1
|
Li S, Dai W, Kam NW, Zhang J, Lee VHF, Ren X, Kwong DLW. The Role of Natural Killer Cells in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment of EBV-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1312. [PMID: 38610990 PMCID: PMC11011204 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which contributes to tumor development and influences the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in NPC. Natural killer (NK) cells, as part of the innate immune system, play a crucial role in responding to viral infections and malignant cell transformations. Notably, NK cells possess a unique ability to target tumor cells independent of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) expression. This means that MHC I-deficient tumor cells, which can escape from effective T cell attack, are susceptible to NK-cell-mediated killing. The activation of NK cells is determined by the signals generated through inhibitory and activating receptors expressed on their surface. Understanding the role of NK cells in the complex TIME of EBV+ NPC is of utmost importance. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of NK cells in NPC, focusing on their subpopulations, interactions, and cytotoxicity within the TIME. Moreover, we discuss the potential translational therapeutic applications of NK cells in NPC. This review aims to enhance our knowledge of the role of NK cells in NPC and provide valuable insights for future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhan Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; (S.L.); (J.Z.)
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.D.); (N.-W.K.); (V.H.F.L.)
| | - Ngar-Woon Kam
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.D.); (N.-W.K.); (V.H.F.L.)
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; (S.L.); (J.Z.)
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Victor H. F. Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.D.); (N.-W.K.); (V.H.F.L.)
- Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Xiubao Ren
- Department of Biotherapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China; (S.L.); (J.Z.)
- Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Immunology and Biotherapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Dora Lai-Wan Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China; (W.D.); (N.-W.K.); (V.H.F.L.)
- Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang J, Pan Z, Wang L, Zhang Z, Huang J, Jiang C, Cai G, Yin T. Early T-cell reconstitution predicts risk of EBV reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:22. [PMID: 38280072 PMCID: PMC10821970 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The quality of immune reconstitution (IR) is crucial for the outcome of patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), and is closely connected with infection, relapse and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) which are the most important causes for transplantation failure. However, the IR pattern in the early stage after allo-HSCT, particularly haploidentical (HID) HSCT, remains unclear. In this retrospective study, we examined the T cell reconstitution of patients within the initial 30 days (n = 173) and 100 days (n = 122) after allo-HSCT with myeloablative condition (MAC), of which > 70% were HID HSCT, to assess the influence of IR on the transplant outcomes. By comparing 78 patients with good IR (GIR) to 44 patients with poor IR (PIR), we observed that GIR was associated with lower risk for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation and cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation, but had no significant impacts on the survival outcomes (i.e., overall survival, event-free survival) and cumulative incidences of GvHD. Importantly, we found lymphocyte reconstitution pattern at day 30 after allo-HSCT would be a surrogate for IR evaluated at day 100. In the Cox proportional hazard model, early reconstitution of CD4+, CD4+CD25+, CD4+CD45RO+, CD4+CD25+CD27low, and CD8+ T cells at day 30 was reversely correlated with risk of EBV reactivation. Finally, we constructed a predictive model for EBV reactivation with CD8+ and CD4+CD45RO+ T cell proportions of the training cohort (n = 102), which was validated with a validation cohort (n = 37). In summary, our study found that the quality of IR at day 30 had a predictive value for the risk of EBV reactivation, and might provide guidance for close monitoring for EBV reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengkai Pan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luxiang Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanhe Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Tong Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vietzen H, Staber PB, Berger SM, Furlano PL, Kühner LM, Lubowitzki S, Pichler A, Strassl R, Cornelissen JJ, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. Inhibitory NKG2A + and absent activating NKG2C + NK cell responses are associated with the development of EBV + lymphomas. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183788. [PMID: 37426645 PMCID: PMC10324562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus, which infects over 90% of the adult human population worldwide. After primary infections, EBV is recurrently reactivating in most adult individuals. It is, however, unclear, why these EBV reactivations progress to EBV+ Hodgkin (EBV+HL) or non-Hodgkin lymphomas (EBV+nHL) only in a minority of EBV-infected individuals. The EBV LMP-1 protein encodes for a highly polymorphic peptide, which upregulates the immunomodulatory HLA-E in EBV-infected cells, thereby stimulating the inhibitory NKG2A-, but also the activating NKG2C-receptor on natural killer (NK) cells. Using a genetic-association approach and functional NK cell analyses, we now investigated, whether these HLA-E-restricted immune responses impact the development of EBV+HL and EBV+nHL. Therefore, we recruited a study cohort of 63 EBV+HL and EBV+nHL patients and 192 controls with confirmed EBV reactivations, but without lymphomas. Here, we demonstrate that in EBV+ lymphoma patients exclusively the high-affine LMP-1 GGDPHLPTL peptide variant-encoding EBV-strains reactivate. In EBV+HL and EBV+nHL patients, the high-expressing HLA-E*0103/0103 genetic variant was significantly overrepresented. Combined, the LMP-1 GGDPHLPTL and HLA-E*0103/0103 variants efficiently inhibited NKG2A+ NK cells, thereby facilitating the in vitro spread of EBV-infected tumor cells. In addition, EBV+HL and EBV+nHL patients, showed impaired pro-inflammatory NKG2C+ NK cell responses, which accelerated the in vitro EBV-infected tumor cells spread. In contrast, the blocking of NKG2A by monoclonal antibodies (Monalizumab) resulted in efficient control of EBV-infected tumor cell growth, especially by NKG2A+NKG2C+ NK cells. Thus, the HLA-E/LMP-1/NKG2A pathway and individual NKG2C+ NK cell responses are associated with the progression toward EBV+ lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vietzen
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp B. Staber
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah M. Berger
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Laura M. Kühner
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Lubowitzki
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Pichler
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Strassl
- Division of Clinical Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan J. Cornelissen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cimpean M, Cooper MA. Metabolic regulation of NK cell antiviral functions during cytomegalovirus infection. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:525-534. [PMID: 36843434 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells quickly mount cytotoxic responses, produce cytokines, and proliferate in response to infected or transformed cells. Moreover, they can develop memory, with enhanced effector responses following activation, in some cases with antigen specificity. To optimally execute these functions, NK cells undergo metabolic reprogramming. Here, we discuss the interplay between metabolism and NK cell function in the context of viral infections. We review findings supporting metabolic regulation of NK cell effector functions, with a focus on NK cell antiviral infection in the context of cytomegalovirus in the mouse (MCMV) and human (HCMV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cimpean
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Megan A Cooper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology/Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8208, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zaffiri L, Messinger JE, Bush EJ, Staats JS, Patel P, Palmer SM, Weinhold KJ, Snyder LD, Luftig MA. Evaluation of host cellular responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in adult lung transplant patients with EBV-associated diseases. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28724. [PMID: 37185866 PMCID: PMC10481801 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation is commonly observed in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). However, cellular immune responses to EBV in adult LTRs have not been well described. We aimed to study CD4/CD8 ratio, EBV-specific T cells polyfunctional responses and phenotypic changes in natural killer (NK) cells in adult LTRs presenting with EBV-associated diseases. The CD4/CD8 ratio was significantly decreased in LTRs with EBV DNAemia compared with LTRs without EBV DNAemia and healthy controls (HCs). Stimulation with EBV lytic antigen BZLF1 peptide pools induced significant individual and polyfunctional responses from CD8+ CD69+ T cells. Frequencies of CD8+ CD69+ T cells expressing CD107a were significantly higher in LTRs without EBV DNAemia than in LTRs with DNAemia. Frequencies of CD8+ CD69+ T cells concurrently expressing CD107a, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were significantly greater in LTRs with and without EBV DNAemia than in HCs. Finally, BZLF1 induced significantly higher frequencies of CD8+ CD69+ T cells expressing CD107a and IFN-γ in LTRs without EBV DNAemia when compared with EBNA3B. Frequency of more differentiated CD56dim CD16pos NK cells was significantly decreased in LTRs with EBV DNAemia and PTLD compared with HCs. In conclusion, we noted the presence of significant changes in circulating cellular immune responses to EBV in adult LTRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Zaffiri
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joshua E Messinger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke
University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710
| | - Erika J Bush
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Scott M Palmer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Laurie D Snyder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Duke University,
Durham, NC, USA
| | - Micah A. Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke
University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vietzen H, Furlano PL, Cornelissen JJ, Böhmig GA, Jaksch P, Puchhammer-Stöckl E. HLA-E-restricted immune responses are crucial for the control of EBV infections and the prevention of PTLD. Blood 2023; 141:1560-1573. [PMID: 36477802 PMCID: PMC10651774 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022017650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections may cause infectious mononucleosis (IM), whereas EBV reactivations in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients are associated with posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). It is still unclear why only a minority of primary EBV-infected individuals develop IM, and why only some patients progress to EBV+PTLD after transplantation. We now investigated whether nonclassic human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E)-restricted immune responses have a significant impact on the development of EBV diseases in the individual host. On the basis of a large study cohort of 1404 patients and controls as well as on functional natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T-cell analyses, we could demonstrate that the highly expressed HLA-E∗0103/0103 genotype is protective against IM, due to the induction of potent EBV BZLF1-specific HLA-E-restricted CD8+ T-cell responses, which efficiently prevent the in vitro viral dissemination. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the risk of symptomatic EBV reactivations in immunocompetent individuals as well as in immunocompromised transplant recipients depends on variations in the inhibitory NKG2A/LMP-1/HLA-E axis. We show that EBV strains encoding for the specific LMP-1 peptide variants GGDPHLPTL or GGDPPLPTL, presented by HLA-E, elicit strong inhibitory NKG2A+ NK and CD8+ T-cell responses. The presence of EBV strains encoding for both peptides was highly associated with symptomatic EBV reactivations. The further progression to EBV+PTLD was highly associated with the presence of both peptide-encoding EBV strains and the expression of HLA-E∗0103/0103 in the host. Thus, HLA-E-restricted immune responses and the NKG2A/LMP-1/HLA-E axis are novel predictive markers for EBV+PTLD in transplant recipients and should be considered for future EBV vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vietzen
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jan J. Cornelissen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georg A. Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jaksch
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Desimio MG, Covino DA, Rivalta B, Cancrini C, Doria M. The Role of NK Cells in EBV Infection and Related Diseases: Current Understanding and Hints for Novel Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061914. [PMID: 36980798 PMCID: PMC10047181 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus most often transmitted during infancy and infecting the vast majority of human beings. Usually, EBV infection is nearly asymptomatic and results in life-long persistency of the virus in a latent state under the control of the host immune system. Yet EBV can cause an acute infectious mononucleosis (IM), particularly in adolescents, and is associated with several malignancies and severe diseases that pose a serious threat to individuals with specific inborn error of immunity (IEI). While there is a general consensus on the requirement for functional CD8 T cells to control EBV infection, the role of the natural killer (NK) cells of the innate arm of immunity is more enigmatic. Here we provide an overview of the interaction between EBV and NK cells in the immunocompetent host as well as in the context of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Moreover, we report in vitro data on the mechanisms that regulate the capacity of NK cells to recognize and kill EBV-infected cell targets and discuss the potential of recently optimized NK cell-based immunotherapies for the treatment of EBV-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Desimio
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela A Covino
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Rivalta
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Primary Immunodeficiency Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kinzel M, Kalra A, Tripathi G, Dharmani-Khan P, Khan F, Storek J. Lack of both donor and recipient anti-EBV T cells in EBV seronegative recipients of grafts from seropositive donors. Bone Marrow Transplant 2023; 58:332-333. [PMID: 36450829 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-022-01884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Kinzel
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Amit Kalra
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gaurav Tripathi
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Poonam Dharmani-Khan
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Precision Labs, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Faisal Khan
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Alberta Precision Labs, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jan Storek
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu Z, Yin J, Sun Q, Hu J, Hong M, Qian S, Liu W. The prognostic role of NKG2A expression for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia after treatment discontinuation. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:2616-2626. [PMID: 35758278 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2090549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the possibility of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) discontinuation in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients who obtained sustained deep molecular response (DMR) and to explore the prognostic role of NK cells in treatment-free remission (TFR). Sixty CML patients who discontinued TKI treatment were enrolled, and we also investigated the immune profiles in 27 CML patients after TKI cessation. Of the 60 patients, the estimated TFR rate was 60.8% [95% CI: 49.5-74.8%] at 12 months. Patients who had longer TKI duration, major molecular response, and DMR maintenance time had a significantly higher TFR rate. And a higher percentage of NKG2A+NK cells and NKG2A+CD56brightCD16-NK cells were independent prognostic factors of TFR in multivariate analysis. These results indicate the practicality of the cessation of TKIs and patients with stable NK cell counts accompanied by higher cytotoxicity and increased killing capacity are more inclined to get sustained treatment-free survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Xu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinyu Yin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhua Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Hong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sixuan Qian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Natural Killer Cells in Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081836. [PMID: 33921413 PMCID: PMC8068932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are life-threatening complications arising after solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Although the majority of these lymphoproliferations are of B cell origin, and are frequently associated with primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection or reactivation in the post-transplant period, rare cases of T cell and natural killer (NK) cell-originated PTLDs have also been described. A general assumption is that PTLDs result from the impairment of anti-viral and anti-tumoral immunosurveillance due to the long-term use of immunosuppressants in transplant recipients. T cell impairment is known to play a critical role in the immune-pathogenesis of post-transplant EBV-linked complications, while the role of NK cells has been less investigated, and is probably different between EBV-positive and EBV-negative PTLDs. As a part of the innate immune response, NK cells are critical for protecting hosts during the early response to virus-induced tumors. The complexity of their function is modulated by a myriad of activating and inhibitory receptors expressed on cell surfaces. This review outlines our current understanding of NK cells in the pathogenesis of PTLD, and discusses their potential implications for current PTLD therapies and novel NK cell-based therapies for the containment of these disorders.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Lu X, Cheung AKL, Zhang Q, Liu Z, Li Z, Yuan L, Wang R, Liu Y, Tang B, Xia H, Wu H, Zhang T, Su B. Analysis of the Characteristics of TIGIT-Expressing CD3 -CD56 +NK Cells in Controlling Different Stages of HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:602492. [PMID: 33717085 PMCID: PMC7953050 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.602492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TIGIT expression on natural killer (NK) cells is associated with dysfunction during chronic HIV infection, but the phenotype and biological functions of these cells in the context of acute HIV-1 infection remain poorly understood. Here, 19 acutely infected HIV-1 patients traced at first, third and twelfth month, and age-matched patients with chronic HIV-1 infection were enrolled to investigate the phenotype and functions of TIGIT expression on NK cells. We found that TIGIT-expressing NK cells did not increase in frequency in the first, third and twelfth month of infection until chronic HIV-1 infection lasted over 2 years. The number of TIGIT+NK cells in acute infection was positively associated with HIV-1 viral load (r = 0.53, P = 0.0009). CD96 was significantly upregulated on NK cells after acute infection for 1 month and in chronic infection over 2 years, while CD226 was downregulated in chronic infection over 2 years. Further, at different stages of infection, CD96−CD226+ cells diminished among total NK cells, TIGIT+NK and TIGIT−NK cells, while CD96+CD226− cells expanded. Reduced CD96−CD226+ cells and elevated CD96+CD226− cells among NK cells especially TIGIT−NK cells, had opposite associations with viral load in the first month of infection, as well as CD4 T-cell counts in including the twelfth month and more than 2 years of chronic infection. In both HIV-1-infected individuals and healthy donors, TIGIT was predominantly expressed in NKG2A−NKG2C+NK cells, with a significantly higher proportion than in NKG2A+NKG2C−NK cells. Moreover, the frequencies of TIGIT+NK cells were positively associated with the frequencies of NKG2A−NKG2C+NK cells in acute infection (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001), chronic infection (r = 0.37, P = 0.023) and healthy donors (r = 0.36, P = 0.020). Enhanced early activation and coexpression of CD38 and HLA-DR in TIGIT+NK cells were detected compared to TIGIT−NK cells, both of which were inversely associated with the decrease in CD4 T-cell counts in both acute and chronic HIV-1 infection. The ability of TIGIT+NK cells to produce TNF-α, IFN-γ and CD107a degranulation substance were consistently weaker than that of TIGIT−NK cells in both acute and chronic infection. Moreover, the functionalities of TIGIT+NK cells were lower than those of TIGIT−NK cells, except for TNF-α−CD107a+IFN-γ−NK cells. These findings highlight the phenotype and functional characteristics of TIGIT-expressing NK cells which have poor capabilities in inhibiting HIV-1 replication and maintaining CD4 T-cell counts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofan Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Allen Ka Loon Cheung
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Medical Immunology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The Role of NK Cells in EBV Infection and EBV-Associated NPC. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020300. [PMID: 33671917 PMCID: PMC7918975 DOI: 10.3390/v13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of the population worldwide are asymptomatic carriers of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). However, some infected individuals eventually develop EBV-related cancers, including Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). NPC is one of the most common EBV-associated epithelial cancers, and is highly prevalent in Southern China and Southeast Asia. While NPC is highly sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is a lack of effective and durable treatment among the 15%–30% of patients who subsequently develop recurrent disease. Natural Killer (NK) cells are natural immune lymphocytes that are innately primed against virus-infected cells and nascent aberrant transformed cells. As EBV is found in both virally infected and cancer cells, it is of interest to examine the NK cells’ role in both EBV infection and EBV-associated NPC. Herein, we review the current understanding of how EBV-infected cells are cleared by NK cells, and how EBV can evade NK cell-mediated elimination in the context of type II latency in NPC. Next, we summarize the current literature about NPC and NK cell biology. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of NK cells in NPC. This information will deepen our understanding of host immune interactions with EBV-associated NPC and facilitate development of more effective NK-mediated therapies for NPC treatment.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bogunia-Kubik K, Łacina P. Non-KIR NK cell receptors: Role in transplantation of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cells. Int J Immunogenet 2020; 48:157-171. [PMID: 33352617 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are of major significance in patients after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). They are the first subset of lymphocytes to appear in peripheral blood after transplantation and play an important role in the immune responses against cancer and viral infections. The function of NK cells is controlled by various surface receptors, of which type I integral proteins with immunoglobulin-like domains (killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors, KIRs) have been the most extensively studied. The present review focuses on less studied NK cell receptors, such as type II integral proteins with lectin-like domains (CD94/NKG2, NKG2D), natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs), immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILTs) and their ligands. Their potential role in patients with haematological disorders subjected to HSC transplant procedure in the context of post-transplant complications such as viral reactivation and acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) will be presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Łacina
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunogenetics and Pharmacogenetics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mbiribindi B, Pena JK, Arvedson MP, Moreno Romero C, McCarthy SR, Hatton OL, Esquivel CO, Martinez OM, Krams SM. Epstein-Barr virus peptides derived from latent cycle proteins alter NKG2A + NK cell effector function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19973. [PMID: 33203899 PMCID: PMC7673117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control viral infection through the interaction between inhibitory receptors and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands and bound peptide. NK cells expressing the inhibitory receptor NKG2A/CD94 recognize and respond to autologous B cells latently infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The mechanism is not yet understood, thus we investigated peptides derived from seven latent proteins of EBV in the interaction of NKG2A and its ligand HLA-E. Functional analysis demonstrated that EBV peptides can bind to HLA-E and block inhibition of NK cell effector function. Moreover, analysis of DNA from 79 subjects showed sequence variations in the latent protein, LMP1, which alters NK responses to EBV. We provide evidence that peptides derived from EBV latent cycle proteins can impair the recognition of NKG2A despite being presented by HLA-E, resulting in NK cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Mbiribindi
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Josselyn K Pena
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew P Arvedson
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Moreno Romero
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah R McCarthy
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia L Hatton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Carlos O Esquivel
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia M Martinez
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sheri M Krams
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shindiapina P, Ahmed EH, Mozhenkova A, Abebe T, Baiocchi RA. Immunology of EBV-Related Lymphoproliferative Disease in HIV-Positive Individuals. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1723. [PMID: 33102204 PMCID: PMC7556212 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) can directly cause lymphoproliferative disease (LPD), including AIDS-defining lymphomas such as Burkitt’s lymphoma and other non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), as well as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). The prevalence of EBV in HL and NHL is elevated in HIV-positive individuals compared with the general population. Rates of incidence of AIDS-defining cancers have been declining in HIV-infected individuals since initiation of combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) use in 1996. However, HIV-infected persons remain at an increased risk of cancers related to infections with oncogenic viruses. Proposed pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-related cancers include decreased immune surveillance, decreased ability to suppress infection-related oncogenic processes and a state of chronic inflammation marked by alteration of the cytokine profile and expanded numbers of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with down-regulated co-stimulatory molecules and increased expression of markers of senescence in the setting of treated HIV infection. Here we discuss the cooperation of EBV-infected B cell- and environment-associated factors that may contribute to EBV-related lymphomagenesis in HIV-infected individuals. Environment-derived lymphomagenic factors include impaired host adaptive and innate immune surveillance, cytokine dysregulation and a pro-inflammatory state observed in the setting of chronic, cART-treated HIV infection. B cell factors include distinctive EBV latency patterns and host protein expression in HIV-associated LPD, as well as B cell-stimulating factors derived from HIV infection. We review the future directions for expanding therapeutic approaches in targeting the viral and immune components of EBV LPD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polina Shindiapina
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Elshafa H Ahmed
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anna Mozhenkova
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Robert A Baiocchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Makanga DR, Da Rin de Lorenzo F, David G, Willem C, Dubreuil L, Legrand N, Guillaume T, Peterlin P, Lebourgeois A, Béné MC, Garnier A, Chevallier P, Gendzekhadze K, Cesbron A, Gagne K, Clemenceau B, Retière C. Genetic and Molecular Basis of Heterogeneous NK Cell Responses against Acute Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1927. [PMID: 32708751 PMCID: PMC7409189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key cytotoxic effectors against malignant cells. Polygenic and polymorphic Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) and HLA genes participate in the structural and functional formation of the NK cell repertoire. In this study, we extensively investigated the anti-leukemic potential of NK cell subsets, taking into account these genetic parameters and cytomegalovirus (CMV) status. Hierarchical clustering analysis of NK cell subsets based on NKG2A, KIR, CD57 and NKG2C markers from 68 blood donors identified donor clusters characterized by a specific phenotypic NK cell repertoire linked to a particular immunogenetic KIR and HLA profile and CMV status. On the functional side, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was better recognized by NK cells than acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, a broad inter-individual disparity of NK cell responses exists against the same leukemic target, highlighting bad and good NK responders. The most effective NK cell subsets against different ALLs expressed NKG2A and represented the most frequent subset in the NK cell repertoire. In contrast, minority CD57+ or/and KIR+ NK cell subsets were more efficient against AML. Overall, our data may help to optimize the selection of hematopoietic stem cell donors on the basis of immunogenetic KIR/HLA for ALL patients and identify the best NK cell candidates in immunotherapy for AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhon Roméo Makanga
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44011 Nantes, France; (D.R.M.); (F.D.R.d.L.); (G.D.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (N.L.); (A.C.); (K.G.)
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Francesca Da Rin de Lorenzo
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44011 Nantes, France; (D.R.M.); (F.D.R.d.L.); (G.D.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (N.L.); (A.C.); (K.G.)
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gaëlle David
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44011 Nantes, France; (D.R.M.); (F.D.R.d.L.); (G.D.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (N.L.); (A.C.); (K.G.)
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Willem
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44011 Nantes, France; (D.R.M.); (F.D.R.d.L.); (G.D.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (N.L.); (A.C.); (K.G.)
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Léa Dubreuil
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44011 Nantes, France; (D.R.M.); (F.D.R.d.L.); (G.D.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (N.L.); (A.C.); (K.G.)
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Nolwenn Legrand
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44011 Nantes, France; (D.R.M.); (F.D.R.d.L.); (G.D.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (N.L.); (A.C.); (K.G.)
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Thierry Guillaume
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- Hematology Clinic, CHU, 44000 Nantes, France; (P.P.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Pierre Peterlin
- Hematology Clinic, CHU, 44000 Nantes, France; (P.P.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Marie Christine Béné
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Hematology Biology, CHU, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Alice Garnier
- Hematology Clinic, CHU, 44000 Nantes, France; (P.P.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Patrice Chevallier
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
- Hematology Clinic, CHU, 44000 Nantes, France; (P.P.); (A.L.); (A.G.)
| | - Ketevan Gendzekhadze
- HLA Laboratory, Department of Hematology and HCT, City of Hope, Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| | - Anne Cesbron
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44011 Nantes, France; (D.R.M.); (F.D.R.d.L.); (G.D.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (N.L.); (A.C.); (K.G.)
- LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Katia Gagne
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44011 Nantes, France; (D.R.M.); (F.D.R.d.L.); (G.D.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (N.L.); (A.C.); (K.G.)
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
- LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Clemenceau
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christelle Retière
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 44011 Nantes, France; (D.R.M.); (F.D.R.d.L.); (G.D.); (C.W.); (L.D.); (N.L.); (A.C.); (K.G.)
- Université de Nantes, INSERM U1232 CNRS, CRCINA, F-44000 Nantes, France; (T.G.); (M.C.B.); (P.C.); (B.C.)
- LabEx IGO “Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology”, F-44000 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Biomarkers for PTLD diagnosis and therapies. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:1173-1181. [PMID: 31240394 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-019-04284-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) represents a spectrum of lymphoproliferative disorders and is a serious complication of pediatric transplantation. The majority of PTLD are associated with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and the characteristic EBV+ B cell lymphomas are the leading post-transplant malignancy in children. EBV+ PTLD remains a formidable issue in pediatric transplantation and is thought to result from impaired immunity to EBV as a result of immunosuppression. However, the key viral and immune factors that determine whether EBV+ PTLD develops remain unknown. Recently, there has been much interest in developing biomarkers in order to improve and achieve more personalized approaches, in the clinical diagnosis, management, and treatment of EBV+ PTLD. Here, we review the status of immune-, viral-, and B cell lymphoma-derived candidates for biomarkers of EBV+ PTLD.
Collapse
|
18
|
Lam JKP, Azzi T, Hui KF, Wong AMG, McHugh D, Caduff N, Chan KH, Münz C, Chiang AKS. Co-infection of Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Diminishes the Frequency of CD56 dimNKG2A +KIR - NK Cells and Contributes to Suboptimal Control of EBV in Immunosuppressed Children With Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1231. [PMID: 32625211 PMCID: PMC7311655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare but potentially life-threatening complication, frequently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which develops after solid organ or stem cell transplantation. Immunosuppression received by transplant recipients has a significant impact on the development of PTLD by suppressing the function of T cells. The preferential proliferation of NKG2A-positive natural killer (NK) cells during primary symptomatic EBV infection known as infectious mononucleosis (IM) and their reactivity toward EBV-infected B cells point to a role of NK cell in the immune control of EBV. However, NK cell-mediated immune response to EBV in immunosuppressed transplant recipients who develop PTLD remains unclear. In this study, we longitudinally analyzed the phenotype and function of different NK cell subsets in a cohort of pediatric liver transplant patients who develop PTLD and compared them to those of children with IM. We found persistently elevated plasma EBV DNA levels in the PTLD patients indicating suboptimal anti-viral immune control. PTLD patients had markedly decreased frequency of CD56dimNKG2A+Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)− NK cells from the time of diagnosis through remission compared to those of IM patients. Whilst the proliferation of CD56dimNKG2A+KIR− NK cells was diminished in PTLD patients, this NK cell subset maintained its ability to potently degranulate against EBV-infected B cells. Compared to cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositive and -negative IM patients, PTLD patients co-infected with CMV and EBV had significantly higher levels of a CMV-associated CD56dimNKG2ChiCD57+NKG2A−KIR+ NK cell subset accumulating at the expense of NKG2A+KIR− NK cells. Taken together, our data indicate that co-infection of CMV and EBV diminishes the frequency of CD56dimNKG2A+KIR− NK cells and contributes to suboptimal control of EBV in immunosuppressed children with PTLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice K P Lam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Tarik Azzi
- Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K F Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Aikha M G Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Donal McHugh
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Caduff
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K H Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christian Münz
- Department of Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan K S Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Market M, Tennakoon G, Ng J, Scaffidi M, de Souza CT, Kennedy MA, Auer RC. A Method of Assessment of Human Natural Killer Cell Phenotype and Function in Whole Blood. Front Immunol 2020; 11:963. [PMID: 32508837 PMCID: PMC7251181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of data on human Natural Killer (NK) cell phenotype and function has been generated using cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). However, cryopreservation can have adverse effects on PBMCs. In contrast, investigating immune cells in whole blood can reduce the time, volume of blood required, and potential artefacts associated with manipulation of the cells. Whole blood collected from healthy donors and cancer patients was processed by three separate protocols that can be used independently or in parallel to assess extracellular receptors, intracellular signaling protein phosphorylation, and intracellular and extracellular cytokine production in human NK cells. To assess extracellular receptor expression, 200 μL of whole blood was incubated with an extracellular staining (ECS) mix and cells were subsequently fixed and RBCs lysed prior to analysis. The phosphorylation status of signaling proteins was assessed in 500 μL of whole blood following co-incubation with interleukin (IL)-2/12 and an ECS mix for 20 min prior to cell fixation, RBC lysis, and subsequent permeabilization for staining with an intracellular staining (ICS) mix. Cytokine production (IFNγ) was similarly assessed by incubating 1 mL of whole blood with PMA-ionomycin or IL-2/12 prior to incubation with ECS and subsequent ICS antibodies. In addition, plasma was collected from stimulated samples prior to ECS for quantification of secreted IFNγ by ELISA. Results were consistent, despite inherent inter-patient variability. Although we did not investigate an exhaustive list of targets, this approach enabled quantification of representative ECS surface markers including activating (NKG2D and DNAM-1) and inhibitory (NKG2A, PD-1, TIGIT, and TIM-3) receptors, cytokine receptors (CD25, CD122, CD132, and CD212) and ICS markers associated with NK cell activation following stimulation, including signaling protein phosphorylation (p-STAT4, p-STAT5, p-p38 MAPK, p-S6) and IFNγ in both healthy donors and cancer patients. In addition, we compared extracellular receptor expression using whole blood vs. cryopreserved PBMCs and observed a significant difference in the expression of almost all receptors. The methods presented permit a relatively rapid parallel assessment of immune cell receptor expression, signaling protein activity, and cytokine production in a minimal volume of whole blood from both healthy donors and cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayashan Tennakoon
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Juliana Ng
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael A Kennedy
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Brillantes M, Beaulieu AM. Memory and Memory-Like NK Cell Responses to Microbial Pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:102. [PMID: 32269968 PMCID: PMC7109401 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes that provide systemic defense against pathogens and malignancy. Although historically considered cells of the innate immune system, NK cells are now known to be capable of memory or memory-like immune responses in certain settings. Memory NK responses were initially reported over a decade ago in studies involving mouse models of cytomegalovirus infection and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to chemical haptens and viral antigens. Since then, a growing body of literature suggests that memory or memory-like NK cell responses may occur in a broader range of immunological settings, including in response to various viral and bacterial infections, and some immunization protocols. Memory-like NK cell responses have also now been reported in humans and non-human primates. Here, we summarize recent studies demonstrating memory or memory-like responses by NK cells in settings of infection and immunization against infectious agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Brillantes
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- School of Graduate Studies, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Aimee M. Beaulieu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers—The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system that can lyse target cells without prior sensitization and are important in host defense to virally infected and transformed cells. Although the concept of 'missing-self' would suggest NK cells could target foreign allografts, the prevailing dogma has been that NK cells are not active participants in the rejection of solid organ allografts. This review summarizes recent studies that challenge this conclusion and instead suggest NK cells are important in outcomes posttransplant. RECENT FINDINGS NK cells expressing specific cell surface receptors may promote graft damage and rejection. However, recent studies suggest some NK cell subsets have tolerogenic or immunoregulatory potential and promote graft stability, suggesting a dichotomous role for NK cells after transplant. Furthermore, NK cells respond to cells infected with cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, and studies suggest some NK cells have immune memory. SUMMARY Our understanding of the role of NK cells posttransplant has evolved from 'no role' to the current idea that NK cells may have 'complex interactions' that impact graft outcomes. Additional studies, using cutting edge techniques to comprehensively analyze the phenotypic and functional subsets of NK cells in transplant recipients, are clearly necessary.
Collapse
|
22
|
Alterations in NKG2A and NKG2C Subsets of Natural Killer Cells Following Epstein–Barr Virus Reactivation in CTLA4Ig-based Haploidentical Transplantation Is Associated With Increased Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Transplantation 2020; 104:e23-e30. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
23
|
Implications of NKG2A in EBV Reactivation and Chronic Graft Versus Host Disease Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplantation 2020; 104:e1-e2. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
24
|
Gyurova IE, Ali A, Waggoner SN. Natural Killer Cell Regulation of B Cell Responses in the Context of Viral Infection. Viral Immunol 2019; 33:334-341. [PMID: 31800366 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretion of both neutralizing and nonneutralizing virus-specific antibodies by B cells is a key component of immune control of many virus infections and a critical benchmark of successful preventative vaccines. Natural killer (NK) cells also play a vital role in antiviral immune defense via cytolytic elimination of infected cells and production of proinflammatory antiviral cytokines. Accumulating evidence points to multifaceted crosstalk between NK cells and antiviral B cell responses that can determine virus elimination, pathogenesis of infection, and efficacy of vaccine-elicited protection. These outcomes are a result of both positive and negative influences of NK cells on the B cell responses, as well as canonical antiviral killing of infected B cells. On one hand, NK cell-derived cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) may promote B cell activation and enhance immunoglobulin production. In contrast, NK cell immunoregulatory killing of CD4 T cells can limit affinity maturation in germinal centers resulting in weak infection or vaccine induction of antiviral neutralizing antibodies. In this review, we will discuss these and other dueling contributions of NK cells to B cell responses during virus infection or vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivayla E Gyurova
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ayad Ali
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hatton O, Smith MM, Alexander M, Mandell M, Sherman C, Stesney MW, Hui ST, Dohrn G, Medrano J, Ringwalt K, Harris-Arnold A, Maloney EM, Krams SM, Martinez OM. Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 Regulates Host B Cell MicroRNA-155 and Its Target FOXO3a via PI3K p110α Activation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2692. [PMID: 32038504 PMCID: PMC6988802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with potentially fatal lymphoproliferations such as post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), a serious complication of transplantation. The viral mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of EBV+ B cell lymphomas remain elusive but represent attractive therapeutic targets. EBV modulates the expression of host microRNAs (miRs), non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, to promote survival of EBV+ B cell lymphomas. Here, we examined how the primary oncogene of EBV, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), regulates host miRs using an established model of inducible LMP1 signaling. LMP1 derived from the B95.8 lab strain or PTLD induced expression of the oncogene miR-155. However, PTLD variant LMP1 lost the ability to upregulate the tumor suppressor miR-193. Small molecule inhibitors (SMI) of p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K p110α inhibited upregulation of miR-155 by B95.8 LMP1; no individual SMI significantly reduced upregulation of miR-155 by PTLD variant LMP1. miR-155 was significantly elevated in EBV+ B cell lymphoma cell lines and associated exosomes and inversely correlated with expression of the miR-155 target FOXO3a in cell lines. Finally, LMP1 reduced expression of FOXO3a, which was rescued by a PI3K p110α SMI. Our data indicate that tumor variant LMP1 differentially regulates host B cell miR expression, suggesting viral genotype as an important consideration for the treatment of EBV+ B cell lymphomas. Notably, we demonstrate a novel mechanism in which LMP1 supports the regulation of miR-155 and its target FOXO3a in B cells through activation of PI3K p110α. This mechanism expands on the previously established mechanisms by which LMP1 regulates miR-155 and FOXO3a and may represent both rational therapeutic targets and biomarkers for EBV+ B cell lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Hatton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Madeline M Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Madison Alexander
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Melanie Mandell
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Carissa Sherman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Madeline W Stesney
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Sin Ting Hui
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gillian Dohrn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Joselinne Medrano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Kurt Ringwalt
- Department of Molecular Biology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Aleishia Harris-Arnold
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eden M Maloney
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sheri M Krams
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Olivia M Martinez
- Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Rahman MA, Ko EJ, Enyindah-Asonye G, Helmold Hait S, Hogge C, Hunegnaw R, Venzon DJ, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. Differential Effect of Mucosal NKp44 + Innate Lymphoid Cells and Δγ Cells on Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Outcome in Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2459-2471. [PMID: 31554692 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are essential for controlling viral infections. We investigated NK cell and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) dynamics and function in rhesus macaque rectal tissue and blood following mucosal priming with replicating adenovirus (Ad)-SIV recombinants, systemic boosting with SIV envelope protein, and subsequent repeated low-dose intravaginal SIV exposures. Mucosal memory-like NK and ILC subsets in rectal and vaginal tissues of chronically infected macaques were also evaluated. No differences in NK cell or ILC frequencies or cytokine production were seen between vaccinated and Ad-empty/alum controls, suggesting responses were due to the Ad-vector and alum vaccine components. Mucosal NKp44+ ILCs increased postvaccination and returned to prelevels postinfection. The vaccine regimen induced mucosal SIV-specific Ab, which mediated Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and was correlated with mucosal NKp44+CD16+ ILCs. Postvaccination NKp44+ and NKp44+IL-17+ ILC frequencies were associated with delayed SIV acquisition and decreased viremia. In chronically SIV-infected animals, NKp44+ ILCs negatively correlated with viral load, further suggesting a protective effect, whereas, NKG2A- NKp44- double-negative ILCs positively correlated with viral load, indicating a pathogenic role. No such associations of circulating NK cells were seen. Δγ NK cells in mucosal tissues of chronically infected animals exhibited impaired cytokine production compared with non-Δγ NK cells but responded to anti-gp120 Ab and Gag peptides, whereas non-Δγ NK cells did not. Mucosal Δγ NKp44+ and Δγ DN cells were similarly associated with protection and disease progression, respectively. Thus, the data suggest NKp44+ ILCs and Δγ cells contribute to SIV infection outcomes. Vaccines that promote mucosal NKp44+ and suppress double-negative ILCs are likely desirable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Gospel Enyindah-Asonye
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Christopher Hogge
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lucar O, Reeves RK, Jost S. A Natural Impact: NK Cells at the Intersection of Cancer and HIV Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1850. [PMID: 31474977 PMCID: PMC6705184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite efficient suppression of plasma viremia in people living with HIV (PLWH) on cART, evidence of HIV-induced immunosuppression remains, and normally benign and opportunistic pathogens become major sources of co-morbidities, including virus-induced cancers. In fact, cancer remains a primary cause of death even in virally suppressed PLWH. Natural killer (NK) cells provide rapid early responses to HIV infection, contribute substantially to disease modulation and vaccine protection, and are also major therapeutic targets for cancer immunotherapy. However, much like other lymphocyte populations, recent burgeoning evidence suggests that in chronic conditions like HIV, NK cells can become functionally exhausted with impaired cytotoxic function, altered cytokine production and impaired antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Recent work suggests functional anergy is likely due to low-level ongoing virus replication, increased inflammatory cytokines, or increased presence of MHClow target cells. Indeed, HIV-induced loss of NK cell-mediated control of lytic EBV infection has been specifically shown to cause lymphoma and also increases replication of CMV. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of NK cell modulation of HIV disease, reciprocal exhaustion of NK cells, and how this may impact increased cancer incidences and prospects for NK cell-targeted immunotherapies. Finally, we will review the most recent evidence supporting adaptive functions of NK cells and highlight the potential of adaptive NK cells for cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lucar
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Stephanie Jost
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cisneros T, Dillard DW, Qu X, Arredondo-Guerrero J, Castro M, Schaffert S, Martin R, Esquivel CO, Krams SM, Martinez OM. Differential role of natural killer group 2D in recognition and cytotoxicity of hepatocyte-like cells derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1652-1662. [PMID: 30549427 PMCID: PMC6543818 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based approaches have the potential to address the organ shortage in transplantation. Whereas both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells have been utilized as cellular sources for differentiation and lineage specification, their relative ability to be recognized by immune effector cells is unclear. We determined the expression of immune recognition molecules on hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) generated from murine embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, compared to adult hepatocytes, and we evaluated the impact on recognition by natural killer (NK) cells. We report that HLC lack MHC class I expression, and that embryonic stem cell-derived HLC have higher expression of the NK cell activating ligands Rae1, H60, and Mult1 than induced pluripotent stem cell-derived HLC and adult hepatocytes. Moreover, the lack of MHC class I renders embryonic stem cell-derived HLC, and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived HLC, susceptible to killing by syngeneic and allogeneic NK cells. Both embryonic stem cell-derived HLC, and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived HLC, are killed by NK cells at higher levels than adult hepatocytes. Finally, we demonstrate that the NK cell activation receptor, NKG2D, plays a key role in NK cell cytotoxicity of embryonic stem cell-derived HLC, but not induced pluripotent stem cell-derived HLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Cisneros
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Surgery/Division of Abdominal
Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Danielle W. Dillard
- Department of Surgery/Division of Abdominal
Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xiumei Qu
- Department of Surgery/Division of Abdominal
Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Martha Castro
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven Schaffert
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Renata Martin
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carlos O. Esquivel
- Department of Surgery/Division of Abdominal
Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sheri M. Krams
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Surgery/Division of Abdominal
Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Olivia M. Martinez
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of
Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA,Department of Surgery/Division of Abdominal
Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Manickam C, Shah SV, Nohara J, Ferrari G, Reeves RK. Monkeying Around: Using Non-human Primate Models to Study NK Cell Biology in HIV Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1124. [PMID: 31191520 PMCID: PMC6540610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the major innate effectors primed to eliminate virus-infected and tumor or neoplastic cells. Recent studies also suggest nuances in phenotypic and functional characteristics among NK cell subsets may further permit execution of regulatory and adaptive roles. Animal models, particularly non-human primate (NHP) models, are critical for characterizing NK cell biology in disease and under homeostatic conditions. In HIV infection, NK cells mediate multiple antiviral functions via upregulation of activating receptors, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity through antibody Fc-FcR interaction and others. However, HIV infection can also reciprocally modulate NK cells directly or indirectly, leading to impaired/ineffective NK cell responses. In this review, we will describe multiple aspects of NK cell biology in HIV/SIV infections and their association with viral control and disease progression, and how NHP models were critical in detailing each finding. Further, we will discuss the effect of NK cell depletion in SIV-infected NHP and the characteristics of newly described memory NK cells in NHP models and different mouse strains. Overall, we propose that the role of NK cells in controlling viral infections remains incompletely understood and that NHP models are indispensable in order to efficiently address these deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spandan V. Shah
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Junsuke Nohara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hui KF, Yiu SPT, Tam KP, Chiang AKS. Viral-Targeted Strategies Against EBV-Associated Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Front Oncol 2019; 9:81. [PMID: 30873380 PMCID: PMC6400835 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is strongly associated with a spectrum of EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases (EBV-LPDs) ranging from post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, B cell lymphomas (e.g., endemic Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma) to NK or T cell lymphoma (e.g., nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma). The virus expresses a number of latent viral proteins which are able to manipulate cell cycle and cell death processes to promote survival of the tumor cells. Several FDA-approved drugs or novel compounds have been shown to induce killing of some of the EBV-LPDs by inhibiting the function of latent viral proteins or activating the viral lytic cycle from latency. Here, we aim to provide an overview on the mechanisms by which EBV employs to drive the pathogenesis of various EBV-LPDs and to maintain the survival of the tumor cells followed by a discussion on the development of viral-targeted strategies based on the understanding of the patho-mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kam Pui Tam
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Peters C, Meyer A, Kouakanou L, Feder J, Schricker T, Lettau M, Janssen O, Wesch D, Kabelitz D. TGF-β enhances the cytotoxic activity of Vδ2 T cells. Oncoimmunology 2018; 8:e1522471. [PMID: 30546961 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1522471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine with multiple roles in immunity. Apart from its suppressive activity, TGF-β is a driving cytokine in the differentiation of induced regulatory T cells (iTreg) but also in the polarization of interleukin-9 (IL-9) producing T helper 9 (Th9) T cells. Human Vδ2 expressing γδ T cells exert potent cytotoxicity towards a variety of solid tumor and leukemia/lymphoma target cells and thus are in the focus of current strategies to develop cell-based immunotherapies. Here we report that TGF-β unexpectedly augments the cytotoxic effector activity of short-term expanded Vδ2 T cells when purified γδ T cells are activated with specific pyrophosphate antigens and IL-2 or IL-15 in the presence of TGF-β. TGF-β up-regulates the expression of CD54, CD103, interferon-γ, IL-9 and granzyme B in γδ T cells while CD56 and CD11a/CD18 are down-regulated. Moreover, we show that CD103 (αE/β7 integrin) is recruited to the immunological synapse in γδ T cells. Increased cytotoxic activity of TGF-β-exposed γδ T cells is reduced by anti-CD103 and further diminished upon additional anti-CD11a antibody treatment, pointing to a role of cellular adhesion in the enhanced cytolytic activity. Furthermore, magnetically sorted CD103-positive Vδ2 T cells exhibit superior cytolytic activity. In view of the importance of CD103 for tissue homing of lymphocytes, our results suggest that adoptive transfer of CD103-expressing Vδ2 T cells might favor their homing to solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Annika Meyer
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Léonce Kouakanou
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Julia Feder
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tim Schricker
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marcus Lettau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ottmar Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wilk AJ, Blish CA. Diversification of human NK cells: Lessons from deep profiling. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:629-641. [PMID: 29350874 PMCID: PMC6133712 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ri0917-390r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are innate lymphocytes with important roles in immunoregulation, immunosurveillance, and cytokine production. Originally defined on the functional basis of their "natural" ability to lyse tumor targets and thought to be a relatively homogeneous group of lymphocytes, NK cells possess a remarkable degree of phenotypic and functional diversity due to the combinatorial expression of an array of activating and inhibitory receptors. Diversification of NK cells is multifaceted: mechanisms of NK cell education that promote self-tolerance result in a heterogeneous repertoire that further diversifies upon encounters with viral pathogens. Here, we review the genetic, developmental, and environmental sources of NK cell diversity with a particular focus on deep profiling and single-cell technologies that will enable a more thorough and accurate dissection of this intricate and poorly understood lymphocyte lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Wilk
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, and Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Freud AG, Mundy-Bosse BL, Yu J, Caligiuri MA. The Broad Spectrum of Human Natural Killer Cell Diversity. Immunity 2017; 47:820-833. [PMID: 29166586 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells provide protection against infectious pathogens and cancer. For decades it has been appreciated that two major NK cell subsets (CD56bright and CD56dim) exist in humans and have distinct anatomical localization patterns, phenotypes, and functions in immunity. In light of this traditional NK cell dichotomy, it is now clear that the spectrum of human NK cell diversity is much broader than originally appreciated as a result of variegated surface receptor, intracellular signaling molecule, and transcription factor expression; tissue-specific imprinting; and foreign antigen exposure. The recent discoveries of tissue-resident NK cell developmental intermediates, non-NK innate lymphoid cells, and the capacity for NK cells to adapt and differentiate into long-lived memory cells has added further complexity to this field. Here we review our current understanding of the breadth and generation of human NK cell diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aharon G Freud
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Bethany L Mundy-Bosse
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center and The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The Immune Response to Epstein Barr Virus and Implications for Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder. Transplantation 2017; 101:2009-2016. [PMID: 28376031 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication in organ transplant recipients and is most often associated with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a common gammaherpes virus with tropism for B lymphocytes and infection in immunocompetent individuals is typically asymptomatic and benign. However, infection in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals can result in malignant B cell lymphoproliferations, such as PTLD. EBV+ PTLD can arise after primary EBV infection, or because of reactivation of a prior infection, and represents a leading malignancy in the transplant population. The incidence of EBV+ PTLD is variable depending on the organ transplanted and whether the recipient has preexisting immunity to EBV but can be as high as 20%. It is generally accepted that impaired immune function due to immunosuppression is a primary cause of EBV+ PTLD. In this overview, we review the EBV life cycle and discuss our current understanding of the immune response to EBV in healthy, immunocompetent individuals, in transplant recipients, and in PTLD patients. We review the strategies that EBV uses to subvert and evade host immunity and discuss the implications for the development of EBV+ PTLD.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Classically, natural killer (NK) cells have been defined by nonspecific innate killing of virus-infected and tumor cells. However, burgeoning evidence suggests that the functional repertoire of NK cells is far more diverse than has been previously appreciated, thus raising the possibility that there may be unexpected functional specialization and even adaptive capabilities among NK cell subpopulations. Some of the first evidence that NK cells respond in an antigen-specific fashion came from experiments revealing that subpopulations of murine NK cells were able to respond to a specific murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) protein and that in the absence of T and B cells, murine NK cells also mediated adaptive immune responses to a secondary challenge with specific haptens. These data have been followed by demonstrations of NK cell memory of viruses and viral antigens in mice and primates. Herein, we discuss different forms of NK cell antigen specificity and how these responses may be tuned to specific viral pathogens, and we provide assessment of the current literature that may explain molecular mechanisms of the novel phenomenon of NK cell memory.
Collapse
|
36
|
Djaoud Z, Guethlein LA, Horowitz A, Azzi T, Nemat-Gorgani N, Olive D, Nadal D, Norman PJ, Münz C, Parham P. Two alternate strategies for innate immunity to Epstein-Barr virus: One using NK cells and the other NK cells and γδ T cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1827-1841. [PMID: 28468758 PMCID: PMC5460997 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Djaoud et al. show that Epstein–Barr virus infection triggers two types of human innate immune response, one mediated by the combination of NK cells and γδ T cells and the other committed to a strong NK cell response with little involvement of γδ T cells. Most humans become infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which then persists for life. Infrequently, EBV infection causes infectious mononucleosis (IM) or Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Type I EBV infection, particularly type I BL, stimulates strong responses of innate immune cells. Humans respond to EBV in two alternative ways. Of 24 individuals studied, 13 made strong NK and γδ T cell responses, whereas 11 made feeble γδ T cell responses but stronger NK cell responses. The difference does not correlate with sex, HLA type, or previous exposure to EBV or cytomegalovirus. Cohorts of EBV+ children and pediatric IM patients include both group 1 individuals, with high numbers of γδ T cells, and group 2 individuals, with low numbers. The even balance of groups 1 and 2 in the human population points to both forms of innate immune response to EBV having benefit for human survival. Correlating these distinctive responses with the progress of EBV infection might facilitate the management of EBV-mediated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Djaoud
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Amir Horowitz
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Tarik Azzi
- Experimental Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Neda Nemat-Gorgani
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Daniel Olive
- Team Immunity and Cancer, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1068; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - David Nadal
- Experimental Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
García-Cuesta EM, Esteso G, Ashiru O, López-Cobo S, Álvarez-Maestro M, Linares A, Ho MM, Martínez-Piñeiro L, T Reyburn H, Valés-Gómez M. Characterization of a human anti-tumoral NK cell population expanded after BCG treatment of leukocytes. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1293212. [PMID: 28507799 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1293212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, via intra-vesical instillations of BCG, is the therapy of choice for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. The subsequent recruitment of lymphocytes and myeloid cells, as well as the release of cytokines and chemokines, is believed to induce a local immune response that eliminates these tumors, but the detailed mechanisms of action of this therapy are not well understood. Here, we have studied the phenotype and function of the responding lymphocyte populations as well as the spectrum of cytokines and chemokines produced in an in vitro model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with BCG. Natural killer (NK) cell activation was a prominent feature of this immune response and we have studied the expansion of this lymphocyte population in detail. We show that, after BCG stimulation, CD56dim NK cells proliferate, upregulate CD56, but maintain the expression of CD16 and the ability to mediate ADCC. CD56bright NK cells also contribute to this expansion by increasing CD16 and KIR expression. These unconventional CD56bright cells efficiently degranulated against bladder cancer cells and the expansion of this population required the release of soluble factors by other immune cells in the context of BCG. Consistent with these in vitro data, a small, but significant increase in the intensity of CD16 expression was noted in peripheral blood CD56bright cells from bladder cancer patients undergoing BCG therapy, that was not observed in patients treated with mitomycin-C instillations. These observations suggest that activation of NK cells may be an important component of the anti-tumoral immune response triggered by BCG therapy in bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva M García-Cuesta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Esteso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Omodele Ashiru
- Division of Bacteriology, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency-National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (MHRA-NIBSC), PottersBar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sheila López-Cobo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Linares
- Urology Unit, Infanta Sofia Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mei M Ho
- Division of Bacteriology, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency-National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (MHRA-NIBSC), PottersBar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|