infarcted rats. The inhibitor of galectin-3 activity, modified citrus pectin (MCP; 100 mg/kg/day), and the inhibitor of the ER stress activation, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA; 500 mg/kg/day), were administered for 4 weeks after MI in obese rats. Overweight-obese patients who suffered a first MI showed higher circulating galectin-3 levels, higher extracellular volume, and LV infarcted size, as well as lower E/e'ratio and LVEF compared with normal-weight patients. A correlation was observed between galectin-3 levels and extracellular volume. Obese-infarcted animals presented cardiac hypertrophy and reduction in LVEF, and E/A ratio as compared with control animals. They also showed an increase in galectin-3 gene expression, as well as cardiac fibrosis and reduced autophagic flux. These alterations were associated with ER stress activation characterized by enhanced cardiac levels of binding immunoglobulin protein, which were correlated with those of galectin-3. Both MCP and 4-PBA not only reduced cardiac fibrosis, oxidative stress, galectin-3 levels, and ER stress activation, but also prevented cardiac functional alterations and ameliorated autophagic flux. These results show the relevant role of galectin-3 in the development of diffuse fibrosis associated with MI in the context of obesity in both the animal model and patients. Galectin-3 in tandem with ER stress activation could modulate different downstream mechanisms, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy.

Axin2 depletion in macrophages alleviated senescence and increased immune response after myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN

This study aimed to investigate Axin2 effects on myocardial infarction (MI) using a macrophage Axin2 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model, RAW264.7 cell line, and human subepicardial tissues from patients with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

MATERIAL OR SUBJECTS

Axin2 cKO mice showed decreased cardiac function, reduced edema, increased lymphangiogenesis, and improved repair in MI Few studies border zones. Hypoxic macrophages with Axin2 depletion exhibited decreased senescence, elevated IL6 expression, and increased LYVE1 transcription. Senescent macrophages decreased in patients with CABG and low Axin2 expression.

TREATMENT

Treatment options included in this study were MI induction in Axin2 cKO mice, in vitro experiments with RAW264.7 cells, and analysis of human subepicardial tissues.

METHODS

Assays included MI induction, in vitro experiments, and tissue analysis with statistical tests applied.

RESULTS

Axin2 cKO improved cardiac function, reduced edema, enhanced lymphangiogenesis, and decreased senescence. Hypoxic macrophages with Axin2 depletion showed reduced senescence, increased IL6 expression, and elevated LYVE1 transcription. Senescent macrophages decreased in patients with CABG and low Axin2 expression.

CONCLUSION

Targeting Axin2 emerges as a novel therapeutic strategy for regulating cardiac lymphatics and mitigating cell senescence post-MI, evidenced by improved outcomes in Axin2-deficient conditions.

Exploring the Biomarkers and Potential Mechanisms of Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Treatment of Microglial Inflammatory Activation through P2X7 Receptors based on Transcriptome Sequencing

AIMS

This study aims to explore the potential mechanism by which Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/ A) inhibits microglial inflammatory activation through P2X7 receptors (P2X7R).

BACKGROUND

BoNT/A is a promising analgesic drug, and previous studies have established that it alleviates Neuropathic Pain (NP) by inhibiting microglial inflammatory activation. This study examined the biomarkers and potential mechanisms by which BoNT/A relieves neuropathic pain by mediating microglial P2X7R and analyzing transcriptome sequencing data from mouse BV-2 microglial cells.

OBJECTIVE

The P2X7R agonist Bz-ATP was used to induce microglial inflammatory activation, whilst RNAseq technology was used to explore the biomarkers and potential mechanisms through which BoNT/A suppresses microglial inflammation.

METHODS

RNA sequencing was performed on three BV-2 cell samples treated with a P2X7R specific activator (Bz-ATP) and three BV-2 cell samples pre-treated with BoNT/A. Only data that successfully passed quality control measures were included in subsequent analysis. Initially, Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) were identified from BoNT/A and control samples, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Biomarkers were then identified by constructing a Protein- Protein Interaction (PPI) network and utilizing the CytoHubba plug-in in Cytoscape software. Lastly, enrichment analysis and regulatory network analysis were performed to elucidate the potential mechanism of BoNT/A in the treatment of NP.

RESULTS

93 DEGs related to the "cell component size regulation" GO term and enriched in the "axon guidance" KEGG pathway were identified. Subsequently, 6 biomarkers were identified, namely PTPRF, CHDH, CKM, Ky, Sema3b, and Sema3f, which were enriched in pathways related to biosynthesis and metabolism, disease progression, signal transduction, and organelle function, including the "ribosome" and "Wnt signaling pathway." Finally, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNAs) network was constructed from 6 mRNAs, 66 miRNAs, and 31 lncRNAs, forming a complex relationship network.

CONCLUSION

Six genes (PTPRF, Sema3b, Sema3f, CHDH, CKM, and Ky) were identified as biomarkers of microglial inflammatory activation following BoNT/A treatment. This finding may provide a valuable reference for the relief and treatment of neuropathic pain.

Emerging roles and therapeutic potentials of ferroptosis: from the perspective of 11 human body organ systems

Since ferroptosis was first described as an iron-dependent cell death pattern in 2012, there has been increasing interest in ferroptosis research. In view of the immense potential of ferroptosis in treatment efficacy and its rapid development in recent years, it is essential to track and summarize the latest research in this field. However, few writers have been able to draw on any systematic investigation into this field based on human body organ systems. Hence, in this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the latest progress in unveiling the roles and functions, as well as the therapeutic potential of ferroptosis, in treating diseases from the aspects of 11 human body organ systems (including the nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system, integumentary system, skeletal system, immune system, cardiovascular system, muscular system, and endocrine system) in the hope of providing references for further understanding the pathogenesis of related diseases and bringing an innovative train of thought for reformative clinical treatment.

GCH1 reduces LPS-induced alveolar macrophage polarization and inflammation by inhibition of ferroptosis

OBJECTIVE

GTP cyclohydrolase 1(GCH1) was reported to protect against ferroptosis. However, it is not clear whether GCH1 reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage polarization and inflammation by inhibition of ferroptosis.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis was used to screen differential expression genes (DEGs) and obtain the different pathways and biological features. Lasso cox regression analysis with ferroptosis related DEGs was established to screen the most relevant genes for disease risk. LPS induced Raw264.7 macrophage polarization model and GCH1-specific siRNA oligos transfection were performed to confirm the function of GCH1. Immunofluorescence staining, western blot and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to detect the expression of iNOS, CD206, GCH1, IL6, SLC2A6, F4/80, IL1β, TNFα, IL10, GPX4, ACSL4, AMPK and p-AMPK in macrophages. The levels of ROS, SOD, MDA and GSH were detected according to the instructions of the reagent kit, respectively.

RESULTS

542 DEGs were screened from GSE40885 microarray. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs induced by LPS in alveolar macrophage were closely associated with inflammatory and immune responses, the downregulated DEGs were related to lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and AMPK signal pathway. Lasso cox regression analysis screened GCH1, IL6, and SLC2A6. Our experimental results showed that the expression of GCH1 and IL6 in the LPS group was higher than that in the control group, but there was no difference in the expression of SLC2A6. Bioinformatics analysis with GSE112720 observed that ferroptosis was enriched in GCHfl/fl + LPS group compared with GCHfl/flTie2cre + LPS group and GCHfl/fl + control group. Silence of GCH1 increased the levels of IL6, TNF-α and IL-1β and decreased IL10 level. Silence of GCH1 increased iNOS level and decreased CD206 level. Moreover, silence of GCH1 raised ferroptosis induced by LPS in macrophages and suppressed the activity of AMPK pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

GCH1 inhibited ferroptosis in LPS-stimulated macrophages, reduced macrophage toward to M1 polarization and inflammatory response.

Potential diagnostic biomarkers: 6 cuproptosis- and ferroptosis-related genes linking immune infiltration in acute myocardial infarction

The current diagnostic biomarkers of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), troponins, lack specificity and exist as false positives in other non-cardiac diseases. Previous studies revealed that cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and immune infiltration are all involved in the development of AMI. We hypothesize that combining the analysis of cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and immune infiltration in AMI will help identify more precise diagnostic biomarkers. The results showed that a total of 19 cuproptosis- and ferroptosis-related genes (CFRGs) were differentially expressed between the healthy and AMI groups. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the differential CFRGs were mostly enriched in biological processes related to oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. The immune infiltration status analyzed by ssGSEA found elevated levels of macrophages, neutrophils, and CCR in AMI. Then, we screened 6 immune-related CFRGs (CXCL2, DDIT3, DUSP1, CDKN1A, TLR4, STAT3) to construct a nomogram for predicting AMI and validated it in the GSE109048 dataset. Moreover, we also identified 5 pivotal miRNAs and 10 candidate drugs that target the 6 feature genes. Finally, RT-qPCR analysis verified that all 6 feature genes were upregulated in both animals and patients. In conclusion, our study reveals the significance of immune-related CFRGs in AMI and provides new insights for AMI diagnosis and treatment.

CCR2 inhibitor strengthens the adiponectin effects against myocardial injury after infarction

Little evidence demonstrated the effects of nitric oxide (NO) hydrogel with adipocytes in vivo. We aimed to investigate the effects of adiponectin (ADPN) and CCR2 antagonist on cardiac functions and macrophage phenotypes after myocardial infarction (MI) using chitosan caged nitric oxide donor (CSNO) patch with adipocytes. 3T3-L1 cell line was induced to adipocytes and ADPN expression was knocked down. CSNO was synthesized and patch was constructed. MI model was constructed and patch was placed on the infarcted area. ADPN knockdown adipocytes or control was incubated with CSNO patch, and CCR2 antagonist was also used to investigate the ADPN effects on myocardial injury after infarction. On day 7 after operation, cardiac functions of the mice using CSNO with adipocytes or ADPN knockdown adipocytes improved more than in mice only using CSNO for treatment. Lymphangiogenesis increased much more in the MI mice using CSNO with adipocytes. After treating with CCR2 antagonist, Connexin43+ CD206+ cells and ZO-1+ CD206+ cells increased, suggesting that CCR2 antagonist promoted M2 polarization after MI. Besides, CCR2 antagonist promoted ADPN expression in adipocytes and cardiomyocytes. ELISA was also used and CKMB expression was much lower than other groups at 3 days after operation. On day 7 after operation, the VEGF and TGFβ expressions were high in the adipocytes CSNO group, illustrating that higher ADPN led to better treatment. In all, CCR2 antagonist enhanced the ADPN effects on macrophage M2 polarization and cardiac functions. The combination used in border zone and infarcted areas may help improve patients' prognosis in surgery, such as CABG.

Comprehensive Analysis of Prognosis and Immune Landscapes Based on Lipid-Metabolism- and Ferroptosis-Associated Signature in Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma

(1) Background: The effect of tumor immunotherapy is influenced by the immune microenvironment, and it is unclear how lipid metabolism and ferroptosis regulate the immune microenvironment of uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). (2) Methods: Genes associated with lipid metabolism and ferroptosis (LMRGs-FARs) were extracted from the MSigDB and FerrDb databases, respectively. Five hundred and forty-four UCEC samples were obtained from the TCGA database. The risk prognostic signature was constructed by consensus clustering, univariate cox, and LASSO analyses. The accuracy of the risk modes was assessed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, nomogram, calibration,, and C-index analyses. The relationship between the risk signature and immune microenvironment was detected by the ESTIMATE, EPIC, TIMER, xCELL, quan-TIseq, and TCIA databases. The function of a potential gene, PSAT1, was measured by in vitro experiments. (3) Results: A six-gene (CDKN1A, ESR1, PGR, CDKN2A, PSAT1, and RSAD2) risk signature based on MRGs-FARs was constructed and evaluated with high accuracy in UCEC. The signature was identified as an independent prognostic parameter and it divided the samples into high- and low-risk groups. The low-risk group was positively associated with good prognosis, high mutational status, upregulated immune infiltration status, high expression of CTLA4, GZMA and PDCD1, anti-PD-1 treatment sensitivity, and chemoresistance. (4) Conclusions: We constructed a risk prognostic model based on both lipid metabolism and ferroptosis and evaluated the relationship between the risk score and tumor immune microenvironment in UCEC. Our study has provided new ideas and potential targets for UCEC individualized diagnosis and immunotherapy.