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Development and characterization of anti-fibrotic natural compound similars with improved effectivity. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:9. [PMID: 35235052 PMCID: PMC8891108 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts constitute the major cell type of the murine and human heart. Once activated, they contribute to an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to cardiac fibrosis and subsequently organ dysfunction. With the exception of the pulmonary drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, drugs specifically targeting anti-fibrotic pathways are scarce. We recently performed large library screenings of natural occurring compounds and identified first lead structures with anti-fibrotic properties in vitro and in vivo. In line, we now aimed to improve efficacy of these anti-fibrotic lead structures by combining in vitro validation studies and in silico prediction. Next to this combined approach, we performed large OMICs-multi-panel-based mechanistic studies. Applying human cardiac fibroblasts (HCF), we analysed 26 similars of the initially identified anti-fibrotic lead molecules bufalin and lycorine and determined anti-proliferative activity and potential toxicity in an array of in vitro and ex vivo studies. Of note, even at lower concentrations, certain similars were more effective at inhibiting HCF proliferation than nintedanib and pirfenidone. Additionally, selected similars showed low cytotoxicity on human iPS-derived cardiomyocytes and anti-fibrotic gene regulation in human ex vivo living myocardial slices. Further, array and RNA sequencing studies of coding and non-coding RNAs in treated HCFs revealed strong anti-fibrotic properties, especially with the lycorine similar lyco-s (also known as homoharringtonine), that led to a nearly complete shutdown of ECM production at concentrations 100-fold lower than the previously identified anti-fibrotic compound lycorine without inducing cellular toxicity. We thus identified a new natural compound similar with strong anti-fibrotic properties in human cardiac fibroblasts and human living heart tissue potentially opening new anti-fibrotic treatment strategies.
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Identification of miR-199a-5p, miR-214-3p and miR-99b-5p as Fibrosis-Specific Extracellular Biomarkers and Promoters of HSC Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189799. [PMID: 34575957 PMCID: PMC8464755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) resulting in the formation of fibrous scars. In the clinic, liver biopsies are the standard diagnostic method despite the potential for clinical complications. miRNAs are single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that can be detected in tissues, body fluids and cultured cells. The regulation of many miRNAs has been linked to tissue damage, including liver fibrosis in patients, resulting in aberrant miRNA expression/release. Experimental evidence also suggests that miRNAs are regulated in a similar manner in vitro and could thus serve as translational in vitro–in vivo biomarkers. In this work, we set out to identify and characterize biomarkers for liver fibrosis that could be used in vitro and clinically for research and diagnostic purposes. We focused on miRNAs released from hepatic 3D cultures exposed to methotrexate (MTX), which causes fibrosis, and acetaminophen (APAP), an acute hepatotoxicant with no clinically relevant association to liver fibrosis. Using a 3D in vitro model, we corroborated compound-specific responses as we show MTX induced a fibrotic response, and APAP did not. Performing miRNA-seq of cell culture supernatants, we identified potential miRNA biomarkers (miR-199a-5p, miR-214-3p, niRNA-125a-5p and miR-99b-5p) that were associated with a fibrotic phenotype and not with hepatocellular damage alone. Moreover, transfection of HSC with miR-199a-5p led to decreased expression of caveolin-1 and increased α-SMA expression, suggesting its role in HSC activation. In conclusion, we propose that extracellular miR-214-3p, miR-99b-5p, miR-125a-5p and specifically miR-199a-5p could contribute towards a panel of miRNAs for identifying liver fibrosis and that miR-199a-5p, miR-214-3p and miR-99b-5p are promoters of HSC activation.
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Tadokoro T, Morishita A, Masaki T. Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Liver Fibrosis by MicroRNA. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158139. [PMID: 34360904 PMCID: PMC8347497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in the treatment and control of hepatitis B and C viral infections. However, fundamental treatments for diseases in which liver fibrosis is a key factor, such as cirrhosis, alcoholic/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis, are still under development and remain an unmet medical need. To solve this problem, it is essential to elucidate the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis in detail from a molecular and cellular perspective and to develop targeted therapeutic agents based on this information. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), functional RNAs of 22 nucleotides, have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. In addition, extracellular vesicles called “exosomes” have been attracting attention, and research is being conducted to establish noninvasive and extremely sensitive biomarkers using miRNAs in exosomes. In this review, we summarize miRNAs directly involved in liver fibrosis, miRNAs associated with diseases leading to liver fibrosis, and miRNAs related to complications of cirrhosis. We will also discuss the efficacy of each miRNA as a biomarker of liver fibrosis and pathology, and its potential application as a therapeutic agent.
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Sun M, Tan L, Hu M. The role of autophagy in hepatic fibrosis. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:5747-5757. [PMID: 34306323 PMCID: PMC8290830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a chronic liver injury process, and its continuous development can lead to cirrhosis, hepatic failure and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy has attracted much attention because of its controversial role in the course of hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we introduce the mechanism related to noncoding RNAs and some of the signaling pathways that promote or inhibit fibrosis by affecting autophagy. Finally, we list some targets related to autophagy that enable hepatic fibrosis therapy and forecast its prospect in hepatic fibrosis. This review will provide new ideas in diagnosing and treating hepatic fibrosis, which will be helpful to reduce the incidence of cirrhosis and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
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He W, Ni W, Zhao L, Wang X, Liu L, Fan Z. MicroRNA-125a/VDR axis impaired autophagic flux and contributed to fibrosis in a CCL4-induced mouse model and patients with liver cirrhosis. Life Sci 2021; 264:118666. [PMID: 33130085 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To clarify the role of the miR-125a/VDR axis in the regulation of autophagic flux in hepatocytes and liver fibrosis. MAIN METHODS The effects of the miR-125a/VDR axis on hepatic fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced mouse model and patients with liver cirrhosis by immunohistochemistry, real-time PCR, Western blotting, and luciferase reporter assay. KEY FINDINGS The degree of fibrosis in patients with liver cirrhosis was negatively correlated with VDR expression and autophagic flux in hepatocytes. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed that VDR is a direct target of miR-125a, which was positively correlated with the degree of fibrosis but negatively correlated with the autophagic flux and VDR expression in human liver cirrhosis tissue. miR-125a-antagomir-GFP AAV treatment partially restored VDR expression and autophagic flux and abrogated fibrosis in the liver of CCL4-induced mouse. In addition, knockdown of VDR abrogated the protective effect of miR-125a-antagomir-GFP AAV on autophagic flux and against liver fibrosis in the CCL4-induced mouse model. SIGNIFICANCE Our study for the first time identified the miR-125a/VDR axis as involved in the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis by regulating autophagic flux in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatric Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Geriatric Institute, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing 210024, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Weijie Ni
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhining Fan
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.
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6
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Di Palo A, Siniscalchi C, Mosca N, Russo A, Potenza N. A Novel ceRNA Regulatory Network Involving the Long Non-Coding Antisense RNA SPACA6P-AS, miR-125a and its mRNA Targets in Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145068. [PMID: 32709089 PMCID: PMC7404396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA), and more recently long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), are emerging as a driving force for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. In this work, we investigated a possible RNA regulatory network involving two oncosuppressive miRNAs, miR-125a and let-7e, and a long non-coding antisense RNA, SPACA6P-AS (SP-AS), all transcribed from the same locus, with SP-AS in the opposite direction and thus carrying complementary sequences to the miRNAs. In vitro experiments validated the binding of the miRNAs to SP-AS. Then, the boosting of either the miRNAs or SP-AS levels demonstrated their reciprocal inhibition. In addition, overexpression of SP-AS resulted in a reduced silencing activity of miR-125a and let-7e toward their key oncogenic targets, i.e., Lin28b, MMP11, SIRT7, Zbtb7a, Cyclin D1, CDC25B, HMGA2, that resulted significantly upregulated. Finally, the analysis of 374 HCC samples in comparison to 50 normal liver tissues showed an upregulation of SP-AS and a reverse expression of miR-125a, not observed for let-7e; consistently, miR-125a oncogenic targets were upregulated. Overall, the data depict a novel competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, ceRNET, whereby miR-125a can regulate the expression of SP-AS, which in turn regulates the miRNA by competing with the binding to the mRNA targets. We speculate that the unbalancing of any network component may contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Di Palo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.D.P.); (C.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Chiara Siniscalchi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.D.P.); (C.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Nicola Mosca
- Inserm, BMGIC, U1035, University of Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Aniello Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.D.P.); (C.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Nicoletta Potenza
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (A.D.P.); (C.S.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Wang D, Hao C, Zhang L, Zhang J, Liu S, Li Y, Qu Y, Zhao Y, Huang R, Wei J, Yao W. Exosomal miR-125a-5p derived from silica-exposed macrophages induces fibroblast transdifferentiation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110253. [PMID: 32059163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silica particles can cause a systemic disease in workers termed lung silicosis, characterized by diffuse fibrosis. The development of lung silicosis involves various signaling pathway networks comprising numerous cell types and cytokines. As an important medium for communication between cells, exosomes have emerged as a hot research topic; however, the role of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in silicosis remains unclear. In this study, we conducted high-throughput sequencing to generate exosomal miRNAs profiles from macrophages that were either exposed to silica or not. A total of 298 miRNAs were differentially expressed, with 155 up-regulated and 143 down-regulated. Highly conserved differentially expressed miRNAs were functionally annotated and analyzed to predict target genes. Among target interactions associated with the TGF-β signaling pathway, miR-125a-5p and its putative target gene, Smurf1, were subjected to further research. As expected, levels of miR-125a-5p were upregulated in human serous exosomes and vitro, and inhibit the exosomal miR-125a-5p suppressed the expression of the fibrosis hallmarks. Besides, high levels of the miRNA led to upregulation of smooth muscle actin alpha and repression of Smurf1 in NIH-3T3 and MRC-5 cells. ID1 and SMAD1, downstream of TGF-β signaling, were upregulated, indicating potential activation of this signaling pathway. These results contribute to understanding of the intercellular communication mediated by exosomal miRNAs and its critical role in fibroblast to myofibroblast transition and silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changfu Hao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Shandong Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, People's Hospital of Zhongmu, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suna Liu
- Department of Henan Newborn Screening Center, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiping Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaqian Qu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youliang Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruoxuan Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wu Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Zhao X, Dou J, Cao J, Wang Y, Gao Q, Zeng Q, Liu W, Liu B, Cui Z, Teng L, Zhang J, Zhao C. Uncovering the potential differentially expressed miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma based on machine learning in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:1771-1784. [PMID: 32236623 PMCID: PMC7160538 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify novel diagnostic differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatocellular carcinoma. The expression data of miRNA and mRNA were downloaded for differential expression analysis. Optimal diagnostic differentially expressed miRNA biomarkers were identified via a random forest algorithm. Classification models were established to distinguish patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and normal individuals. A regulatory network between optimal diagnostic differentially expressed miRNA and differentially expressed mRNAs was then constructed. The GSE63046 dataset and in vitro experiments were used to validate the expression of the optimal diagnostic differentially expressed miRNAs identified. In addition, diagnostic and prognostic analyses of optimal diagnostic differentially expressed miRNAs were performed. In total, 14 differentially expressed miRNAs (all upregulated) and 2,982 differentially expressed mRNAs (1,989 upregulated and 993 downregulated) were identified. hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-10b-3p, hsa-miR-224-5p, hsa-miR-183-5p and hsa-miR-182-5p were considered as the optimal diagnostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. The mRNAs targeted by these five miRNAs included secreted frizzled related protein 1 (SFRP1), endothelin receptor type B (EDNRB), nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3), four and a half LIM domains 2 (FHL2), NK3 homeobox 1 (NKX3-1), interleukin 6 signal transducer (IL6ST) and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). ‘Bile acid biosynthesis and cholesterol’ was the most enriched signaling pathways of these target mRNAs. The expression validation of the five miRNAs was consistent with the present bioinformatics analysis. Notably, hsa-miR-10b-5p and hsa-miR-10b-3p had a significant prognosis value for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, the five differentially expressed miRNAs may be considered as diagnostic biomarkers for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition, the differential expression levels of the targets of these five mRNAs, including SFRP1, EDNRB, NR4A3, FHL2, NKX3−1, IL6ST and FOXO1, may be involved in hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Dou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Jinglin Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Qingjun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Wenpeng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Baowang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Ziqiang Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Liang Teng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Caiyan Zhao
- Department of Infection, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Russo A, Potenza N. Antiproliferative Activity of microRNA-125a and its Molecular Targets. Microrna 2018; 8:173-179. [PMID: 30394225 DOI: 10.2174/2211536608666181105114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNA-125a is present in all animals with bilateral symmetry and displays a conserved nucleotide sequence with a section of 11 bases including the seed region that is identical in all considered species. It primarily downregulates the expression of LIN28, thereby promoting cell differentiation and larval phase transitions in nematodes, mammals and insects. OBJECTIVE In this review, we focus on the cellular control of miR-125a expression and its antiproliferative activity. RESULTS In mammalians, microRNA-125a is present in most adult organs and tissues in which it targets proteins involved in the mitogenic response, such as membrane receptors, intracellular signal transducers, or transcription factors, with the overall effect of inhibiting cell proliferation. Tissue levels of miR-125a generally raise during differentiation but it is often downregulated in cancers, e.g. colon, cervical, gastric, ovarian, lung, and breast cancers, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. CONCLUSION The antiproliferative activity of miR-125a, demonstrated in many cell types, together with the notion that this miRNA is downregulated in several kinds of cancers, give a substantial support to the concept that miR-125a plays an oncosuppressive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniello Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Potenza
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
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