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Rupp T, Oelschlägel B, Berjano R, Mahfoud H, Buono D, Wenke T, Rabitsch K, Bächli G, Stanojlovic V, Cabrele C, Xiong W, Knaden M, Dahl A, Neinhuis C, Wanke S, Dötterl S. Chemical imitation of yeast fermentation by the drosophilid-pollinated deceptive trap-flower Aristolochia baetica (Aristolochiaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 224:114142. [PMID: 38762152 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Deceptive flowers, unlike in mutualistic pollination systems, mislead their pollinators by advertising rewards which ultimately are not provided. Although our understanding of deceptive pollination systems increased in recent years, the attractive signals and deceptive strategies in the majority of species remain unknown. This is also true for the genus Aristolochia, famous for its deceptive and fly-pollinated trap flowers. Representatives of this genus were generally assumed to be oviposition-site mimics, imitating vertebrate carrion or mushrooms. However, recent studies found a broader spectrum of strategies, including kleptomyiophily and imitation of invertebrate carrion. A different deceptive strategy is presented here for the western Mediterranean Aristolochia baetica L. We found that this species is mostly pollinated by drosophilid flies (Drosophilidae, mostly Drosophila spp.), which typically feed on fermenting fruit infested by yeasts. The flowers of A. baetica emitted mostly typical yeast volatiles, predominantly the aliphatic compounds acetoin and 2,3-butandiol, and derived acetates, as well as the aromatic compound 2-phenylethanol. Analyses of the absolute configurations of the chiral volatiles revealed weakly (acetoin, 2,3-butanediol) to strongly (mono- and diacetates) biased stereoisomer-ratios. Electrophysiological (GC-EAD) experiments and lab bioassays demonstrated that most of the floral volatiles, although not all stereoisomers of chiral compounds, were physiologically active and attractive in drosophilid pollinators; a synthetic mixture thereof successfully attracted them in field and lab bioassays. We conclude that A. baetica chemically mimics yeast fermentation to deceive its pollinators. This deceptive strategy (scent chemistry, pollinators, trapping function) is also known from more distantly related plants, such as Arum palaestinum Boiss. (Araceae) and Ceropegia spp. (Apocynaceae), suggesting convergent evolution. In contrast to other studies working on floral scents in plants imitating breeding sites, the present study considered the absolute configuration of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rupp
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Birgit Oelschlägel
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Regina Berjano
- Department of Vegetal Biology and Ecology, University of Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hafez Mahfoud
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniele Buono
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Wenke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Rabitsch
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gerhard Bächli
- Institut für Evolutionsbiologie und Umweltforschung, Universität Zürich-Irchel, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Wujian Xiong
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Normal University, Mianxingxi Road 166, 621000, Mianyang, China
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans Knoell Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- DRESDEN-Concept Genome Center, Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Neinhuis
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Wanke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany; Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 70-367, 04510, Coyoacan, Distrito Federal, Mexico; Institut für Ökologie, Evolution und Diversiät, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Abteilung Botanik und molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Paré PSL, Hien DFDS, Youba M, Yerbanga RS, Cohuet A, Gouagna L, Diabaté A, Ignell R, Dabiré RK, Gnankiné O, Lefèvre T. The paradox of plant preference: The malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii select suboptimal food sources for their survival and reproduction. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11187. [PMID: 38533352 PMCID: PMC10963300 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes, two major malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa, exhibit selectivity among plant species as potential food sources. However, it remains unclear if their preference aligns with optimal nutrient intake and survival. Following an extensive screening of the effects of 31 plant species on An. coluzzii in Burkina Faso, we selected three species for their contrasting effects on mosquito survival, namely Ixora coccinea, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, and Combretum indicum. We assessed the sugar content of these plants and their impact on mosquito fructose positivity, survival, and insemination rate, using Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae, with glucose 5% and water as controls. Plants displayed varying sugar content and differentially affected the survival, sugar intake, and insemination rate of mosquitoes. All three plants were more attractive to mosquitoes than controls, with An. gambiae being more responsive than An. coluzzii. Notably, C. indicum was the most attractive but had the lowest sugar content and offered the lowest survival, insemination rate, and fructose positivity. Our findings unveil a performance-preference mismatch in An. coluzzii and An. gambiae regarding plant food sources. Several possible reasons for this negative correlation between performance and preference are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca S. L. Paré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche—Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR‐SVT)Université Joseph KI‐ZERBO (UJKZ)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Domonbabele F. D. S. Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Mariam Youba
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche—Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR‐SVT)Université Joseph KI‐ZERBO (UJKZ)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Rakiswendé S. Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- Institut Des Sciences et Techniques (INSTech—BOBO)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | | | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Rickard Ignell
- Unit of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Disease Vector GroupSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - Roch K. Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankiné
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), Unité de Formation et de Recherche—Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (UFR‐SVT)Université Joseph KI‐ZERBO (UJKZ)OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CNRSMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire Mixte International Sur les Vecteurs (LAMIVECT)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
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Kidyoo A, Kidyoo M, Ekkaphan P, Blatrix R, McKey D, Proffit M. Specialized pollination by cecidomyiid flies and associated floral traits in Vincetoxicum sangyojarniae (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:166-180. [PMID: 38196297 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Specialized pollination systems frequently match a particular set of floral characteristics. Vincetoxicum spp. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) have disk-shaped flowers with open access to rewards and reproductive organs. Flowers with these traits are usually associated with generalized pollination. However, the highly modified androecium and gynoecium that characterize asclepiads are thought to be associated with specialized pollinators. In V. sangyojarniae, we investigated floral biology, pollination, and the degree of pollinator specialization in two localities in Thailand. We examined floral traits that target legitimate pollinators. Flowers of V. sangyojarniae opened only at night, emitted floral scents containing mainly (E)-β-ocimene, 1-octen-3-ol, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (E-DMNT) and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide, and provided sucrose-dominated nectar openly to insect visitors. Assessment of pollinator effectiveness indicated that V. sangyojarniae is functionally specialized for pollination by cecidomyiid flies. Although various insects, particularly cockroaches, frequently visited flowers, they did not carry pollinaria. Our results suggest that V. sangyojarniae attracts its fly pollinators by emitting floral volatiles bearing olfactory notes associated with the presence of fungi or, less likely, of prey captured by predatory arthropods (food sources of its pollinators) but offers a nectar reward upon insect arrival. Hence, there is a mismatch between the advertisement and the actual reward. Our results also suggest that the size of floral parts constitutes a mechanical filter where reciprocal fit between flower and insect structures ensures that only suitable pollinators can extract the pollinaria, a prerequisite for successful pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kidyoo
- Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - M Kidyoo
- Plants of Thailand Research Unit, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Ekkaphan
- Scientific and Technological Research Equipment Centre, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - R Blatrix
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - D McKey
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - M Proffit
- CEFE, University of Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Dötterl S, Gershenzon J. Chemistry, biosynthesis and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1901-1937. [PMID: 37661854 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2023Floral volatiles are a chemically diverse group of plant metabolites that serve multiple functions. Their composition is shaped by environmental, ecological and evolutionary factors. This review will summarize recent advances in floral scent research from chemical, molecular and ecological perspectives. It will focus on the major chemical classes of floral volatiles, on notable new structures, and on recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis and the regulation of volatile emission. Special attention will be devoted to the various functions of floral volatiles, not only as attractants for different types of pollinators, but also as defenses of flowers against enemies. We will also summarize recent findings on how floral volatiles are affected by abiotic stressors, such as increased temperatures and drought, and by other organisms, such as herbivores and flower-dwelling microbes. Finally, this review will indicate current research gaps, such as the very limited knowledge of the isomeric pattern of chiral compounds and its importance in interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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5
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Heiduk A, Brake I, Shuttleworth A, Johnson SD. 'Bleeding' flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) mimic wounded insects to attract kleptoparasitic fly pollinators. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 36938986 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Kleptomyiophily, where flowers imitate wounded insects to attract 'kleptoparasitic' flies as pollinators, is one of the most specialized types of floral mimicry and often involves physical trapping devices. However, the diversity of pollinators and functional floral traits involved in this form of mimicry remain poorly understood. We report a novel example of kleptomyiophily in the nontrapping flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii and explore the floral traits responsible for attracting pollinators. The pollinators, reproductive biology and floral traits (including epidermal surfaces, spectral reflectance and the composition of nectariferous petal secretions and scent) were investigated. Attractive volatiles were identified using electrophysiological and behavioural experiments. Ceropegia gerrardii was predominantly pollinated by kleptoparasitic Desmometopa spp. (Milichiidae) flies. The flower corollas extrude a protein- and sugar-containing secretion, similar to the haemolymph of wounded insects, on which the flies feed. Floral scent was chemically similar to that of injured honey bees. Four out of 24 electrophysiologically active compounds, all released by injured honey bees, were identified as key players in pollinator attraction. Our results suggest that C. gerrardii flowers chemically mimic wounded honey bees to attract kleptoparasitic flies and reward them with a secretion similar to the haemolymph on which they would normally feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Heiduk
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | | | - Adam Shuttleworth
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
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6
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Identification and Expression Profile of Chemosensory Receptor Genes in Aromia bungii (Faldermann) Antennal Transcriptome. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010096. [PMID: 35055940 PMCID: PMC8781584 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The red-necked longicorn beetle, Aromia bungii (Faldermann) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is a major destructive, wood-boring pest, which is widespread throughout the world. The sex pheromone of A. bungii was reported earlier; however, the chemosensory mechanism of the beetle remains almost unknown. In this study, 45 AbunORs, 6 AbunGRs and 2 AbunIRs were identified among 42,197 unigenes derived from the antennal transcriptome bioinformatic analysis of A. bungii adults. The sequence of putative Orco (AbunOR25) found in this study is highly conserved with the known Orcos from other Coleoptera species, and these Orco genes might be potentially used as target genes for the future development of novel and effective control strategies. Tissue expression analysis showed that 29 AbunOR genes were highly expressed in antennae, especially in the antennae of females, which was consistent with the idea that females might express more pheromone receptors for sensing pheromones, especially the sex pheromones produced by males. AbunOR5, 29, 31 and 37 were clustered with the pheromone receptors of the cerambycid Megacyllene caryae, suggesting that they might be putative pheromone receptors of A. bungii. All six AbunGRs were highly expressed in the mouthparts, indicating that these GRs may be involved in the taste perception process. Both AbunIRs were shown to be female-mouthparts-biased, suggesting that they might also be related to the tasting processes. Our study provides some basic information towards a deeper understanding of the chemosensing mechanism of A. bungii at a molecular level.
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Zhang QH, Hoover DR, McMillian DR, Zhou G, Margaryan A, Welshons DO, Norrbom AL, Aldrich JR. Synergistic attraction of kleptoparasitic flies, Desmometopa spp. (Diptera: Milichiidae) to two vespid venom volatiles, trans-conophthorin and N-(3-methylbutyl)acetamide. CHEMOECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-021-00365-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fly Pollination of Kettle Trap Flowers of Riocreuxiatorulosa (Ceropegieae-Anisotominae): A Generalized System of Floral Deception. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081564. [PMID: 34451609 PMCID: PMC8398993 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elaborated kettle trap flowers to temporarily detain pollinators evolved independently in several angiosperm lineages. Intensive research on species of Aristolochia and Ceropegia recently illuminated how these specialized trap flowers attract particular pollinators through chemical deception. Morphologically similar trap flowers evolved in Riocreuxia; however, no data about floral rewards, pollinators, and chemical ecology were available for this plant group. Here we provide data on pollination ecology and floral chemistry of R. torulosa. Specifically, we determined flower visitors and pollinators, assessed pollen transfer efficiency, and analysed floral scent chemistry. R. torulosa flowers are myiophilous and predominantly pollinated by Nematocera. Pollinating Diptera included, in order of decreasing abundance, male and female Sciaridae, Ceratopogonidae, Scatopsidae, Chloropidae, and Phoridae. Approximately 16% of pollen removed from flowers was successfully exported to conspecific stigmas. The flowers emitted mainly ubiquitous terpenoids, most abundantly linalool, furanoid (Z)-linalool oxide, and (E)-β-ocimene—compounds typical of rewarding flowers and fruits. R. torulosa can be considered to use generalized food (and possibly also brood-site) deception to lure small nematocerous Diptera into their flowers. These results suggest that R. torulosa has a less specific pollination system than previously reported for other kettle trap flowers but is nevertheless specialized at the level of Diptera suborder Nematocera.
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Rupp T, Oelschlägel B, Rabitsch K, Mahfoud H, Wenke T, Disney RHL, Neinhuis C, Wanke S, Dötterl S. Flowers of Deceptive Aristolochia microstoma Are Pollinated by Phorid Flies and Emit Volatiles Known From Invertebrate Carrion. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.658441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deceptive flowers decoy pollinators by advertising a reward, which finally is not provided. Numerous deceptive plants are pollinated by Diptera, but the attractive cues and deceptive strategies are only identified in a few cases. A typical fly-deceptive plant genus is Aristolochia, which evolved sophisticated trap flowers to temporarily capture pollinators. Though rarely demonstrated by experimental approaches, Aristolochia species are believed to chemically mimic brood sites, food sources for adult flies, or utilize sexual deception. Indeed, for most species, studies on scent composition and attractive signals are lacking. In this study, we focused on Aristolochia microstoma, a peculiar Greek endemic with flowers that are presented at ground level in the leaf litter or between rocks and are characterized by a unique morphology. We analyzed flower visitor and pollinator spectra and identified the floral scent composition using dynamic headspace and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Female and male phorid flies (Phoridae) are the exclusive pollinators, although the flowers are also frequently visited by Sciaridae, as well as typical ground-dwelling arthropods, such as Collembola and arachnids. The carrion-like floral scent mainly consists of the oligosulphide dimethyldisulfide and the nitrogen-bearing compound 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. These compounds together are known to be released from decomposing insects, and thus, we conclude that pollinators are likely deceived by chemical imitation of invertebrate carrion, a deceptive strategy not described from another plant species so far.
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Braunschmid H, Dötterl S. Does the Rarity of a Flower's Scent Phenotype in a Deceptive Orchid Explain Its Pollination Success? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:584081. [PMID: 33391298 PMCID: PMC7772181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.584081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent, a key mediator in plant-pollinator interactions, varies not only among plant species, but also within species. In deceptive plants, it is assumed that variation in floral scents and other traits involved in pollinator attraction is maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection, i.e., rare phenotypes are more attractive to pollinators and hence, have a higher fitness than common phenotypes. So far, it is unknown whether the rarity of multivariate and/or continuous floral scent traits influences the pollination success of flowers. Here, we tested in the deceptive orchid Cypripedium calceolus, whether flowers with rarer scent bouquets within a population have a higher chance to getting pollinated than flowers with more common scents. We collected the scent of more than 100 flowers in two populations by dynamic headspace and analyzed the samples by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). From the same flowers we also recorded whether they set a fruit or not. We introduced rarity measures of uni- and multivariate floral scent traits for single flowers, which allowed us to finally test for frequency-dependent pollination, a prerequisite for negative frequency-dependent selection. Our results do not show rarity has an effect on the likelihood to set fruits in neither of the two populations and in none of the scent characteristics analyzed. Hence, there is no evidence of negative frequency-dependent pollination mediated by the floral scent of C. calceolus. We discuss that our approach to determine rarity of a scent is applicable to any univariate or multivariate (semi)quantitative trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Heiduk A, Pramanik D, Spaans M, Gast L, Dorst N, van Heuven BJ, Gravendeel B. Pitfall Flower Development and Organ Identity of Ceropegia sandersonii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121767. [PMID: 33327479 PMCID: PMC7764971 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Deceptive Ceropegia pitfall flowers are an outstanding example of synorganized morphological complexity. Floral organs functionally synergise to trap fly-pollinators inside the fused corolla. Successful pollination requires precise positioning of flies headfirst into cavities at the gynostegium. These cavities are formed by the corona, a specialized organ of corolline and/or staminal origin. The interplay of floral organs to achieve pollination is well studied but their evolutionary origin is still unclear. We aimed to obtain more insight in the homology of the corona and therefore investigated floral anatomy, ontogeny, vascularization, and differential MADS-box gene expression in Ceropegia sandersonii using X-ray microtomography, Light and Scanning Electronic Microscopy, and RT-PCR. During 10 defined developmental phases, the corona appears in phase 7 at the base of the stamens and was not found to be vascularized. A floral reference transcriptome was generated and 14 MADS-box gene homologs, representing all major MADS-box gene classes, were identified. B- and C-class gene expression was found in mature coronas. Our results indicate staminal origin of the corona, and we propose a first ABCDE-model for floral organ identity in Ceropegia to lay the foundation for a better understanding of the molecular background of pitfall flower evolution in Apocynaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Heiduk
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (B.J.v.H.)
| | - Dewi Pramanik
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (B.J.v.H.)
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Jl. Raya Ciherang, Pacet-Cianjur 43253, Indonesia
| | - Marlies Spaans
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Loes Gast
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Nemi Dorst
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Applied Sciences Leiden, Zernikedreef 11, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.S.); (L.G.); (N.D.)
| | - Bertie Joan van Heuven
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (B.J.v.H.)
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands; (D.P.); (B.J.v.H.)
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Institute of Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)71-527-1910
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Lukas K, Dötterl S, Ayasse M, Burger H. Olfactory and Visual Floral Signals of Hedera helix and Heracleum sphondylium Involved in Host Finding by Nectar-Foraging Social Wasps. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.571454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Flowers of European pear release common and uncommon volatiles that can be detected by honey bee pollinators. CHEMOECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-019-00289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Floral scents are important pollinator attractants, but there is limited knowledge about the importance of single components in plant–pollinator interactions. This especially is true in crop pollination systems. The aim of this study is to identify floral volatiles of several European pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.), and to determine their potential in eliciting physiological responses in antennae of honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), the most important pollinators of pear. Volatiles were collected by dynamic headspace and analysed by (high resolution) gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Antennal responses were investigated by GC coupled to electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD). We trapped in the mean 256 ng of scent per flower and hour (flower−1 h−1) from the different cultivars with either linalool + methyl benzoate or methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoate as most abundant compounds. Of the 108 detected pear floral scent components, 17 were electrophysiologically active in honey bee antennae. Among these compounds were (E)-N-(2-methylbutyl)- and (E)-N-(3-methylbutyl)-1-(pyridin-3-yl)methanimine, which were not known from nature before to the best of our knowledge. Most other compounds identified as flower scent in pear are widespread compounds, known from flowers of various other species. Our results provide new insights in the floral volatile chemistry of an important insect-pollinated crop and show for the first time that honey bees have the olfactory ability to detect several pear floral volatiles. These data are an important basis for more detailed studies of the olfactory communication between honey bees and European pear flowers and might in the long term be used to manipulate the attractiveness of pear to obtain optimal fruit set.
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Flower scent of Ceropegia stenantha: electrophysiological activity and synthesis of novel components. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:301-310. [PMID: 30868226 PMCID: PMC6579769 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In specialized pollination systems, floral scents are crucial for flower-pollinator communication, but key volatiles that attract pollinators are unknown for most systems. Deceptive Ceropegia trap flowers are famous for their elaborate mechanisms to trap flies. Recent studies revealed species-specific floral chemistry suggesting highly specialized mimicry strategies. However, volatiles involved in fly attraction were until now identified in C. dolichophylla and C. sandersonii, only. We here present data on C. stenantha for which flower scent and pollinators were recently described, but volatiles involved in flower-fly communication stayed unknown. We performed electrophysiological measurements with scatopsid fly pollinators (Coboldia fuscipes) and identified 12 out of 13 biologically active floral components. Among these volatiles some were never described from any organism but C. stenantha. We synthesized these components, tested them on antennae of male and female flies, and confirmed their biological activity. Overall, our data show that half of the volatiles emitted from C. stenantha flowers are perceived by male and female fly pollinators and are potentially important for flower-fly communication in this pollination system. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of the electrophysiologically active components in the life of scatopsid fly pollinators, and to fully understand the pollination strategy of C. stenantha.
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Ollerton J, Liede-Schumann S, Endress ME, Meve U, Rech AR, Shuttleworth A, Keller HA, Fishbein M, Alvarado-Cárdenas LO, Amorim FW, Bernhardt P, Celep F, Chirango Y, Chiriboga-Arroyo F, Civeyrel L, Cocucci A, Cranmer L, da Silva-Batista IC, de Jager L, Deprá MS, Domingos-Melo A, Dvorsky C, Agostini K, Freitas L, Gaglianone MC, Galetto L, Gilbert M, González-Ramírez I, Gorostiague P, Goyder D, Hachuy-Filho L, Heiduk A, Howard A, Ionta G, Islas-Hernández SC, Johnson SD, Joubert L, Kaiser-Bunbury CN, Kephart S, Kidyoo A, Koptur S, Koschnitzke C, Lamborn E, Livshultz T, Machado IC, Marino S, Mema L, Mochizuki K, Morellato LPC, Mrisha CK, Muiruri EW, Nakahama N, Nascimento VT, Nuttman C, Oliveira PE, Peter CI, Punekar S, Rafferty N, Rapini A, Ren ZX, Rodríguez-Flores CI, Rosero L, Sakai S, Sazima M, Steenhuisen SL, Tan CW, Torres C, Trøjelsgaard K, Ushimaru A, Vieira MF, Wiemer AP, Yamashiro T, Nadia T, Queiroz J, Quirino Z. The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:311-325. [PMID: 30099492 PMCID: PMC6344220 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. METHODS The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. KEY RESULTS Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. CONCLUSIONS Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ollerton
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | | | - Mary E Endress
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Meve
- Lehrstuhl für Pflanzensystematik, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André Rodrigo Rech
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo - LEC, Campus JK - Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adam Shuttleworth
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Héctor A Keller
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, UNNE-CONICET, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Mark Fishbein
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, and Evolution, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | | | - Felipe W Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”- Unesp, Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Peter Bernhardt
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ferhat Celep
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy Mah. 269. Cad. Urankent Prestij Konutları, Demetevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yolanda Chirango
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Laure Civeyrel
- EDB, UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse cedex, France
| | - Andrea Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Louise Cranmer
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Inara Carolina da Silva-Batista
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janiero, RJ, Brazil
| | - Linde de Jager
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Mariana Scaramussa Deprá
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil
| | - Arthur Domingos-Melo
- Departamento de Botânica - CB, Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Courtney Dvorsky
- Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kayna Agostini
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Depto. Ciências da Natureza, Matemática e Educação, Araras, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Freitas
- Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Gaglianone
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, Brazil
| | - Leo Galetto
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and IMBIV (CONICET-UNC). CP, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mike Gilbert
- Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Ixchel González-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Pablo Gorostiague
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Botánicas (LABIBO), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET. Salta, Argentina
| | - David Goyder
- Herbarium - Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - Leandro Hachuy-Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”- Unesp, Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Annemarie Heiduk
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Howard
- Biology Department, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Gretchen Ionta
- Natural History Museum, Georgia College, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Sofia C Islas-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Plantas Vasculares, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, Mexico
| | - Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Lize Joubert
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Susan Kephart
- Department of Biology, Willamette University Salem, OR, USA
| | - Aroonrat Kidyoo
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suzanne Koptur
- Natural History Museum, Georgia College, Milledgeville, GA, USA
| | - Cristiana Koschnitzke
- Departamento de Botânica, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janiero, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ellen Lamborn
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
| | - Tatyana Livshultz
- Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences and Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA, USA
| | - Isabel Cristina Machado
- Departamento de Botânica - CB, Laboratório de Biologia Floral e Reprodutiva - POLINIZAR, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife - PE, Brazil
| | - Salvador Marino
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva - Biología Floral, IMBIV (UNC-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Lumi Mema
- Department of Biodiversity Earth and Environmental Sciences and Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadephia, PA, USA
| | - Ko Mochizuki
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Leonor Patrícia Cerdeira Morellato
- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fenologia, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Evalyne W Muiruri
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Naoyuki Nakahama
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Craig I Peter
- Department of Botany, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Sachin Punekar
- Biospheres, Eshwari, Nanasaheb Peshva Marg, Near Ramna Ganpati, Lakshminagar, Parvati, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nicole Rafferty
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Rapini
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte, Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Claudia I Rodríguez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Ecología, UBIPRO, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Estado de México, México
| | - Liliana Rosero
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
| | - Shoko Sakai
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Caixa, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandy-Lynn Steenhuisen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Qwaqwa campus, Phuthaditjhaba, Republic of South Africa
| | | | - Carolina Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) and IMBIV (CONICET-UNC). CP, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Kristian Trøjelsgaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Atushi Ushimaru
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Tsurukabuto, Kobe City, Japan
| | - Milene Faria Vieira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Pía Wiemer
- Museo Botánico Córdoba y Cátedra de Morfología Vegetal (IMBIV-UNC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tadashi Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Science, Tokushima University, Minamijyosanjima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tarcila Nadia
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Joel Queiroz
- Departamento de Educação, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Mamnguape, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Zelma Quirino
- Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil
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Gottsberger G, Silberbauer-Gottsberger I, Webber AC, Dötterl S. Populations of Unonopsis guatterioides (Annonaceae) in Amazonas and Minas Gerais, Brazil, potentially represent different species: Floral scent, flower characters and pollinators revisited. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Identification of an insect-produced olfactory cue that primes plant defenses. Nat Commun 2017; 8:337. [PMID: 28835618 PMCID: PMC5569085 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly clear that plants perceive and respond to olfactory cues. Yet, knowledge about the specificity and sensitivity of such perception remains limited. We previously documented priming of anti-herbivore defenses in tall goldenrod plants (Solidago altissima) by volatile emissions from a specialist herbivore, the goldenrod gall fly (Eurosta solidaginis). Here, we explore the specific chemical cues mediating this interaction. We report that E,S-conophthorin, the most abundant component of the emission of male flies, elicits a priming response equivalent to that observed for the overall blend. Furthermore, while the strength of priming is dose dependent, plants respond even to very low concentrations of E,S-conophthorin relative to typical fly emissions. Evaluation of other blend components yields results consistent with the hypothesis that priming in this interaction is mediated by a single compound. These findings provide insights into the perceptual capabilities underlying plant defense priming in response to olfactory cues. Plants are able to prime anti-herbivore defenses in response to olfactory cues of insect pests. Here, Helms et al. identify the insect pheromone E,S-conophthorin produced by the goldenrod gall fly as the specific chemical component that elicits this priming response in goldenrod plants.
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Gonçalves-Souza P, Schlindwein C, Dötterl S, Paiva EAS. Unveiling the osmophores of Philodendron adamantinum (Araceae) as a means to understanding interactions with pollinators. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:533-543. [PMID: 28065928 PMCID: PMC5458670 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Araceae species pollinated by nocturnal Cyclocephalini beetles attract their pollinators by inflorescence scents. In Philodendron , despite the intense odour, the osmophores exhibit no definite morphological identity, making them difficult to locate. This may explain why structural studies of the scent-releasing tissue are not available so far. Methods Several approaches were employed for locating and understanding the osmophores of Philodendron adamantinum . A sensory test allowed other analyses to be restricted to fertile and sterile stamens as odour production sites. Stamens were studied under light and electron microscopy. Dynamic headspace and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to collect and analyse scents from different zones of the inflorescence. Key Results The epidermal cells of the distal portion of fertile stamens and staminodes are papillose and, similar to the parenchyma cells of this region, have dense cytoplasm and large nuclei. In these cells, the composition of organelles is compatible with secretory activity, especially the great number of mitochondria and plastids. In this portion, lipid droplets that are consumed concomitantly with the release of odour were observed. Quantitative scent analyses revealed that the scent, with a predominance of dihydro-β-ionone, is mainly emitted by the fertile and sterile staminate zones of the spadix. An amorphous substance in the stomata pores indicates that the components are secreted and volatilized outside of the osmophore under thermogenic heat. Conclusions Despite the difficulty in locating osmophores in the absence of morphological identity and inefficiency of neutral red staining, the osmophores of P. adamantinum have some features expected for these structures. The results indicate a functional link between thermogenesis and volatilization of osmophore secretions to produce olfactory signals for attracting specialized beetle pollinators. These first experimental data about the precise location of osmophores in Philodendron will stimulate studies in related species that will allow future comparison and the establishment of patterns of functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gonçalves-Souza
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and
| | - Clemens Schlindwein
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and
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Brandt K, Dötterl S, Francke W, Ayasse M, Milet-Pinheiro P. Flower Visitors of Campanula: Are Oligoleges More Sensitive to Host-Specific Floral Scents Than Polyleges? J Chem Ecol 2016; 43:4-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Evidence that Cerambycid Beetles Mimic Vespid Wasps in Odor as well as Appearance. J Chem Ecol 2016; 43:75-83. [PMID: 27995365 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We present evidence that cerambycid species that are supposed mimics of vespid wasps also mimic their model's odor by producing spiroacetals, common constituents of vespid alarm pheromones. Adults of the North American cerambycids Megacyllene caryae (Gahan) and Megacyllene robiniae (Forster) are conspicuously patterned yellow and black, and are believed to be mimics of aculeate Hymenoptera, such as species of Vespula and Polistes. Adult males of M. caryae produce an aggregation-sex pheromone, but both sexes produce a pungent odor when handled, which has been assumed to be a defensive response. Headspace aerations of agitated females of M. caryae contained 16 compounds with mass spectra characteristic of spiroacetals of eight distinct chemical structures, with the dominant compound being (7E,2E)-7-ethyl-2-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane. Headspace samples of agitated males of M. caryae contained five of the same components, with the same dominant compound. Females of M. robiniae produced six different spiroacetals, one of which was not produced by M. caryae, (2E,7E)-2-ethyl-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane, and five that were shared with M. caryae, including the dominant (2E,8E)-2,8-dimethyl-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane. The latter compound is the sole spiroacetal produced by both males and females of a South American cerambycid species, Callisphyris apicicornis (Fairmaire & Germain), which is also thought to be a wasp mimic. Preliminary work also identified spiroacetals of similar or identical structure released by vespid wasps that co-occur with the Megacyllene species.
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Heiduk A, Brake I, von Tschirnhaus M, Göhl M, Jürgens A, Johnson SD, Meve U, Dötterl S. Ceropegia sandersonii Mimics Attacked Honeybees to Attract Kleptoparasitic Flies for Pollination. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2787-2793. [PMID: 27720617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Four to six percent of plants, distributed over different angiosperm families, entice pollinators by deception [1]. In these systems, chemical mimicry is often used as an efficient way to exploit the olfactory preferences of animals for the purpose of attracting them as pollinators [2,3]. Here, we report a very specific type of chemical mimicry of a food source. Ceropegia sandersonii (Apocynaceae), a deceptive South African plant with pitfall flowers, mimics attacked honeybees. We identified kleptoparasitic Desmometopa flies (Milichiidae) as the main pollinators of C. sandersonii. These flies are well known to feed on honeybees that are eaten by spiders, which we thus predicted as the model chemically mimicked by the plant. Indeed, we found that the floral scent of C. sandersonii is comparable to volatiles released from honeybees when under simulated attack. Moreover, many of these shared compounds elicited physiological responses in antennae of pollinating Desmometopa flies. A mixture of four compounds-geraniol, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanol, and (E)-2-octen-1-yl acetate-was highly attractive to the flies. We conclude that C. sandersonii is specialized on kleptoparasitic fly pollinators by deploying volatiles linked to the flies' food source, i.e., attacked and/or freshly killed honeybees. The blend of compounds emitted by C. sandersonii is unusual among flowering plants and lures kleptoparasitic flies into the trap flowers. This study describes a new example of how a plant can achieve pollination through chemical mimicry of the food sources of adult carnivorous animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Heiduk
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Irina Brake
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthias Göhl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Jürgens
- Department of Biology, Plant Chemical Ecology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Ulrich Meve
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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22
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Borges RM. On the Air: Broadcasting and Reception of Volatile Messages in Brood-Site Pollination Mutualisms. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Junker RR. Multifunctional and Diverse Floral Scents Mediate Biotic Interactions Embedded in Communities. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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