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Liu X, Chan VSF, Smith KGC, Ming C, Or CS, Tsui FTW, Gao B, Cook MC, Liu P, Lau CS, Li PH. Recapitulating primary immunodeficiencies with expanded potential stem cells: Proof of concept with STAT1 gain of function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:1125-1139. [PMID: 38072195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) often lack specific disease models and personalized management. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 gain of function (GoF) is such example of an IEI with diverse clinical phenotype with unclear pathomechanisms and unpredictable response to therapy. Limitations in obtaining fresh samples for functional testing and research further highlights the need for patient-specific ex vivo platforms. OBJECTIVE Using STAT1-GoF as an example IEI, we investigated the potential of patient-derived expanded potential stem cells (EPSC) as an ex vivo platform for disease modeling and personalized treatment. METHODS We generated EPSC derived from individual STAT1-GoF patients. STAT1 mutations were confirmed with Sanger sequencing. Functional testing including STAT1 phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and gene expression with or without Janus activating kinase inhibitors were performed. Functional tests were repeated on EPSC lines with GoF mutations repaired by CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) editing. RESULTS EPSC were successfully reprogrammed from STAT1-GoF patients and expressed the same pluripotent makers as controls, with distinct morphologic differences. Patient-derived EPSC recapitulated the functional abnormalities of index STAT1-GoF patients with STAT1 hyperphosphorylation and increased expression of STAT1 and its downstream genes (IRF1, APOL6, and OAS1) after IFN-γ stimulation. Addition of ruxolitinib and baricitinib inhibited STAT1 hyperactivation in STAT1-GoF EPSC in a dose-dependent manner, which was not observed with tofacitinib. Corrected STAT1 phosphorylation and downstream gene expression were observed among repaired STAT1-GoF EPSC cell lines. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential of our patient-derived EPSC platform to model STAT1-GoF. We propose this platform when researching, recapitulating, and repairing other IEI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Liu
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vera S F Chan
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chang Ming
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung Sze Or
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Faria T W Tsui
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pentao Liu
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Philip Hei Li
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Oftedal BE, Sjøgren T, Wolff ASB. Interferon autoantibodies as signals of a sick thymus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1327784. [PMID: 38455040 PMCID: PMC10917889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1327784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are key immune messenger molecules that play an important role in viral defense. They act as a bridge between microbe sensing, immune function magnitude, and adaptive immunity to fight infections, and they must therefore be tightly regulated. It has become increasingly evident that thymic irregularities and mutations in immune genes affecting thymic tolerance can lead to the production of IFN-I autoantibodies (autoAbs). Whether these biomarkers affect the immune system or tissue integrity of the host is still controversial, but new data show that IFN-I autoAbs may increase susceptibility to severe disease caused by certain viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, herpes zoster, and varicella pneumonia. In this article, we will elaborate on disorders that have been identified with IFN-I autoAbs, discuss models of how tolerance to IFN-Is is lost, and explain the consequences for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergithe E. Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thea Sjøgren
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette S. B. Wolff
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Liongue C, Sobah ML, Ward AC. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Proteins at the Nexus of Immunodeficiency, Autoimmunity and Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 12:45. [PMID: 38255152 PMCID: PMC10813391 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of proteins has been demonstrated to perform pivotal roles downstream of a myriad of cytokines, particularly those that control immune cell production and function. This is highlighted by both gain-of-function (GOF) and loss-of-function (LOF) mutations being implicated in various diseases impacting cells of the immune system. These mutations are typically inherited, although somatic GOF mutations are commonly observed in certain immune cell malignancies. This review details the growing appreciation of STAT proteins as a key node linking immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford Liongue
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (C.L.); (M.L.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Mohamed Luban Sobah
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (C.L.); (M.L.S.)
| | - Alister C. Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia; (C.L.); (M.L.S.)
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
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Schwärzler J, Zollner A, Dolejsi T, Mayr L, Oberhuber G, Zschocke J, Sturm W, Tancevski I, Adolph TE, Tilg H. Inflammatory bowel disease in STAT1 gain-of-function immunodeficiency treated with precision medicine. Gut 2023:gutjnl-2023-330588. [PMID: 37620121 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schwärzler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Zollner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresa Dolejsi
- Department of Internal Medicine III Cardiology and Angiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Georg Oberhuber
- INNPATH, Innsbruck Medical University Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sturm
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Tancevski
- Department of Internal Medicine II Infectious Diseases Immunology Rheumatology Pneumology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Timon Erik Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Ott N, Faletti L, Heeg M, Andreani V, Grimbacher B. JAKs and STATs from a Clinical Perspective: Loss-of-Function Mutations, Gain-of-Function Mutations, and Their Multidimensional Consequences. J Clin Immunol 2023:10.1007/s10875-023-01483-x. [PMID: 37140667 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT signaling pathway plays a key role in cytokine signaling and is involved in development, immunity, and tumorigenesis for nearly any cell. At first glance, the JAK/STAT signaling pathway appears to be straightforward. However, on closer examination, the factors influencing the JAK/STAT signaling activity, such as cytokine diversity, receptor profile, overlapping JAK and STAT specificity among non-redundant functions of the JAK/STAT complexes, positive regulators (e.g., cooperating transcription factors), and negative regulators (e.g., SOCS, PIAS, PTP), demonstrate the complexity of the pathway's architecture, which can be quickly disturbed by mutations. The JAK/STAT signaling pathway has been, and still is, subject of basic research and offers an enormous potential for the development of new methods of personalized medicine and thus the translation of basic molecular research into clinical practice beyond the use of JAK inhibitors. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations in the three immunologically particularly relevant signal transducers STAT1, STAT3, and STAT6 as well as JAK1 and JAK3 present themselves through individual phenotypic clinical pictures. The established, traditional paradigm of loss-of-function mutations leading to immunodeficiency and gain-of-function mutation leading to autoimmunity breaks down and a more differentiated picture of disease patterns evolve. This review is intended to provide an overview of these specific syndromes from a clinical perspective and to summarize current findings on pathomechanism, symptoms, immunological features, and therapeutic options of STAT1, STAT3, STAT6, JAK1, and JAK3 loss-of-function and gain-of-function diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ott
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Laura Faletti
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Heeg
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Virginia Andreani
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Borgström EW, Edvinsson M, Pérez LP, Norlin AC, Enoksson SL, Hansen S, Fasth A, Friman V, Kämpe O, Månsson R, Estupiñán HY, Wang Q, Ziyang T, Lakshmikanth T, Smith CIE, Brodin P, Bergman P. Three Adult Cases of STAT1 Gain-of-Function with Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Treated with JAK Inhibitors. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:136-150. [PMID: 36050429 PMCID: PMC9840596 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to characterize clinical effects and biomarkers in three patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) caused by gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in the STAT1 gene during treatment with Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. METHODS Mass cytometry (CyTOF) was used to characterize mononuclear leukocyte populations and Olink assay to quantify 265 plasma proteins. Flow-cytometric Assay for Specific Cell-mediated Immune-response in Activated whole blood (FASCIA) was used to quantify the reactivity against Candida albicans. RESULTS Overall, JAK inhibitors improved clinical symptoms of CMC, but caused side effects in two patients. Absolute numbers of neutrophils, T cells, B cells, and NK cells were sustained during baricitinib treatment. Detailed analysis of cellular subsets, using CyTOF, revealed increased expression of CD45, CD52, and CD99 in NK cells, reflecting a more functional phenotype. Conversely, monocytes and eosinophils downregulated CD16, consistent with reduced inflammation. Moreover, T and B cells showed increased expression of activation markers during treatment. In one patient with a remarkable clinical effect of baricitinib treatment, the immune response to C. albicans increased after 7 weeks of treatment. Alterations in plasma biomarkers involved downregulation of cellular markers CXCL10, annexin A1, granzyme B, granzyme H, and oncostatin M, whereas FGF21 was the only upregulated marker after 7 weeks. After 3 months, IFN-ɣ and CXCL10 were downregulated. CONCLUSIONS The clinical effect of JAK inhibitor treatment of CMC is promising. Several biological variables were altered during baricitinib treatment demonstrating that lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, and eosinophils were affected. In parallel, cellular reactivity against C. albicans was enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie W. Borgström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Edvinsson
- grid.412354.50000 0001 2351 3333Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lucía P. Pérez
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna C. Norlin
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara L. Enoksson
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Hansen
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Fasth
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vanda Friman
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olle Kämpe
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Månsson
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hernando Y. Estupiñán
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.411595.d0000 0001 2105 7207Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, 680002 Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Qing Wang
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Laboratory Medicine, Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tan Ziyang
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tadepally Lakshmikanth
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Inge E. Smith
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Translational Research Center Karolinska (TRACK), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Brodin
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.7445.20000 0001 2113 8111Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Staels F, Roosens W, Giovannozzi S, Moens L, Bogaert J, Iglesias-Herrero C, Gijsbers R, Bossuyt X, Frans G, Liston A, Humblet-Baron S, Meyts I, Van Aelst L, Schrijvers R. Case report: Myocarditis in congenital STAT1 gain-of function. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1095595. [PMID: 37020552 PMCID: PMC10067556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1095595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) gain-of-function (GOF) mutations result in an inborn error of immunity characterized by chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, recurrent viral and bacterial infections, and diverse autoimmune manifestations. Current treatment consists of chronic antifungal therapy, antibiotics for concomitant infections, and immunosuppressive therapy in case of autoimmune diseases. More recently, treatment with Janus kinases 1 and 2 (JAK1/2) inhibitors have shown promising yet variable results. We describe a STAT1 GOF patient with an incidental finding of elevated cardiac troponins, leading to a diagnosis of a longstanding, slowly progressive idiopathic myocarditis, attributed to STAT1 GOF. Treatment with a JAK-inhibitor (baricitinib) mitigated cardiac inflammation on MRI but was unable to alter fibrosis, possibly due to the diagnostic and therapeutic delay, which finally led to fatal arrhythmia. Our case illustrates that myocarditis could be part of the heterogeneous disease spectrum of STAT1 GOF. Given the insidious presentation in our case, a low threshold for cardiac evaluation in STAT1 GOF patients seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Staels
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willem Roosens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simone Giovannozzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Moens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Translational MRI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Iglesias-Herrero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Glynis Frans
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Experimental Laboratory Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Inborn Errors of Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucas Van Aelst
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Rik Schrijvers,
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Application of Bioinformatics Tools for the Prediction of Helper MicroRNAs for Improvement of Oncolytic Virus Efficacy. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5756131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Oncolytic Reoviruses, as a self-limiting virus, can be used in cancer treatment, because they have the ability to replicate in tumor cells selectively and destroy them. Studies show that some immune response proteins may interfere with the virus life cycle. So, the main aim of this bioinformatic study is to check which microRNA is able to target some reovirus inhibitory proteins. Experimental Design. By use of online bioinformatics software, the microRNAs that could target inhibitory genes were selected. Then, other features like content ++ score and cell type were checked and finally the eligible microRNAs were determined. Results. After choosing 15 inhibitory proteins, analysis was performed and finally 37 microRNAs which could target inhibitory proteins in colorectal cell lines were selected. In the end, by investigation of web-based tools, just two microRNAs were finalized. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance. This bioinformatic study shows that microRNA-140 and microRNA-92a have the potential to target some inhibitory proteins which interfere with oncolytic Reovirus replication and it may help in the optimal use of this virus as a cancer treatment. Because selective reproduction of Reovirus in tumor cells, as a nonchemical therapy, can be a good way to overcome this disease with broad advantages.
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Matza Porges S, Shamriz O. Genetics of Immune Dysregulation and Cancer Predisposition: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:114-127. [PMID: 36165533 PMCID: PMC9750831 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of cancers have a hereditary predisposition. However, no genetic diagnosis is available in 60%-80% of familial cancers. In some of these families, immune dysregulation-mediated disease is frequent. The immune system plays a critical role in identifying and eliminating tumors; thus, dysregulation of the immune system can increase the risk of developing cancer. This review focuses on some of the genes involved in immune dysregulation the promote the risk for cancer. Genetic counseling for patients with cancer currently focuses on known genes that raise the risk of cancer. In missing hereditary familial cases, the history family of immune dysregulation should be recorded, and genes related to the immune system should be analyzed in relevant families. On the other hand, patients with immune disorders diagnosed with a pathogenic mutation in an immune regulatory gene may have an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, those patients need to be under surveillance for cancer. Gene panel and exome sequencing are currently standard methods for genetic diagnosis, providing an excellent opportunity to jointly test cancer and immune genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Matza Porges
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute for Medical Research, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Shamriz
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Organization, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Sjøgren T, Bratland E, Røyrvik EC, Grytaas MA, Benneche A, Knappskog PM, Kämpe O, Oftedal BE, Husebye ES, Wolff ASB. Screening patients with autoimmune endocrine disorders for cytokine autoantibodies reveals monogenic immune deficiencies. J Autoimmun 2022; 133:102917. [PMID: 36191466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies against type I interferons (IFN) alpha (α) and omega (ω), and interleukins (IL) 17 and 22 are a hallmark of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1), caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. Such antibodies are also seen in a number of monogenic immunodeficiencies. OBJECTIVES To determine whether screening for cytokine autoantibodies (anti-IFN-ω and anti-IL22) can be used to identify patients with monogenic immune disorders. METHODS A novel ELISA assay was employed to measure IL22 autoantibodies in 675 patients with autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and a radio immune assay (RIA) was used to measure autoantibodies against IFN-ω in 1778 patients with a variety of endocrine diseases, mostly of autoimmune aetiology. Positive cases were sequenced for all coding exons of the AIRE gene. If no AIRE mutations were found, we applied next generation sequencing (NGS) to search for mutations in immune related genes. RESULTS We identified 29 patients with autoantibodies against IFN-ω and/or IL22. Of these, four new APS-1 cases with disease-causing variants in AIRE were found. In addition, we identified two patients with pathogenic heterozygous variants in CTLA4 and NFKB2, respectively. Nine rare variants in other immune genes were identified in six patients, although further studies are needed to determine their disease-causing potential. CONCLUSION Screening of cytokine autoantibodies can efficiently identify patients with previously unknown monogenic and possible oligogenic causes of autoimmune and immune deficiency diseases. This information is crucial for providing personalised treatment and follow-up of patients and their relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Sjøgren
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Eirik Bratland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen C Røyrvik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Marianne Aa Grytaas
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Andreas Benneche
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Per M Knappskog
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olle Kämpe
- KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bergithe E Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anette S B Wolff
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway.
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Chen K, Wu T, Wang D, Li R, Shen X, Zhao T, Ozato K, Li R. Transcriptomics and quantitative proteomics reveal changes after second stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages from lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1004232. [PMID: 36341359 PMCID: PMC9627492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1004232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune memory can cause the occurrence and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases, and it is as well as being strongly associated with the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), however, the specific mechanism remains to be further studied. We learned that IFN-γ stimulation generated innate immune memory in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and activated memory interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). This research used IFN-γ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to treat BMDMs with lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice and showed that particular memory ISGs were substantially elevated in prestimulated macrophages. In order to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), researchers turned to RNA-seq. GO and KEGG analysis showed that up-regulated DEGs were enriched in defense and innate immune responses, and were related to the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)-related pathways in macrophages. TMT-based proteome analysis revealed differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) up-regulated in BMDMs were abundant in metabolic pathways such as glucose metabolism. Our study found that after the secondary stimulation of MRL/lpr mice, the expression of PRRs in innate immune cells was changed, and IFN-related pathways were activated to release a large number of ISGs to promote the secondary response. At the same time, related metabolic modes such as glycolysis were enhanced, and epigenetic changes may occur. Therefore, SLE is brought on, maintained, and worsened by a variety of factors that work together to produce innate immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiyun Wu
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Danyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangfeng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Keiko Ozato, ; Rongqun Li,
| | - Rongqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Rheumatology of Zhejiang Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Keiko Ozato, ; Rongqun Li,
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12
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Mauracher AA, Henrickson SE. Leveraging Systems Immunology to Optimize Diagnosis and Treatment of Inborn Errors of Immunity. FRONTIERS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:910243. [PMID: 37670772 PMCID: PMC10477056 DOI: 10.3389/fsysb.2022.910243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are monogenic disorders that can cause diverse symptoms, including recurrent infections, autoimmunity and malignancy. While many factors have contributed, the increased availability of next-generation sequencing has been central in the remarkable increase in identification of novel monogenic IEI over the past years. Throughout this phase of disease discovery, it has also become evident that a given gene variant does not always yield a consistent phenotype, while variants in seemingly disparate genes can lead to similar clinical presentations. Thus, it is increasingly clear that the clinical phenotype of an IEI patient is not defined by genetics alone, but is also impacted by a myriad of factors. Accordingly, we need methods to amplify our current diagnostic algorithms to better understand mechanisms underlying the variability in our patients and to optimize treatment. In this review, we will explore how systems immunology can contribute to optimizing both diagnosis and treatment of IEI patients by focusing on identifying and quantifying key dysregulated pathways. To improve mechanistic understanding in IEI we must deeply evaluate our rare IEI patients using multimodal strategies, allowing both the quantification of altered immune cell subsets and their functional evaluation. By studying representative controls and patients, we can identify causative pathways underlying immune cell dysfunction and move towards functional diagnosis. Attaining this deeper understanding of IEI will require a stepwise strategy. First, we need to broadly apply these methods to IEI patients to identify patterns of dysfunction. Next, using multimodal data analysis, we can identify key dysregulated pathways. Then, we must develop a core group of simple, effective functional tests that target those pathways to increase efficiency of initial diagnostic investigations, provide evidence for therapeutic selection and contribute to the mechanistic evaluation of genetic results. This core group of simple, effective functional tests, targeting key pathways, can then be equitably provided to our rare patients. Systems biology is thus poised to reframe IEI diagnosis and therapy, fostering research today that will provide streamlined diagnosis and treatment choices for our rare and complex patients in the future, as well as providing a better understanding of basic immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A. Mauracher
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sarah E. Henrickson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Rosenberg JM, Peters JM, Hughes T, Lareau CA, Ludwig LS, Massoth LR, Austin-Tse C, Rehm HL, Bryson B, Chen YB, Regev A, Shalek AK, Fortune SM, Sykes DB. JAK inhibition in a patient with a STAT1 gain-of-function variant reveals STAT1 dysregulation as a common feature of aplastic anemia. MED (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 3:42-57.e5. [PMID: 35590143 PMCID: PMC9123284 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic aplastic anemia is a potentially lethal disease, characterized by T cell-mediated autoimmune attack of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. Standard of care therapies (stem cell transplantation or immunosuppression) are effective but associated with a risk of serious toxicities. METHODS An 18-year-old man presented with aplastic anemia in the context of a germline gain-of-function variant in STAT1. Treatment with the JAK1 inhibitor itacitinib resulted in a rapid resolution of aplastic anemia and a sustained recovery of hematopoiesis. Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were compared before and after JAK1 inhibitor therapy. FINDINGS Following therapy, samples showed a decrease in the plasma concentration of interferon-γ, a decrease in PD1-positive exhausted CD8+ T cell population, and a decrease in an interferon responsive myeloid population. Single-cell analysis of chromatin accessibility showed decreased accessibility of STAT1 across CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as CD14+ monocytes. To query whether other cases of aplastic anemia share a similar STAT1-mediated pathophysiology, we examined a cohort of 9 patients with idiopathic aplastic anemia. Bone marrow from six of nine patients also displayed abnormal STAT1 hyper-activation. CONCLUSIONS These findings raise the possibility that STAT1 hyperactivition defines a subset of idiopathic aplastic anemia patients for whom JAK inhibition may be an efficacious therapy. FUNDING Funding was provided by the Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Medicine Pathways Program and NIH T32 AI007387. A trial registration is at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03906318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA, 02114,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA,Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA,Corresponding Author and Lead Contact: Jacob M. Rosenberg, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA, , 860-930-5744
| | - Joshua M. Peters
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA
| | - Travis Hughes
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA,Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA
| | - Caleb A. Lareau
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA
| | - Leif S. Ludwig
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA
| | - Lucas R. Massoth
- Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA
| | - Christina Austin-Tse
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA, 02114,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA,Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners Personalized Medicine; Cambridge, MA,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA
| | - Heidi L. Rehm
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA, 02114,Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA,Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA
| | - Bryan Bryson
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA
| | - Yi-Bin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA, 02114,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Boston, MA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA,Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA,Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Cambridge, MA
| | - Sarah M. Fortune
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA,Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston, MA
| | - David B. Sykes
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA, 02114,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Cambridge, MA,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center; Boston, MA
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