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Tyagi S, Sadhu S, Sharma T, Paul A, Pandey M, Nain VK, Rathore DK, Chatterjee S, Awasthi A, Pandey AK. VapC12 ribonuclease toxin modulates host immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1302163. [PMID: 38515752 PMCID: PMC10955575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1302163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic understanding of antibiotic persistence is a prerequisite in controlling the emergence of MDR cases in Tuberculosis (TB). We have reported that the cholesterol-induced activation of VapC12 ribonuclease is critical for disease persistence in TB. In this study, we observed that relative to the wild type, mice infected with ΔvapC12 induced a pro-inflammatory response, had a higher pathogen load, and responded better to the anti-TB treatment. In a high-dose infection model, all the mice infected with ΔvapC12 succumbed early to the disease. Finally, we reported that the above phenotype of ΔvapC12 was dependent on the presence of the TLR4 receptor. Overall, the data suggests that failure of a timely resolution of the early inflammation by the ΔvapC12 infected mice led to hyperinflammation, altered T-cell response and high bacterial load. In conclusion, our findings suggest the role of the VapC12 toxin in modulating the innate immune response of the host in ways that favor the long-term survival of the pathogen inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaifali Tyagi
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Srikanth Sadhu
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Taruna Sharma
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Paul
- Complex Analysis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manitosh Pandey
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Vaibhav Kumar Nain
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Rathore
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Samrat Chatterjee
- Complex Analysis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Mycobacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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2
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Li F, Chen D, Zeng Q, Du Y. Possible Mechanisms of Lymphopenia in Severe Tuberculosis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2640. [PMID: 38004652 PMCID: PMC10672989 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). In lymphopenia, T cells are typically characterized by progressive loss and a decrease in their count results. Lymphopenia can hinder immune responses and lead to systemic immunosuppression, which is strongly associated with mortality. Lymphopenia is a significant immunological abnormality in the majority of patients with severe and advanced TB, and its severity is linked to disease outcomes. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Currently, the research on the pathogenesis of lymphopenia during M. tuberculosis infection mainly focuses on how it affects lymphocyte production, survival, or tissue redistribution. This includes impairing hematopoiesis, inhibiting T-cell proliferation, and inducing lymphocyte apoptosis. In this study, we have compiled the latest research on the possible mechanisms that may cause lymphopenia during M. tuberculosis infection. Lymphopenia may have serious consequences in severe TB patients. Additionally, we discuss in detail potential intervention strategies to prevent lymphopenia, which could help understand TB immunopathogenesis and achieve the goal of preventing and treating severe TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (D.C.); (Q.Z.); (Y.D.)
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3
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Shaw JA, Malherbe ST, Walzl G, du Plessis N. Suppressive myeloid cells in SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1222911. [PMID: 37545508 PMCID: PMC10399583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1222911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic data show that both current and previous tuberculosis (TB) increase the risk of in-hospital mortality from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), and there is a similar trend for poor outcomes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection after recent SARS-CoV-2. A shared dysregulation of immunity explains the dual risk posed by co-infection, but the specific mechanisms are being explored. While initial attention focused on T cell immunity, more comprehensive analyses revealed a dysfunctional innate immune response in COVID-19, characterized by reduced numbers of dendritic cells, NK cells and a redistribution of mononuclear phagocytes towards intermediate myeloid subsets. During hyper- or chronic inflammatory processes, activation signals from molecules such as growth factors and alarmins lead to the expansion of an immature population of myeloid cells called myeloid-deprived suppressor cells (MDSC). These cells enter a state of pathological activation, lose their ability to rapidly clear pathogens, and instead become broadly immunosuppressive. MDSC are enriched in the peripheral blood of patients with severe COVID-19; associated with mortality; and with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines. In TB, MDSC have been implicated in loss of control of Mtb in the granuloma and ineffective innate and T cell immunity to the pathogen. Considering that innate immune sensing serves as first line of both anti-bacterial and anti-viral defence mechanisms, we propose MDSC as a crucial mechanism for the adverse clinical trajectories of TB-COVID-19 coinfection.
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4
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Zhang MN, Yuan YL, Ao SH. Advances in the study of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in infectious lung diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125737. [PMID: 37063919 PMCID: PMC10090681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature cells capable of inhibiting T-cell responses. MDSCs have a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response of the body to pathogens, especially in inflammatory response and pathogenesis during anti-infection. Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses use MDSCs as their infectious targets, and even some pathogens may exploit the inhibitory activity of MDSCs to enhance pathogen persistence and chronic infection of the host. Recent researches have revealed the pathogenic significance of MDSCs in pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, despite the fact that the majority of studies on MDSCs have focused on tumor immune evasion. With the increased prevalence of viral respiratory infections, the resurgence of classical tuberculosis, and the advent of medication resistance in common bacterial pneumonia, research on MDSCs in these illnesses is intensifying. The purpose of this work is to provide new avenues for treatment approaches to pulmonary infectious disorders by outlining the mechanism of action of MDSCs as a biomarker and therapeutic target in pulmonary infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Nan Zhang
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine and the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu-Lai Yuan
- The Department of Respirology of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Su-Hua Ao
- The Department of Respirology of the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Su-Hua Ao,
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5
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Singh S, Maurya SK, Aqdas M, Bashir H, Arora A, Bhalla V, Agrewala JN. Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits MPT64 to generate myeloid-derived suppressor cells to evade the immune system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:567. [DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Singh VK, Khan A, Xu Y, Mai S, Zhang L, Mishra A, Restrepo BI, Pan PY, Chen SH, Jagannath C. Antibody-Mediated LILRB2-Receptor Antagonism Induces Human Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865503. [PMID: 35757769 PMCID: PMC9229593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death in mankind due to infectious agents, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects and survives in macrophages (MФs). Although MФs are a major niche, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an alternative site for pathogen persistence. Both MФs and MDSCs express varying levels of leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B (LILRB), which regulate the myeloid cell suppressive function. Herein, we demonstrate that antagonism of LILRB2 by a monoclonal antibody (mab) induced a switch of human MDSCs towards an M1-macrophage phenotype, increasing the killing of intracellular Mtb. Mab-mediated antagonism of LILRB2 alone and its combination with a pharmacological blockade of SHP1/2 phosphatase increased proinflammatory cytokine responses and phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and NF-kB in Mtb-infected MDSCs. LILRB2 antagonism also upregulated anti-mycobacterial iNOS gene expression and an increase in both nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species synthesis. Because genes associated with the anti-mycobacterial function of M1-MФs were enhanced in MDSCs following mab treatment, we propose that LILRB2 antagonism reprograms MDSCs from an immunosuppressive state towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype that kills Mtb. LILRB2 is therefore a novel therapeutic target for eradicating Mtb in MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul K. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arshad Khan
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yitian Xu
- Center for Immunotherapy Research and Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sunny Mai
- Center for Immunotherapy Research and Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Licheng Zhang
- Center for Immunotherapy Research and Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Blanca I. Restrepo
- School of Public Health at Brownsville, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Brownsville, TX, United States
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Ping-Ying Pan
- Center for Immunotherapy Research and Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shu-Hsia Chen
- Center for Immunotherapy Research and Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Kotze LA, van der Spuy G, Leonard B, Penn-Nicholson A, Musvosvi M, McAnda S, Malherbe ST, Erasmus M, Scriba T, Koegelenberg CFN, Allwood BW, Walzl G, du Plessis N. Targeted Gene Expression Profiling of Human Myeloid Cells From Blood and Lung Compartments of Patients With Tuberculosis and Other Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:839747. [PMID: 35356003 PMCID: PMC8959218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.839747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) have been identified in the peripheral blood and granulomas of patients with active TB disease, but their phenotype-, function-, and immunosuppressive mechanism- spectrum remains unclear. Importantly, the frequency and signaling pathways of MDSC at the site of disease is unknown with no indication how this compares to MDSC identified in peripheral blood or to those of related myeloid counterparts such as alveolar macrophages and monocytes. Most phenotypic and functional markers have been described in oncological studies but have not yet been validated in TB. Using a panel of 43 genes selected from pathways previously shown to contribute to tumor-derived MDSC, we set out to evaluate if the expression of these additional functional markers and properties may also be relevant to TB-derived MDSC. Differential expression was investigated between MDSC, alveolar macrophages and monocytes enriched from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood of patients with active TB, patients with other lung diseases (OLD). Results demonstrated that anatomical compartments may drive compartment-specific immunological responses and subsequent MDSC immunosuppressive functions, demonstrated by the observation that MDSC and/or monocytes from PB alone can discriminate, via hierarchical clustering, between patients with active TB disease and OLD. Our data show that the gene expression patterns of MDSC in peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid do not cluster according to disease states (TB vs OLD). This suggests that MDSC from TB patients may display similar gene expression profiles to those found for MDSC in cancer, but this needs to be validated in a larger cohort. These are important observations for TB research and may provide direction for future studies aimed at repurposing and validating cancer immunotherapies for use in TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Kotze
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gian van der Spuy
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bryan Leonard
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adam Penn-Nicholson
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Munyaradzi Musvosvi
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shirley McAnda
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephanus T Malherbe
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mzwandile Erasmus
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coenraad F N Koegelenberg
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian W Allwood
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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8
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Ashenafi S, Muvva JR, Mily A, Snäll J, Zewdie M, Chanyalew M, Rehn A, Rahman S, Aseffa G, Bekele A, Aderaye G, Lema B, Svensson M, Brighenti S. Immunosuppressive Features of the Microenvironment in Lymph Nodes Granulomas from Tuberculosis and HIV-Co-Infected Patients. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:653-670. [PMID: 35092727 PMCID: PMC9302207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV co-infection claims many lives every year. This study assessed immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected lymph node tissues from HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients compared with the peripheral circulation with a focus on myeloid cells and the cell-signaling enzymes, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and arginase (Arg)-1. Methods included immunohistochemistry or confocal microscopy and computerized image analyses, quantitative real-time PCR, multiplex Luminex, and flow cytometry. These findings indicate enhanced chronic inflammation and immune activation in TB/HIV co-infection but also enhanced immunosuppressive responses. Poorly formed necrotic TB granulomas with a high expression of M. tuberculosis antigens were elevated in TB/HIV-co-infected lymph nodes, and inducible nitric oxide synthase and Arg-1 expression was significantly higher in TB/HIV-co-infected compared with HIV-negative TB or control tissues. High Arg-1 expression was found in myeloid cells with a phenotype characteristic of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDCS) that were particularly abundant in TB/HIV-co-infected tissues. Accordingly, Lin-/HLA-DRlow/int/CD33+/CD11b+/CD15+ granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells were significantly elevated in blood samples from TB/HIV-co-infected patients. CD15+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells correlated with plasma HIV viral load and M. tuberculosis antigen load in tissue but were inversely associated with peripheral CD4 T-cells counts. Enhanced chronic inflammation driven by M. tuberculosis and HIV co-infection may promote Arg-1-expressing MDSCs at the site of infection thereby advancing TB disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senait Ashenafi
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Pathology, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jagadeeswara Rao Muvva
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Akhirunnesa Mily
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johanna Snäll
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Martha Zewdie
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Anders Rehn
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sayma Rahman
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Getachew Aseffa
- Department of Radiology, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Amsalu Bekele
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Aderaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beede Lema
- Department of Surgery, Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, ANA Futura, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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9
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Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent an innate immune cell population comprised of immature myeloid cells and myeloid progenitors with very potent immunosuppressive potential. MDSCs are reported to be abundant in the lungs of active tuberculosis (TB) patients. We sought to perform an in-depth study of MDSCs during latent TB infection (LTBI) and active TB (ATB) using the nonhuman primate (NHP) model of pulmonary TB. We found a higher proportion of granulocytic, polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (PMN-MDSCs) in the lungs of ATB animals compared to those with LTBI or naive control animals. Active disease in the lung, but not LTBI, was furthermore associated with higher proliferation, expansion, and immunosuppressive capabilities of PMN-MDSCs, as shown by enhanced expression of Ki67, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). These immunosuppressive PMN-MDSCs specifically localized to the lymphocytic cuff at the periphery of the granulomas in animals with ATB. Conversely, these cells were scarcely distributed in interstitial lung tissue and the inner core of granulomas. This spatial regulation suggests an important immunomodulatory role of PMN-MDSCs by restricting T cell access to the TB granuloma core and can potentially explain dysfunctional anti-TB responses in active granuloma. Our results raise the possibility that the presence of MDSCs can serve as a biomarker for ATB, while their disappearance can indicate successful therapy. Furthermore, MDSCs may serve as a potential target cell for adjunctive TB therapy.
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10
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Kumar N, Khan N, Cleveland D, Geiger JD. A common approach for fighting tuberculosis and leprosy: controlling endoplasmic reticulum stress in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1555-1563. [PMID: 34743608 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy and tuberculosis are infectious diseases that are caused by bacteria, and both share primary risk factors. Mediators of these diseases are regulated by a heterogeneous immature population of myeloid cells called myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that exhibit immunosuppressive activity against innate and adaptive immunity. During pathological conditions, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs in MDSCs, and high levels of ER stress affect MDSC-linked immunosuppressive activity. Investigating the role of ER stress in regulating immunosuppressive functions of MDSCs in leprosy and tuberculosis may lead to new approaches to treating these diseases. Here the authors discuss the immunoregulatory effects of ER stress in MDSCs as well as the possibility of targeting unfolded protein response elements of ER stress to diminish the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs and reinvigorate diminished adaptive immune system responses that occur in leprosy and tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Dawn Cleveland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Jonathan D Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 504 Hamline Street, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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11
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Kotze LA, Leukes VN, Fang Z, Lutz MB, Fitzgerald BL, Belisle J, Loxton AG, Walzl G, du Plessis N. Evaluation of autophagy mediators in myeloid-derived suppressor cells during human tuberculosis. Cell Immunol 2021; 369:104426. [PMID: 34469846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2021.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are induced during active TB disease to restore immune homeostasis but instead exacerbate disease outcome due to chronic inflammation. Autophagy, in conventional phagocytes, ensures successful clearance of M.tb. However, autophagy has been demonstrated to induce prolonged MDSC survival. Here we investigate the relationship between autophagy mediators and MDSC in the context of active TB disease and during anti-TB therapy. We demonstrate a significant increase in MDSC frequencies in untreated active TB cases with these MDSC expressing TLR4 and significantly more mTOR and IL-6 than healthy controls, with mTOR levels decreasing during anti-TB therapy. Finally, we show that HMGB1 serum concentrations decrease in parallel with mTOR. These findings suggest a complex interplay between MDSC and autophagic mediators, potentially dependent on cellular localisation and M.tb infection state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Kotze
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vinzeigh N Leukes
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zhuo Fang
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bryna L Fitzgerald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - John Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Andre G Loxton
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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12
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Establishment of a Patient-Derived, Magnetic Levitation-Based, Three-Dimensional Spheroid Granuloma Model for Human Tuberculosis. mSphere 2021; 6:e0055221. [PMID: 34287004 PMCID: PMC8386456 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00552-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous granulomas that develop in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection are highly dynamic entities shaped by the host immune response and disease kinetics. Within this microenvironment, immune cell recruitment, polarization, and activation are driven not only by coexisting cell types and multicellular interactions but also by M. tuberculosis-mediated changes involving metabolic heterogeneity, epigenetic reprogramming, and rewiring of the transcriptional landscape of host cells. There is an increased appreciation of the in vivo complexity, versatility, and heterogeneity of the cellular compartment that constitutes the tuberculosis (TB) granuloma and the difficulty in translating findings from animal models to human disease. Here, we describe a novel biomimetic in vitro three-dimensional (3D) human lung spheroid granuloma model, resembling early "innate" and "adaptive" stages of the TB granuloma spectrum, and present results of histological architecture, host transcriptional characterization, mycobacteriological features, cytokine profiles, and spatial distribution of key immune cells. A range of manipulations of immune cell populations in these spheroid granulomas will allow the study of host/pathogen pathways involved in the outcome of infection, as well as pharmacological interventions. IMPORTANCE TB is a highly infectious disease, with granulomas as its hallmark. Granulomas play an important role in the control of M. tuberculosis infection and as such are crucial indicators for our understanding of host resistance to TB. Correlates of risk and protection to M. tuberculosis are still elusive, and the granuloma provides the perfect environment in which to study the immune response to infection and broaden our understanding thereof; however, human granulomas are difficult to obtain, and animal models are costly and do not always faithfully mimic human immunity. In fact, most TB research is conducted in vitro on immortalized or primary immune cells and cultured in two dimensions on flat, rigid plastic, which does not reflect in vivo characteristics. We have therefore conceived a 3D, human in vitro spheroid granuloma model which allows researchers to study features of granuloma-forming diseases in a 3D structural environment resembling in vivo granuloma architecture and cellular orientation.
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13
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Davids M, Pooran A, Smith L, Tomasicchio M, Dheda K. The Frequency and Effect of Granulocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells on Mycobacterial Survival in Patients With Tuberculosis: A Preliminary Report. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676679. [PMID: 34149712 PMCID: PMC8207464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Protective host responses in those exposed to or infected with tuberculosis (TB) is thought to require a delicate balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory immune responses. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory cells that dampen T-cell function, have been described in cancer and other infectious diseases but there are limited data on their role in TB. Methods Peripheral blood was obtained from patients with active pulmonary TB and participants with presumed latent TB infection (LTBI) from Cape Town, South Africa. MDSC frequency was ascertained by flow cytometry. Purified MDSCs were used to assess (i) their suppressive effect on T-cell proliferation using a Ki67 flow cytometric assay and (ii) their effect on mycobacterial containment by co-culturing with H37Rv-infected monocyte-derived macrophages and autologous pre-primed effector T-cells with or without MDSCs. Mycobacterial containment was measured by plating colony forming units (CFU). Results MDSCs (CD15+HLA-DR-CD33+) had significantly higher median frequencies (IQR) in patients with active TB (n=10) versus LTBI (n= 10) [8.2% (6.8-10.7) versus 42.2% (27-56) respectively; p=0.001]. Compared to MDSC-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear and effector T cell populations, dilutions of purified MDSCs isolated from active TB patients suppressed T-cell proliferation by up to 72% (n=6; p=0.03) and significantly subverted effector T-cell-mediated containment of H37Rv in monocyte-derived macrophages (n=7; 0.6% versus 8.5%; p=0.02). Conclusion Collectively, these data suggest that circulating MDSCs are induced during active TB disease and can functionally suppress T-cell proliferation and subvert mycobacterial containment. These data may inform the design of vaccines and immunotherapeutic interventions against TB but further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underpinning the effects of MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Davids
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anil Pooran
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liezel Smith
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research; Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele Tomasicchio
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and UCT Lung Institute & South African MRC/UCT Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Parveen S, Lun S, Urbanowski ME, Cardin M, Shen J, Murphy JR, Bishai WR. Effective host-directed therapy for tuberculosis by targeted depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and related cells using a diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1962-1972. [PMID: 33955457 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are present in elevated numbers in TB patients and have been found to be permissive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) proliferation. To determine whether depletion of MDSCs may improve host control of TB, we used a novel diphtheria toxin-based fusion protein known as DABIL-4 that targets and depletes IL-4-receptor positive cells. We show that DABIL-4 depletes both PMN-MDSCs and M-MDSC, increases IFNγ + T-cells, and reduces the lung bacillary burden in the mouse TB model. These results indicate that MDSC-depleting therapies targeting the IL-4 receptor are beneficial in TB and offer an avenue towards host-directed TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya Parveen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - Shichun Lun
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - Michael E Urbanowski
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - Mitchell Cardin
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - Jessica Shen
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - John R Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
| | - William R Bishai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, The United States of America
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15
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Namdev P, Patel S, Sparling B, Garg A. Monocytic-Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells of HIV-Infected Individuals With Viral Suppression Exhibit Suppressed Innate Immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:647019. [PMID: 33995365 PMCID: PMC8113814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.647019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis can occur during any stage of Human Immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV) -infection including times when CD4+ T cell numbers have reconstituted and viral replication suppressed. We have previously shown that CD11b+CD33+CD14+HLA-DR-/lo monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) persist in HIV-infected individuals on combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) and with virologic suppression. The response of MDSC to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is not known. In this study, we compared the anti-mycobacterial activity of MDSC isolated from HIV –infected individuals on cART with virologic suppression (HIV MDSC) and HIV-uninfected healthy controls (HIV (-) MDSC). Compared to HIV (-) MDSC, HIV MDSC produced significantly less quantities of anti-mycobacterial cytokines IL-12p70 and TNFα, and reactive oxygen species when cultured with infectious Mtb or Mtb antigens. Furthermore, HIV MDSC showed changes in the Toll-like receptor and IL-27 signaling, including reduced expression of MyD88 and higher levels of IL-27. Neutralizing IL-27 and overexpression of MyD88 synergistically controlled intracellular replication of Mtb in HIV MDSC. These results demonstrate that MDSC in fully suppressed HIV-infected individuals are permissive to Mtb and exhibit downregulated anti-mycobacterial innate immune activity through mechanisms involving IL-27 and TLR signaling. Our findings suggest MDSC as novel mediators of tuberculosis in HIV-Mtb co-infected individuals with virologic suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Namdev
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shiv Patel
- Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brandi Sparling
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ankita Garg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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16
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Dorhoi A, Kotzé LA, Berzofsky JA, Sui Y, Gabrilovich DI, Garg A, Hafner R, Khader SA, Schaible UE, Kaufmann SH, Walzl G, Lutz MB, Mahon RN, Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Bishai W, du Plessis N. Therapies for tuberculosis and AIDS: myeloid-derived suppressor cells in focus. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2789-2799. [PMID: 32420917 DOI: 10.1172/jci136288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of suppressive myeloid cells in immune regulation has come to the forefront in cancer research, with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as a main oncology immunotherapeutic target. Recent improvement and standardization of criteria classifying tumor-induced MDSCs have led to unified descriptions and also promoted MDSC research in tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS. Despite convincing evidence on the induction of MDSCs by pathogen-derived molecules and inflammatory mediators in TB and AIDS, very little attention has been given to their therapeutic modulation or roles in vaccination in these diseases. Clinical manifestations in TB are consequences of complex host-pathogen interactions and are substantially affected by HIV infection. Here we summarize the current understanding and knowledge gaps regarding the role of MDSCs in HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (co)infections. We discuss key scientific priorities to enable application of this knowledge to the development of novel strategies to improve vaccine efficacy and/or implementation of enhanced treatment approaches. Building on recent findings and potential for cross-fertilization between oncology and infection biology, we highlight current challenges and untapped opportunities for translating new advances in MDSC research into clinical applications for TB and AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Leigh A Kotzé
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research (CBTBR) and.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ankita Garg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Richard Hafner
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ulrich E Schaible
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections.,Thematic Translation Unit Tuberculosis, German Center for Infection Research, and.,Leibniz Research Alliance INFECTIONS'21, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Stefan He Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.,Hagler Institute for Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research (CBTBR) and.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert N Mahon
- Division of AIDS, Columbus Technologies & Services Inc., Contractor to National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - William Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- Centre for Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.,DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research (CBTBR) and.,Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity of Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2236:115-127. [PMID: 33237545 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1060-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) encompass a subset of myeloid cells, which suppress both innate and adaptive immune functions. Since Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) can infect these cells, interest has emerged to study the antimicrobial response of MDSC to mycobacteria causing tuberculosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical mediators to control intracellular replication of M. tuberculosis and MDSC express high levels of these effector molecules. Here we describe the flow cytometric assessment of total cellular ROS produced by MDSC in response to infection with M. tuberculosis and compare it with the ROS activity of non-MDSC myeloid cells. To further understand the dynamics of host-pathogen interactions, we provide details on methods for measurement of the intracellular replication of M. tuberculosis within MDSC. Of note, these procedures were adopted for primary MDSC and non-MDSC subsets isolated from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-uninfected or HIV-infected individuals, in vitro infected with M. tuberculosis to mimic M. tuberculosis mono- or HIV-M. tuberculosis coinfection, respectively.
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18
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Jøntvedt Jørgensen M, Jenum S, Tonby K, Mortensen R, Walzl G, Du Plessis N, Dyrhol-Riise AM. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells reflect tuberculosis severity and are influenced by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:177-186. [PMID: 33155730 PMCID: PMC8359170 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0720-409rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) increase in tuberculosis (TB) and may be targets for host‐directed therapy (HDT). In this study, we use flow cytometry to analyze the effects of cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors (COX‐2i) on monocytic (M)‐MDSCs in blood from TB patients attending a clinical trial of COX‐2i. The effects of COX‐2i on M‐MDSCs and mycobacterial uptake were also studied by an in vitro mycobacterial infection model. We found that M‐MDSC frequencies correlated with TB disease severity. Reduced M‐MDSC (P = 0.05) and IDO (P = 0.03) expression was observed in the COX‐2i group. We show that peripheral blood‐derived M‐MDSCs successfully internalized Mycobacterium bovis and that in vitro mycobacterial infection increased COX‐2 (P = 0.002), PD‐L1 (P = 0.01), and Arginase‐1 (P = 0.002) expression in M‐MDSCs. Soluble IL‐1β, IL‐10, and S100A9 were reduced in COX‐2i‐treated M‐MDSCs cultures (P < 0.05). We show novel data that COX‐2i had limited effect in vivo but reduced M‐MDSC cytokine production in vitro. The relevance of COX‐2i in a HDT strategy needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Jøntvedt Jørgensen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Synne Jenum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian Tonby
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Mortensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nelita Du Plessis
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Anne Ma Dyrhol-Riise
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Kelly AM, McLoughlin RM. Target the Host, Kill the Bug; Targeting Host Respiratory Immunosuppressive Responses as a Novel Strategy to Improve Bacterial Clearance During Lung Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:767. [PMID: 32425944 PMCID: PMC7203494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung is under constant pressure to protect the body from invading bacteria. An effective inflammatory immune response must be tightly orchestrated to ensure complete clearance of any invading bacteria, while simultaneously ensuring that inflammation is kept under strict control to preserve lung viability. Chronic bacterial lung infections are seen as a major threat to human life with the treatment of these infections becoming more arduous as the prevalence of antibiotic resistance becomes increasingly commonplace. In order to survive within the lung bacteria target the host immune system to prevent eradication. Many bacteria directly target inflammatory cells and cytokines to impair inflammatory responses. However, bacteria also have the capacity to take advantage of and strongly promote anti-inflammatory immune responses in the host lung to inhibit local pro-inflammatory responses that are critical to bacterial elimination. Host cells such as T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells are often enhanced in number and activity during chronic pulmonary infection. By increasing suppressive cell populations and cytokines, bacteria promote a permissive environment suitable for their prolonged survival. This review will explore the anti-inflammatory aspects of the lung immune system that are targeted by bacteria and how bacterial-induced immunosuppression could be inhibited through the use of host-directed therapies to improve treatment options for chronic lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna M Kelly
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Kotzé LA, Young C, Leukes VN, John V, Fang Z, Walzl G, Lutz MB, du Plessis N. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Insights into caveolin rich lipid rafts. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102670. [PMID: 32113158 PMCID: PMC7047144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is likely the most successful human pathogen, capable of evading protective host immune responses and driving metabolic changes to support its own survival and growth. Ineffective innate and adaptive immune responses inhibit effective clearance of the bacteria from the human host, resulting in the progression to active TB disease. Many regulatory mechanisms exist to prevent immunopathology, however, chronic infections result in the overproduction of regulatory myeloid cells, like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which actively suppress protective host T lymphocyte responses among other immunosuppressive mechanisms. The mechanisms of M.tb internalization by MDSC and the involvement of host-derived lipid acquisition, have not been fully elucidated. Targeted research aimed at investigating MDSC impact on phagocytic control of M.tb, would be advantageous to our collective anti-TB arsenal. In this review we propose a mechanism by which M.tb may be internalized by MDSC and survive via the manipulation of host-derived lipid sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Kotzé
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carly Young
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vinzeigh N Leukes
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vini John
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhuo Fang
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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21
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Palucci I, Maulucci G, De Maio F, Sali M, Romagnoli A, Petrone L, Fimia GM, Sanguinetti M, Goletti D, De Spirito M, Piacentini M, Delogu G. Inhibition of Transglutaminase 2 as a Potential Host-Directed Therapy Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3042. [PMID: 32038614 PMCID: PMC6992558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-directed therapies (HDTs) are emerging as a potential valid support in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Following our recent report indicating that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) restricts Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) replication in macrophages, we aimed to investigate the potentials of the TG2 inhibitors cystamine and cysteamine as HDTs against TB. We showed that both cysteamine and cystamine restricted Mtb replication in infected macrophages when provided at equimolar concentrations and did not exert any antibacterial activity when administered directly on Mtb cultures. Interestingly, infection of differentiated THP-1 mRFP-GFP-LC3B cells followed by the determination of the autophagic intermediates pH distribution (AIPD) showed that cystamine inhibited the autophagic flux while restricting Mtb replication. Moreover, both cystamine and cysteamine had a similar antimicrobial activity in primary macrophages infected with a panel of Mtb clinical strains belonging to different phylogeographic lineages. Evaluation of cysteamine and cystamine activity in the human ex vivo model of granuloma-like structures (GLS) further confirmed the ability of these drugs to restrict Mtb replication and to reduce the size of GLS. The antimicrobial activity of the TG2 inhibitors synergized with a second-line anti-TB drug as amikacin in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in the GLS model. Overall, the results of this study support the potential usefulness of the TG2-inhibitors cysteamine and cystamine as HDTs against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Palucci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio De Maio
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Sali
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romagnoli
- Electron Microscopy and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Electron Microscopy and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Physics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Electron Microscopy and Cell Biology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Delogu
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Mater Olbia Hospital, Olbia, Italy
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John V, Kotze LA, Ribechini E, Walzl G, Du Plessis N, Lutz MB. Caveolin-1 Controls Vesicular TLR2 Expression, p38 Signaling and T Cell Suppression in BCG Infected Murine Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2826. [PMID: 31849990 PMCID: PMC6901706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs) and granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs) have been found to be massively induced in TB patients as well in murine Mtb infection models. However, the interaction of mycobacteria with MDSCs and its role in TB infection is not well studied. Here, we investigated the role of Cav-1 for MDSCs infected with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille-Calmette-Guerín (BCG). MDSCs that were generated from murine bone marrow (MDSCs) of wild-type (WT) or Cav1−/− mice upregulated Cav-1, TLR4 and TLR2 expression after BCG infection on the cell surface. However, Cav-1 deficiency resulted in a selective defect of intracellular TLR2 levels predominantly in the M-MDSC subset. Further analysis indicated no difference in the phagocytosis of BCG by M-MDSCs from WT and Cav1−/− mice or caveosome formation, but a reduced capacity to up-regulate surface markers, to secrete various cytokines, to induce iNOS and NO production required for suppression of T cell proliferation, whereas Arg-1 was not affected. Among the signaling pathways affected by Cav-1 deficiency, we found lower phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Together, our findings implicate that (i) Cav-1 is dispensable for the internalization of BCG, (ii) vesicular TLR2 signaling in M-MDSCs is a major signaling pathway induced by BCG, (iii) vesicular TLR2 signals are controlled by Cav-1, (iv) vesicular TLR2/Cav-1 signaling is required for T cell suppressor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vini John
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leigh A Kotze
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Eliana Ribechini
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelita Du Plessis
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Modelling Bovine Granuloma Formation In Vitro upon Infection with Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6040080. [PMID: 31614819 PMCID: PMC6958389 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) causes chronic granulomatous disease in cattle and ruminant livestock, causing substantial economic losses. Current vaccines delay clinical signs but cannot train the immune system to fully eradicate latent Map. During latency, Map uses host defenses, cage-like macrophage clusters called granuloma, as incubators for months or years. We used an in vitro model to investigate the early coordination of macrophages into granuloma upon Map infection over ten days. We found that at multiplicities of infection (MOI; Map:macrophages) of 1:2 and below, the macrophages readily form clusters and evolve pro-inflammatory cytokines in keeping with a cell-mediated immune response. At higher MOIs, viability of host macrophages is negatively impacted. At 1:4 MOI, we quantified viable Map in our model and confirmed that intracellular Map reproduced over the first five days of infection. Host cells expressed Type 1-specific cytokines, and Map-infected macrophages displayed reduced motility compared to Map-exposed, uninfected macrophages, suggesting an important role for uninfected macrophages in the early aggregative response. Reported is the first in vitro JD granuloma model capturing Map and macrophage viability, size distribution of resulting clusters, motility of monocyte-derived macrophages, and cytokine response during clustering, allowing quantitative analysis of multiple parameters of the Map-specific granulomatous response.
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Magcwebeba T, Dorhoi A, du Plessis N. The Emerging Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:917. [PMID: 31114578 PMCID: PMC6502992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells are crucial for the host control of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection, however the adverse role of specific myeloid subsets has increasingly been appreciated. The relevance of such cells in therapeutic strategies and predictive/prognostic algorithms is to promote interest in regulatory myeloid cells in tuberculosis (TB). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are a heterogeneous collection of phagocytes comprised of monocytic- and polymorphonuclear cells that exhibit a potent suppression of innate- and adaptive immune responses. Accumulation of MDSC under pathological conditions associated with chronic inflammation, most notably cancer, has been well-described. Evidence supporting the involvement of MDSC in TB is increasing, yet their significance in this infection continues to be viewed with skepticism, primarily due to their complex nature and the lack of genetic evidence unequivocally discriminating these cells from other terminally differentiated myeloid populations. Here we highlight recent advances in MDSC characterization and summarize findings on the TB-induced hematopoietic shift associated with MDSC expansion. Lastly, the mechanisms of MDSC-mediated disease progression and future research avenues in the context of TB therapy and prophylaxis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tandeka Magcwebeba
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST and NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany.,Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, DST and NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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