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Revheim I, Ballance S, Standal AF, Rieder A, Dierkes J, Buyken AE, Gilja OH, Hausken T, Rosendahl-Riise H. The acute effect of a β-glucan-enriched oat bread on gastric emptying, GLP-1 response, and postprandial glycaemia and insulinemia: a randomised crossover trial in healthy adults. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:13. [PMID: 38500209 PMCID: PMC10949669 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cereal fibre β-glucan reduces postprandial glycaemia, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a β-glucan-enriched oat bread on gastric emptying half-time (T1/2), gastric emptying lag phase (Tlag), and gastric emptying rate (GER), and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) as potential means to influence postprandial glycaemia. METHODS A randomised crossover trial was conducted in 22 healthy adults (age 24.6 ± 3.1 years, BMI 23.1 ± 2.7 kg/m2) receiving 25 g available carbohydrates from a β-glucan-enriched oat bread or a control whole-wheat bread at two non-consecutive days. T1/2, Tlag, and GER were determined based on ultrasound measures of the cross-sectional gastric antrum area in the fasting state and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min postprandially. Capillary glucose, serum insulin, and plasma GLP-1 concentrations were measured at the same time points. RESULTS A biphasic pattern of gastric emptying with a distinct Tlag before the commencement of emptying was observed in most subjects for both bread types. While no differences in GER were evident (p = 0.562), consumption of the oat bread significantly increased T1/2 by 18 min and Tlag by 14 min compared with the whole-wheat bread (p = 0.005 and p = 0.010, respectively). In addition, the oat bread significantly reduced iAUC2h for glucose and insulin responses compared with the whole-wheat bread (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in GLP-1 response between the two breads (p = 0.892). CONCLUSION The increased T1/2 and Tlag could offer a potential mechanism for the observed attenuation of postprandial glycaemia and insulinemia after consumption of the β-glucan-enriched oat bread compared with the whole-wheat bread. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered at clinicaltrails.gov (NCT04571866).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Revheim
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Simon Ballance
- Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Adelheid Fretland Standal
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Rieder
- Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette E Buyken
- Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Rosendahl-Riise
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Noorbakhsh Varnosfaderani SM, Ebrahimzadeh F, Akbari Oryani M, Khalili S, Almasi F, Mosaddeghi Heris R, Payandeh Z, Li C, Nabi Afjadi M, Alagheband Bahrami A. Potential promising anticancer applications of β-glucans: a review. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231686. [PMID: 38088444 PMCID: PMC10776902 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are valuable functional polysaccharides distributed in nature, especially in the cell walls of fungi, yeasts, bacteria, and cereals. The unique features of β-glucans, such as water solubility, viscosity, molecular weight, and so on, have rendered them to be broadly applied in various food systems as well as in medicine to improve human health. Moreover, inhibition of cancer development could be achieved by an increase in immune system activity via β-glucans. β-glucans, which are part of a class of naturally occurring substances known as biological response modifiers (BRMs), have also shown evidence of being anti-tumorogenic, anti-cytotoxic, and anti-mutagenic. These properties make them attractive candidates for use as pharmaceutical health promoters. Along these lines, they could activate particular proteins or receptors, like lactosylceramide (LacCer), Dickin-1, complement receptor 3 (CR3), scavenge receptors (SR), and the toll-like receptor (TLR). This would cause the release of cytokines, which would then activate other antitumor immune cells, like macrophages stimulating neutrophils and monocytes. These cells are biased toward pro-inflammatory cytokine synthesis and phagocytosis enhancing the elicited immunological responses. So, to consider the importance of β-glucans, the present review introduces the structure characteristics, biological activity, and antitumor functions of fungal β-glucans, as well as their application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Akbari Oryani
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohsen Nabi Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armina Alagheband Bahrami
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran
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Jiménez-Pulido IJ, Rico D, De Luis D, Martín-Diana AB. Combined Strategy Using High Hydrostatic Pressure, Temperature and Enzymatic Hydrolysis for Development of Fibre-Rich Ingredients from Oat and Wheat By-Products. Foods 2024; 13:378. [PMID: 38338514 PMCID: PMC10855855 DOI: 10.3390/foods13030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran (WB) and oat hull (OH) are two interesting undervalued cereal processing sources rich in total dietary fibre (TDF) and other associated bioactive compounds, such as β-glucans and polyphenols. The aim of this study was to optimise a combination chemical (enzymes) and physical (high hydrostatic pressure-temperature) strategies to increase the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds naturally bound to the bran and hull outer layers. WB and OH were hydrolysed using food-grade enzymes (UltraFloXL and Viscoferm, for WB and OH, respectively) in combination with HPP at different temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C) and hydrolysis either before or after HPP. Proximal composition, phytic acid, β-glucans, total phenolics (TPs) and total antioxidant activity (TAC) were evaluated to select the processing conditions for optimal nutritional and bioactive properties of the final ingredients. The application of the hydrolysis step after the HPP treatment resulted in lower phytic acid levels in both matrices (WB and OH). On the other hand, the release of β-glucan was more effective at the highest temperature (70 °C) used during pressurisation. After the treatment, the TP content ranged from 756.47 to 1395.27 µmol GAE 100 g-1 in WB, and OH showed values from 566.91 to 930.45 µmol GAE 100 g-1. An interaction effect between the temperature and hydrolysis timing (applied before or after HPP) was observed in the case of OH. Hydrolysis applied before HPP was more efficient in releasing OH TPs at lower HPP temperatures (40-50 °C); meanwhile, at higher HPP temperatures (60-70 °C), hydrolysis yielded higher TP values when applied after HPP. This effect was not observed in WB, where the hydrolysis was more effective before HPP. The TP results were significantly correlated with the TAC values. The results showed that the application of optimal process conditions (hydrolysis before HPP at 60 or 70 °C for WB; hydrolysis after HPP at 70 °C for OH) can increase the biological value of the final ingredients obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Jesús Jiménez-Pulido
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL), Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas, 47071 Valladolid, Spain; (I.J.J.-P.); (A.B.M.-D.)
| | - Daniel Rico
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL), Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas, 47071 Valladolid, Spain; (I.J.J.-P.); (A.B.M.-D.)
| | - Daniel De Luis
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Research Centre, Medicine School, Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Universitary Clinic Hospital of Valladolid, University of Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 3, 47003 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Ana Belén Martín-Diana
- Agrarian Technological Institute of Castilla and Leon (ITACyL), Ctra. Burgos Km 119, Finca Zamadueñas, 47071 Valladolid, Spain; (I.J.J.-P.); (A.B.M.-D.)
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O’Doherty J, Dowley A, Conway E, Sweeney T. Nutritional Strategies to Mitigate Post-Weaning Challenges in Pigs: A Focus on Glucans, Vitamin D, and Selenium. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:13. [PMID: 38200743 PMCID: PMC10778565 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the challenges faced by the pig industry, with a specific focus on improving the health and growth of weaned pigs. It emphasizes the immediate necessity of investigating alternative approaches to managing pig nutrition and health due to restrictions on the use of antibiotics and the prohibition of zinc oxide in weaned pig diets. The weaning phase is identified as a critical stage in piglet development, characterized by stressors that affect their gastrointestinal health, immune responses, and overall physiology. The primary challenge during weaning arises from transitioning piglets from a digestible milk-based diet to a less digestible cereal-based feed, causing nutritional stress. This manifests as reduced feed intake, leading to gastrointestinal disturbances, intestinal inflammation, and adverse effects on intestinal structure and microbiota. To address these challenges and optimize piglet development, various nutritional strategies have been explored. Notably, glucans, particularly β-glucans from fungi, cereals, algae, and yeast, show promise in alleviating weaning-related issues. Furthermore, it is important to highlight the critical roles played by Vitamin D and selenium in piglet nutrition. These essential nutrients can be sourced naturally from enriched mushrooms that are specifically enriched with Vitamin D and selenium, providing a sustainable dietary option. In conclusion, effective nutritional strategies, including glucans, Vitamin D, selenium, and enriched mushrooms, are beneficial for addressing weaning-related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Alison Dowley
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Eadaoin Conway
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland; (A.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin, Ireland;
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Utama GL, Oktaviani L, Balia RL, Rialita T. Potential Application of Yeast Cell Wall Biopolymers as Probiotic Encapsulants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3481. [PMID: 37631538 PMCID: PMC10459707 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers of yeast cell walls, such as β-glucan, mannoprotein, and chitin, may serve as viable encapsulants for probiotics. Due to its thermal stability, β-glucan is a suitable cryoprotectant for probiotic microorganisms during freeze-drying. Mannoprotein has been shown to increase the adhesion of probiotic microorganisms to intestinal epithelial cells. Typically, chitin is utilized in the form of its derivatives, particularly chitosan, which is derived via deacetylation. Brewery waste has shown potential as a source of β-glucan that can be optimally extracted through thermolysis and sonication to yield up to 14% β-glucan, which can then be processed with protease and spray drying to achieve utmost purity. While laminarinase and sodium deodecyle sulfate were used to isolate and extract mannoproteins and glucanase was used to purify them, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide precipitation was used to improve the amount of purified mannoproteins to 7.25 percent. The maximum chitin yield of 2.4% was attained by continuing the acid-alkali reaction procedure, which was then followed by dialysis and lyophilization. Separation and purification of yeast cell wall biopolymers via diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) anion exchange chromatography can be used to increase the purity of β-glucan, whose purity in turn can also be increased using concanavalin-A chromatography based on the glucan/mannan ratio. In the meantime, mannoproteins can be purified via affinity chromatography that can be combined with zymolase treatment. Then, dialysis can be continued to obtain chitin with high purity. β-glucans, mannoproteins, and chitosan-derived yeast cell walls have been shown to promote the survival of probiotic microorganisms in the digestive tract. In addition, the prebiotic activity of β-glucans and mannoproteins can combine with microorganisms to form synbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemilang Lara Utama
- Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.O.); (T.R.)
- Center for Environment and Sustainability Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Sekeloa Selatan 1 No 1, Bandung 40134, Indonesia
| | - Lidya Oktaviani
- Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.O.); (T.R.)
| | - Roostita Lobo Balia
- Veterinary Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia;
| | - Tita Rialita
- Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (L.O.); (T.R.)
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Cigarroa-Ruiz LA, Toledo-Solís FJ, Frías-Gómez SA, Guerrero-Zárate R, Camarillo-Coop S, Alvarez-Villagómez CS, Peña-Marín ES, Galaviz MA, Martínez-García R, Álvarez-González CA. Addition of β-glucans in diets for tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) larvae: effects on growth, digestive enzymes and gene expression of intestinal epithelial integrity and immune system. Fish Physiol Biochem 2023; 49:613-626. [PMID: 37311916 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01207-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of β-glucans 1,3/1,6 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast at different inclusion percentages (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8%) in the diet for tropical gar (Atractosteus tropicus) larvae was evaluated on growth, digestive enzyme activity and, relative expression of the immune system genes. The bioassay started on the third day after hatching (DAH) and lasted 21 days, using a total of 1500 larvae of 0.055 ± 0.008 g and, a total length of 2.46 ± 0.26 cm. Larviculture was carried out in a recirculation system with 15 tanks of 70 L using a density of 100 organisms per experimental unit. No significant differences in larval growth were observed by the inclusion of β-glucans (p > 0.05). Digestive enzymes showed changes in lipase and trypsin activities, presenting higher values in fish fed 0.6% and 0.8% β-glucans diets compared to the other treatments (p < 0.05). Leucine-aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase activity showed higher activities in larvae fed with a 0.4% β-glucan diet compared to the control group. The relative expression of intestinal membrane integrity (mucin 2) muc-2, (occludins) occ, (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) nod-2, and immune system lys (lysosome) genes showed over-expression in larvae fed the 0.4% β-glucan diet to the rest of the treatments (p < 0.05). The inclusion of β-glucans at 0.4-0.6% in diets for A. tropicus larvae could improve larviculture, as effects on the increase in the activity of several digestive enzymes and the expression of genes of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cigarroa-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - F J Toledo-Solís
- Centro de Investigaciones Costeras, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH), Calle Juan José Calzada S/N, 30500, Tonalá, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - S A Frías-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Producción Acuícola FES Iztacala, Barrio de los Héroes, Av. De Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Ixtacala, 54090, Tlalnepantla de Baz, Mexico
| | - R Guerrero-Zárate
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - S Camarillo-Coop
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - C S Alvarez-Villagómez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - E S Peña-Marín
- Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad, Carr. Transpeninsular 3917, 22870, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - M A Galaviz
- Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Universidad, PO Box 76, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - R Martínez-García
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - C A Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Fisiología en Recursos Acuáticos, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), 0.5 Km Carretera Villahermosa-Cárdenas, 86000, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México.
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Sztupecki W, Rhazi L, Depeint F, Aussenac T. Functional and Nutritional Characteristics of Natural or Modified Wheat Bran Non-Starch Polysaccharides: A Literature Review. Foods 2023; 12:2693. [PMID: 37509785 PMCID: PMC10379113 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat bran (WB) consists mainly of different histological cell layers (pericarp, testa, hyaline layer and aleurone). WB contains large quantities of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), including arabinoxylans (AX) and β-glucans. These dietary fibres have long been studied for their health effects on management and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, cholesterol, obesity, type-2 diabetes, and cancer. NSP benefits depend on their dose and molecular characteristics, including concentration, viscosity, molecular weight, and linked-polyphenols bioavailability. Given the positive health effects of WB, its incorporation in different food products is steadily increasing. However, the rheological, organoleptic and other problems associated with WB integration are numerous. Biological, physical, chemical and combined methods have been developed to optimise and modify NSP molecular characteristics. Most of these techniques aimed to potentially improve food processing, nutritional and health benefits. In this review, the physicochemical, molecular and functional properties of modified and unmodified WB are highlighted and explored. Up-to-date research findings from the clinical trials on mechanisms that WB have and their effects on health markers are critically reviewed. The review points out the lack of research using WB or purified WB fibre components in randomized, controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thierry Aussenac
- Institut Polytechnique Unilasalle, Université d’Artois, ULR 7519, 60026 Beauvais, France; (W.S.); (L.R.); (F.D.)
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Kottom TJ, Carmona EM, Limper AH. Lung Epithelial Cell Line Immune Responses to Pneumocystis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:729. [PMID: 37504718 PMCID: PMC10381464 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis sp. are fungal pathogens and members of the Ascomycota phylum. Immunocompetent individuals can readily eliminate the fungus, whereas immunocompromised individuals can develop Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). Currently, over 500,000 cases occur worldwide, and the organism is listed on the recently released WHO fungal priority pathogens list. Overall, the number of PJP cases over the last few decades in developed countries with the use of highly effective antiretroviral therapy has decreased, but the cases of non-HIV individuals using immunosuppressive therapies have significantly increased. Even with relatively effective current anti-Pneumocystis therapies, the mortality rate remains 30-60% in non-HIV patients and 10-20% during initial episodes of PJP in HIV/AIDS patients. Although the role of alveolar macrophages is well studied and established, there is also well-established and emerging evidence regarding the role of epithelial cells in the immune response to fungi. This mini review provides a brief overview summarizing the innate immune response of the lung epithelium and various continuously cultured mammalian cell lines to Pneumocystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J. Kottom
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (E.M.C.); (A.H.L.)
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Zhong X, Wang G, Li F, Fang S, Zhou S, Ishiwata A, Tonevitsky AG, Shkurnikov M, Cai H, Ding F. Immunomodulatory Effect and Biological Significance of β-Glucans. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1615. [PMID: 37376063 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucan, one of the homopolysaccharides composed of D-glucose, exists widely in cereals and microorganisms and possesses various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties. More recently, there has been mounting proof that β-glucan functions as a physiologically active "biological response modulator (BRM)", promoting dendritic cell maturation, cytokine secretion, and regulating adaptive immune responses-all of which are directly connected with β-glucan-regulated glucan receptors. This review focuses on the sources, structures, immune regulation, and receptor recognition mechanisms of β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Medical College, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512026, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Fu Li
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
| | - Sixian Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Siai Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Akihiro Ishiwata
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Maxim Shkurnikov
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Hui Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Feiqing Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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Jenko Pražnikar Z, Mohorko N, Gmajner D, Kenig S, Petelin A. Effects of Four Different Dietary Fibre Supplements on Weight Loss and Lipid and Glucose Serum Profiles during Energy Restriction in Patients with Traits of Metabolic Syndrome: A Comparative, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112122. [PMID: 37297364 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its associated complications require various lifestyle changes and treatment options. Dietary supplements are considered an attractive alternative to traditional therapy, mainly because they are accessible to the general population. The aim of this study was to investigate the additive effects of a combination of energy restriction (ER) and four dietary supplements on changes in the anthropometric and biochemical parameters in 100 overweight or obese participants who were randomly assigned one of the dietary fibre supplements containing different dietary fibres or a placebo for 8 weeks. The results confirmed that fibre supplements plus ER significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the body weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and visceral fat and ameliorated the lipid profile and inflammation at 4 and 8 weeks after the start of the study, while in the placebo group, significant differences in some parameters were observed only after 8 weeks of ER. A fibre supplement containing glucomannan, inulin, psyllium, and apple fibre was the most effective at reducing the BMI, body weight, and CRP (p = 0.018 for BMI and body weight and p = 0.034 for CRP compared to placebo at the end of the intervention). Overall, the results suggest that dietary fibre supplements in combination with ER may have additional effects on weight loss and the metabolic profile. Therefore, taking dietary fibre supplements may be a feasible approach to improve weight and metabolic health in obese and overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Mohorko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | | | - Saša Kenig
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Ana Petelin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, 6310 Izola, Slovenia
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11
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Rehman S, Gora AH, Abdelhafiz Y, Dias J, Pierre R, Meynen K, Fernandes JMO, Sørensen M, Brugman S, Kiron V. Potential of algae-derived alginate oligosaccharides and β-glucan to counter inflammation in adult zebrafish intestine. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183701. [PMID: 37275890 PMCID: PMC10235609 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are natural bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. We performed a feeding trial employing a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model of soybean-induced intestinal inflammation. Five groups of fish were fed different diets: a control (CT) diet, a soybean meal (SBM) diet, a soybean meal+β-glucan (BG) diet and 2 soybean meal+AOS diets (alginate products differing in the content of low molecular weight fractions - AL, with 31% < 3kDa and AH, with 3% < 3kDa). We analyzed the intestinal transcriptomic and plasma metabolomic profiles of the study groups. In addition, we assessed the expression of inflammatory marker genes and histological alterations in the intestine. Dietary algal β-(1, 3)-glucan and AOS were able to bring the expression of certain inflammatory genes altered by dietary SBM to a level similar to that in the control group. Intestinal transcriptomic analysis indicated that dietary SBM changed the expression of genes linked to inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum, reproduction and cell motility. The AL diet suppressed the expression of genes related to complement activation, inflammatory and humoral response, which can likely have an inflammation alleviation effect. On the other hand, the AH diet reduced the expression of genes, causing an enrichment of negative regulation of immune system process. The BG diet suppressed several immune genes linked to the endopeptidase activity and proteolysis. The plasma metabolomic profile further revealed that dietary SBM can alter inflammation-linked metabolites such as itaconic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid and enriched the arginine biosynthesis pathway. The diet AL helped in elevating one of the short chain fatty acids, namely 2-hydroxybutyric acid while the BG diet increased the abundance of a vitamin, pantothenic acid. Histological evaluation revealed the advantage of the AL diet: it increased the goblet cell number and length of villi of the intestinal mucosa. Overall, our results indicate that dietary AOS with an appropriate amount of < 3kDa can stall the inflammatory responses in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Rehman
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Adnan H. Gora
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Yousri Abdelhafiz
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | | | - Ronan Pierre
- CEVA (Centre d’Etude et de Valorisation des Algues), Pleubian, France
| | - Koen Meynen
- Kemin Aquascience, Division of Kemin Europa N.V., Herentals, Belgium
| | | | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Sylvia Brugman
- Animal Sciences Group, Host Microbe Interactomics, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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12
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Singh RP, Bhardwaj A. β-glucans: a potential source for maintaining gut microbiota and the immune system. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1143682. [PMID: 37215217 PMCID: PMC10198134 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1143682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract holds a complex and dynamic population of microbial communities, which exerts a marked influence on the host physiology during homeostasis and disease conditions. Diet is considered one of the main factors in structuring the gut microbiota across a lifespan. Intestinal microbial communities play a vital role in sustaining immune and metabolic homeostasis as well as protecting against pathogens. The negatively altered gut bacterial composition has related to many inflammatory diseases and infections. β-glucans are a heterogeneous assemblage of glucose polymers with a typical structure comprising a leading chain of β-(1,4) and/or β-(1,3)-glucopyranosyl units with various branches and lengths as a side chain. β-glucans bind to specific receptors on immune cells and initiate immune responses. However, β-glucans from different sources differ in their structures, conformation, physical properties, and binding affinity to receptors. How these properties modulate biological functions in terms of molecular mechanisms is not known in many examples. This review provides a critical understanding of the structures of β-glucans and their functions for modulating the gut microbiota and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Pal Singh
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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13
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Berzosa A, Delso C, Sanz J, Sánchez-Gimeno C, Raso J. Sequential extraction of compounds of interest from yeast biomass assisted by pulsed electric fields. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1197710. [PMID: 37214279 PMCID: PMC10192903 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1197710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
One strategy to reduce cost and improve feasibility of waste-yeast biomass valorization is to obtain a spectrum of marketable products rather than just a single one. This study explores the potential of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) for the development of a cascade process designed to obtain several valuable products from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast biomass. Yeast biomass was treated by PEF, which affected the viability of 50%, 90%, and over 99% of S. cerevisiae cells, depending on treatment intensity. Electroporation caused by PEF allowed access to the cytoplasm of the yeast cell without causing total breakdown of the cell structure. This outcome was an essential prerequisite to be able to perform a sequential extraction of several value-added biomolecules from yeast cells located in the cytosol and in the cell wall. After incubating yeast biomass previously subjected to a PEF treatment that affected the viability of 90% of cells for 24 h, an extract with 114.91 ± 2.86, 7.08 ± 0.64, and 187.82 ± 3.75 mg/g dry weight of amino acids, glutathione, and protein, respectively, was obtained. In a second step, the extract rich in cytosol components was removed after 24 h of incubation and the remaining cell biomass was re-suspended with the aim of inducing cell wall autolysis processes triggered by the PEF treatment. After 11 days of incubation, a soluble extract containing mannoproteins and pellets rich in β-glucans were obtained. In conclusion, this study proved that electroporation triggered by PEF permitted the development of a cascade procedure designed to obtain a spectrum of valuable biomolecules from S. cerevisiae yeast biomass while reducing the generation of waste.
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14
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Lante A, Canazza E, Tessari P. Beta-Glucans of Cereals: Functional and Technological Properties. Nutrients 2023; 15:2124. [PMID: 37432266 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are a polymeric dietary fiber characterized by β-(1,3) and β-(1,4) glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers. They are often used as thickeners, stabilizers, and fat substitutes in foods. The functional and technological quality of β-glucans is attributed to their origin/source, molecular weight, and structural properties. In particular, physical treatments such as drying, cooking, freezing, and refrigeration influence their molecular, morphological, and rheological characteristics. In addition to their useful technical qualities, β-glucans are recognized for their numerous beneficial impacts on human health. For this reason, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has provided a positive opinion on health claims such as cholesterol lowering and hypoglycemic properties relating to oats and barley β-glucans. This paper provides insight into the properties of β-glucans and different treatments affecting their characteristics and then reviews the latest research on β-glucans as a functional ingredient for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Canazza
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020 Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
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15
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Szotkowski M, Plhalová Ž, Sniegoňová P, Holub J, Chujanov O, Špačková D, Blažková J, Márová I. Conversion of Mixed Waste Food Substrates by Carotenogenic Yeasts of Rhodotorula sp. Genus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041013. [PMID: 37110436 PMCID: PMC10142595 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequence of the massive increase in population in recent years is the enormous production of mainly industrial waste. The effort to minimize these waste products is, therefore, no longer sufficient. Biotechnologists, therefore, started looking for ways to not only reuse these waste products, but also to valorise them. This work focuses on the biotechnological use and processing of waste oils/fats and waste glycerol by carotenogenic yeasts of the genus Rhodotorula and Sporidiobolus. The results of this work show that the selected yeast strains are able to process waste glycerol as well as some oils and fats in a circular economy model and, moreover, are resistant to potential antimicrobial compounds present in the medium. The best-growing strains, Rhodotorula toruloides CCY 062-002-004 and Rhodotorula kratochvilovae CCY 020-002-026, were selected for fed-batch cultivation in a laboratory bioreactor in a medium containing a mixture of coffee oil and waste glycerol. The results show that both strains were able to produce more than 18 g of biomass per litre of media with a high content of carotenoids (10.757 ± 1.007 mg/g of CDW in R. kratochvilovae and 10.514 ± 1.520 mg/g of CDW in R. toruloides, respectively). The overall results prove that combining different waste substrates is a promising option for producing yeast biomass enriched with carotenoids, lipids, and beta-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Szotkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Žaneta Plhalová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Sniegoňová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Holub
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Chujanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Špačková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Blažková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Márová
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Koj K, Pejcz E. Rye Dietary Fiber Components upon the Influence of Fermentation Inoculated with Probiotic Microorganisms. Molecules 2023; 28:1910. [PMID: 36838898 PMCID: PMC9958741 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rye flour is used as the main ingredient of sourdough bread, which has technological and gastronomic benefits and increased nutritional value. The transformations observed during fermentation and baking may enable the conversion or degradation of rye dietary fiber carbohydrates built mainly of arabinoxylans, fructans, and β-glucans. This study aimed to determine the dynamics of the changes in the contents of complex carbohydrates in sourdoughs inoculated with potential probiotic microorganisms as well as the polysaccharide composition of the resulting bread. Sourdoughs were inoculated with the potential probiotic microorganisms Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Bacillus coagulans, and spontaneous fermentation was performed as a control. Samples of the sourdoughs after 24 and 48 h of fermentation and of bread obtained with these sourdoughs were analyzed for the content of individual dietary fiber components. The present study demonstrated that the treatments applied contributed to an increased total content of arabinoxylans in the breads, and the inoculation of the sourdoughs with the potential probiotic strains improved their solubility in water. The use of the S.boulardii strain may seem prospective as it allowed for the greatest reduction in fructans in the rye bread. Rye sourdough bread is an attractive source of dietary fiber and can be modified for different nutritional needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewa Pejcz
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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17
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Ficco DBM, Canale M, Giannone V, Strano MC, Allegra M, Zingale S, Spina A. Durum Wheat Bread with a Potentially High Health Value through the Addition of Durum Wheat Thin Bran or Barley Flour. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:397. [PMID: 36679112 PMCID: PMC9866652 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The enrichment of semolina bread with prebiotic ingredients such as β-glucans may exert health-promoting effects. This work presents the results of a general recipe development aimed at improving the nutritional value of bakery products. In this study, increasing amounts (0%, 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) of thin bran or barley flour were added into re-milled durum wheat semolina to prepare breads. The technological quality of doughs and breads was investigated. In general, the Farinograph water absorption of flour and dough stability increased with increasing inclusion levels of barley flour or thin bran (up to 73.23% and 18.75 min, respectively), contrarily to the increase of dough development time only in barley inclusion (4.55 min). At the same time, the softening index decreased for almost all of these, except for 2% of thin bran or barley flour inclusion. At Mixograph, mixing time increased (up to 5.13 min) whilst the peak height decreased. The specific volume and hardness of loaf differently decreased for almost all thesis (ranges 12.6-24.0% and 39.4-45.5%, respectively). The other quality parameters remained unchanged compared with semolina bread. After baking, β-glucan levels increased differently at all the inclusion levels (2.35-fold, on average). The breadcrumb color was deep brown, while the crust became lighter in color. The breads contain β-glucans even at low percentages of barley/bran inclusions while maintaining their technological performance. In conclusion, the results show an interesting potential of barley flour or thin bran as ingredients in breadmaking to increase the β-glucans daily intake, but further investigations are needed to achieve improved quality features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Bianca Maria Ficco
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, S.S. 673 km 25.200, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Canale
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy
| | - Virgilio Giannone
- DSAAF—Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Strano
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy
| | - Maria Allegra
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy
| | - Silvia Zingale
- Department Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Alfio Spina
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria—Centro di Ricerca Cerealicoltura e Colture Industriali, Corso Savoia 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy
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18
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Fries-Craft K, Kilburn-Kappeler LR, Aldrich CG, Bobeck EA. Dietary yeast beta 1,3/1,6 glucan supplemented to adult Labrador Retrievers alters peripheral blood immune cell responses to vaccination challenge without affecting protective immunity. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad029. [PMID: 36694365 PMCID: PMC9982357 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast-derived 1,3/1,6 β-glucans may alter host immunity to produce robust and quickly resolved responses that align with companion animal health goals. In adult dogs, immunomodulation by yeast 1,3/1,6 β-glucans in extruded kibble diet have not been well documented. The study objective was to evaluate systemic immune responses in dogs fed kibble diets with two yeast 1,3/1,6 β-glucans doses before and after vaccine challenge. Twenty-four adult Labrador Retrievers were assigned to three dietary treatments consisting of a basal diet (control) supplemented with 0.012% or 0.023% (0.5 or 1×, respectively) yeast 1,3/1,6 β-glucan with equal sex representation within each treatment (8 dogs/diet). Animals were fed experimental diets for a 29-d acclimation period, after which baseline blood samples were collected before administration of a combination canine distemper virus, parvovirus, and adenovirus-2 vaccine. Blood samples were collected weekly for 21 d following vaccination with whole blood for CBC analysis, serum for titer and cytokine assays, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated for flow cytometric immune cell profiling. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure with diet and timepoint fixed effects. Serum titer was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (SAS 9.4; P ≤ 0.05). Prior to vaccination, β-glucan diets did not affect serum cytokines, antibody titer, or immune cell populations. In the first 7 d post-vaccination (dpv), PBMC CD21low B cells increased 36.5% to 58.1% in all groups but the magnitude of change was lesser in the 0.5× β-glucan diet resulting in 25.6% lower CD21low populations compared to control-fed dogs (P = 0.007). By 21 dpv, B-cell populations recovered to baseline levels in dogs fed 1× β-glucan, but CD21high cells remained elevated 50.5% in dogs fed 0.5× β-glucan diets compared with baseline (P < 0.0001). While no differences in serum titer or cytokines were observed, feeding both β-glucan diets maintained stable blood monocytes, whereas a 53.0% decrease between baseline and 14 dpv was observed in control-fed dogs (P = 0.01). Collectively, these outcomes suggest that a 1× dose of 1,3/1,6 yeast β-glucan in extruded kibble diets altered monocytes associated with trained immunity, did not reduce PBMC CD21low B-cell responsiveness, and simultaneously contributed to B-cell population resolution by 21 dpv in adult dogs. Additional research to assess the functionality of these changes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles G Aldrich
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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19
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Jafari M, Boskabaday MH, Rezaee SA, Rezaeian S, Behrouz S, Ramezannejad R, Pourianfar HR. Lentinan and β-glucan extract from shiitake mushroom, Lentinula edodes, alleviate acute LPS-induced hematological changes in mice. Iran J Basic Med Sci 2023; 26:836-842. [PMID: 37396940 PMCID: PMC10311971 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2023.67669.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Immunomodulatory activity of β-glucans of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) has been known. We investigated whether β-glucans from L. edodes would attenuate the acute effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on peripheral hematological parameters in mice. Materials and Methods An in-house β-glucans extract (BG) prepared from fruiting bodies of shiitake mushroom L. edodes was chemically measured and characterized using spectrophotometry and HPLC. Male BALB/c mice directly inhaled aerosolized LPS of 3 mg/ml and were treated with BG or commercial β-glucan (known as lentinan; LNT) (10 mg/kg bw) at 1 hr before or 6 hr after LPS inhalation. The blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture from euthanized mice at 16 hr post-treatment. Results The results showed a significant reduction in levels of blood parameters, including red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), and platelets (PLT); and a significant increase in blood lymphocyte counts in LPS-treated mice as compared with the control mice (P≤0.05). Total white blood cells, neutrophils, and monocyte counts did not show any significant difference among the groups. Treatment of LPS-challenged mice with LNT or BG significantly increased the levels of RBC, HGB, HCT, and PLT; and reduced blood lymphocyte counts as compared with LPS-treated mice (P≤0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest that β-glucans from L. edodes might be effective in attenuating the effects of inhaled LPS on peripheral blood parameters. Thus, these findings might be useful in acute inflammatory diseases particularly pulmonary infectious diseases in which the hematological parameters would be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Jafari
- School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Centre, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sharareh Rezaeian
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)- Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sepideh Behrouz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rezvan Ramezannejad
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)- Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Pourianfar
- Industrial Fungi Biotechnology Research Department, Research Institute for Industrial Biotechnology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)- Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran
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Astiz V, Guardianelli LM, Salinas MV, Brites C, Puppo MC. High β-Glucans Oats for Healthy Wheat Breads: Physicochemical Properties of Dough and Breads. Foods 2022; 12. [PMID: 36613386 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bread is a highly consumed food whose nutritional value can be improved by adding an oat flour (Avena sativa L.-variety Bonaerense INTA Calen-Argentina) to a high-industrial quality wheat flour (Triticum aestivum L.). This cultivar of oat contains high amounts of β-glucans, which act as a prebiotic fiber. Wheat flour was complemented with different amounts of oat flour (5, 15, and 25%). A contribution of hydrophilic components from oat flour was evident in the oat-wheat mixtures. At the same time, the high content of total dietary fiber led to changes in the rheological properties of the dough. Mixtures with a higher proportion of oats showed an increase in alveographic tenacity (stiffer dough), higher stability, and a lower softening degree in farinographic assays. The dough showed significant increases in hardness and gumminess, without significant changes in cohesiveness, i.e., no disruption to the gluten network was observed. Relaxation tests showed that the blends with a higher oat content yielded 10 times higher stress values compared to wheat dough. Analysis of the oat-wheat breads showed improvements in nutritional parameters, with slight decreases in the volume and crust color. The crumb showed significant increases in firmness and chewing strength as the amount of oats added increased. Nutritional parameters showed that lipids, dietary fiber, and β-glucans were significantly increased by the addition of oats. Sensory analysis achieved high response rates with good-to-very good ratings on the hedonic scale set. Thus, the addition of oats did not generate rejection by the consumer and could be accepted by them. Breads with wheat and oats showed nutritional improvements with respect to wheat bread, since they have higher dietary fiber content, especially in β-glucans, so they could be considered functional breads.
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Reidzane S, Gramatina I, Galoburda R, Komasilovs V, Zacepins A, Bljahhina A, Kince T, Traksmaa A, Klava D. Composition of Polysaccharides in Hull-Less Barley Sourdough Bread and Their Impact on Physical Properties of Bread. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010155. [PMID: 36613370 PMCID: PMC9818821 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex of polysaccharides of the grain transforms during processing and modifies the physical and chemical characteristics of bread. The aim of the research was to characterize the changes of glucans, mannans and fructans in hull-less barley and wholegrain wheat breads fermented with spontaneous hull-less barley sourdough, germinated hull-less barley sourdough and yeast, as well as to analyze the impact of polysaccharides on the physical parameters of bread. By using the barley sourdoughs for wholegrain wheat bread dough fermentation, the specific volume and porosity was reduced; the hardness was not significantly increased, but the content of β-glucans was doubled. Principal component analysis indicates a higher content of β-glucans and a lower content of starch, total glucans, fructans and mannans for hull-less barley breads, but wholegrain wheat breads fermented with sourdoughs have a higher amount of starch, total glucans, fructans and mannans, and a lower content of β-glucans. The composition of polysaccharides was affected by the type of flour and fermentation method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanita Reidzane
- Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Riga Street 22, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilze Gramatina
- Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Riga Street 22, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Ruta Galoburda
- Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Riga Street 22, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Vitalijs Komasilovs
- Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Liela Street 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Aleksejs Zacepins
- Faculty of Information Technologies, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Liela Street 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Anastassia Bljahhina
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies (TFTAK), Mäealuse 2/4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tatjana Kince
- Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Riga Street 22, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
| | - Anna Traksmaa
- Center of Food and Fermentation Technologies (TFTAK), Mäealuse 2/4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Dace Klava
- Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Riga Street 22, LV-3004 Jelgava, Latvia
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22
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Walachowski S, Breyne K, Secher T, Cougoule C, Guzylack-Piriou L, Meyer E, Foucras G, Tabouret G. Oral supplementation with yeast β-glucans improves the resolution of Escherichia coli-associated inflammatory responses independently of monocyte/macrophage immune training. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1086413. [PMID: 36605196 PMCID: PMC9809295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1086413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Confronted with the emerging threat of antimicrobial resistance, the development of alternative strategies to limit the use of antibiotics or potentiate their effect through synergy with the immune system is urgently needed. Many natural or synthetic biological response modifiers have been investigated in this context. Among them, β-glucans, a type of soluble or insoluble polysaccharide composed of a linear or branched string of glucose molecules produced by various cereals, bacteria, algae, and inferior (yeast) and superior fungi (mushrooms) have garnered interest in the scientific community, with not less than 10,000 publications over the last two decades. Various biological activities of β-glucans have been reported, such as anticancer, antidiabetic and immune-modulating effects. In vitro, yeast β-glucans are known to markedly increase cytokine secretion of monocytes/macrophages during a secondary challenge, a phenomenon called immune training. Methods Here, we orally delivered β-glucans derived from the yeast S. cerevisiae to mice that were further challenged with Escherichia coli. Results β-glucan supplementation protected the mice from E. coli intraperitoneal and intra-mammary infections, as shown by a lower bacterial burden and greatly diminished tissue damage. Surprisingly, this was not associated with an increased local immune response. In addition, granulocyte recruitment was transient and limited, as well as local cytokine secretion, arguing for faster resolution of the inflammatory response. Furthermore, ex-vivo evaluation of monocytes/macrophages isolated or differentiated from β-glucan-supplemented mice showed these cells to lack a trained response versus those from control mice. Conclusion In conclusion, dietary β-glucans can improve the outcome of Escherichia coli infections and dampen tissue damages associated to excessive inflammatory response. The mechanisms associated with such protection are not necessarily linked to immune system hyper-activation or immune training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Walachowski
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Koen Breyne
- Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Neurology and Radiology Department, Massachusetts General Hospital - Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Thomas Secher
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Tours, France,Faculté de Médecine Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Guzylack-Piriou
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Ghent, Belgium Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary and Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Gilles Foucras
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Tabouret
- Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique et Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse, France,*Correspondence: Guillaume Tabouret,
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23
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Ocaranza D, Balic I, Bruna T, Moreno I, Díaz O, Moreno AA, Caro N. A Modeled High-Density Fed-Batch Culture Improves Biomass Growth and β-Glucans Accumulation in Microchloropsis salina. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:3229. [PMID: 36501269 PMCID: PMC9738629 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Algae and microalgae are used as a source of different biomolecules, such as lipids and carbohydrates. Among carbohydrates, polysaccharides, such as β-glucans, are important for their application as antioxidants, antisepsis, and immunomodulators. In the present work, the β-glucans production potential of Microchloropsis salina was assessed using two different culture conditions: a high-density batch and a modeled high-density fed-batch. From the biochemical parameters determined from these two cultures conditions, it was possible to establish that the modeled high-density fed-batch culture improves the biomass growth. It was possible to obtain a biomass productivity equal to 8.00 × 10-2 ± 2.00 × 10-3 g/(L × day), while the batch condition reached 5.13 × 10-2 ± 4.00 × 10-4 g/(L × day). The same phenomenon was observed when analyzing the β-glucans accumulation, reaching volumetric productivity equal to 5.96 × 10-3 ± 2.00 × 10-4 g of product/(L × day) against the 4.10 × 10-3 ± 2.00 × 10-4 g of product/(L × day) obtained in batch conditions. These data establish a baseline condition to optimize and significantly increase β-glucan productivity, as well as biomass, adding a new and productive source of this polymer, and integrating its use in potential applications in the human and animal nutraceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Ocaranza
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Iván Balic
- Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Área Prioritaria de Investigación (API3), Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5311157, Chile
| | - Tamara Bruna
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Ignacio Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile
| | - Oscar Díaz
- Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Área Prioritaria de Investigación (API3), Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5311157, Chile
| | - Adrián A. Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Nelson Caro
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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24
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Nakov G, Jukić M, Šimić G, Šumanovac F, Komlenić DK, Lukinac J. Effect of the Addition of Hulless Barley Flour on the Quality of Short-Dough Cookies. Foods 2022; 11:foods11162428. [PMID: 36010428 PMCID: PMC9407046 DOI: 10.3390/foods11162428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-dough cookies are one of the most popular cereal-based products in the world, but usually they are considered as foods with a low nutritional value. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of replacing part of the wheat flour (WF) with hulless barley flour (HLBF), in order to improve the functional properties and nutritional value of the cookies. Cookies were prepared from composite flours in the ratios HLBF:WF 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0. The results show that as the HLBF content in the composite flour increases, the viscosity of the corresponding HLBF:WF slurries also increases, due to the high dietary fiber content (especially the high β-glucan content), which is significantly higher when HLBF is included in the formulation. The addition of HLBF decreases the spread factor of the cookies, and increases their softness compared to the control cookies (100% WF), but these changes are not statistically significant up to 50% HLBF addition. The color of the HLBF:WF cookies is not significantly affected. A significant increase in total phenolic content (TPC) and increased antioxidant capacity (AOC) are observed in the HLBF:WF cookies. In addition, sensory evaluation confirms that WF can be replaced by up to 50% with HLBF without significant deterioration of the organoleptic properties of the cookies. It can be concluded that hulless barley serves as a promising raw material if the nutritional and functional properties of cereal-based products are to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjore Nakov
- Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technologies, Agricultural Academy—Sofia, 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Marko Jukić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (G.Š.)
| | - Gordana Šimić
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (G.Š.)
| | - Franjo Šumanovac
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Daliborka Koceva Komlenić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Lukinac
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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25
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Porter D, Peggs D, McGurk C, Martin SAM. Immune responses to prebiotics in farmed salmonid fish: How transcriptomic approaches help interpret responses. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 127:35-47. [PMID: 35667538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within aquaculture, prebiotics are composed of complex carbohydrate molecules that cannot be digested by the fish directly but are metabolised by the microbial communities within the host gut, with the desire that "healthy" bacterial species are promoted with subsequently improved performance of the fish, there are likely some direct responses of intestinal cells to these dietary components. The sources and processing of prebiotics, which fall under the overarching theme of "functional feeds" are highly varied between species and types of prebiotics administered. How these feeds exert their effect, and the host responses are hard to determine, but new technologies and the development of high-throughput technologies (omics) are enabling the mechanisms and methods of action to be further understood. The recent advances in the availability of 'omics' technologies with the transition from single gene assays to microarray and RNA-seq in fish health have enabled novel functional ingredients to be analysed. This review will focus on recent studies on targeted gene expression and 'omics' technologies to characterize immune responses. Comparisons between the immunomodulatory effect of different prebiotics have been made and specific examples of how transcriptomics techniques have been used to identify immune responses to prebiotics are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Porter
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK
| | - D Peggs
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - C McGurk
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - S A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK.
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26
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Perrot T, Pauly M, Ramírez V. Emerging Roles of β-Glucanases in Plant Development and Adaptative Responses. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11091119. [PMID: 35567119 PMCID: PMC9099982 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant β-glucanases are enzymes involved in the synthesis, remodelling and turnover of cell wall components during multiple physiological processes. Based on the type of the glycoside bond they cleave, plant β-glucanases have been grouped into three categories: (i) β-1,4-glucanases degrade cellulose and other polysaccharides containing 1,4-glycosidic bonds to remodel and disassemble the wall during cell growth. (ii) β-1,3-glucanases are responsible for the mobilization of callose, governing the symplastic trafficking through plasmodesmata. (iii) β-1,3-1,4-glucanases degrade mixed linkage glucan, a transient wall polysaccharide found in cereals, which is broken down to obtain energy during rapid seedling growth. In addition to their roles in the turnover of self-glucan structures, plant β-glucanases are crucial in regulating the outcome in symbiotic and hostile plant-microbe interactions by degrading non-self glucan structures. Plants use these enzymes to hydrolyse β-glucans found in the walls of microbes, not only by contributing to a local antimicrobial defence barrier, but also by generating signalling glucans triggering the activation of global responses. As a counterpart, microbes developed strategies to hijack plant β-glucanases to their advantage to successfully colonize plant tissues. This review outlines our current understanding on plant β-glucanases, with a particular focus on the latest advances on their roles in adaptative responses.
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27
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Hiengrach P, Visitchanakun P, Finkelman MA, Chancharoenthana W, Leelahavanichkul A. More Prominent Inflammatory Response to Pachyman than to Whole-Glucan Particle and Oat- β-Glucans in Dextran Sulfate-Induced Mucositis Mice and Mouse Injection through Proinflammatory Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074026. [PMID: 35409384 PMCID: PMC8999416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1→3)-β-D-glucans (BG) (the glucose polymers) are recognized as pathogen motifs, and different forms of BGs are reported to have various effects. Here, different BGs, including Pachyman (BG with very few (1→6)-linkages), whole-glucan particles (BG with many (1→6)-glycosidic bonds), and Oat-BG (BG with (1→4)-linkages), were tested. In comparison with dextran sulfate solution (DSS) alone in mice, DSS with each of these BGs did not alter the weight loss, stool consistency, colon injury (histology and cytokines), endotoxemia, serum BG, and fecal microbiome but Pachyman-DSS-treated mice demonstrated the highest serum cytokine elicitation (TNF-α and IL-6). Likewise, a tail vein injection of Pachyman together with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the highest levels of these cytokines at 3 h post-injection than LPS alone or LPS with other BGs. With bone marrow-derived macrophages, BG induced only TNF-α (most prominent with Pachyman), while LPS with BG additively increased several cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10); inflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, Syk, and NF-κB); and cell energy alterations (extracellular flux analysis). In conclusion, Pachyman induced the highest LPS proinflammatory synergistic effect on macrophages, followed by WGP, possibly through Syk-associated interactions between the Dectin-1 and TLR-4 signal transduction pathways. Selection of the proper form of BGs for specific clinical conditions might be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Wiwat Chancharoenthana
- Tropical Nephrology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +66-2256-4132 (W.C.); Fax: +66-2252-5952 (W.C.)
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (A.L.); Tel.: +66-2256-4132 (W.C.); Fax: +66-2252-5952 (W.C.)
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28
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Caseiro C, Dias JNR, de Andrade Fontes CMG, Bule P. From Cancer Therapy to Winemaking: The Molecular Structure and Applications of β-Glucans and β-1, 3-Glucanases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063156. [PMID: 35328577 PMCID: PMC8949617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are a diverse group of polysaccharides composed of β-1,3 or β-(1,3-1,4) linked glucose monomers. They are mainly synthesized by fungi, plants, seaweed and bacteria, where they carry out structural, protective and energy storage roles. Because of their unique physicochemical properties, they have important applications in several industrial, biomedical and biotechnological processes. β-glucans are also major bioactive molecules with marked immunomodulatory and metabolic properties. As such, they have been the focus of many studies attesting to their ability to, among other roles, fight cancer, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and control diabetes. The physicochemical and functional profiles of β-glucans are deeply influenced by their molecular structure. This structure governs β-glucan interaction with multiple β-glucan binding proteins, triggering myriad biological responses. It is then imperative to understand the structural properties of β-glucans to fully reveal their biological roles and potential applications. The deconstruction of β-glucans is a result of β-glucanase activity. In addition to being invaluable tools for the study of β-glucans, these enzymes have applications in numerous biotechnological and industrial processes, both alone and in conjunction with their natural substrates. Here, we review potential applications for β-glucans and β-glucanases, and explore how their functionalities are dictated by their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Caseiro
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Nunes Ribeiro Dias
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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29
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da Silva TP, Geraldelli D, Martins KO, Braga AJL, Rosa AP, Ferneda JMDA, Bomfim GF, Barbosa-Dekker ADM, Dekker RFH, Dias MC, Paim NP, Sinhorin VDG, de Queiroz EAIF. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and beneficial metabolic effects of botryosphaeran [(1→3)(1→6)-β-d-glucan] are responsible for its anti-tumour activity in experimental non-obese and obese rats bearing Walker-256 tumours. Cell Biochem Funct 2022; 40:213-227. [PMID: 35229356 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Botryosphaeran, a (1→3)(1→6)-β-d-glucan, presents several beneficial activities, such as antiproliferative, hypoglycemic and antitumoural activities. This study evaluated the effects of botryosphaeran on oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic activities in Walker-256 tumour-bearing non-obese and obese rats. Wistars rats were divided into four groups: control tumour (CT); control tumour + botryosphaeran (CTB); obese tumour (OT), and obese tumour + botryosphaeran (OTB). In ninth week, obese and non-obese rats were inoculated with 1 × 107 Walker-256 tumour cells and treated with botryosphaeran (30 mg/kg/d for 15 days). In 11th week, the following parameters were evaluated glycogen, glucose and lactate levels, pro-oxidant (TBARS) and antioxidant markers (superoxide dismutase [SOD]; catalase [CAT]; glutathione-S-transferase [GST]; reduced glutathione [GSH]; vitamin C) and cytokines. Obesity presented oxidative stress and inflammation, as demonstrated by high levels of TBARS, SOD and TNF-α, and lower levels of CAT, GSH and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Botryosphaeran significantly decreased TBARS and TNF-α and increased GST, GSH, vitamin C and IL-10 in the liver; increased SOD and vitamin C in tumour tissue; decreased TBARS in adipose tissue, and notably decreased the levels of glycogen and lactate in the tumour of CTB rats. Botryosphaeran promoted significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and beneficial metabolic effects in Walker-256 tumour-bearing non-obese and obese rats, which contributed to its antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Pereira da Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências em Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Danielli Geraldelli
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências em Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Kamila Ortega Martins
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Ana Júlia Lopes Braga
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Andrielli Pompermayer Rosa
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Facholi Bomfim
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências em Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Aneli de Melo Barbosa-Dekker
- Beta-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos EIRELI, Lote 24A, Bloco Zircônia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Robert F H Dekker
- Beta-Glucan Produtos Farmoquímicos EIRELI, Lote 24A, Bloco Zircônia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcos Correa Dias
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências em Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Neiva Pereira Paim
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Valéria Dornelles Gindri Sinhorin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
| | - Eveline Aparecida Isquierdo Fonseca de Queiroz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa e Apoio Didático em Saúde (NUPADS), Programa de Pós-Graduação Ciências em Saúde, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Câmpus Universitário de Sinop, Sinop, Brazil
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Utama GL, Dio C, Sulistiyo J, Yee Chye F, Lembong E, Cahyana Y, Kumar Verma D, Thakur M, Patel AR, Singh S. Evaluating comparative β-glucan production aptitude of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Xanthomonas campestris, and Bacillus natto. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6765-6773. [PMID: 34866975 PMCID: PMC8626220 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucan is a natural polysaccharide derivative composed of a group of glucose monomers with β-glycoside bonds that can be synthesized intra- or extra-cellular by various microorganisms such as yeasts, bacteria, and moulds. The study aimed to discover the potential of various microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus oryzae, Xanthomonas campestris, and Bacillus natto in producing β-glucan. The experimental method used and the data were analyzed descriptively. The four microorganisms above were cultured under a submerged state in Yeast glucose (YG) broth for 120 h at 30 °C with 200 rpm agitation. During the growth, several parameters were examined including total population by optical density, the pH, and glucose contents of growth media. β-glucan was extracted using acid-alkaline methods from the growth media then the weight was measured. The results showed that S. cerevisiae, A. oryzae X. campestris, and B. natto were prospective for β-glucans production in submerged fermentation up to 120 h. The highest β-glucans yield was shown by B. natto (20.38%) with the β-glucans mass of 1.345 ± 0.08 mg and globular diameter of 600 μm. The highest β-glucan mass was achieved by A. oryzae of 82.5 ± 0.03 mg with the total population in optical density of 0.1246, a final glucose level of 769 ppm, the pH of 6.67, and yield of 13.97% with a globular diameter of 1400 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemilang Lara Utama
- Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia.,Center for Environment and Sustainability Science, UniversitasPadjadjaran, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Casey Dio
- Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Joko Sulistiyo
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Fook Yee Chye
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Elazmanawati Lembong
- Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Yana Cahyana
- Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Deepak Kumar Verma
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Mamta Thakur
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal 148106, Punjab, India
| | - Ami R Patel
- Division of Dairy Microbiology, Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy & Food Technology-MIDFT, Dudhsagar Dairy Campus, Mehsana384 002, Gujarat State, India
| | - Smita Singh
- Department of Life Sciences (Food Technology), Graphic Era (Deemed to be) University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
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Miao YB, Lin YJ, Chen KH, Luo PK, Chuang SH, Yu YT, Tai HM, Chen CT, Lin KJ, Sung HW. Engineering Nano- and Microparticles as Oral Delivery Vehicles to Promote Intestinal Lymphatic Drug Transport. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2104139. [PMID: 34596293 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Targeted oral delivery of a drug via the intestinal lymphatic system (ILS) has the advantages of protecting against hepatic first-pass metabolism of the drug and improving its pharmacokinetic performance. It is also a promising route for the oral delivery of vaccines and therapeutic agents to induce mucosal immune responses and treat lymphatic diseases, respectively. This article describes the anatomical structures and physiological characteristics of the ILS, with an emphasis on enterocytes and microfold (M) cells, which are the main gateways for the transport of particulate delivery vehicles across the intestinal epithelium into the lymphatics. A comprehensive overview of recent advances in the rational engineering of particulate vehicles, along with the challenges and opportunities that they present for improving ILS drug delivery, is provided, and the mechanisms by which such vehicles target and transport through enterocytes or M cells are discussed. The use of naturally sourced materials, such as yeast microcapsules and their derived polymeric β-glucans, as novel ILS-targeting delivery vehicles is also reviewed. Such use is the focus of an emerging field of research. Their potential use in the oral delivery of nucleic acids, such as mRNA vaccines, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Bao Miao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jung Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Po-Kai Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shun-Hao Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Tzu Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsien-Meng Tai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsing-Wen Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Córdova-Martínez A, Caballero-García A, Roche E, Noriega DC. β-Glucans Could Be Adjuvants for SARS-CoV-2 Virus Vaccines (COVID-19). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182312636. [PMID: 34886361 PMCID: PMC8656611 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Waiting for an effective treatment against the SARS-CoV-2 virus (the cause of COVID-19), the current alternatives include prevention and the use of vaccines. At the moment, vaccination is the most effective strategy in the fight against pandemic. Vaccines can be administered with different natural biological products (adjuvants) with immunomodulating properties. Adjuvants can be taken orally, complementing vaccine action. Adjuvant compounds could play a key role in alleviating the symptoms of the disease, as well as in enhancing vaccine action. Adjuvants also contribute to an effective immune response and can enhance the protective effect of vaccines in immunocompromised individuals such as the elderly. Adjuvants must not produce adverse effects, toxicity, or any other symptoms that could alter immune system function. Vaccine adjuvants are substances of wide varying chemical structure that are used to boost the immune response against a simultaneously administered antigen. Glucans could work as adjuvants due to their immunomodulatory biological activity. In this respect, β-(1,3)-(1,6) glucans are considered the most effective and safe according to the list issued by the European Commission. Only glucans with a β-(1,3) bond linked to a β-(1,6) are considered modulators of certain biological responses. The aim of this review is to present the possible effects of β-glucans as adjuvants in the efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Córdova-Martínez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, GIR: “Physical Exercise and Ageing”, University Campus “Los Pajaritos”, Valladolid University, 42004 Soria, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Alberto Caballero-García
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, GIR: “Physical Exercise and Ageing”, University Campus “Los Pajaritos”, Valladolid University, 42004 Soria, Spain;
| | - Enrique Roche
- Department of Applied Biology-Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David C. Noriega
- Spine Unit, Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain;
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Reis B, Gonçalves AT, Santos P, Sardinha M, Conceição LEC, Serradeiro R, Pérez-Sánchez J, Calduch-Giner J, Schmid-Staiger U, Frick K, Dias J, Costas B. Immune Status and Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity of Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata Juveniles Fed Yeast and Microalga Derived β-glucans. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:653. [PMID: 34940652 DOI: 10.3390/md19120653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with β-glucans extracted from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and microalga (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) on gene expression, oxidative stress biomarkers and plasma immune parameters in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. A practical commercial diet was used as the control (CTRL), and three others based on CTRL were further supplemented with different β-glucan extracts. One was derived from S. cerevisiae (diet MG) and two different extracts of 21% and 37% P. tricornutum-derived β-glucans (defined as Phaeo21 and Phaeo37), to give a final 0.06% β-glucan dietary concentration. Quadruplicate groups of 95 gilthead seabream (initial body weight: 4.1 ± 0.1 g) were fed to satiation three times a day for 8 weeks in a pulse-feeding regimen, with experimental diets intercalated with the CTRL dietary treatment every 2 weeks. After 8 weeks of feeding, all groups showed equal growth performance and no changes were found in plasma innate immune status. Nonetheless, fish groups fed β-glucans supplemented diets showed an improved anti-oxidant status compared to those fed CTRL at both sampling points (i.e., 2 and 8 weeks). The intestinal gene expression analysis highlighted the immunomodulatory role of Phaeo37 diet after 8 weeks, inducing an immune tolerance effect in gilthead seabream intestine, and a general down-regulation of immune-related gene expression. In conclusion, the results suggest that the dietary pulse administration of a P. tricornutum 37% enriched-β-glucans extract might be used as a counter-measure in a context of gut inflammation, due to its immune-tolerant and anti-oxidative effects.
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Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Kujawowicz K, Witkowska AM. Beta-Glucans from Fungi: Biological and Health-Promoting Potential in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era. Nutrients 2021; 13:3960. [PMID: 34836215 PMCID: PMC8623785 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-glucans comprise a group of polysaccharides of natural origin found in bacteria, algae, and plants, e.g., cereal seeds, as well as microfungi and macrofungi (mushrooms), which are characterized by diverse structures and functions. They are known for their metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral. Recent reports suggest a potential of beta-glucans in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In contrast to β-glucans from other sources, β-glucans from mushrooms are characterized by β-1,3-glucans with short β-1,6-side chains. This structure is recognized by receptors located on the surface of immune cells; thus, mushroom β-glucans have specific immunomodulatory properties and gained BRM (biological response modifier) status. Moreover, mushroom beta-glucans also owe their properties to the formation of triple helix conformation, which is one of the key factors influencing the bioactivity of mushroom beta-glucans. This review summarizes the latest findings on biological and health-promoting potential of mushroom beta-glucans for the treatment of civilization and viral diseases, with particular emphasis on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (K.K.); (A.M.W.)
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Abstract
β-glucans are polymers of glucose that have been isolated from a variety of organisms. Isolated β-glucans have been used for medical purposes for centuries; however, efforts to define the biological activities of β-glucans experimentally were initiated in the 1940's. The diversity of structure associated with isolated β-glucans has impeded said investigations, and efforts to leverage the biological activity of β-glucans for clinical applications. In recognition of the need for defined β-glucans that retain the biological activity of isolated β-glucans, considerable investment has been made to facilitate the synthesis of structurally defined β-glucans. Here, we review the different approaches that have been applied to prepare β-glucans. In addition, we summarize the approaches that have been utilized to conjugate β-glucans to proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ross
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Mark P Farrell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Azzi DV, de Jesus Pereira AN, de Oliveira Silva V, de Carvalho Foureaux R, Lima ARV, Barducci RS, Albuquerque AS, Reis GL, de Oliveira RR, Andrade EF, Zangeronimo MG, Chalfun-Júnior A, Pereira LJ. Dose-response effect of prebiotic ingestion ( β-glucans isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in diabetic rats with periodontal disease. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2021; 13:111. [PMID: 34663444 PMCID: PMC8524835 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-021-00729-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is one of the most frequent comorbidities in diabetic patients and can contribute to poor blood glucose control. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of ingesting different doses of beta-glucans (BG) isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on alveolar bone loss (ABL) and inflammatory/metabolic parameters in normal and diabetic rats with ligature-induced periodontal disease (PD). DESIGN Sixty male rats were assigned into two groups: non-diabetic or diabetic (i.p. 70 mg/kg streptozotocin) with PD. Then, groups were subdivided into five subgroups according BG doses: 0 mg/Kg; 10 mg/Kg; 20 mg/Kg; 40 mg/Kg or 80 mg/Kg. Animals received BG for 28 days and ligatures were placed on lower first molars during the last 14 days. RESULTS ABL of diabetic and non-diabetic animals receiving BG 40 mg/kg (1.33 ± 0.03 mm and 0.77 ± 0.07 mm, respectively) and 80 mg/kg (1.26 ± 0.07 mm and 0.78 ± 0.05 mm, respectively) doses was lower (p < 0.05) in comparison to respective controls (1.59 ± 0.11 mm and 0.90 mm ±0.08). COX-2 (Control: 1.66 ± 0.12; 40 mg/kg: 1.13 ± 0.07; 80 mg/kg: 0.92 ± 0.18) and RANKL expressions (Control: 1.74 ± 0.34; 40 mg/kg: 1.03 ± 0.29 ;80 mg/kg: 0.75 ± 0.21), together with the RANKL/OPG ratio (Control: 1.17 ± 0.08; 40 mg/kg: 0.67 ± 0.09; 80 mg/kg: 0.63 ± 0.28) were attenuated above the same dose (p < 0.05). BG did not influence (p > 0.05) metabolic parameters in non-diabetic rats. In diabetic animals, doses above 40 mg/kg reduced IL-1β (Control: 387 ± 66; 40 mg/kg: 309 ± 27; 80 mg/kg: 300 ± 14) and TNF-α (Control: 229 ± 19; 40 mg/kg: 128 ± 53; 80 mg/kg: 71 ± 25), blood glucose levels (Control: 402 ± 49; 40 mg/kg: 334 ± 32; 80 mg/kg: 287 ± 56), total cholesterol (Control: 124 ± 8; 40 mg/kg: 120 ± 10; 80 mg/kg: 108 ± 9), LDL-c + VLDL-c (Control: 106 ± 8; 40 mg/kg: 103 ± 10; 80 mg/kg: 87 ± 10) and triacylglycerols (Control: 508 ± 90; 40 mg/kg: 301 ± 40; 80 mg/kg: 208 ± 61), whereas increased HDL-c (Control: 18 ± 0.5; 40 mg/kg: 19 ± 1; 80 mg/kg: 21 ± 1) (p < 0.05). Optimal dose needed to reduce ABL was higher in diabetic animals with PD. CONCLUSIONS BG ingestion reduced ABL and improved inflammatory profile in a dose-dependent manner. Best effects were achieved with doses above 40 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vilela Azzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Viviam de Oliveira Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Andressa Ribeiro Veiga Lima
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Silva Albuquerque
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lasmar Reis
- Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Eric Francelino Andrade
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Unaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Chalfun-Júnior
- Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciano José Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Department of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil.
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Bednarek PT, Orłowska R, Mańkowski DR, Oleszczuk S, Zebrowski J. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Analysis of Sequence Variation and Green Plant Regeneration via Anther Culture in Barley. Cells 2021; 10:2774. [PMID: 34685752 PMCID: PMC8534894 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of anther culture involves numerous abiotic stresses required for cellular reprogramming, microspore developmental switch, and plant regeneration. These stresses affect DNA methylation patterns, sequence variation, and the number of green plants regenerated. Recently, in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), mediation analysis linked DNA methylation changes, copper (Cu2+) and silver (Ag+) ion concentrations, sequence variation, β-glucans, green plants, and duration of anther culture (Time). Although several models were used to explain particular aspects of the relationships between these factors, a generalized complex model employing all these types of data was not established. In this study, we combined the previously described partial models into a single complex model using the structural equation modeling approach. Based on the evaluated model, we demonstrated that stress conditions (such as starvation and darkness) influence β-glucans employed by cells for glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Additionally, Cu2+ and Ag+ ions affect DNA methylation and induce sequence variation. Moreover, these ions link DNA methylation with green plants. The structural equation model also showed the role of time in relationships between parameters included in the model and influencing plant regeneration via anther culture. Utilization of structural equation modeling may have both scientific and practical implications, as it demonstrates links between biological phenomena (e.g., culture-induced variation, green plant regeneration and biochemical pathways), and provides opportunities for regulating these phenomena for particular biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Tomasz Bednarek
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Renata Orłowska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Rafał Mańkowski
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Oleszczuk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute, 05-870 Błonie, Poland;
| | - Jacek Zebrowski
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland;
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Abstract
One type of functional food that has been receiving much attention is food rich in prebiotics. The old but still valid definition of prebiotics defines them as non-digestible food components that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of the beneficial bacteria in the colon and, as a result, improve the host health. Cereals, as one of the main components in the human diet, contain substantial levels of dietary fiber with probable prebiotic potential. In addition, dietary fiber, particularly soluble dietary fiber, has recently emerged as a promising natural highly functional food ingredient in food production. This review focuses on the prebiotic potential of cereal dietary fiber types and covers the achievements and developments regarding its isolation. First, the probiotic and prebiotic concepts will be discussed. Next, different components of dietary fiber and their effect on the host bacteria through in vitro and/or in vivo studies will be reviewed. In a last part, this paper also discusses means of boosting the prebiotic properties of cereal components and innovative strategies for the extraction of cereal dietary fiber. The review focuses on wheat as a leading cereal crop that is widely and intensely used throughout the world in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris J. Joye
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 52470)
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Botticella E, Savatin DV, Sestili F. The Triple Jags of Dietary Fibers in Cereals: How Biotechnology Is Longing for High Fiber Grains. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:745579. [PMID: 34594354 PMCID: PMC8477015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.745579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cereals represent an important source of beneficial compounds for human health, such as macro- and micronutrients, vitamins, and bioactive molecules. Generally, the consumption of whole-grain products is associated with significant health benefits, due to the elevated amount of dietary fiber (DF). However, the consumption of whole-grain foods is still modest compared to more refined products. In this sense, it is worth focusing on the increase of DF fractions inside the inner compartment of the seed, the endosperm, which represents the main part of the derived flour. The main components of the grain fiber are arabinoxylan (AX), β-glucan (βG), and resistant starch (RS). These three components are differently distributed in grains, however, all of them are represented in the endosperm. AX and βG, classified as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), are in cell walls, whereas, RS is in the endosperm, being a starch fraction. As the chemical structure of DFs influences their digestibility, the identification of key actors involved in their metabolism can pave the way to improve their function in human health. Here, we reviewed the main achievements of plant biotechnologies in DFs manipulation in cereals, highlighting new genetic targets to be exploited, and main issues to face to increase the potential of cereals in fighting malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermelinda Botticella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Silva IMV, Machado F, Moreno MJ, Nunes C, Coimbra MA, Coreta-Gomes F. Polysaccharide Structures and Their Hypocholesterolemic Potential. Molecules 2021; 26:4559. [PMID: 34361718 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several classes of polysaccharides have been described to have hypocholesterolemic potential, namely cholesterol bioaccessibility and bioavailability. This review will highlight the main mechanisms by which polysaccharides are known to affect cholesterol homeostasis at the intestine, namely the effect (i) of polysaccharide viscosity and its influence on cholesterol bioaccessibility; (ii) on bile salt sequestration and its dependence on the structural diversity of polysaccharides; (iii) of bio-transformations of polysaccharides and bile salts by the gut microbiota. Different quantitative structure–hypocholesterolemic activity relationships have been explored depending on the mechanism involved, and these were based on polysaccharide physicochemical properties, such as sugar composition and ramification degree, linkage type, size/molecular weight, and charge. The information gathered will support the rationalization of polysaccharides’ effect on cholesterol homeostasis and highlight predictive rules towards the development of customized hypocholesterolemic functional food.
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Sagona S, Fronte B, Coppola F, Tafi E, Giusti M, Palego L, Betti L, Giannaccini G, Guglielminetti L, Felicioli A. Effect of Honey and Syrup Diets Enriched with 1,3-1,6 β-Glucans on Honeybee Survival Rate and Phenoloxidase Activity (Apis mellifera L. 1758). Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8070130. [PMID: 34357922 PMCID: PMC8310323 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8070130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans can activate the animal innate immune system by acting as immune-modulators and inducing various stimulatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans administered orally for 96 h on Apis mellifera workers (newly emerged and nurse bees). β-glucans were included in honey and syrup. Survival rate and phenoloxidase activity were measured. In both newly emerged and nurse bees, β-glucans supplementation did not affect survival rate (p > 0.05). Conversely, phenoloxidase activity was higher in both newly emerged bees (p = 0.048) and nurse bees (p = 0.014) fed with a honey diet enriched with β-glucans compared to those fed with only honey. In both the newly emerged and nurse bees, no statistical differences in phenoloxidase activity were recorded between the group fed with a syrup-based diet enriched with β-glucans and the control group (p > 0.05). The absence of significant variation in survival suggests that the potential negative effect of β-glucans in healthy bees could be mitigated by their metabolism. Conversely, the inclusion of β-glucans in a honey-based diet determined an increase of phenoloxidase activity, suggesting that the effect of β-glucan inclusion in the diet of healthy bees on phenoloxidase activity could be linked to the type of base-diet. Further investigations on β-glucans metabolism in bees, on molecular mechanism of phenoloxidase activation by 1,3-1,6 β-glucans, and relative thresholds are desirable. Moreover, investigation on the combined action of honey and β-glucans on phenoloxidase activity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sagona
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.S.); (B.F.); (F.C.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Baldassare Fronte
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.S.); (B.F.); (F.C.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesca Coppola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.S.); (B.F.); (F.C.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Elena Tafi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.S.); (B.F.); (F.C.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
- Department of Science, University of the Study of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Matteo Giusti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.S.); (B.F.); (F.C.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
| | - Lionella Palego
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Laura Betti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Gino Giannaccini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (L.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Guglielminetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Antonio Felicioli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (S.S.); (B.F.); (F.C.); (E.T.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
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42
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Cerletti C, Esposito S, Iacoviello L. Edible Mushrooms and Beta-Glucans: Impact on Human Health. Nutrients 2021; 13:2195. [PMID: 34202377 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom cell walls are rich in β-glucans, long or short-chain polymers of glucose subunits with β-1,3 and β-1,6 linkages, that are responsible for the linear and branching structures, respectively. β-glucans from cereals, at variance, have no 1,6 linkages nor branching structures. Both immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of mushrooms have been described using purified β-glucans or fungi extracts on cellular and experimental models; their potential clinical use has been tested in different conditions, such as recurrent infections of the respiratory tract or complications of major surgery. Another promising application of β-glucans is on cancer, as adjuvant of conventional chemotherapy. β-glucans may protect the cardiovascular system, ameliorating glucose, lipid metabolism, and blood pressure: these activities, observed for oat and barley β-glucans, require confirmation in human studies with mushroom β-glucans. On the other hand, mushrooms may also protect the cardiovascular system via a number of other components, such as bioactive phenolic compounds, vitamins, and mineral elements. The growing knowledge on the mechanism(s) and health benefits of mushrooms is encouraging the development of a potential clinical use of β-glucans, and also to further document their role in preserving health and prevent disease in the context of healthy lifestyles.
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Gonçalves B, Azevedo N, Osório H, Henriques M, Silva S. Revealing Candida glabrata biofilm matrix proteome: global characterization and pH response. Biochem J 2021; 478:961-74. [PMID: 33555340 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20200844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is a clinically relevant human pathogen with the ability to form high recalcitrant biofilms that contribute to the establishment and persistence of infection. A defining trait of biofilms is the auto-produced matrix, which is suggested to have structural, virulent and protective roles. Thus, elucidation of matrix components, their function and modulation by the host environment is crucial to disclose their role in C. glabrata pathogenesis. As a major step toward this end, this study aimed to reveal, for the first time, the matrix proteome of C. glabrata biofilms, to characterize it with bioinformatic tools and to study its modulation by the environmental pH (acidic and neutral). The results showed the presence of several pH-specific matrix proteins (51 acidic- and 206 neutral-specific) and also proteins commonly found at both pH conditions (236). Of note, several proteins related to mannan and β-glucan metabolism, which have a potential role in the delivery/organization of carbohydrates in the matrix, were found in both pH conditions but in much higher quantity under the neutral environment. Additionally, several virulence-related proteins, including epithelial adhesins, yapsins and moonlighting enzymes, were found among matrix proteins. Importantly, several proteins seem to have a non-canonical secretion pathway and Pdr1 was found to be a potential regulator of matrix proteome. Overall, this study indicates a relevant impact of environmental cues in the matrix proteome and provides a unique resource for further functional investigation of matrix proteins, contributing to the identification of potential targets for the development of new therapies against C. glabrata biofilms.
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44
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Schwartz B, Vetvicka V. Review: β-glucans as Effective Antibiotic Alternatives in Poultry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123560. [PMID: 34200882 PMCID: PMC8230556 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of microbial challenges in commercial poultry farming causes significant economic losses. Antibiotics have been used to control diseases involving bacterial infection in poultry. As the incidence of antibiotic resistance turns out to be a serious problem, there is increased pressure on producers to reduce antibiotic use. With the reduced availability of antibiotics, poultry producers are looking for feed additives to stimulate the immune system of the chicken to resist microbial infection. Some β-glucans have been shown to improve gut health, to increase the flow of new immunocytes, increase macrophage function, stimulate phagocytosis, affect intestinal morphology, enhance goblet cell number and mucin-2 production, induce the increased expression of intestinal tight-junctions, and function as effective anti-inflammatory immunomodulators in poultry. As a result, β-glucans may provide a new tool for producers trying to reduce or eliminate the use of antibiotics in fowl diets. The specific activity of each β-glucan subtype still needs to be investigated. Upon knowledge, optimal β-glucan mixtures may be implemented in order to obtain optimal growth performance, exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity, and optimized intestinal morphology and histology responses in poultry. This review provides an extensive overview of the current use of β glucans as additives and putative use as antibiotic alternative in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Schwartz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The School of Nutritional Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
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Zhang K, Dong R, Hu X, Ren C, Li Y. Oat-Based Foods: Chemical Constituents, Glycemic Index, and the Effect of Processing. Foods 2021; 10:1304. [PMID: 34200160 PMCID: PMC8229445 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The desire for foods with lower glycemic indices has led to the exploration of functional ingredients and novel food processing techniques. The glycemic index (GI) is a well-recognized tool to assess the capacity of foods to raise blood glucose levels. Among cereal crops, oats have shown the greatest promise for mitigating glycemic response. This review evaluated decades of research on the effects of oat components on the GI level of oat-based foods with specific emphasis on oat starch, β-glucans, proteins, and phenolics. The effects of commonly used processing techniques in oats on GI level, including heating, cooling, and germination were also discussed. In addition, the GI of oat-based foods in various physical formats such as whole grain, flakes, and flour was systematically summarized. The aim of this review was to synthesize knowledge of the field and to provide a deeper understanding of how the chemical composition and processing of oats affect GI, thereby further benefiting the development of low-GI oat foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailong Zhang
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.)
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.)
| | - Xinzhong Hu
- Department of Food Engineering and Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (K.Z.); (R.D.)
| | - Changzhong Ren
- Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baicheng 137000, China;
| | - Yuwei Li
- Guilin Seamild Food Co., Ltd., Guilin 541000, China;
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46
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Pedro ARV, Lima T, Fróis-Martins R, Leal B, Ramos IC, Martins EG, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, Maia MRG, Vilanova M, Correia A. Dectin-1-Mediated Production of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by Yeast β-Glucans in Bovine Monocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:689879. [PMID: 34122455 PMCID: PMC8195389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast-derived products containing β-glucans have long been used as feed supplements in domesticated animals in an attempt to increase immunity. β-glucans are mainly recognized by the cell surface receptor CLEC7A, also designated Dectin-1. Although the immune mechanisms elicited through Dectin-1 activation have been studied in detail in mice and humans, they are poorly understood in other species. Here, we evaluated the response of bovine monocytes to soluble and particulate purified β-glucans, and also to Zymosan. Our results show that particulate, but not soluble β-glucans, can upregulate the surface expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on bovine monocytes. In addition, stimulated cells increased production of IL-8 and of TNF, IL1B, and IL6 mRNA expression, in a dose-dependent manner, which correlated positively with CLEC7A gene expression. Production of IL-8 and TNF expression decreased significantly after CLEC7A knockdown using two different pairs of siRNAs. Overall, we demonstrated here that bovine monocytes respond to particulate β-glucans, through Dectin-1, by increasing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our data support further studies in cattle on the induction of trained immunity using dietary β-glucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R V Pedro
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Imunologia, DIMFF, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Lima
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Leal
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, DPIM, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,UMIB, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel C Ramos
- Animal Nutrition Division, Cooperativa Agrícola de Vila do Conde, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Elisabete G Martins
- ADM Portugal, SA, Murtede, Portugal.,EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida R G Maia
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Imunologia, DIMFF, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- Immunobiology Group, i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratório de Imunologia, DIMFF, ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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47
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Brogi L, Marchese M, Cellerino A, Licitra R, Naef V, Mero S, Bibbiani C, Fronte B. β-Glucans as Dietary Supplement to Improve Locomotion and Mitochondrial Respiration in a Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Nutrients 2021; 13:1619. [PMID: 34065946 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked neuromuscular childhood disorder that causes progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. A lack of dystrophin in DMD leads to inflammatory response, autophagic dysregulation, and oxidative stress in skeletal muscle fibers that play a key role in the progression of the pathology. β-glucans can modulate immune function by modifying the phagocytic activity of immunocompetent cells, notably macrophages. Mitochondrial function is also involved in an important mechanism of the innate and adaptive immune responses, owing to high need for energy of immune cells. In the present study, the effects of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans on five-day-old non-dystrophic and dystrophic (sapje) zebrafish larvae were investigated. The effects of the sonication of β-glucans and the dechorionation of embryos were also evaluated. The results showed that the incidence of dystrophic phenotypes was reduced when dystrophic embryos were exposed to 2 and 4 mg L-1 of 1,3-1,6 β-glucans. Moreover, when the dystrophic larvae underwent 8 mg L-1 treatment, an improvement of the locomotor performances and mitochondrial respiration were observed. In conclusion, the observed results demonstrated that 1,3-1,6 β-glucans improve locomotor performances and mitochondrial function in dystrophic zebrafish. Therefore, for ameliorating their life quality, 1,3-1,6 β-glucans look like a promising diet supplement for DMD patients, even though further investigations are required.
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48
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Shvachko NA, Loskutov IG, Semilet TV, Popov VS, Kovaleva ON, Konarev AV. Bioactive Components in Oat and Barley Grain as a Promising Breeding Trend for Functional Food Production. Molecules 2021; 26:2260. [PMID: 33919686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereal crops, such as oats and barley, possess a number of valuable properties that meet the requirements for functional diet components. This review summarized the available information about bioactive compounds of oat and barley grain. The results of studying the structure and physicochemical properties of the cell wall polysaccharides of barley and oat are presented. The main components of the flavonoids formation pathway are shown and data, concerning anthocyanins biosynthesis in various barley tissues, are discussed. Moreover, we analyzed the available information about structural and regulatory genes of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Hordeum vulgare L. genome, including β-glucan biosynthesis genes in Avena sativa L species. However, there is not enough knowledge about the genes responsible for biosynthesis of β-glucans and corresponding enzymes and plant polyphenols. The review also covers contemporary studies about collections of oat and barley genetic resources held by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). This review intended to provide information on the processes of biosynthesis of biologically active compounds in cereals that will promote further researches devoted to transcription factors controlling expression of structural genes and their role in other physiological processes in higher plants. Found achievements will allow breeders to create new highly productive varieties with the desirable properties.
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49
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Ariyoshi W, Hara S, Koga A, Nagai-Yoshioka Y, Yamasaki R. Biological Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclastogenesis. Molecules 2021; 26:1982. [PMID: 33915775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the anti-tumor and anti-infective properties of β-glucans have been well-discussed, their role in bone metabolism has not been reviewed so far. This review discusses the biological effects of β-glucans on bone metabolisms, especially on bone-resorbing osteoclasts, which are differentiated from hematopoietic precursors. Multiple immunoreceptors that can recognize β-glucans were reported to be expressed in osteoclast precursors. Coordinated co-stimulatory signals mediated by these immunoreceptors are important for the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. Curdlan from the bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation in vitro by affecting both the osteoclast precursors and osteoclast-supporting cells. We also showed that laminarin, lichenan, and glucan from baker’s yeast, as well as β-1,3-glucan from Euglema gracilisas, inhibit the osteoclast formation in bone marrow cells. Consistent with these findings, systemic and local administration of β-glucan derived from Aureobasidium pullulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppressed bone resorption in vivo. However, zymosan derived from S. cerevisiae stimulated the bone resorption activity and is widely used to induce arthritis in animal models. Additional research concerning the relationship between the molecular structure of β-glucan and its effect on osteoclastic bone resorption will be beneficial for the development of novel treatment strategies for bone-related diseases.
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50
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Martínez-Subirà M, Moralejo M, Puig E, Romero MP, Savin R, Romagosa I. Impact of Rising Temperature in the Deposition Patterns of Bioactive Compounds in Field Grown Food Barley Grains. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:598. [PMID: 33810185 PMCID: PMC8004944 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High temperatures at the end of the season are frequent under Mediterranean conditions, affecting final grain quality. This study determined the deposition patterns throughout grain filling of dry matter, dietary fiber, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity for four barley genotypes under two contrasting temperatures. Deposition pattern for dietary fiber followed that of grain weight. Genotypic differences for duration were more significant than for rate. Anthocyanins followed a second-degree polynomial pattern, reaching a maximum before grain maturation. Free and bound phenols decreased as grain developed, suggesting that they are synthesized in early stages. Rate of bound phenols deposition was more sensitive to genotypic changes. Overall, antioxidant capacity decreased over time; the decay being less steep under stress for all genotypes. Heat stress negatively affected grain weight. It did not alter the profile of β-glucans and arabinoxylans deposition but positively changed the accumulation of some phenolic compounds, increasing the antioxidant capacity differentially across genotypes. These results support the growing of food barley in high-temperature stress-prone areas, as some bioactive compound and antioxidant capacity will increase, regardless of the smaller grain size. Moreover, if a market develops for food-barley ingredients, early harvesting of non-mature grain to maximize antioxidant capacity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ignacio Romagosa
- AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, University of Lleida, Av. Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain; (M.M.-S.); (M.M.); (E.P.); (M.-P.R.); (R.S.)
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