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Liu S, Hou Y, Shi YJ, Zhang N, Hu YG, Chen WM, Zhang JL. Triphenyltin induced darker body coloration by disrupting melanocortin system and pteridine metabolic pathway in a reef fish, Amphiprion ocellaris. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116177. [PMID: 38461573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) is a typical persistent organic pollutant whose occurrence in coral reef ecosystems may threaten the survival of reef fishes. In this study, a brightly colored representative reef fish, Amphiprion ocellaris was used to explore the effects of TPT at environmental levels (1, 10, and 100 ng/L) on skin pigment synthesis. After the fish were exposed to TPT for 60 days, the skin became darker, owing to an increase in the relative area of black stripes, a decrease in orange color values while an increase in brown color values, and an increase in the number of melanocytes in the orange part of the skin tissues. To explore the mechanisms by which TPT induces darker body coloration, the enzymatic activity and gene expression levels of the members of melanocortin system that affect melanin synthesis were evaluated. Leptin levels and lepr expression were found to be increased after TPT exposure, which likely contributed to the increase found in pomc expression and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) levels. Then Tyr activity and mc1r, tyr, tyrp1, mitf, and dct were upregulated, ultimately increasing melanin levels. Importantly, RT-qPCR results were consistent with the transcriptome analysis of trends in lepr and pomc expression. Because the orange color values decreased, pterin levels and the pteridine metabolic pathway were also evaluated. The results showed that TPT induced BH4 levels and spr, xdh, and gch1 expression associated with pteridine synthesis decreased, ultimately decreasing the colored pterin content (sepiapterin). We conclude that TPT exposure interferes with the melanocortin system and pteridine metabolic pathway to increase melanin and decrease colored pterin levels, leading to darker body coloration in A. ocellaris. Given the importance of body coloration for the survival and reproduction of reef fishes, studies on the effects of pollutants (others alongside TPT) on body coloration are of high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Ya-Jun Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Yi-Guang Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Wen-Ming Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China
| | - Ji-Liang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Civilization and Integrated Land-Sea Development, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan 571158, China.
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Wang S, Dong J, Chen K, Shi Y, Qiu X. Effects of chronic diazepam exposure on the behaviors and oxidative stress homeostasis in the eyes and brains of female Japanese medaka. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109812. [PMID: 38056685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Diazepam (DZP) residue has been frequently detected in wastewater, surface water, and groundwater due to its extensive use over the decades. In this study, we exposed female Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) to environmentally relevant doses of DZP (800 and 8000 ng/L) for 4 weeks, aimed to investigate their behavioral responses and possible links with ocular and brain oxidative stress homeostasis. As a result, DZP exposure could significantly reduce swimming activity (800 ng/L) and anxiety (800 and 8000 ng/L), indicating a sedative effect on medaka. The DZP exposure also significantly increased the social interaction in medaka at 8000 ng/L. Furthermore, exposure to DZP could alter the ocular and brain oxidative stress homeostasis in medaka. The ocular CAT activities significantly increased in the 800 ng/L-DZP groups, and the brain SOD, CAT, GST and MDA levels also significantly increased in both DZP exposure groups. Correlation analysis revealed that the ocular and brain oxidative stress induced by DZP exposure might play an important role in their behavioral toxicity to medaka. Our findings highlight the necessity to clarify the exact link between DZP exposure-induced oxidative stress in the neural and sensor systems and its behavioral toxicity to better assess the risks on nontarget aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jiao Dong
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Kun Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xuchun Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Ceylan T, Akin AT, Karabulut D, Tan FC, Taşkiran M, Yakan B. Therapeutic effect of thymoquinone on brain damage caused by nonylphenol exposure in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23471. [PMID: 37466128 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP), causes various harmful effects such as cognitive impairment and neurotoxicity. Thymoquinone (TQ), has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. In this study, our aim is to investigate the effects of TQ on the brain damage caused by NP. Corn oil was applied to the control group. NP (100 mg/kg/day) was administered to the NP and NP + TQ groups for 21 days. TQ (5 mg/kg/day) was administered to the NP + TQ and TQ groups for 7 after 21 days. At the end of the experiment, the new object recognition test was applied to the rats and the rats were killed and their brain tissues were removed. Sections taken from brain tissues were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histopathological evaluation. In addition, neuronal nuclei (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Cas-3, and nerve growth factor (NGF) immunoreactivities were evaluated in brain tissue sections. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were determined. Comet assay was applied to determine DNA damage in cells. The results of our study showed that NP, caused behavioral disorders and damage to the cerebral cortex in rats. This damage in the form of neuron degeneration seen in the cortex was associated with apoptosis involving Cas-3 activation, increased DNA damage, and free oxygen radicals. NP, SOD, and CAT caused a decrease in enzyme activities. In addition, the cellular protein NeuN was decreased, astrocytosis-associated GFAP was increased, and growth factor NGF was decreased. When all our evaluations are taken together, treatment with TQ showed an ameliorative effect on the behavioral impairment and brain damage caused by NP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayfun Ceylan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cappadocia University, Nevsehir, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ali Tuğrul Akin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Karabulut
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fazile Cantürk Tan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Taşkiran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Birkan Yakan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Peivasteh-roudsari L, Barzegar-bafrouei R, Sharifi KA, Azimisalim S, Karami M, Abedinzadeh S, Asadinezhad S, Tajdar-oranj B, Mahdavi V, Alizadeh AM, Sadighara P, Ferrante M, Conti GO, Aliyeva A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Origin, dietary exposure, and toxicity of endocrine-disrupting food chemical contaminants: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18140. [PMID: 37539203 PMCID: PMC10395372 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are a growing public health concern worldwide. Consumption of foodstuffs is currently thought to be one of the principal exposure routes to EDCs. However, alternative ways of human exposure are through inhalation of chemicals and dermal contact. These compounds in food products such as canned food, bottled water, dairy products, fish, meat, egg, and vegetables are a ubiquitous concern to the general population. Therefore, understanding EDCs' properties, such as origin, exposure, toxicological impact, and legal aspects are vital to control their release to the environment and food. The present paper provides an overview of the EDCs and their possible disrupting impact on the endocrine system and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raziyeh Barzegar-bafrouei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Kurush Aghbolagh Sharifi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shamimeh Azimisalim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Karami
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solmaz Abedinzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Asadinezhad
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Behrouz Tajdar-oranj
- Food and Drug Administration of Iran, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Mahdavi
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 1475744741, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia,” Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia,” Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Aynura Aliyeva
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology – State Research Institute, 36 Rakowiecka St., 02-532, Warsaw, Poland
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Abdullayev Y, Karimova N, Schenberg LA, Ducati LC, Autschbach J. Computational predictions on Brønsted acidic ionic liquid-catalyzed carbon dioxide conversion to five-membered heterocyclic carbonyl derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8624-8630. [PMID: 36891907 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05877d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Experimentally conducted reactions between CO2 and various substrates (i.e., ethylenediamine (EDA), ethanolamine (ETA), ethylene glycol (EG), mercaptoethanol (ME), and ethylene dithiol (EDT)) are considered in a computational study. The reactions were previously conducted under harsh conditions utilizing toxic metal catalysts. We computationally utilize Brønsted acidic ionic liquid (IL) [Et2NH2]HSO4 as a catalyst aiming to investigate and propose 'greener' pathways for future experimental studies. Computations show that EDA is the best to fixate CO2 among the tested substrates: the nucleophilic EDA attack on CO2 is calculated to have a very small energy barrier to overcome (TS1EDA, ΔG‡ = 1.4 kcal mol-1) and form I1EDA (carbamic acid adduct). The formed intermediate is converted to cyclic urea (PEDA, imidazolidin-2-one) via ring closure and dehydration of the concerted transition state (TS2EDA, ΔG‡ = 32.8 kcal mol-1). Solvation model analysis demonstrates that nonpolar solvents (hexane, THF) are better for fixing CO2 with EDA. Attaching electron-donating and -withdrawing groups to EDA does not reduce the energy barriers. Modifying the IL via changing the anion part (HSO4-) central S atom with 6 A and 5 A group elements (Se, P, and As) shows that a Se-based IL can be utilized for the same purpose. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal that the IL ion pairs can hold substrates and CO2 molecules via noncovalent interactions to ease nucleophilic attack on CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusif Abdullayev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Baku Engineering University, Hasan Aliyev str. 120, Baku, Absheron, AZ0101, Azerbaijan.
- Institute of Petrochemical Processes, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Hojaly ave. 30, Baku, AZ1025, Azerbaijan
| | - Nazani Karimova
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Baku Engineering University, Hasan Aliyev str. 120, Baku, Absheron, AZ0101, Azerbaijan.
| | - Leonardo A Schenberg
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Ducati
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
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6
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More S, Pawar A. Brain Targeted Curcumin Loaded Turmeric Oil Microemulsion Protects Against Trimethyltin Induced Neurodegeneration in Adult Zebrafish: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Insight. Pharm Res 2023; 40:675-687. [PMID: 36703027 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aromatic turmerone, a major constituent of turmeric oil, has been recently reported for proliferation of neural stem cell showing great potential for effective treatment in neurodegenerative disorders. However, its effect as oral brain targeted formulation for neuroprotection has not yet reported. The objective of the study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic of curcumin loaded turmeric oil microemulsion for brain targeting and probing the protective effect against trimethyltin induced neurodegeneration in adult zebrafish. METHODS Initially, in vivo plasma and brain pharmacokinetics was performed to determine improvement in relative bioavailability in rats followed by biodistribution and histopathological evaluation. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effect of the formulation was assessed in trimethyltin induced neurodegeneration model using adult zebrafish by behavioral analysis and biochemical analysis. RESULTS The in vivo plasma and brain pharmacokinetics showed 2-fold and 1.87-fold improvement respectively. Biodistribution study revealed significantly lower concentration in organs other than brain. Furthermore, curcumin microemulsion exhibited improved spatial memory by remembering the training and made correct choices after curcumin microemulsion treatment than other treatment groups. Histopathological evaluation confirmed neuroprotective effect on zebrafish brains. The biochemical analysis revealed reduced oxidative stress in curcumin microemulsion treated group. CONCLUSIONS Overall results showed a great potential of curcumin microemulsion for brain targeting in the effective treatment of neurological ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj More
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Paud Road, Erandwane, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Atmaram Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Paud Road, Erandwane, Pune, 411038, Maharashtra, India.
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Beg MA, Beg MA, Zargar UR, Sheikh IA, Bajouh OS, Abuzenadah AM, Rehan M. Organotin Antifouling Compounds and Sex-Steroid Nuclear Receptor Perturbation: Some Structural Insights. TOXICS 2022; 11:toxics11010025. [PMID: 36668751 PMCID: PMC9864748 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds (OTCs) are a commercially important group of organometallic compounds of tin used globally as polyvinyl chloride stabilizers and marine antifouling biocides. Worldwide use of OTCs has resulted in their ubiquitous presence in ecosystems across all the continents. OTCs have metabolic and endocrine disrupting effects in marine and terrestrial organisms. Thus, harmful OTCs (tributyltin) have been banned by the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Antifouling Systems since 2008. However, continued manufacturing by non-member countries poses a substantial risk for animal and human health. In this study, structural binding of common commercial OTCs, tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), monophenyltin (MPT), and azocyclotin (ACT) against sex-steroid nuclear receptors, androgen receptor (AR), and estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) was performed using molecular docking and MD simulation. TBT, DBT, DPT, and MPT bound deep within the binding sites of AR, ERα, and Erβ, showing good dock score, binding energy and dissociation constants that were comparable to bound native ligands, testosterone and estradiol. The stability of docking complex was shown by MD simulation of organotin/receptor complex with RMSD, RMSF, Rg, and SASA plots showing stable interaction, low deviation, and compactness of the complex. A high commonality (50-100%) of interacting residues of ERα and ERβ for the docked ligands and bound native ligand (estradiol) indicated that the organotin compounds bound in the same binding site of the receptor as the native ligand. The results suggested that organotins may interfere with the natural steroid/receptor binding and perturb steroid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd A. Beg
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md A. Beg
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ummer R. Zargar
- Department of Zoology, Government Degree College, Anantnag 192101, India
| | - Ishfaq A. Sheikh
- Reproductive Biology Laboratory, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama S. Bajouh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21859, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel M. Abuzenadah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Rehan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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He S, Yu D, Li P, Zhang M, Xing S, Liu B, Sun C, Liu L, Li ZH. A new perspective on endocrine disrupting effects of triphenyltin on marine medaka: From brain transcriptome, gut content metabolome and behavior. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136190. [PMID: 36030938 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) is an endocrine contaminant that is often detected in the environment. However, the mechanism of the effects of TPT on biological systems is not fully understood. Here we exposed marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) to TPT for 21 days. Brain transcriptome, intestinal content metabolism group, and behavior analysis were carried out. Through the comprehensive analysis of multiomics for the in-depth understanding of the ways related to health improvement, we determined that the glycine-serine-threonine metabolic axis was most perturbed by TPT. Through behavioral analysis, it was found that there was behavioral hyperactivity in the exposed group; behavioral hyperactivity may be caused by the interference of TPT with the neuroendocrine system. In order to gain a full understanding of the impacts of TPT on human health, transcriptomic screening of differential genes and an impartial attitude based on bioinformatics were used. Gene-disease interaction analysis using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) revealed the possible effects of TPT on human health. Finally, based on these findings, the relevant adverse outcome pathway (AOP), which is the "epigenetic modification of PPARG leading to adipogenesis," was identified from AOP Wiki. Further research is required to validate the potential AOP of TPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen He
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Daode Yu
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, Shandong, 266104, China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Marine Science and Engineering College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, China
| | - Shaoying Xing
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Cuici Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510301, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
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Afsheen N, Rafique S, Rafeeq H, Irshad K, Hussain A, Huma Z, Kumar V, Bilal M, Aleya L, Iqbal HMN. Neurotoxic effects of environmental contaminants-measurements, mechanistic insight, and environmental relevance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:70808-70821. [PMID: 36059010 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22779-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollution is a significant and growing concern for any population regardless of age because these environmental contaminants exhibit different neurodegenerative effects on persons of different ages. These environmental contaminants are the products of human welfare projects like industry, automobile exhaust, clinical and research laboratory extrudes, and agricultural chemicals. These contaminants are found in various forms in environmental matrices like nanoparticles, particulate matter, lipophilic vaporized toxicants, and ultrafine particulate matter. Because of their small size, they can easily cross blood-brain barriers or use different cellular mechanisms for assistance. Other than this, these contaminants cause an innate immune response in different cells of the central nervous system and cause neurotoxicity. Considering the above critiques and current needs, this review summarizes different protective strategies based on bioactive compounds present in plants. Various bioactive compounds from medicinal plants with neuroprotective capacities are discussed with relevant examples. Many in vitro studies on clinical trials have shown promising outcomes using plant-based bioactive compounds against neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Afsheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Rafique
- Department of Pharmacy, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hamza Rafeeq
- Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Irshad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Asim Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zille Huma
- Department of Chemistry, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, School of Engineering and Sciences, GD Goenka University, Sohna Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Lotfi Aleya
- Chrono-Environment Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, 64849, Monterrey, Mexico.
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Ponti G, Bo E, Bonaldo B, Farinetti A, Marraudino M, Panzica G, Gotti S. Perinatal exposure to tributyltin affects feeding behavior and expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in the paraventricular nucleus of adult mice. J Anat 2022; 242:235-244. [PMID: 36073672 PMCID: PMC9877477 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organotins such as tributyltin chloride (TBT), are highly diffused environmental pollutants, which act as metabolism disrupting chemicals, i.e. may interfere with fat tissue differentiation, as well as with neuroendocrine circuits, thus impairing the control of energetic balance. We have previously demonstrated that adult exposure to TBT altered the expression of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. In this study, we orally administered daily a solution containing oil, or TBT (0.25, 2.5, or 25 μg/kg body weight/day) to pregnant females from gestational day 8 until birth, and to their pups from day 0 until post-natal day 21. Our results showed that TBT exposure of female mice during gestation and of pups during lactation permanently altered the feeding efficiency of pups of both sexes and subcutaneous fat distribution in adult males. In addition, the neuropeptide Y system was affected at the level of the paraventricular nucleus, with a decrease in immunoreactivity in both sexes (significant in females for all TBT doses and in males only for intermediate TBT doses), while no effect was observed in other hypothalamic areas (arcuate, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei). Metabolic syndrome, as well as obesity and diabetes, which are significant health issues, are considered multifactorial diseases and may be caused by exposure to metabolic disruptors, both in adults and during perinatal life. In addition, our work indicates that TBT doses defined as the tolerably daily intake had a profound and sex-specific long-term effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ponti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly
| | - Elisabetta Bo
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Brigitta Bonaldo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Alice Farinetti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Marilena Marraudino
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Giancarlo Panzica
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO)OrbassanoItaly,Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi‐Montalcini”University of TorinoTorinoItaly
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11
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Rajendran K, Dey R, Ghosh A, Das D. In search of biocatalytic remedy for organotin compounds- the recalcitrant eco-toxicants. Biophys Chem 2022; 290:106888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Olude MA, Mouihate A, Mustapha OA, Farina C, Quintana FJ, Olopade JO. Astrocytes and Microglia in Stress-Induced Neuroinflammation: The African Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:795089. [PMID: 35707531 PMCID: PMC9190229 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Africa is laden with a youthful population, vast mineral resources and rich fauna. However, decades of unfortunate historical, sociocultural and leadership challenges make the continent a hotspot for poverty, indoor and outdoor pollutants with attendant stress factors such as violence, malnutrition, infectious outbreaks and psychological perturbations. The burden of these stressors initiate neuroinflammatory responses but the pattern and mechanisms of glial activation in these scenarios are yet to be properly elucidated. Africa is therefore most vulnerable to neurological stressors when placed against a backdrop of demographics that favor explosive childbearing, a vast population of unemployed youths making up a projected 42% of global youth population by 2030, repressive sociocultural policies towards women, poor access to healthcare, malnutrition, rapid urbanization, climate change and pollution. Early life stress, whether physical or psychological, induces neuroinflammatory response in developing nervous system and consequently leads to the emergence of mental health problems during adulthood. Brain inflammatory response is driven largely by inflammatory mediators released by glial cells; namely astrocytes and microglia. These inflammatory mediators alter the developmental trajectory of fetal and neonatal brain and results in long-lasting maladaptive behaviors and cognitive deficits. This review seeks to highlight the patterns and mechanisms of stressors such as poverty, developmental stress, environmental pollutions as well as malnutrition stress on astrocytes and microglia in neuroinflammation within the African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ayokunle Olude
- Vertebrate Morphology, Environmental Toxicology and Neuroscience Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Matthew Ayokunle Olude,
| | - Abdeslam Mouihate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Oluwaseun Ahmed Mustapha
- Vertebrate Morphology, Environmental Toxicology and Neuroscience Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Cinthia Farina
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Francisco Javier Quintana
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - James Olukayode Olopade
- Neuroscience Unit, Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Denuzière A, Ghersi-Egea JF. Cerebral concentration and toxicity of endocrine disrupting chemicals: The implication of blood-brain interfaces. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:100-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ferraz da Silva I, Merlo E, Costa CS, Graceli JB, Rodrigues LCM. Tributyltin Exposure Is Associated With Recognition Memory Impairments, Alterations in Estrogen Receptor α Protein Levels, and Oxidative Stress in the Brain of Female Mice. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 3:654077. [PMID: 35295135 PMCID: PMC8915859 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.654077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is a persistent organometallic pollutant widely used in several agricultural and industrial processes. TBT exposure is associated with various metabolic, reproductive, immune, and cardiovascular abnormalities. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of TBT on behavior. In the present study, we aimed to investigate whether TBT exposure results in oxidative, neuroendocrine, and behavioral alterations. TBT was administered to adult female mice (250, 500, or 750 ng/kg/day or veh for 14 days), and their recognition memory was assessed. We have also evaluated estrogen receptor (ER)α protein expression and oxidative stress (OS) in brain areas related to memory, as well as the correlation between them. A reduction in short- and long-term recognition memory (STM and LTM) performance, as well as in total exploration time was observed in TBT mice. Reduced ERα protein expression was observed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of TBT mice, while an increase in TBARS concentration was observed in the PFC of treated animals. Collectively, these data suggest that TBT exposure impairs recognition memory in female mice as a result of, at least in part, its toxicological effects on ERα expression and OS in specific brain areas related to memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ferraz da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Psychopharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Merlo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Cellular Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Charles S Costa
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Cellular Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Cellular Toxicology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Lívia C M Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Neurotoxicology and Psychopharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
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15
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Shi Y, Chen C, Li M, Liu L, Dong K, Chen K, Qiu X. Oral Exposure to Tributyltin Induced Behavioral Abnormality and Oxidative Stress in the Eyes and Brains of Juvenile Japanese Medaka ( Oryzias latipes). Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111647. [PMID: 34829518 PMCID: PMC8615197 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely used compound tributyltin (TBT), which can be continuously detected in aquatic species and seafood, may induce diverse adverse effects on aquatic organisms. However, little is known regarding the mechanistic links between behavioral abnormality and oxidative stress in different fish tissues in response to oral TBT exposure. Herein, juvenile Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were orally exposed to TBT at 1 and 10 ng/g-bw/d for four weeks. After exposure, the locomotor activity and social interaction of juvenile medaka were found to be significantly reduced in the 10 ng/g-bw/d TBT-exposed group. Furthermore, the antioxidant biomarkers in different tissues of juvenile medaka showed different levels of sensitivity to TBT exposure. The eye superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities markedly increased in both groups exposed to 1 and 10 ng/g-bw/d TBT, while the eye and brain malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased in the higher dose group. Furthermore, the eye and brain ATPase activities markedly declined in the 1 ng/g-bw/d TBT-exposed group. A correlation analysis revealed that the decreased locomotor activity and social interaction in medaka were associated with the eye antioxidant enzyme (i.e., SOD and catalase (CAT)) activity and brain oxidative damage level. Thus, our findings suggested that there might be some mechanistic links between the behavioral abnormality induced by TBT exposure and oxidative stress in the eyes and brains of medaka. Thus, our findings indicate that the impacts of oral exposure to TBT should be considered to better assess its risk to the aquatic ecosystem and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Shi
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (M.L.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (M.L.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (M.L.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (M.L.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Kejun Dong
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (M.L.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
| | - Kun Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (M.L.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xuchun Qiu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (Y.S.); (C.C.); (M.L.); (L.L.); (K.D.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (X.Q.)
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16
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Dragić M, Mitrović N, Adžić M, Nedeljković N, Grković I. Microglial- and Astrocyte-Specific Expression of Purinergic Signaling Components and Inflammatory Mediators in the Rat Hippocampus During Trimethyltin-Induced Neurodegeneration. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211044882. [PMID: 34569324 PMCID: PMC8495514 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211044882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the involvement of purinergic signaling components in
the rat model of hippocampal degeneration induced by trimethyltin (TMT)
intoxication (8 mg/kg, single intraperitoneal injection), which results in
behavioral and neurological dysfunction similar to neurodegenerative disorders.
We investigated spatial and temporal patterns of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate
diphosphohydrolase 1 (NTPDase1/CD39) and ecto-5′ nucleotidase (eN/CD73)
activity, their cell-specific localization, and analyzed gene expression pattern
and/or cellular localization of purinoreceptors and proinflammatory mediators
associated with reactive glial cells. Our study demonstrated that all Iba1+
cells at the injured area, irrespective of their morphology, upregulated
NTPDase1/CD39, while induction of eN/CD73 has been observed at amoeboid Iba1+
cells localized within the hippocampal neuronal layers with pronounced cell
death. Marked induction of P2Y12R, P2Y6R, and
P2X4-messenger RNA at the early stage of TMT-induced
neurodegeneration might reflect the functional properties, migration, and
chemotaxis of microglia, while induction of P2X7R at amoeboid cells
probably modulates their phagocytic role. Reactive astrocytes expressed
adenosine A1, A2A, and P2Y1 receptors, revealed
induction of complement component C3, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nuclear
factor-kB, and proinflammatory cytokines at the late stage of TMT-induced
neurodegeneration. An increased set of purinergic system components on activated
microglia (NTPDase1/CD39, eN/CD73, and P2X7) and astrocytes
(A1R, A2AR, and P2Y1), and loss of
homeostatic glial and neuronal purinergic pathways (P2Y12 and
A1R) may shift purinergic signaling balance toward excitotoxicity
and inflammation, thus favoring progression of pathological events. These
findings may contribute to a better understanding of the involvement of
purinergic signaling components in the progression of neurodegenerative
disorders that could be target molecules for the development of novel
therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milorad Dragić
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Mitrović
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, 89101University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Adžić
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Center for Laser Microscopy, 98829Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nadežda Nedeljković
- Department for General Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Grković
- Department of Molecular Biology and Endocrinology, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, 89101University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Kalocayova B, Snurikova D, Vlkovicova J, Navarova-Stara V, Michalikova D, Ujhazy E, Gasparova Z, Vrbjar N. Effect of handling on ATP utilization of cerebral Na,K-ATPase in rats with trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4323-4330. [PMID: 34427815 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously it was shown that for reduction of anxiety and stress of experimental animals, preventive handling seems to be one of the most effective methods. The present study was oriented on Na,K-ATPase, a key enzyme for maintaining proper concentrations of intracellular sodium and potassium ions. Malfunction of this enzyme has an essential role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. It is known that this enzyme requires approximately 50% of the energy available to the brain. Therefore in the present study utilization of the energy source ATP by Na,K-ATPase in the frontal cerebral cortex, using the method of enzyme kinetics was investigated. As a model of neurodegeneration treatment with trimethyltin (TMT) was applied. Daily handling (10 min/day) of healthy rats and rats suffering neurodegeneration induced by administration of TMT in a dose of (7.5 mg/kg), at postnatal days 60-102 altered the expression of catalytic subunits of Na,K-ATPase as well as kinetic properties of this enzyme in the frontal cerebral cortex of adult male Wistar rats. In addition to the previously published beneficial effect on spatial memory, daily treatment of rats was accompanied by improved maintenance of sodium homeostasis in the frontal cortex. The key system responsible for this process, Na,K-ATPase, was able to utilize better the energy substrate ATP. In rats, manipulation of TMT-induced neurodegeneration promoted the expression of the α2 isoform of the enzyme, which is typical for glial cells. In healthy rats, manipulation was followed by increased expression of the α3 subunit, which is typical of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Kalocayova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Denisa Snurikova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Vlkovicova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Navarova-Stara
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Dominika Michalikova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eduard Ujhazy
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zdenka Gasparova
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Norbert Vrbjar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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19
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Fross S, Mansel C, McCormick M, Vohra BPS. Tributyltin Alters Calcium Levels, Mitochondrial Dynamics, and Activates Calpains Within Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons. Toxicol Sci 2021; 180:342-355. [PMID: 33481012 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) remains a global health concern. The primary route of human exposure to TBT is either through ingestion or skin absorption, but TBT's effects on the peripheral nervous system have still not been investigated. Therefore, we exposed in vitro sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons to TBT at a concentration of 50-200 nM, which is similar to the observed concentrations of TBT in human blood samples. We observed that TBT causes extensive axon degeneration and neuronal death in the DRG neurons. Furthermore, we discovered that TBT causes an increase in both cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium levels, disrupts mitochondrial dynamics, decreases neuronal ATP levels, and leads to the activation of calpains. Additional experiments demonstrated that inhibition of calpain activation prevented TBT-induced fragmentation of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins and neuronal cell death. Thus, we conclude that calpain activation is the key executioner of TBT-induced peripheral neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneann Fross
- Department of Biology, William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri 64068, USA
| | - Clayton Mansel
- Department of Biology, William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri 64068, USA
| | - Madison McCormick
- Department of Biology, William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri 64068, USA
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Childers GM, Perry CA, Blachut B, Martin N, Bortner CD, Sieber S, Li JL, Fessler MB, Harry GJ. Assessing the Association of Mitochondrial Function and Inflammasome Activation in Murine Macrophages Exposed to Select Mitotoxic Tri-Organotin Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:47015. [PMID: 33929904 PMCID: PMC8086801 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial function is implicated as a target of environmental toxicants and found in disease or injury models, contributing to acute and chronic inflammation. One mechanism by which mitochondrial damage can propagate inflammation is via activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain-containing receptor (NLRP)3 inflammasome, a protein complex that processes mature interleukin (IL)-1β. IL-1β plays an important role in the innate immune response and dysregulation is associated with autoinflammatory disorders. OBJECTIVE The objective was to evaluate whether mitochondrial toxicants recruit inflammasome activation and IL-1β processing. METHOD Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) exposed to tri-organotins (triethyltin bromide (TETBr), trimethyltin hydroxide (TMTOH), triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTOH), bis(tributyltin)oxide) [Bis(TBT)Ox] were examined for pro-inflammatory cytokine induction. TMTOH and TETBr were examined in RAW 264.7 and bone marrow-derived macrophages for mitochondrial bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inflammasome activation via visualization of aggregate formation, caspase-1 flow cytometry, IL-1β enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blots, and microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA arrays. RESULTS TETBr and TMTOH induced inflammasome aggregate formation and IL-1β release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed macrophages. Mitochondrial bioenergetics and mitochondrial ROS were suppressed. Il1a and Il1b induction with LPS or LPS+ATP challenge was diminished. Differential miRNA and mRNA profiles were observed. Lower miR-151-3p targeted cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated and AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways; higher miR-6909-5p, miR-7044-5p, and miR-7686-5p targeted Wnt beta-catenin signaling, retinoic acid receptor activation, apoptosis, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, IL-22, IL-12, and IL-10 signaling. Functional enrichment analysis identified apoptosis and cell survival canonical pathways. CONCLUSION Select mitotoxic tri-organotins disrupted murine macrophage transcriptional response to LPS, yet triggered inflammasome activation. The differential response pattern suggested unique functional changes in the inflammatory response that may translate to suppressed host defense or prolong inflammation. We posit a framework to examine immune cell effects of environmental mitotoxic compounds for adverse health outcomes. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M. Childers
- Molecular Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline A. Perry
- Molecular Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Barbara Blachut
- Molecular Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Negin Martin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carl D. Bortner
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stella Sieber
- Molecular Genomics Core Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - G. Jean Harry
- Molecular Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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21
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Massawe ER, Moshi N, Ren J, Rieke CC, Magohe AK, Fellows AM, Arega EA, Niemczak CE, Jackson BP, Karagas MR, Buckey JC. Unexplained multi-sensory neuropathy syndrome in young Tanzanian adults. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2021; 5. [PMID: 34084947 DOI: 10.29392/001c.21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A unique syndrome affecting young adults of unexplained hearing loss often associated with uncorrectable poor visual acuity and lower extremity numbness is endemic in Dar es Salaam. This study characterized the hearing loss, associated it with other symptoms, and gathered information on potential causes. Methods Forty-seven patients (23 men, 24 women) <40 years old with a symptom consistent with the syndrome, negative syphilis test, and no head injury history were recruited from Muhimbili National Hospital. 18 controls (10 men, 8 women) were recruited from the same neighborhoods as patients. Hearing ability and cochlear outer hair cell function (distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs)) were assessed, as were visual acuity and color vision. Peripheral neuropathy was evaluated using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), and physical examination. Blood C-reactive protein levels and toenail trace metal concentrations were measured. Environmental exposures were elicited using a questionnaire. Patients with at least two of the following signs were defined as having the syndrome: poor hearing with normal DPOAEs, vision not correctable to better than 20/30, or a MNSI score greater than 4. Results 29 participants met the case definition. CRP levels did not differ between groups but manganese, cobalt and tin levels were each greater in the cases than controls. No other environmental exposure differences were noted. Conclusions Toenail manganese, cobalt, and tin levels were higher in those with the syndrome. These metals are potential neurotoxins suggesting a possible environmental origin for this unique and debilitating syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enica R Massawe
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ndeserua Moshi
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Junkun Ren
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Catherine C Rieke
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Albert K Magohe
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Enat A Arega
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jay C Buckey
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.,Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Galbiati V, Buoso E, d'Emmanuele di Villa Bianca R, Paola RD, Morroni F, Nocentini G, Racchi M, Viviani B, Corsini E. Immune and Nervous Systems Interaction in Endocrine Disruptors Toxicity: The Case of Atrazine. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:649024. [PMID: 35295136 PMCID: PMC8915797 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.649024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (ED) are natural and anthropogenic chemicals that can interfere with hormonal systems at different levels. As such, ED-induced alterations in hormone functions have been implicated in many diseases and pathological conditions, including adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, cardiovascular, and immunological effects in mammals. The fact that ED may compete with several endogenous hormones for multiple receptors and pathways is not always fully considered. This results in a complex response that depends on the cellular context in terms of receptors and interacting proteins and, thus, may differ between tissues and circumstances. Microglia, neurons, and other immune cells are potential targets and still underappreciated actors in endocrine disruption. Due to the large scale of this topic, this review is not intended to provide a comprehensive review nor a systematic review of chemicals identified as endocrine disruptors. It focuses on the immune-neuro-endocrine network in ED toxicity and research gaps, using atrazine as an example to highlight this complexity and the interrelationship between the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, and ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Galbiati
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Valentina Galbiati
| | - Erica Buoso
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiana Morroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nocentini
- Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Racchi
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Drug Sciences, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Viviani
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Škerlová J, Ismail A, Lindström H, Sjödin B, Mannervik B, Stenmark P. Structural and functional analysis of the inhibition of equine glutathione transferase A3-3 by organotin endocrine disrupting pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115960. [PMID: 33162212 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organotin compounds are highly toxic environmental pollutants with neurotoxic and endocrine-disrupting effects. They are potent inhibitors of glutathione transferases (GSTs), thus impeding their detoxication and antioxidant functions. Several GSTs, including equine GST A3-3 (EcaGST A3-3), exhibit steroid double-bond isomerase activity and are involved in the biosynthesis of testosterone and progesterone. We have performed enzyme kinetics analyses of the inhibition of EcaGST A3-3 by organotin compounds. We have also solved crystal structures of EcaGST A3-3 in complexes with glutathione, and with glutathione together with covalently bound triethyltin. Our structural data indicate that the tin atom forms strong bonds with a covalent character not only with the glutathione, but also with a tyrosyl residue of the enzyme itself, thereby preventing the release of the glutathione-organotin adduct and completely blocking the enzyme function. This work presents a structural basis for the general mechanism of GST inhibition by organotin compounds and contributes to the understanding of their neurotoxic and endocrine disrupting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Škerlová
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aram Ismail
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lindström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sjödin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.
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Lehle JD, McCarrey JR. Differential susceptibility to endocrine disruptor-induced epimutagenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2020; 6:dvaa016. [PMID: 33324495 PMCID: PMC7722801 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is now considerable evidence indicating the potential for endocrine disrupting chemicals to alter the epigenome and for subsets of these epigenomic changes or "epimutations" to be heritably transmitted to offspring in subsequent generations. While there have been many studies indicating how exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals can disrupt various organs associated with the body's endocrine systems, there is relatively limited information regarding the relative susceptibility of different specific organs, tissues, or cell types to endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutagenesis. Here we review available information about different organs, tissues, cell types, and/or cell lines which have been shown to be susceptible to specific endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutations. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms that may be involved, or impacted by this tissue- or cell type-specific, differential susceptibility to different endocrine disrupting chemicals. Finally, we summarize available information indicating that certain periods of development display elevated susceptibility to endocrine disrupting chemical exposure and we describe how this may affect the extent to which germline epimutations can be transmitted inter- or transgenerationally. We conclude that cell type-specific differential susceptibility to endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutagenesis is likely to directly impact the extent to, or manner in, which endocrine disrupting chemical exposure initially induces epigenetic changes to DNA methylation and/or histone modifications, and how these endocrine disrupting chemical-induced epimutations can then subsequently impact gene expression, potentially leading to the development of heritable disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake D Lehle
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - John R McCarrey
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, 1 UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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25
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Iqubal A, Ahmed M, Ahmad S, Sahoo CR, Iqubal MK, Haque SE. Environmental neurotoxic pollutants: review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:41175-41198. [PMID: 32820440 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants are recognized as one of the major concerns for public health and responsible for various forms of neurological disorders. Some of the common sources of environmental pollutants related to neurotoxic manifestations are industrial waste, pesticides, automobile exhaust, laboratory waste, and burning of terrestrial waste. Among various environmental pollutants, particulate matter, ultrafine particulate matter, nanoparticles, and lipophilic vaporized toxicant (acrolein) easily cross the blood-brain barrier, activate innate immune responses in the astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, and exert neurotoxicity. Growing shreds of evidence from human epidemiological studies have correlated the environmental pollutants with neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, myelin sheath disruption, and alterations in the blood-brain barrier anatomy leading to cognitive dysfunction and poor quality of life. These environmental pollutants also considerably cause developmental neurotoxicity, exhibit teratogenic effect and mental growth retardance, and reduce IQ level. Until now, the exact mechanism of pollutant-induced neurotoxicity is not known, but studies have shown interference of pollutants with the endogenous antioxidant defense system, inflammatory pathway (Nrf2/NF-kB, MAPKs/PI3K, and Akt/GSK3β), modulation of neurotransmitters, and reduction in long-term potentiation. In the current review, various sources of pollutants and exposure to the human population, developmental neurotoxicity, and molecular mechanism of different pollutants involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological disorders have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Musheer Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Shahnawaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Chita Ranjan Sahoo
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences & Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751003, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Will JM, Erbacher C, Sperling M, Karst U. A mass spectrometry-based approach gives new insight into organotin-protein interactions. Metallomics 2020; 12:1702-1712. [PMID: 32930317 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00171f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the combination of speciation analysis and native mass spectrometry is presented as a powerful tool to gain new insight into the diverse interactions of environmentally relevant organotin compounds (OTCs) with proteins. Analytical standards of model proteins, such as β-lactoglobulin A (LGA), were thereby incubated with different phenyl- and butyltins. For adduct identification and characterization, the incubated samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in combination with size exclusion chromatography (SEC). It allowed for a mild separation, which was most crucial to preserve the acid-labile organotin-protein adducts during their analyses. The binding of triorganotin compounds, such as triphenyltin, was shown to be sulfhydryl-directed by using cysteine-specific protein labeling. However, the sole availability of reduced cysteine residues in proteins did not automatically enable adduct formation. This observation complements previous studies and indicates the necessity of a highly specific binding pocket, which was identified for the model protein LGA via enzymatic digestion experiments. In contrast to triorganotins, their natural di- and mono-substituted degradation products, such as dibutyltin, revealed to be less specific regarding their binding to several proteins. Further, it also did not depend on reduced cysteine residues within the protein. In this context, they can probably act as linker molecules, interconnecting proteins, and leading to dimers and probably to higher oligomers. Furthermore, dibutyltin was observed to induce hydrolysis of the protein's peptide backbone at a specific site. Concerning unknown long-term toxic effects, our studies emphasize the importance of future studies on di- and mono-substituted OTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas M Will
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Ye M, Han BH, Kim JS, Kim K, Shim I. Neuroprotective Effect of Bean Phosphatidylserine on TMT-Induced Memory Deficits in a Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4901. [PMID: 32664537 PMCID: PMC7402346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trimethyltin (TMT) is a potent neurotoxin affecting various regions of the central nervous system, including the neocortex, the cerebellum, and the hippocampus. Phosphatidylserine (PS) is a membrane phospholipid, which is vital to brain cells. We analyzed the neuroprotective effects of soybean-derived phosphatidylserine (Bean-PS) on cognitive function, changes in the central cholinergic systems, and neural activity in TMT-induced memory deficits in a rat model. METHODS The rats were randomly divided into an untreated normal group, a TMT group (injected with TMT + vehicle), and a group injected with TMT + Bean-PS. The rats were treated with 10% hexane (TMT group) or TMT + Bean-PS (50 mg·kg-1, oral administration (p.o.)) daily for 21 days, following a single injection of TMT (8.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)). The cognitive function of Bean-PS was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) test and a passive avoidance task (PAT). The expression of acetylcholine transferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in the hippocampus was assessed via immunohistochemistry. A positron emission tomography (PET) scan was used to measure the glucose uptake in the rat brain. RESULTS Treatment with Bean-PS enhanced memory function in the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Consistent with the behavioral results, treatment with Bean-PS diminished the damage to cholinergic cells in the hippocampus, in contrast to those of the TMT group. The TMT+Bean-PS group showed elevated glucose uptake in the frontal lobe of the rat brain. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that Bean-PS protects against TMT-induced learning and memory impairment. As such, Bean-PS represents a potential treatment for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsook Ye
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Bong Hee Han
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Korea;
| | - Jin Su Kim
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea;
| | - Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02435, Korea;
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28
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Autophagy in trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:987-998. [PMID: 32451631 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative process playing an important role in removing misfolded or aggregated proteins, clearing damaged organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as eliminating intracellular pathogens. The autophagic process is important for balancing sources of energy at critical developmental stages and in response to nutrient stress. Recently, autophagy has been involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases although its beneficial (pro-survival) or detrimental (pro-death) role remains controversial. In the present review, we discuss the role of autophagy following intoxication with trimethyltin (TMT), an organotin compound that induces severe hippocampal neurodegeneration associated with astrocyte and microglia activation. TMT is considered a useful tool to study the molecular mechanisms occurring in human neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and temporal lobe epilepsy. This is also relevant in the field of environmental safety, since organotin compounds are used as heat stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride polymers, industrial and agricultural biocides, and as industrial chemical catalysts.
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29
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Sham RCT, Ho KKY, Zhou GJ, Li Y, Wang X, Leung KMY. Occurrence, ecological and human health risks of phenyltin compounds in the marine environment of Hong Kong. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 154:111093. [PMID: 32319922 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyltin (TPT) has been known as one of the most toxic compounds being released into the marine environment by anthropogenic means. This study assessed the contamination statuses of TPT and its two major degradants, i.e., monophenyltin and diphenyltin, in seawater, sediment and biota samples from marine environments of Hong Kong, a highly urbanized and densely populated city, and evaluated their ecological and human health risks. The results showed that the Hong Kong's marine environments were heavily contaminated with these chemicals, especially for TPT. Concentration ranges of TPT in seawater, sediment and biota samples were 3.8-11.7 ng/L, 71.8-91.7 ng/g d.w., and 9.6-1079.9 ng/g w.w., respectively. As reflected by high hazard quotients (1.7-5.3 for seawaters; 46.1-59.0 for sediments), TPT exhibited high ecological and human health risks. Our results are essential for the future management and control of anthropogenic TPT use in antifouling paints and as biocides in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronia Chung-Tin Sham
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kevin King Yan Ho
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kenneth Mei Yee Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Vaidyanathan G, Pozzi OR, Choi J, Zhao XG, Murphy S, Zalutsky MR. Labeling Monoclonal Antibody with α-emitting 211At at High Activity Levels via a Tin Precursor. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 35:511-519. [PMID: 32109139 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2019.3204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In a previous clinical study, the authors evaluated the potential of antitenascin C monoclonal antibody (mAb) 81C6 labeled with 211At via the prosthetic agent N-succinimidyl 3-[211At]astatobenzoate (SAB) for the treatment of primary brain tumors. Although encouraging results were obtained, labeling chemistry failed while attempting to escalate the dose to 370 MBq. The goal of the current study was to develop a revised procedure less susceptible to radiolysis-mediated effects on 211At labeling that would be suitable for use at higher activity levels of this α-emitter. Materials and Methods: Addition of N-chlorosuccinimide to the methanol used to remove the 211At from the cryotrap after bismuth target distillation was done to thwart radiolytic decomposition of reactive 211At and the tin precursor. A series of 11 reactions were performed to produce SAB at initial 211At activity levels of 0.31-2.74 GBq from 50 μg of N-succinimidyl 3-trimethylstannylbenzoate (Me-STB), which was then reacted with murine 81C6 mAb without purification of the SAB intermediate. Radiochemical purity, immunoreactive fraction, sterility, and apyrogenicity of the 211At-labeled 81C6 preparations were evaluated. Results: Murine 81C6 mAb was successfully labeled with 211At using these revised procedures with improved radiochemical yields and decreased overall synthesis time compared with the original clinical labeling procedure. Conclusions: With 2.74 GBq of 211At, it was possible to produce 1.0 GBq of 211At-labeled 81C6 with an immunoreactive fraction of 92%. These revised procedures permit production of 211At-labeled mAbs suitable for use at clinically relevant activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oscar R Pozzi
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jaeyeon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiao-Guang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shawn Murphy
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael R Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Zhang J, Yang Y, Liu W, Schlenk D, Liu J. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors and corticosteroid homeostasis are potential targets for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105133. [PMID: 31520960 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have received significant concern, since they ubiquitously exist in the environment and are able to induce adverse health effects on human and wildlife. Increasing evidence shows that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), members of the steroid receptor subfamily, are potential targets for EDCs. GR and MR mediate the actions of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, respectively, which are two main classes of corticosteroids involved in many physiological processes. The effects of EDCs on the homeostasis of these two classes of corticosteroids have also gained more attention recently. This review summarized the effects of environmental GR/MR ligands on receptor activity, and disruption of corticosteroid homeostasis. More than 130 chemicals classified into 7 main categories were reviewed, including metals, metalloids, pesticides, bisphenol analogues, flame retardants, other industrial chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The mechanisms by which EDCs interfere with GR/MR activity are primarily involved in ligand-receptor binding, nuclear translocation of the receptor complex, DNA-receptor binding, and changes in the expression of endogenous GR/MR genes. Besides directly interfering with receptors, enzyme-catalyzed synthesis and prereceptor regulation pathways of corticosteroids are also important targets for EDCs. The collected evidence suggests that corticosteroids and their receptors should be considered as potential targets for safety assessment of EDCs. The recognition of relevant xenobiotics and their underlying mechanisms of action is still a challenge in this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Institute of Hygiene, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Role of the protease-activated receptor 1 in regulating the function of glial cells within central and peripheral nervous system. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1259-1271. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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González-Ruiz V, Schvartz D, Sandström J, Pezzatti J, Jeanneret F, Tonoli D, Boccard J, Monnet-Tschudi F, Sanchez JC, Rudaz S. An Integrative Multi-Omics Workflow to Address Multifactorial Toxicology Experiments. Metabolites 2019; 9:E79. [PMID: 31022902 PMCID: PMC6523777 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9040079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicology studies can take advantage of omics approaches to better understand the phenomena underlying the phenotypic alterations induced by different types of exposure to certain toxicants. Nevertheless, in order to analyse the data generated from multifactorial omics studies, dedicated data analysis tools are needed. In this work, we propose a new workflow comprising both factor deconvolution and data integration from multiple analytical platforms. As a case study, 3D neural cell cultures were exposed to trimethyltin (TMT) and the relevance of the culture maturation state, the exposure duration, as well as the TMT concentration were simultaneously studied using a metabolomic approach combining four complementary analytical techniques (reversed-phase LC and hydrophilic interaction LC, hyphenated to mass spectrometry in positive and negative ionization modes). The ANOVA multiblock OPLS (AMOPLS) method allowed us to decompose and quantify the contribution of the different experimental factors on the outcome of the TMT exposure. Results showed that the most important contribution to the overall metabolic variability came from the maturation state and treatment duration. Even though the contribution of TMT effects represented the smallest observed modulation among the three factors, it was highly statistically significant. The MetaCore™ pathway analysis tool revealed TMT-induced alterations in biosynthetic pathways and in neuronal differentiation and signaling processes, with a predominant deleterious effect on GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. This was confirmed by combining proteomic data, increasing the confidence on the mechanistic understanding of such a toxicant exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor González-Ruiz
- Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Domitille Schvartz
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Jenny Sandström
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Julian Pezzatti
- Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Fabienne Jeanneret
- Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - David Tonoli
- Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Julien Boccard
- Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Florianne Monnet-Tschudi
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Charles Sanchez
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- Translational Biomarker Group, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Analytical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology, 4055 Basel, Switzerland.
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Marraudino M, Bonaldo B, Farinetti A, Panzica G, Ponti G, Gotti S. Metabolism Disrupting Chemicals and Alteration of Neuroendocrine Circuits Controlling Food Intake and Energy Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:766. [PMID: 30687229 PMCID: PMC6333703 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) are molecules (largely belonging to the category of endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs) that can cause important diseases as the metabolic syndrome, obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or fatty liver. MDCs act on fat tissue and liver, may regulate gut functions (influencing absorption), but they may also alter the hypothalamic peptidergic circuits that control food intake and energy metabolism. These circuits are normally regulated by several factors, including estrogens, therefore those EDCs that are able to bind estrogen receptors may promote metabolic changes through their action on the same hypothalamic circuits. Here, we discuss data showing how the exposure to some MDCs can alter the expression of neuropeptides within the hypothalamic circuits involved in food intake and energy metabolism. In particular, in this review we have described the effects at hypothalamic level of three known EDCs: Genistein, an isoflavone (phytoestrogen) abundant in soy-based food (a possible new not-synthetic MDC), Bisphenol A (compound involved in the manufacturing of many consumer plastic products), and Tributyltin chloride (one of the most dangerous and toxic endocrine disruptor, used in antifouling paint for boats).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Marraudino
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Brigitta Bonaldo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Farinetti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - GianCarlo Panzica
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: GianCarlo Panzica
| | - Giovanna Ponti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Legradi JB, Di Paolo C, Kraak MHS, van der Geest HG, Schymanski EL, Williams AJ, Dingemans MML, Massei R, Brack W, Cousin X, Begout ML, van der Oost R, Carion A, Suarez-Ulloa V, Silvestre F, Escher BI, Engwall M, Nilén G, Keiter SH, Pollet D, Waldmann P, Kienle C, Werner I, Haigis AC, Knapen D, Vergauwen L, Spehr M, Schulz W, Busch W, Leuthold D, Scholz S, vom Berg CM, Basu N, Murphy CA, Lampert A, Kuckelkorn J, Grummt T, Hollert H. An ecotoxicological view on neurotoxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EUROPE 2018; 30:46. [PMID: 30595996 PMCID: PMC6292971 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-018-0173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The numbers of potential neurotoxicants in the environment are raising and pose a great risk for humans and the environment. Currently neurotoxicity assessment is mostly performed to predict and prevent harm to human populations. Despite all the efforts invested in the last years in developing novel in vitro or in silico test systems, in vivo tests with rodents are still the only accepted test for neurotoxicity risk assessment in Europe. Despite an increasing number of reports of species showing altered behaviour, neurotoxicity assessment for species in the environment is not required and therefore mostly not performed. Considering the increasing numbers of environmental contaminants with potential neurotoxic potential, eco-neurotoxicity should be also considered in risk assessment. In order to do so novel test systems are needed that can cope with species differences within ecosystems. In the field, online-biomonitoring systems using behavioural information could be used to detect neurotoxic effects and effect-directed analyses could be applied to identify the neurotoxicants causing the effect. Additionally, toxic pressure calculations in combination with mixture modelling could use environmental chemical monitoring data to predict adverse effects and prioritize pollutants for laboratory testing. Cheminformatics based on computational toxicological data from in vitro and in vivo studies could help to identify potential neurotoxicants. An array of in vitro assays covering different modes of action could be applied to screen compounds for neurotoxicity. The selection of in vitro assays could be guided by AOPs relevant for eco-neurotoxicity. In order to be able to perform risk assessment for eco-neurotoxicity, methods need to focus on the most sensitive species in an ecosystem. A test battery using species from different trophic levels might be the best approach. To implement eco-neurotoxicity assessment into European risk assessment, cheminformatics and in vitro screening tests could be used as first approach to identify eco-neurotoxic pollutants. In a second step, a small species test battery could be applied to assess the risks of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Legradi
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Environment and Health, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. Di Paolo
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - M. H. S. Kraak
- FAME-Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H. G. van der Geest
- FAME-Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. L. Schymanski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - A. J. Williams
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 USA
| | - M. M. L. Dingemans
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - R. Massei
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - W. Brack
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - X. Cousin
- Ifremer, UMR MARBEC, Laboratoire Adaptation et Adaptabilités des Animaux et des Systèmes, Route de Maguelone, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
- INRA, UMR GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Domaine de Vilvert, Batiment 231, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M.-L. Begout
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques, Place Gaby Coll, 17137 L’Houmeau, France
| | - R. van der Oost
- Department of Technology, Research and Engineering, Waternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Carion
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - V. Suarez-Ulloa
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - F. Silvestre
- Laboratory of Evolutionary and Adaptive Physiology, Institute of Life, Earth and Environment, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - B. I. Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M. Engwall
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - G. Nilén
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - S. H. Keiter
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - D. Pollet
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. Waldmann
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C. Kienle
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - I. Werner
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Überlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - A.-C. Haigis
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - D. Knapen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - L. Vergauwen
- Zebrafishlab, Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - M. Spehr
- Institute for Biology II, Department of Chemosensation, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - W. Schulz
- Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung, Langenau, Germany
| | - W. Busch
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - D. Leuthold
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S. Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ–Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - C. M. vom Berg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Dübendorf, 8600 Switzerland
| | - N. Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C. A. Murphy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - A. Lampert
- Institute of Physiology (Neurophysiology), Aachen, Germany
| | - J. Kuckelkorn
- Section Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, 08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - T. Grummt
- Section Toxicology of Drinking Water and Swimming Pool Water, Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, 08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - H. Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, ABBt–Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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