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Hu HT, Hsueh YP. KLHL17 differentially controls the expression of AMPA- and KA-type glutamate receptors to regulate dendritic spine enlargement. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38898681 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Kelch-like family member 17 (KLHL17), an actin-associated adaptor protein, is linked to neurological disorders, including infantile spasms and autism spectrum disorders. The key morphological feature of Klhl17-deficient neurons is impaired dendritic spine enlargement, resulting in the amplitude of calcium events being increased. Our previous studies have indicated an involvement of F-actin and the spine apparatus in KLHL17-mediated dendritic spine enlargement. Here, we show that KLHL17 further employs different mechanisms to control the expression of two types of glutamate receptors, that is, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and kainate receptors (KARs), to regulate dendritic spine enlargement and calcium influx. We deployed proteomics to reveal that KLHL17 interacts with N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) in neurons, with this interaction of KLHL17 and NSF enhancing NSF protein levels. Consistent with the function of NSF in regulating the surface expression of AMPAR, Klhl17 deficiency limits the surface expression of AMPAR, but not its total protein levels. The NSF pathway also contributes to synaptic F-actin distribution and the dendritic spine enlargement mediated by KLHL17. KLHL17 is known to act as an adaptor mediating degradation of the KAR subunit GluK2 by the CUL3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and Klhl17 deficiency impairs activity-dependent degradation of GluK2. Herein, we further demonstrate that GluK2 is critical to the increased amplitude of calcium influx in Klhl17-deficient neurons. Moreover, GluK2 is also involved in KLHL17-regulated dendritic spine enlargement. Thus, our study reveals that KLHL17 controls AMPAR and KAR expression via at least two mechanisms, consequently regulating dendritic spine enlargement. The regulatory effects of KLHL17 on these two glutamate receptors likely contribute to neuronal features in patients suffering from certain neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Tang Hu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Kunisetty B, Martin-Giacalone BA, Zhao X, Luna PN, Brooks BP, Hufnagel RB, Shaw CA, Rosenfeld JA, Agopian AJ, Lupo PJ, Scott DA. High Clinical Exome Sequencing Diagnostic Rates and Novel Phenotypic Expansions for Nonisolated Microphthalmia, Anophthalmia, and Coloboma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:25. [PMID: 38502138 PMCID: PMC10959191 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose A molecular diagnosis is only made in a subset of individuals with nonisolated microphthalmia, anophthalmia, and coloboma (MAC). This may be due to underutilization of clinical (whole) exome sequencing (cES) and an incomplete understanding of the genes that cause MAC. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of cES in cases of nonisolated MAC and to identify new MAC phenotypic expansions. Methods We determined the efficacy of cES in 189 individuals with nonisolated MAC. We then used cES data, a validated machine learning algorithm, and previously published expression data, case reports, and animal models to determine which candidate genes were most likely to contribute to the development of MAC. Results We found the efficacy of cES in nonisolated MAC to be between 32.3% (61/189) and 48.1% (91/189). Most genes affected in our cohort were not among genes currently screened in clinically available ophthalmologic gene panels. A subset of the genes implicated in our cohort had not been clearly associated with MAC. Our analyses revealed sufficient evidence to support low-penetrance MAC phenotypic expansions involving nine of these human disease genes. Conclusions We conclude that cES is an effective means of identifying a molecular diagnosis in individuals with nonisolated MAC and may identify putatively damaging variants that would be missed if only a clinically available ophthalmologic gene panel was obtained. Our data also suggest that deleterious variants in BRCA2, BRIP1, KAT6A, KAT6B, NSF, RAC1, SMARCA4, SMC1A, and TUBA1A can contribute to the development of MAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Kunisetty
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Bailey A. Martin-Giacalone
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Baylor Genetics, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Pamela N. Luna
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Brian P. Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert B. Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics & Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Chad A. Shaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - A. J. Agopian
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Philip J. Lupo
- Section of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Daryl A. Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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Cao YY, Wu LL, Li XN, Yuan YL, Zhao WW, Qi JX, Zhao XY, Ward N, Wang J. Molecular Mechanisms of AMPA Receptor Trafficking in the Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:111. [PMID: 38203282 PMCID: PMC10779435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity enhances or reduces connections between neurons, affecting learning and memory. Postsynaptic AMPARs mediate greater than 90% of the rapid excitatory synaptic transmission in glutamatergic neurons. The number and subunit composition of AMPARs are fundamental to synaptic plasticity and the formation of entire neural networks. Accordingly, the insertion and functionalization of AMPARs at the postsynaptic membrane have become a core issue related to neural circuit formation and information processing in the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the related mechanisms of AMPAR expression and trafficking. The proteins related to AMPAR trafficking are discussed in detail, including vesicle-related proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, synaptic proteins, and protein kinases. Furthermore, significant emphasis was placed on the pivotal role of the actin cytoskeleton, which spans throughout the entire transport process in AMPAR transport, indicating that the actin cytoskeleton may serve as a fundamental basis for AMPAR trafficking. Additionally, we summarize the proteases involved in AMPAR post-translational modifications. Moreover, we provide an overview of AMPAR transport and localization to the postsynaptic membrane. Understanding the assembly, trafficking, and dynamic synaptic expression mechanisms of AMPAR may provide valuable insights into the cognitive decline associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yang Cao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Ling-Ling Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Yu-Lian Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Wan-Wei Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Jing-Xuan Qi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Xu-Yu Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
| | - Natalie Ward
- Medical Laboratory, Exceptional Community Hospital, 19060 N John Wayne Pkwy, Maricopa, AZ 85139, USA;
| | - Jiao Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; (Y.-Y.C.); (X.-N.L.); (Y.-L.Y.); (W.-W.Z.); (J.-X.Q.); (X.-Y.Z.)
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4
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Nisar S, Haris M. Neuroimaging genetics approaches to identify new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4995-5008. [PMID: 37069342 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Autism-spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disabilities that manifest in early childhood and are characterized by qualitative abnormalities in social behaviors, communication skills, and restrictive or repetitive behaviors. To explore the neurobiological mechanisms in ASD, extensive research has been done to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers through a neuroimaging genetics approach. Neuroimaging genetics helps to identify ASD-risk genes that contribute to structural and functional variations in brain circuitry and validate biological changes by elucidating the mechanisms and pathways that confer genetic risk. Integrating artificial intelligence models with neuroimaging data lays the groundwork for accurate diagnosis and facilitates the identification of early diagnostic biomarkers for ASD. This review discusses the significance of neuroimaging genetics approaches to gaining a better understanding of the perturbed neurochemical system and molecular pathways in ASD and how these approaches can detect structural, functional, and metabolic changes and lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Wang H, Makowski C, Zhang Y, Qi A, Kaufmann T, Smeland OB, Fiecas M, Yang J, Visscher PM, Chen CH. Chromosomal inversion polymorphisms shape human brain morphology. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112896. [PMID: 37505983 PMCID: PMC10508191 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of chromosomal inversions on human brain morphology remains underexplored. We studied 35 common inversions classified from genotypes of 33,018 adults with European ancestry. The inversions at 2p22.3, 16p11.2, and 17q21.31 reach genome-wide significance, followed by 8p23.1 and 6p21.33, in their association with cortical and subcortical morphology. The 17q21.31, 8p23.1, and 16p11.2 regions comprise the LRRC37, OR7E, and NPIP duplicated gene families. We find the 17q21.31 MAPT inversion region, known for harboring neurological risk, to be the most salient locus among common variants for shaping and patterning the cortex. Overall, we observe the inverted orientations decreasing brain size, with the exception that the 2p22.3 inversion is associated with increased subcortical volume and the 8p23.1 inversion is associated with increased motor cortex. These significant inversions are in the genomic hotspots of neuropsychiatric loci. Our findings are generalizable to 3,472 children and demonstrate inversions as essential genetic variation to understand human brain phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carolina Makowski
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yanxiao Zhang
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Anna Qi
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tobias Kaufmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Tübingen Center for Mental Health, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Olav B Smeland
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mark Fiecas
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chi-Hua Chen
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Hayashi T, Yano N, Kora K, Yokoyama A, Maizuru K, Kayaki T, Nishikawa K, Osawa M, Niwa A, Takenouchi T, Hijikata A, Shirai T, Suzuki H, Kosaki K, Saito MK, Takita J, Yoshida T. Involvement of mTOR pathway in neurodegeneration in NSF-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1683-1697. [PMID: 36645181 PMCID: PMC10162430 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane fusion is mediated by soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. During neurotransmitter exocytosis, SNARE proteins on a synaptic vesicle and the target membrane form a complex, resulting in neurotransmitter release. N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), a homohexameric ATPase, disassembles the complex, allowing individual SNARE proteins to be recycled. Recently, the association between pathogenic NSF variants and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) was reported; however, the molecular pathomechanism of NSF-related DEE remains unclear. Here, three patients with de novo heterozygous NSF variants were presented, of which two were associated with DEE and one with a very mild phenotype. One of the DEE patients also had hypocalcemia from parathyroid hormone deficiency and neuromuscular junction impairment. Using PC12 cells, a neurosecretion model, we show that NSF with DEE-associated variants impaired the recycling of vesicular membrane proteins and vesicle enlargement in response to exocytotic stimulation. In addition, DEE-associated variants caused neurodegenerative change and defective autophagy through overactivation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Treatment with rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor or overexpression of wild-type NSF ameliorated these phenotypes. Furthermore, neurons differentiated from patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells showed neurite degeneration, which was also alleviated by rapamycin treatment or gene correction using genome editing. Protein structure analysis of NSF revealed that DEE-associated variants might disrupt the transmission of the conformational change of NSF monomers and consequently halt the rotation of ATP hydrolysis, indicating a dominant negative mechanism. In conclusion, this study elucidates the pathomechanism underlying NSF-related DEE and identifies a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoko Yano
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kengo Kora
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kanako Maizuru
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taisei Kayaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kinuko Nishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mitsujiro Osawa
- Thyas Co. Ltd, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Niwa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takenouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hijikata
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Hisato Suzuki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Junko Takita
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Doğan M, Albayrak Y, Erbaş O, Erbas O. Torasemide Improves the Propionic Acid-Induced Autism in Rats: A Histopathological and Imaging Study. ALPHA PSYCHIATRY 2023; 24:22-31. [PMID: 36879996 PMCID: PMC9984905 DOI: 10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2023.22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disease in which impaired social behaviors, impaired sociality, and restricted and repetitive behaviors are seen. Bumetanide is a loop diuretic that inhibits Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 and it is currently used in clinical phase studies in patients with autism spectrum disorder. In present research, it is purposed to demonstrate the beneficial effects of torasemide which is another Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 inhibitor on an experimental autism model induced with propionic acid by providing imaging and brain tissue investigations. Methods Male Wistar rats were used in the present study (n = 30). Propionic acid of 250 mg/kg/day was administrated intraperitoneally in rats to induce autism for 5 days. Three groups were created for present study as follows: group 1, normal control (n = 10); group 2, propionic acid and saline given group (n = 10); group 3, propionic acid + tora-semide-administrated group (n = 10). Results Torasemide group scored higher on behavioral tests compared to saline group. The brain levels of malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2, interleukin-17, and Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB), Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were remarkably higher in propionic acid + saline group. In histopathology assessments, torasemide group had higher neuronal count of Cornu Ammonis 1, neuronal count of Cornu Ammonis 2 in hippocampus, and Purkinje cells in cerebellum. GFAP immunostaining index (Cornu Ammonis 1) and cerebellum were lower in torasemide group. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that mean lactate value was higher in propionic acid + saline group compared to torasemide group. Conclusion Our experimental results showed that torasemide might enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid activity. Torasemide can be considered another promising Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 inhibitor in the treatment of autism with a longer half-life and less side effects after further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yakup Albayrak
- Department of Psychiatry, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Oytun Erbaş
- Department of Physiology, Demiroğlu Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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McGrath T, Baskerville R, Rogero M, Castell L. Emerging Evidence for the Widespread Role of Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050917. [PMID: 35267893 PMCID: PMC8912368 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoamine model of depression has long formed the basis of drug development but fails to explain treatment resistance or associations with stress or inflammation. Recent animal research, clinical trials of ketamine (a glutamate receptor antagonist), neuroimaging research, and microbiome studies provide increasing evidence of glutamatergic dysfunction in depression and other disorders. Glutamatergic involvement across diverse neuropathologies including psychoses, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative conditions, and brain injury forms the rationale for this review. Glutamate is the brain's principal excitatory neurotransmitter (NT), a metabolic and synthesis substrate, and an immune mediator. These overlapping roles and multiple glutamate NT receptor types complicate research into glutamate neurotransmission. The glutamate microcircuit comprises excitatory glutamatergic neurons, astrocytes controlling synaptic space levels, through glutamate reuptake, and inhibitory GABA interneurons. Astroglia generate and respond to inflammatory mediators. Glutamatergic microcircuits also act at the brain/body interface via the microbiome, kynurenine pathway, and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Disruption of excitatory/inhibitory homeostasis causing neuro-excitotoxicity, with neuronal impairment, causes depression and cognition symptoms via limbic and prefrontal regions, respectively. Persistent dysfunction reduces neuronal plasticity and growth causing neuronal death and tissue atrophy in neurodegenerative diseases. A conceptual overview of brain glutamatergic activity and peripheral interfacing is presented, including the common mechanisms that diverse diseases share when glutamate homeostasis is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas McGrath
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK; (T.M.); (L.C.)
| | - Richard Baskerville
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcelo Rogero
- School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil;
| | - Linda Castell
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK; (T.M.); (L.C.)
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