1
|
Xie Z, Jiang N, Lin M, He X, Li B, Dong Y, Chen S, Lv G. The Mechanisms of Polysaccharides from Tonic Chinese Herbal Medicine on the Enhancement Immune Function: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7355. [PMID: 37959774 PMCID: PMC10648855 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tonic Chinese herbal medicine is a type of traditional Chinese medicine, and its primary function is to restore the body's lost nutrients, improve activity levels, increase disease resistance, and alleviate physical exhaustion. The body's immunity can be strengthened by its polysaccharide components, which also have a potent immune-system-protecting effect. Several studies have demonstrated that tonic Chinese herbal medicine polysaccharides can improve the body's immune response to tumor cells, viruses, bacteria, and other harmful substances. However, the regulatory mechanisms by which various polysaccharides used in tonic Chinese herbal medicine enhance immune function vary. This study examines the regulatory effects of different tonic Chinese herbal medicine polysaccharides on immune organs, immune cells, and immune-related cytokines. It explores the immune response mechanism to understand the similarities and differences in the effects of tonic Chinese herbal medicine polysaccharides on immune function and to lay the foundation for the future development of tonic Chinese herbal medicine polysaccharide products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Xie
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313200, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Ninghua Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China;
| | - Minqiu Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313200, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Xinglishang He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313200, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Bo Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313200, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Yingjie Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313200, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Suhong Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313200, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM for Innovative R & D and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing of TCM Great Health Products, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Guiyuan Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jędrzejewski T, Pawlikowska M, Sobocińska J, Wrotek S. COVID-19 and Cancer Diseases-The Potential of Coriolus versicolor Mushroom to Combat Global Health Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054864. [PMID: 36902290 PMCID: PMC10003402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coriolus versicolor (CV) is a common species from the Polyporaceae family that has been used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for over 2000 years. Among well-described and most active compounds identified in CV are polysaccharopeptides, such as polysaccharide peptide (PSP) and Polysaccharide-K (PSK, krestin), which, in some countries, are already used as an adjuvant agent in cancer therapy. In this paper, research advances in the field of anti-cancer and anti-viral action of CV are analyzed. The results of data obtained in in vitro and in vivo studies using animal models as well as in clinical research trials have been discussed. The present update provides a brief overview regarding the immunomodulatory effects of CV. A particular focus has been given to the mechanisms of direct effects of CV on cancer cells and angiogenesis. A potential use of CV compounds in anti-viral treatment, including therapy against COVID-19 disease, has also been analyzed based on the most recent literature. Additionally, the significance of fever in viral infection and cancer has been debated, providing evidence that CV affects this phenomenon.
Collapse
|
3
|
Banitalebi E, Abdizadeh T, Khademi Dehkordi M, Saghaei E, Mardaniyan Ghahfarrokhi M. In silico study of potential immunonutrient-based sports supplements against COVID-19 via targeting ACE2 inhibition using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1041-1061. [PMID: 34931597 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2016489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Use of some sports supplements can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as reviewed through molecular docking and sequent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations against this condition. The crystal structures of ACE2 receptors of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, applied in docking analysis, were taken from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The receptors were then prepared using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), as a drug-discovery software platform for docking. Supplements such as quercetin and beta glucan (β-glucan) were the top docked compounds to ACE2 receptor though they strongly interacted with CoV target protein. The study data showed that immune responses to immunonutrient-based sports compounds (viz. quercetin and β-glucan) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were essential in mounting successful immune responses by athletes. While awaiting the development of an effective vaccine, there is a need to focus on immunonutrient-based sports supplements as preventive and therapeutic options that can be implemented in a safe and quick manner to bolster immune responses in athletes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tooba Abdizadeh
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Elham Saghaei
- Physiology and Pharmacology Department, School of medicine, Shahrekord University of medical sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.,Medical plants research center, Basic health science, Shahrekord University of medical sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen J, Yang J, Qin Y, Sun C, Xu J, Zhou X, Wu C, Xu Y, Liu S. Tongue features of patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31327. [PMID: 36401439 PMCID: PMC9678557 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese tongue diagnosis plays an irreplaceable role in disease diagnosis. This study aimed to describe the tongue characteristics of patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM). Forty GLM patients and 40 non-GLM controls were evaluated using the Traditional Chinese Medicine subjective clinical interpretation and a TDA-1 Tongue Diagnostic and Analysis system. The associations between the image features of the tongue body and coating and the profiling of immune-inflammatory parameters were analyzed. GLM patients were prone to a reddish tongue bodies with thick, white, and greasy coatings. Thick and greasy tongue coating features are risk factors for GLM. GLM patients had higher levels of white blood cells (WBC), platelets, C-reactive protein, interleukin-2, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) than non-GLM controls (P < .05). Also, tongue coating contrast and entropy values were significantly correlated with WBC or TGF-β levels in GLM patients (r < -0.310 and P < .05). We demonstrated that the hot evil and phlegm-dampness constitutions are the main characteristics of GLM. This might provide a reference for GLM diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery (Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine), Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuenong Qin
- Department of Breast Surgery (Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine), Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenping Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery (Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine), Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiatuo Xu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiqiu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyu Wu
- Department of Breast Surgery (Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine), Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyun Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery (Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine), Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery (Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine), Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * Correspondence: Sheng Liu, Department of Breast Surgery (Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine), Longhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, #725 South Wanping Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200000, China (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chakraborty C, Sharma AR, Bhattacharya M, Dhama K, Lee SS. Altered gut microbiota patterns in COVID-19: Markers for inflammation and disease severity. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:2802-2822. [PMID: 35978881 PMCID: PMC9280735 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i25.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to a severe respiratory illness and alters the gut microbiota, which dynamically interacts with the human immune system. Microbiota alterations include decreased levels of beneficial bacteria and augmentation of opportunistic pathogens. Here, we describe critical factors affecting the microbiota in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. These include, such as gut microbiota imbalance and gastrointestinal symptoms, the pattern of altered gut microbiota composition in COVID-19 patients, and crosstalk between the microbiome and the gut-lung axis/gut-brain-lung axis. Moreover, we have illustrated the hypoxia state in COVID-19 associated gut microbiota alteration. The role of ACE2 in the digestive system, and control of its expression using the gut microbiota is discussed, highlighting the interactions between the lungs, the gut, and the brain during COVID-19 infection. Similarly, we address the gut microbiota in elderly or co-morbid patients as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis of in severe COVID-19. Several clinical trials to understand the role of probiotics in COVID-19 patients are listed in this review. Augmented inflammation is one of the major driving forces for COVID-19 symptoms and gut microbiome disruption and is associated with disease severity. However, understanding the role of the gut microbiota in immune modulation during SARS-CoV-2 infection may help improve therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Ranjan Sharma
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopaedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, South Korea
| | | | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sang-Soo Lee
- Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon-si 24252, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The protective effect of Tilia amurensis honey on influenza A virus infection through stimulation of interferon-mediated IFITM3 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113259. [PMID: 35717782 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, attention has focused on the prevention and treatment of respiratory viruses including influenza viruses. We evaluated the antiviral effect of Tilia amurensis honey (TH) against influenza A virus in murine macrophages. Influenza A virus infection was reduced following pretreatment with TH. Pretreatment of murine macrophages with TH increased the production and secretion of type-1 interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines and increased phosphorylation of the type-1 IFN-related proteins, TANK-binding kinase (TBK), and STAT. Moreover, TH increased the expression of IFN-stimulating genes and increased the expression of IFN-inducible transmembrane (IFITM3), a protein that interferes with virus replication and entry. Taken together, these findings suggest that TH suppresses influenza A virus infection by regulating the innate immune response in macrophages. This supports the development of preventive and therapeutic agents for influenza A virus and enhances the economic value of TH.
Collapse
|
7
|
Adequacy of Hemodialysis Serves as an Independent Predictor of Humoral Response to ChAdOx1 Prime-Boost Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061149. [PMID: 35746621 PMCID: PMC9229890 DOI: 10.3390/v14061149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immune response assessed by the quantification of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and predictors associated with immunogenicity after the prime-boost ChAdOx1 (Oxford−AstraZeneca) COVID-19 vaccine in hemodialysis (HD) patients remains unclear. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 174 HD patients and 67 healthy subjects to evaluate antibodies against the spike protein 1 and receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 after prime-booster vaccination, by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and applied spline-based generalized additive model regression analysis to predict 50% neutralization titer (NT50). The correlation between HD parameters and NT50 was analyzed. Results: NT50 was lower in HD patients compared with healthy controls after the prime-boost dose (p < 0.001). The geometric mean titer ratios were higher in first-dose seronegative than in the seropositive subgroup in HD patients and healthy controls (6.96 vs. 2.36, p = 0.002, and 9.28 vs. 1.26, p = 0.011, respectively). After two doses of ChAdOx1, one-way ANOVA showed that Ca × P was positively associated with NT50 (p trend = 0.043) and multiple linear regression showed the similar results (p = 0.021). Kt/V (a quantification of dialysis adequacy) (OR = 20.295, p = 0.005) could independently predict seroconversion (NT50 ≥ 35.13 IU/mL). Conclusion: Adequacy of hemodialysis could independently predict seroconversion in HD subjects vaccinated with prime-boost doses of ChAdOx1.
Collapse
|
8
|
Murphy EJ, Rezoagli E, Pogue R, Simonassi-Paiva B, Abidin IIZ, Fehrenbach GW, O'Neil E, Major I, Laffey JG, Rowan N. Immunomodulatory activity of β-glucan polysaccharides isolated from different species of mushroom - A potential treatment for inflammatory lung conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152177. [PMID: 34875322 PMCID: PMC9752827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the most common form of acute severe hypoxemic respiratory failure in the critically ill with a hospital mortality of 40%. Alveolar inflammation is one of the hallmarks for this disease. β-Glucans are polysaccharides isolated from a variety of natural sources including mushrooms, with documented immune modulating properties. To investigate the immunomodulatory activity of β-glucans and their potential as a treatment for ARDS, we isolated and measured glucan-rich polysaccharides from seven species of mushrooms. We used three models of in-vitro injury in THP-1 macrophages, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (CD14+) (PMBCs) isolated from healthy volunteers and lung epithelial cell lines. We observed variance between β-glucan content in extracts isolated from seven mushroom species. The extracts with the highest β-glucan content found was Lentinus edodes which contained 70% w/w and Hypsizygus tessellatus which contained 80% w/w with low levels of α-glucan. The extracts had the ability to induce secretion of up to 4000 pg/mL of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, and up to 5000 pg/mL and 500 pg/mL of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-22 and IL-10, respectively, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL in THP-1 macrophages. In the presence of cytokine injury, IL-8 was reduced from 15,000 pg/mL to as low as 10,000 pg/mL in THP-1 macrophages. After insult with LPS, phagocytosis dropped from 70-90% to as low 10% in CD14+ PBMCs. After LPS insult CCL8 relative gene expression was reduced, and IL-10 relative gene expression increased from 50 to 250-fold in THP-1 macrophages. In lung epithelial cells, both A549 and BEAS-2B after IL-1β insult, IL-8 levels dropped from 10,000 pg/mL to as low as 6000 pg/mL. TNF-α levels dropped 10-fold from 100 pg/mL to just below 10 pg/mL. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of β-glucans in inflammatory lung conditions. Findings also advance bio-based research that connects green innovation with One Health applications for the betterment of society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Murphy
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland; Department of Graduate Studies, Limerick Institute of Technology, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Emanuele Rezoagli
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Robert Pogue
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland; Post-Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Emer O'Neil
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - John G Laffey
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute at CURAM Centre for Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Neil Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Weehuizen JM, van Spronsen R, Hoepelman AIM, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Oosterheert JJ, Wever PC. No Influence of Previous Coxiella burnetii Infection on ICU Admission and Mortality in Emergency Department Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030526. [PMID: 35159977 PMCID: PMC8836776 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: the geographical similarities of the Dutch 2007–2010 Q fever outbreak and the start of the 2020 coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak in the Netherlands raised questions and provided a unique opportunity to study an association between Coxiella burnetii infection and the outcome following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study in two Dutch hospitals. We assessed evidence of previous C. burnetii infection in COVID-19 patients diagnosed at the ED during the first COVID-19 wave and compared a combined outcome of in-hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission using adjusted odds ratios (OR). Results: In total, 629 patients were included with a mean age of 68.0 years. Evidence of previous C. burnetii infection was found in 117 patients (18.6%). The combined primary outcome occurred in 40.2% and 40.4% of patients with and without evidence of previous C. burnetii infection respectively (adjusted OR of 0.926 (95% CI 0.605–1.416)). The adjusted OR of the secondary outcomes in-hospital mortality, ICU-admission and regular ward admission did not show an association either. Conclusion: no influence of previous C. burnetii infection on the risk of ICU admission and/or mortality for patients with COVID-19 presenting at the ED was observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper M. Weehuizen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.v.S.); (A.I.M.H.); (J.J.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rik van Spronsen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.v.S.); (A.I.M.H.); (J.J.O.)
| | - Andy I. M. Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.v.S.); (A.I.M.H.); (J.J.O.)
| | - Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Radboud Expertise Center for Q Fever, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan Jelrik Oosterheert
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (R.v.S.); (A.I.M.H.); (J.J.O.)
| | - Peter C. Wever
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 5223 GZ ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neutralization Assessments Reveal High Cardiothoracic Ratio and Old Age as Independent Predictors of Low Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Hemodialysis Patients Receiving a Single Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12010068. [PMID: 35055386 PMCID: PMC8781271 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Data are lacking regarding predictors of quantification of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) based on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 50% neutralization titer (NT50) after a single dose of COVID-19 vaccine in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Methods: This prospective single-center study enrolled 200 HD patients and 82 healthy subjects to estimate antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 viral spike protein 1 and receptor-binding domain after a first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1 or mRNA-1273), measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and applied spline-based generalized additive model regression analysis to predict NT50 converted to international units. Results: After the first dose of ChAdOx1, multiple linear regression showed that age (p = 0.011) and cardiothoracic ratio (p = 0.002) were negatively associated with NT50. Older age (OR = 0.958, p = 0.052) and higher cardiothoracic ratio (OR < 0.001, p = 0.037) could predict negative humoral response (NT50 < 35.13 IU/mL). NT50 was lower in HD patients compared with healthy controls receiving ChAdOx1 (10.68 vs. 43.01 IU/m, p < 0.001) or mRNA-1273 (36.39 vs. 262.2 IU/mL, p < 0.001). ChAdOx1 elicited lower GMTs than mRNA-1273 in the HD cohort (10.68 vs. 36.39 IU/mL, p < 0.001) and in healthy controls (43.01 vs. 262.22 IU/mL, p < 0.001). Conclusion: High cardiothoracic ratio and old age could independently predict a decline in nAb titers in an HD cohort vaccinated with a single dose of ChAdOx1.
Collapse
|
11
|
Beneficial effects of novel aureobasidium pullulans strains produced beta-1,3-1,6 glucans on interleukin-6 and D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients; results of a randomized multiple-arm pilot clinical study. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 145:112243. [PMID: 34840031 PMCID: PMC8463314 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this pilot clinical study, we report the beneficial effects of beta glucans derived from two strains AFO-202 and N-163 of a black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans on the biomarkers for cytokine storm and coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients. METHODS A total of 24 RT-PCR positive COVID-19 patients were recruited and randomly divided into three groups (Gr): Gr. 1 control (n = 8) - Standard treatment; Gr. 2: Standard treatment + AFO-202 beta glucan (n = 8); and Gr. 3, Standard treatment + combination of AFO-202 and N-163 beta glucans (n = 8) for 30 days. RESULTS There was no mortality or requirement of ventilation of the subjects in any of the groups. There was a decrease in D-Dimer values (751 ng/ml to 143.89 ng/ml) and IL-6 values (7.395-3.16 pg/ml) in Gr. 1 in 15 days but the levels increased to abnormal levels on day 30 (D-Dimer: 202.5 ng/ml; IL-6 55.37 pg/ml); which steadily decreased up to day 30 in groups 2 (D-dimer: 560.99 ng/dl to 79.615; IL-6: 26.18-3.41 pg/ml) and 3 (D-dimer: 1614 ng/dl to 164.25 ng/dl; IL-6: 6.25-0.5 pg/ml). The same trend was observed with ESR. LCR and LeCR increased while NLR decreased significantly in Gr. 3. CD4 + and CD8 + T cell count showed relatively higher increase in Gr.3. There was no difference in CRP within the groups. CONCLUSION As these beta glucans are well known food supplements with a track record for safety, larger multi-centric clinical studies are recommended to validate their use as an adjunct in the management of COVID-19 and the ensuing long COVID-19 syndrome.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ko MN, Hyun SB, Ahn KJ, Hyun CG. Immunomodulatory effects of Abelmoschus esculentus water extract through MAPK and NF-κB signaling in RAW 264.7 cells. BIOTECHNOLOGY NOTES 2022. [PMCID: PMC9156435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotno.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During the current COVID-19 pandemic, the world is facing a new, highly contagious virus that suppresses innate immunity as one of its early virulence mechanisms. Therefore, finding new methods to enhance innate immunity is a promising strategy to attenuate the effects of this major global health problem. With the aim of characterizing bioactive ingredients as immune-enhancing agents, this study focuses on Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), which has several previously demonstrated bioactivities. Firstly, we investigated the immune-stimulatory effects of okra leaf ethanol extract (OLE) and okra leaf water extract (OLW) on nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophages. OLE significantly decreased nitrite accumulation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, indicating that it potentially inhibited NO production in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, OLW significantly enhanced the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and NO in a dose-dependent manner. OLW also increased the expression levels of NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, potentially explaining the OLW-induced increase in NO and PGE2 production. In addition, OLW stimulated the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs; ERK, p38, and JNK) as well as the activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). This indicated that OLW activates macrophages to secrete PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NO, inducing iNOS and COX-2 expression via activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that OLW can effectively promote the activation of macrophages, suggesting that OLW may possess potent immunomodulatory effects and should be explored as a potential health-promoting materials to boost the immune system.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Kujawowicz K, Witkowska AM. Beta-Glucans from Fungi: Biological and Health-Promoting Potential in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Nutrients 2021; 13:3960. [PMID: 34836215 PMCID: PMC8623785 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-glucans comprise a group of polysaccharides of natural origin found in bacteria, algae, and plants, e.g., cereal seeds, as well as microfungi and macrofungi (mushrooms), which are characterized by diverse structures and functions. They are known for their metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral. Recent reports suggest a potential of beta-glucans in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In contrast to β-glucans from other sources, β-glucans from mushrooms are characterized by β-1,3-glucans with short β-1,6-side chains. This structure is recognized by receptors located on the surface of immune cells; thus, mushroom β-glucans have specific immunomodulatory properties and gained BRM (biological response modifier) status. Moreover, mushroom beta-glucans also owe their properties to the formation of triple helix conformation, which is one of the key factors influencing the bioactivity of mushroom beta-glucans. This review summarizes the latest findings on biological and health-promoting potential of mushroom beta-glucans for the treatment of civilization and viral diseases, with particular emphasis on COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (K.K.); (A.M.W.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen CY, Ye JJ, Huang TS, Lee CC, Chen YT, Hsu CK, Hsu HJ, Sun CY, Pan HC, Chen KS, Kao HH, Ko CC, She YH, Wu CY, Lai CC, Hwang SJ, Wu IW. Effective Preventive Strategies to Prevent Secondary Transmission of COVID-19 in Hemodialysis Unit: The First Month of Community Outbreak in Taiwan. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9091173. [PMID: 34574947 PMCID: PMC8467394 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dialyzed patients are vulnerable to coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19). The incidence and outcome of COVID-19 in hemodialysis (HD) patients in Taiwan remain unclear. A series of preventive measures were executed to combat COVID-19 transmission among HD patients. Methods: We carried out a series of forward-looking and practical preventive strategies of COVID-19 control in our HD center. Incidences of COVID-19 of our HD unit were compared with those of national and local estimates from a community outbreak from 15 May to 30 June 2021. Prognostic factors associated with mortality were analyzed. Results: The national incidence of COVID-19 was 0.062%; being highest in Taipei City (0.173%), followed by New Taipei City (0.161%) and Keelung (0.083%). The overall incidence in Keelung HD patients was 0.666%. One patient of our HD center contracted COVID-19 from the household; however, we have contained secondary transmission in our HD center by implementing strict preventive measures. The mortality rate of HD patients in Keelung was 66.6%. The median Ct value of HD patients was 17.53 (11.75–27.90) upon diagnosis. The deceased patients had a higher cardiac/thoracic ratio than alive (0.61 vs. 0.55, p = 0.036). Conclusions: Taking aggressive and proactive infection preventive measures impedes the secondary transmission of COVID-19 in HD facilities. COVID-19-associated mortality was high in HD patients, being the high cardiac-thoracic ratio, an important prognostic factor for clinical outcome of infected HD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Jung-Jr Ye
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Shuo Huang
- Community Medicine Research Center, Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
- Department of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chan Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Yih-Ting Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Kai Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Heng-Jung Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Heng-Chih Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Kuo-Su Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Hao-Hsi Kao
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chun Ko
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Hsuan She
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Ying Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jyh Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Faculty of Renal Care, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - I-Wen Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (C.-C.L.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-Y.S.); (H.-C.P.); (K.-S.C.); (H.-H.K.); (C.-C.K.); (Y.-H.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-24313131-6211
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang X, Ha D, Yoshitake R, Chen S. White button mushroom interrupts tissue AR-mediated TMPRSS2 expression and attenuates pro-inflammatory cytokines in C57BL/6 mice. NPJ Sci Food 2021; 5:20. [PMID: 34341347 PMCID: PMC8329194 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-021-00102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
White button mushroom (WBM) is a common edible mushroom consumed in the United States and many European and Asia-Pacific countries. We previously reported that dietary WBM antagonized dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced androgen receptor (AR) activation and reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in prostate cancer animal models and patients. Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), an androgen-induced protease in prostate cancer, has been implicated in influenza and coronavirus entry into the host cell, triggering host immune response. The present study on C57BL/6 mice revealed that WBM is a unique functional food that (A) interrupts AR-mediated TMPRSS2 expression in prostate, lungs, small intestine, and kidneys through its AR antagonistic activity and (B) attenuates serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduces MDSC counts through its immunoregulatory activity. These findings provide a scientific basis for translational studies toward clinical applications of WBM in diseases related to TMPRSS2 expression and immune dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500E Duarte, Duarte, 91010, CA, USA
| | - Desiree Ha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500E Duarte, Duarte, 91010, CA, USA
| | - Ryohei Yoshitake
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500E Duarte, Duarte, 91010, CA, USA
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, 1500E Duarte, Duarte, 91010, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tang G, Zhang L, Huang W, Wei Z. Could Immunonutrition Help in the Fight against COVID-19 in Cancer Patient? Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1203-1212. [PMID: 34309463 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1957128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and widespread global pandemic of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has had unprecedented negative health and economic impacts. Immune responses play a key role in the development of COVID-19, including the disruption of immune balance and cytokine storms caused by excessive inflammatory responses. Due to the effects of cancer itself and treatment, patients often accompanied by immunosuppression appear to be a susceptible population for COVID-19. Worryingly, COVID-19 with cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. Cancer patients are a vulnerable group, threatened by COVID-19, finding a way to combat COVID-19 for them is urgent. Immunonutrition is closely related to balance and strong immune function. Supplementary immunonutrition can improve the immune function and inflammatory response of cancer patients after surgery, which provides evidence for the role of immunonutrition in combating COVID-19. We reviewed possible mechanisms of immunonutrition against COVID-19, including enhancing immune cell function, increasing immune cell count, ameliorating excessive inflammatory response, and regulating gut microbiota. Immunonutrition supplementation in cancer patients may be beneficial to enhance immune function in the early stage of COVID-19 infection and control excessive inflammatory response in the late stage. Therefore, immunonutrition is a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linyu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wang Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengqiang Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chaudhari V, Buttar HS, Bagwe-Parab S, Tuli HS, Vora A, Kaur G. Therapeutic and Industrial Applications of Curdlan With Overview on Its Recent Patents. Front Nutr 2021; 8:646988. [PMID: 34262922 PMCID: PMC8273257 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.646988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Curdlan is an exopolysaccharide, which is composed of glucose linked with β-(1,3)-glycosidic bond and is produced by bacteria, such as Alcaligenes spp., Agrobacterium spp., Paenibacillus spp., Rhizobium spp., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida spp., and fungal sources like Aureobasidium pullulan, Poria cocos, etc. Curdlan has been utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries for its prebiotic, viscosifying, and water-holding properties for decades. Recently, the usefulness of curdlan has been further explored by the pharmaceutical industry for its potential therapeutic applications. Curdlan has exhibited immunoregulatory and antitumor activity in preclinical settings. It was observed that curdlan can prevent the proliferation of malarial merozoites in vivo; therefore, it may be considered as a promising therapy for the treatment of end-stage malaria. In addition, curdlan has demonstrated potent antiviral effects against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Aedes aegypti virus. It has been suggested that the virucidal properties of curdlans should be extended further for other deadly viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19). The prebiotic property of curdlan would confer beneficial effects on the host by promoting the growth of healthy microbiota in the gut and consequently help to reduce gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, curdlan can be employed in the manufacture of prebiotics for the management of various gastrointestinal dysbiosis problems. Studies on the mechanism of action of curdlan-induced suppression in microbial and tumor cells at the cellular and molecular levels would not only enhance our understanding regarding the therapeutic effectiveness of curdlan but also help in the discovery of new drugs and dietary supplements. The primary focus of this review is to highlight the therapeutic interventions of curdlan as an anticancer, anti-malaria, antiviral, and antibacterial agent in humans. In addition, our review provides the latest information about the chemistry and biosynthesis of curdlan and its applications for making novel dairy products, functional foods, and nutraceuticals and also details about the recent patents of curdlan and its derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Chaudhari
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Harpal Singh Buttar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Siddhi Bagwe-Parab
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India
| | - Amisha Vora
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Akbulut G, Gencer-Bingol F. Medical nutritional therapy for renal transplantation in the COVID-19 pandemic. World J Transplant 2021; 11:212-219. [PMID: 34164296 PMCID: PMC8218345 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v11.i6.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional therapy is very important at renal transplantation. Nutrition has become more vital for transplantation patients owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Inadequate nutrition can negatively affect the immune system. For this reason, adequate protein and energy intake should be provided to the patients. Also, overconsumption of saturated fat, sugar, and refined carbohydrates can both negatively affect the immune system and trigger chronic diseases in transplantation patients. In addition, vitamins and minerals should be monitored and inadequacy should be prevented due to immunomodulatory effects. Applying nutritional therapy suitable for the symptoms of renal transplantation patients and preventing comorbidities may reduce the risk and severity of COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Akbulut
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| | - Feray Gencer-Bingol
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara 06490, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zengul FD, Zengul AG, Mugavero MJ, Oner N, Ozaydin B, Delen D, Willig JH, Kennedy KC, Cimino J. A critical analysis of COVID-19 research literature: Text mining approach. INTELLIGENCE-BASED MEDICINE 2021; 5:100036. [PMID: 34179855 PMCID: PMC8214804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmed.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Among the stakeholders of COVID-19 research, clinicians particularly experience difficulty keeping up with the deluge of SARS-CoV-2 literature while performing their much needed clinical duties. By revealing major topics, this study proposes a text-mining approach as an alternative to navigating large volumes of COVID-19 literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained 85,268 references from the NIH COVID-19 Portfolio as of November 21. After the exclusion based on inadequate abstracts, 65,262 articles remained in the final corpus. We utilized natural language processing to curate and generate the term list. We applied topic modeling analyses and multiple correspondence analyses to reveal the major topics and the associations among topics, journal countries, and publication sources. RESULTS In our text mining analyses of NIH's COVID-19 Portfolio, we discovered two sets of eleven major research topics by analyzing abstracts and titles of the articles separately. The eleven major areas of COVID-19 research based on abstracts included the following topics: 1) Public Health, 2) Patient Care & Outcomes, 3) Epidemiologic Modeling, 4) Diagnosis and Complications, 5) Mechanism of Disease, 6) Health System Response, 7) Pandemic Control, 8) Protection/Prevention, 9) Mental/Behavioral Health, 10) Detection/Testing, 11) Treatment Options. Further analyses revealed that five (2,3,4,5, and 9) of the eleven abstract-based topics showed a significant correlation (ranked from moderate to weak) with title-based topics. CONCLUSION By offering up the more dynamic, scalable, and responsive categorization of published literature, our study provides valuable insights to the stakeholders of COVID-19 research, particularly clinicians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat D Zengul
- Department of Health Services Administration, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
- School of Engineering- Center for Integrated Systems, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Ayse G Zengul
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Michael J Mugavero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Nurettin Oner
- Department of Health Services Administration, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Bunyamin Ozaydin
- Department of Health Services Administration, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
- School of Engineering- Center for Integrated Systems, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Dursun Delen
- Department of Management Science, School of Business, Ibn Haldun University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Center for Health Systems Innovation, Spears School of Business, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - James H Willig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | | | - James Cimino
- Department of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
- The Informatics Institute, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ahsan H, Sonn JK, Lee YS, Islam SU, Khalil SK. An Overview About the Role of Adaptive Immunity in Keeping SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections at Bay. Viral Immunol 2021; 34:588-596. [PMID: 34101517 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide emergency that has affected millions of populations in developed and underdeveloped countries. To our surprise, many people have been tested positive twice. Few cases of true reinfections involved genetic alterations in the virus. Appearance of multiple positive tests may be due to human errors or remnant genetic material, but genetic modification in virus represents very serious issue of controlling this pandemic. It is the need of the day that all the gaps and deficiencies, represented by variable response of adaptive immune system toward this infection, be filled and rectified. We have discussed reinfections with variable outcomes along with the possible reasons for variable response. Phenomena such as T cell memory, absence of cross-reactive immunity, T cell exhaustion, drawbacks pertaining to neutralizing antibodies, and immune enhancement are crucial areas by which adaptive immune response can weaken considerably. Earlier and stronger herd immunity is also at the mercy of strong adaptive immune system to avoid future pandemics by the same microorganism. Likewise, consequences of this phenomenon should also be considered during vaccine development as resources worth billions are being used and staked. Many countries have entered the second/third waves of COVID-19. Therefore, we need to come up with ways toward uniform strengthening of adaptive immune response to fight off this pandemic. Also, to develop and maintain constant resistance to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the mentioned weakened links in the chain of adaptive immunity may be explored to keep viral invasion and physiological damage to minimum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jong Kyung Sonn
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Sup Lee
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- School of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Saifullah Khan Khalil
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cámara M, Sánchez-Mata MC, Fernández-Ruiz V, Cámara RM, Cebadera E, Domínguez L. A Review of the Role of Micronutrients and Bioactive Compounds on Immune System Supporting to Fight against the COVID-19 Disease. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051088. [PMID: 34068930 PMCID: PMC8155867 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Micronutrients are critical for an adequate function of the immune system and play a vital role in promoting health and nutritional well-being. The present work is aimed at reviewing (1) the role of micronutrients in helping the immune system to fight against the COVID-19 disease through the diet with food or food supplements and (2) the potential use of food health claims regarding immune function according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) requirements. Till date, there are some health claims authorized by the European Commission that refer to the role of certain essential nutrients (vitamins B6, B9, B12, A, D, C, and Cu, Fe, Se) to contribute to the proper functioning of the immune system. Vitamins D, C, Zn, and Se, have been thoroughly studied as a strategy to improve the immune system to fight against COVID-19 disease. From all the micronutrients, Vitamin D is the one with more scientific evidence suggesting positive effects against COVID-19 disease as it is linked to a reduction of infection rates, as well as an improved outcomes in patients. To validate scientific evidence, different clinical trials are ongoing currently, with promising preliminary results although inconclusive yet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montaña Cámara
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1802; Fax: +34-91-394-1799
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Garout MA, Al-Qaaneh AM, Sule AA, Tirupathi R, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Hasan A, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Mohapatra RK, Mitra S, Emran TB, Bilal M, Singh R, Alyami SA, Moni MA, Dhama K. Diverse Immunological Factors Influencing Pathogenesis in Patients with COVID-19: A Review on Viral Dissemination, Immunotherapeutic Options to Counter Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Responses. Pathogens 2021; 10:565. [PMID: 34066983 PMCID: PMC8150955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still not fully unraveled. Though preventive vaccines and treatment methods are out on the market, a specific cure for the disease has not been discovered. Recent investigations and research studies primarily focus on the immunopathology of the disease. A healthy immune system responds immediately after viral entry, causing immediate viral annihilation and recovery. However, an impaired immune system causes extensive systemic damage due to an unregulated immune response characterized by the hypersecretion of chemokines and cytokines. The elevated levels of cytokine or hypercytokinemia leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) along with multiple organ damage. Moreover, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 has been linked with race, gender, and age; hence, this viral infection's outcome differs among the patients. Many therapeutic strategies focusing on immunomodulation have been tested out to assuage the cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19. A thorough understanding of the diverse signaling pathways triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is essential before contemplating relief measures. This present review explains the interrelationships of hyperinflammatory response or cytokine storm with organ damage and the disease severity. Furthermore, we have thrown light on the diverse mechanisms and risk factors that influence pathogenesis and the molecular pathways that lead to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and multiple organ damage. Recognition of altered pathways of a dysregulated immune system can be a loophole to identify potential target markers. Identifying biomarkers in the dysregulated pathway can aid in better clinical management for patients with severe COVID-19 disease. A special focus has also been given to potent inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines, immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic options to ameliorate cytokine storm and inflammatory responses in patients affected with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed A. Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayman M. Al-Qaaneh
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
- Clinical Pharmacy Services Division, Pharmacy Services Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anupam A Sule
- Department of Informatics and Outcomes, St Joseph Mercy Oakland, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA;
| | - Raghavendra Tirupathi
- Department of Medicine Keystone Health, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA 16801, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Wellspan Chambersburg and Waynesboro (Pa.) Hospitals, Chambersburg, PA 16801, USA
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Alahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Nursing, Prince Nora University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulkarim Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
- Prince Mishari Bin Saud Hospital in Baljurashi, Ministry of Health, Baljurash 22888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India;
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandha Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India;
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, India;
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Salem A. Alyami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
van Steenwijk HP, Bast A, de Boer A. Immunomodulating Effects of Fungal Beta-Glucans: From Traditional Use to Medicine. Nutrients 2021; 13:1333. [PMID: 33920583 PMCID: PMC8072893 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of a well-functioning and balanced immune system has become more apparent in recent decades. Various elements have however not yet been uncovered as shown, for example, in the uncertainty on immune system responses to COVID-19. Fungal beta-glucans are bioactive molecules with immunomodulating properties. Insights into the effects and function of beta-glucans, which have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, advances with the help of modern immunological and biotechnological methods. However, it is still unclear into which area beta-glucans fit best: supplements or medicine? This review has highlighted the potential application of fungal beta-glucans in nutrition and medicine, reviewing their formulation, efficacy, safety profile, and immunomodulating effects. The current status of dietary fungal glucans with respect to the European scientific requirements for health claims related to the immune system and defense against pathogens has been reviewed. Comparing the evidence base of the putative health effects of fungal beta-glucan supplements with the published guidance documents by EFSA on substantiating immune stimulation and pathogen defense by food products shows that fungal beta-glucans could play a role in supporting and maintaining health and, thus, can be seen as a good health-promoting substance from food, which could mean that this effect may also be claimed if approved. In addition to these developments related to food uses of beta-glucan-containing supplements, beta-glucans could also hold a novel position in Western medicine as the concept of trained immunity is relatively new and has not been investigated to a large extent. These innovative concepts, together with the emerging success of modern immunological and biotechnological methods, suggest that fungal glucans may play a promising role in both perspectives, and that there are possibilities for traditional medicine to provide an immunological application in both medicine and nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidde P. van Steenwijk
- Campus Venlo, Food Claims Centre Venlo, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 5911 BV Venlo, The Netherlands;
| | - Aalt Bast
- Campus Venlo, University College Venlo, Maastricht University, 5911 BV Venlo, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medicine and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health, Maastricht University, 5911 BV Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Alie de Boer
- Campus Venlo, Food Claims Centre Venlo, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 5911 BV Venlo, The Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bobcakova A, Petriskova J, Vysehradsky R, Kocan I, Kapustova L, Barnova M, Diamant Z, Jesenak M. Immune Profile in Patients With COVID-19: Lymphocytes Exhaustion Markers in Relationship to Clinical Outcome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:646688. [PMID: 33937096 PMCID: PMC8082075 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.646688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The velocity of the COVID-19 pandemic spread and the variable severity of the disease course has forced scientists to search for potential predictors of the disease outcome. We examined various immune parameters including the markers of immune cells exhaustion and activation in 21 patients with COVID-19 disease hospitalised in our hospital during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovakia. The results showed significant progressive lymphopenia and depletion of lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD19+) in correlation to the disease severity. Clinical recovery was associated with significant increase in CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ T-cells. Most of our patients had eosinopenia on admission, although no significant differences were seen among groups with different disease severity. Non-survivors, when compared to survivors, had significantly increased expression of PD-1 on CD4+ and CD8+ cells, but no significant difference in Tim-3 expression was observed, what suggests possible reversibility of immune paralysis in the most severe group of patients. During recovery, the expression of Tim-3 on both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells significantly decreased. Moreover, patients with fatal outcome had significantly higher proportion of CD38+CD8+ cells and lower proportion of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ cells on admission. Clinical recovery was associated with significant decrease of proportion of CD38+CD8+ cells. The highest AUC values within univariate and multivariate logistic regression were achieved for expression of CD38 on CD8+ cells and expression of PD1 on CD4+ cells alone or combined, what suggests, that these parameters could be used as potential biomarkers of poor outcome. The assessment of immune markers could help in predicting outcome and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Our observations suggest, that apart from the degree of depletion of total lymphocytes and lymphocytes subsets, increased expression of CD38 on CD3+CD8+ cells alone or combined with increased expression of PD-1 on CD3+CD4+ cells, should be regarded as a risk factor of an unfavourable outcome in COVID-19 patients. Increased expression of PD-1 in the absence of an increased expression of Tim-3 on CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells suggests potential reversibility of ongoing immune paralysis in patients with the most severe course of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bobcakova
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Clinic of Pneumology and Phthisiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jela Petriskova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Robert Vysehradsky
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Clinic of Pneumology and Phthisiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Kocan
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Clinic of Pneumology and Phthisiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Kapustova
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Clinic of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martina Barnova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Diamant
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute for Clinical Science, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Clinic of Pneumology and Phthisiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
- Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Clinic of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin University Hospital, Martin, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ikewaki N, Dedeepiya VD, Iwasaki M, Abraham SJK. Commentary: Beyond "TRIM" Benefits of β-Glucan by Blood Glucose and Lipid Balancing Potentials in Its Defense Against COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620658. [PMID: 33854499 PMCID: PMC8039283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nobunao Ikewaki
- Department of Medical Life Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan.,Institute of Immunology, Junsei Educational Institute, Nobeoka, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Iwasaki
- School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan
| | - Samuel J K Abraham
- The Mary-Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India.,School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Japan.,Edogawa Evolutionary Laboratory of Science (EELS), Edogawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Life-systems through Immunology, Phylogeny and Evolution (LIPE) Division, GN Corporation Co. Ltd., Kofu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen S, Wang X, Ha D, Yoshitake R. White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Interrupts Tissue AR-TMPRSS2 Expression and Attenuates Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in C57BL/6 Mice: Implication for COVID-19 Dietary Intervention. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-244245. [PMID: 33791688 PMCID: PMC8010737 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-244245/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), an androgen-induced protease associated with prostate cancer, is one putative receptor for coronavirus entry into host cells, where triggering aggressive inflammatory cytokine storm and possibly death in COVID-19 patients. We previously reported that dietary white button mushroom (WBM) antagonized dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced androgen receptor (AR) activation and reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in prostate cancer animal models and patients. The present study on C57BL/6 mice revealed that WBM is a unique food that A ) interrupts DHT induced AR-TMPRSS2 expression in putative COVID-19 targeted organs through its AR antagonistic activity and B ) attenuates serum pro-inflammatory cytokines which have been implicated in COVID-19 pathogenesis. We hereby propose WBM intake as a potentially low-cost, efficient, and safe dietary intervention to mitigate COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Desiree Ha
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ikewaki N, Iwasaki M, Kurosawa G, Rao KS, Lakey-Beitia J, Preethy S, Abraham SJ. β-glucans: wide-spectrum immune-balancing food-supplement-based enteric (β-WIFE) vaccine adjuvant approach to COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2808-2813. [PMID: 33651967 PMCID: PMC7938654 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1880210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccines to combat COVID-19 through different approaches are at various stages of development. The complexity of COVID-19 such as the potential mutations of the virus leading to antigenic drift and the uncertainty on the duration of the immunity induced by the vaccine have hampered the efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, we suggest an alternative interim treatment strategy based on biological response modifier glucans such as the Aureobasidium pullulans AFO-202-derived β-glucan, which has been reported to induce trained immunity, akin to that induced by the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine, by epigenetic modifications at the central level in the bone marrow. These β-glucans act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns, activating mucosal immunity by binding with specific pathogen recognition receptors such as dectin-1 and inducing both the adaptive and innate immunity by reaching distant lymphoid organs. β-Glucans have also been used as immune adjuvants for vaccines such as the influenza vaccine. Therefore, until a conventional vaccine is widely available, an orally consumable vaccine adjuvant that acts like biosimilars, termed as the wide-spectrum immune-balancing food-supplement-based enteric (β-WIFE) vaccine adjuvant approach, with well-reported safety is worth in-depth investigation and can be considered for a clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobunao Ikewaki
- Department of Medical Life Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Japan.,Institute of Immunology, Junsei Educational Institute, Nobeoka, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masaru Iwasaki
- Centre for Advancing Clinical Research (CACR), University of Yamanashi - School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan
| | - Gene Kurosawa
- Department of Academic Research Support Promotion Facility, Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kosagi-Sharaf Rao
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City, Panama
| | - Johant Lakey-Beitia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City, Panama
| | - Senthilkumar Preethy
- The Fujio-Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India
| | - Samuel Jk Abraham
- The Fujio-Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India.,Edogawa Evolutionary Laboratory of Science (EELS), Edogawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,The Mary-Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India.,Biomaterials and Cell Biology Division, JBM Inc, Tokyo, Japan.,Immune Systems R & D Division, GN Corporation Co. Ltd, Kofu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen CY, Shao SC, Chen YT, Hsu CK, Hsu HJ, Lee CC, Sun CY, Chen YC, Hung MJ, Wu IW. Incidence and Clinical Impacts of COVID-19 Infection in Patients with Hemodialysis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 396,062 Hemodialysis Patients. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:47. [PMID: 33466527 PMCID: PMC7824817 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodialysis (HD) patients are highly susceptible to COVID-19 infection. However, comprehensive assessments of current evidence regarding COVID-19 in HD patients remain incomplete. We systematically searched PUBMED and EMBASE for articles published on incidence or mortality of COVID-19 infection in HD patients until September 2020. Two independent researchers extracted data and study-level risk of bias across studies. We conducted meta-analysis of proportions for incidence and mortality rate. Study heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed. A total of 29 articles with 3261 confirmed COVID-19 cases from a pool of 396,062 HD patients were identified. Incidence of COVID-19 in these HD patients was 7.7% (95% CI: 5.0-10.9%; study heterogeneity: I2 = 99.7%, p < 0.001; risk of publication bias, Egger's test, p < 0.001). Overall mortality rate was 22.4% (95% CI: 17.9-27.1%; study heterogeneity: I2 = 87.1%, p < 0.001; risk of publication bias, Egger's test: p = 0.197) in HD patients with COVID-19. Reported estimates were higher in non-Asian than Asian countries. Quality of study may affect the reported incidence but not the mortality among studies. Both incidence and mortality of COVID-19 infection were higher in HD patients. Available data may underestimate the real incidence of infection. International collaboration and standardized reporting of epidemiological data should be needed for further studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-C.L.); (C.-Y.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Chieh Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacy, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ting Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-C.L.); (C.-Y.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Kai Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-C.L.); (C.-Y.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Heng-Jung Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-C.L.); (C.-Y.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Chan Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-C.L.); (C.-Y.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Chiao-Yin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-C.L.); (C.-Y.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Chan Chen
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Nephrology and Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jui Hung
- Department of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan;
| | - I-Wen Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 204, Taiwan; (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-T.C.); (C.-K.H.); (H.-J.H.); (C.-C.L.); (C.-Y.S.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Biological response modifier glucan through balancing of blood glucose may have a prophylactic potential in COVID-19 patients. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:2041-2044. [PMID: 33102263 PMCID: PMC7575334 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic causing huge threat to public health and definite treatment modalities and preventive vaccines yet to be arrived at, some of the key indicators of relevance to its prognosis have started emerging. One such independent predictor of outcome has been fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at the time of admission. Earlier, co-morbidities such as diabetes also have been reported to have a risk of relatively increased mortality due to COVID-19. In this background, we herein report on the beneficial effects of Biological response modifier glucan (BRMG) secreted by the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans AFO-202 which has been proven to bring under control blood sugar levels in human subjects and also has potential in enhancing & regulating the immune parameters in relevance to COVID-19. We further recommend that this BRMG be tried in clinical studies of COVID-19 to provide a prophylactic effect for validation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ikewaki N, Rao KS, Archibold AD, Iwasaki M, Senthilkumar R, Preethy S, Katoh S, Abraham SJK. Coagulopathy associated with COVID-19 - Perspectives & Preventive strategies using a biological response modifier Glucan. Thromb J 2020; 18:27. [PMID: 33082714 PMCID: PMC7563912 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-020-00239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct endothelial injury by viruses and dysregulation of clotting mechanisms due to cytokine storm are the major precipitating factors of mortality in COVID-19; both are attributed to a fundamental dysregulation of the immune system. While immune dysregulation can be attributed to several factors, the risk of associated thrombogenic disruption varies across individuals. This variation depends on several factors, such as comorbidities, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. When considering ethnic variations, the vulnerability of Caucasians, African Americans and Hispanics needs to be addressed before arriving at strategies to handle thromboembolic complications, which have been identified in recent reports as the leading causes of mortality in COVID-19. Although evaluation of D-dimer and prothrombin during admission is considered to predict prognosis and mortality, there are no preventive or prophylactic strategies before hospital admission. Herein, we present our perspectives on the effect of regular supplementation with the biological response modifier beta glucan based on its relevance to immune modulation. This effect is of paramount importance in decreasing the development of severe COVID-19 and reducing mortality against the background of coagulopathy, especially in vulnerable populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobunao Ikewaki
- Department of Medical Life Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Nobeoka, Miyazaki Japan.,Institute of Immunology, Junsei Educational Institute, Nobeoka, Miyazaki Japan
| | - Kosagi-Sharaf Rao
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City, Panama
| | - Armando Durant Archibold
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama City, Panama
| | - Masaru Iwasaki
- II Department of Surgery & Centre for Advancing Clinical Research (CACR), Yamanashi University- School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan
| | - Rajappa Senthilkumar
- The Fujio-Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India
| | - Senthilkumar Preethy
- The Fujio-Eiji Academic Terrain (FEAT), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India
| | - Shojiro Katoh
- Edogawa Evolutionary Laboratory of Science (EELS), Edogawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Samuel J K Abraham
- II Department of Surgery & Centre for Advancing Clinical Research (CACR), Yamanashi University- School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan.,Edogawa Evolutionary Laboratory of Science (EELS), Edogawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,The Mary-Yoshio Translational Hexagon (MYTH), Nichi-In Centre for Regenerative Medicine (NCRM), Chennai, India.,GN Corporation Co. Ltd, Kofu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Distinguishable Immunologic Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients with Comorbid Type 2 Diabetes Compared with Nondiabetic Individuals. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6914878. [PMID: 33061829 PMCID: PMC7542493 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6914878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened every civilian as a global pandemic. The immune system poses the critical interactive chain between the human body and the virus. Here, we make efforts to examine whether comorbidity with type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects the immunological response in COVID-19 patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective pilot study investigating immunological characteristics of confirmed cases of COVID-19 with or without comorbid T2D. Two subcohorts of sex- and age-matched participants were eligible for data analysis, of which 33 participants were with T2D and the remaining 37 were nondiabetic (NDM). Cellular immunity was assessed by flow cytometric determination of surface markers including CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD16, and CD56 in peripheral blood. Levels of C reactive protein, immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE), and complements (C3, C4) were detected by rate nephelometry immunoassay. And Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ) were detected by Cytometric Bead Array. Results Neutrophil counts were found to be significantly higher in the T2D group than in the NDM group and had a significant relevance with clinical severity. Lymphocyte frequencies showed no significant differences in the two groups. However, the proportions and absolute counts of T, Tc, Th, and NK cells decreased in both groups to different degrees. An abnormal increase in neutrophil count and a decrease in lymphocyte subpopulations may represent risk factors of COVID-19 severity. The level of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3, and C4 showed no significant difference between the two groups, while the IgE levels were higher in the T2D group than in the NDM group (p < 0.05). Th1 cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as CRP, appeared significantly higher in the T2D group. Conclusions The COVID-19 patients comorbid with T2D demonstrated distinguishable immunological parameters, which represented clinical relevancies with the predisposed disease severity in T2D.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nami M, Mehrabi S, Kamali AM, Kazemiha M, Carvalho J, Derman S, Lakey-Betia J, Vasquez V, Kosagisharaf R. A New Hypothesis on Anxiety, Sleep Insufficiency, and Viral Infections; Reciprocal Links to Consider in Today's "World vs. COVID-19" Endeavors. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:585893. [PMID: 33250794 PMCID: PMC7674554 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In today's ever-growing concerns about the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, many experience sleep insufficiencies, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, sleep-related behavioral symptoms, and out-of-phase circadian rhythmicity despite the lack of history of earlier such symptoms. Meanwhile, the disruption in sleep bioparameters is experienced more in people with a history of sleep disorders. The behavioral sleep disorders in the current situations are prevalent given the today's amount of anxiety everyone is feeling about COVID-19. On the other hand, evidences indicated that the cross-link between impaired sleep efficiency and disrupted innate immunity makes people susceptible to viral infections. The present brief review highlights the links between psychosocial stress, sleep insufficiency, and susceptibility to viral infections in relevance to COVID-19 situation. The stress management measures, including addressing sleep-related disorders and sleep hygiene, will have a notable impact by harnessing immune response and thus reducing the susceptibility to viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Dana Brain Health Institute, Iranian Neuroscience Society-Fars Chapter, Shiraz, Iran.,Academy of Health, Senses Cultural Foundation, Sacramento, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Center, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama.,Sleep Disorders Laboratory, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samrad Mehrabi
- Sleep Disorders Laboratory, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali-Mohammad Kamali
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Dana Brain Health Institute, Iranian Neuroscience Society-Fars Chapter, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Milad Kazemiha
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Dana Brain Health Institute, Iranian Neuroscience Society-Fars Chapter, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Sabri Derman
- Sleep Disorders Unit, American Hospital, Koc Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Johant Lakey-Betia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Velmarini Vasquez
- Neuroscience Center, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Rao Kosagisharaf
- Neuroscience Center, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama
| |
Collapse
|