Effectiveness of Sublingual Immunotherapy in the Treatment of HDM-Induced Nasobronchial Allergies: A 3-Year Randomized Case-Control Study From Kashmir

Development of fast-dissolving sublingual nanofibers containing allergen and curcumin for immune response modulation in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis

Curcumin (CUR) has been considered a potential therapeutic agent for allergic reactions due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Nanofibers have attracted increasing attention in drug delivery. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined therapeutic effects of curcumin and allergen in nanofiber-based treatments in order to increase the effectiveness of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) efficacy in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Nanofibers containing CUR (1.25% and 2.5%) and ovalbumin 2% (OVA) as an allergen were prepared via electrospinning and characterized. BALB/c mice were sensitized with OVA to the induced allergic rhinitis model. SLIT with free and/or nanofibers was carried out. IL-4, INF-γ, and IgE serum levels were measured using ELISA. Splenocyte proliferation was evaluated by the MTT assay. Lung and nasal histological examinations and nasal lavage fluid (NALF) cell counting were carried out. Nanofibers containing 1.25% CUR and 2% OVA were chosen as the optimal formulations. SLIT treatment with the CUR and OVA nanofiber co-administration led to a significantly decreased serum IgE. Nanofiber containing 2.5 µg of CUR/mouse combined with OVA nanofiber showed a significant decrease in IL-4 and an increase in IFN-γ compared to other groups. NALF assessment showed a significant decrease in specific cell and eosinophil counts in the treated nanofiber groups. The histopathological results of NAL in the optimal formulations were near normal, with diminished cellular infiltration and inflammation. Our findings suggest that co-sublingual administration of allergen and CUR nanofibers can be considered as potential immunomodulatory agents.

Genetic diversity and differentiation analysis reveals geographical structure characteristics of Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae)

Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) has been reported as one of the major sources of indoor allergens that trigger allergic disease in humans. In this study, the genetic diversity and differentiation of nine geographic populations of D. farinae were investigated by analyzing mitochondrial and nuclear genes (COI, Cytb, COI+Cytb, and ITS). The results showed high genetic diversity across the D. farinae populations. The BX (Benxi) population showed the lowest genetic diversity, possibly due to climatic causes. Significant genetic differentiation was observed among D. farinae populations based on mitochondrial genes. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results elucidated that the contribution to the rate of variation was primarily from among populations. Phylogenetic analysis and haplotype network based on mitochondrial genes both indicated significant geographic structure among D. farinae populations. The nine geographic populations of D. farinae were divided into two groups with the Qinling Mountains-Huai River Line serving as the boundary for spatial analysis of molecular variance analysis (SAMOVA). However, the Mantel test analysis showed no association between genetic differentiation and geographic distance because of the high level of gene flow among some populations through the transportation of stored food. Overall, these results indicate both significant genetic differentiation among D. farinae populations, but also significant gene exchange between them. Results from the analysis of the nuclear gene ITS differed from the mitochondrial genes due to differences in molecular markers between mitochondrial genes and nuclear genes. These observations improve our understanding of the genetic diversity and structure of D. farinae populations.

rBet v 1a-BanLecwt induce upregulation of IL-10 and IFN-γ gene expression in Caco-2/THP-1 co-culture and secretion of IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-4 levels in PBMCs of birch pollen allergic donors

Novel allergen immunotherapy (AIT) approaches necessitate the use of more effective and safe therapeutics, which can be accomplished by employing novel adjuvants for improved innate immune cell activation, as well as hypoallergenic allergen forms. In this study, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of a chimera rBet v 1a-BanLecwt (rBv1a-BLwt; Cwt) composed of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1a and banana lectin (BanLecwt; BLwt) and two novel chimeras, rBv1l-BLH84T (rBet v 1l-BanLecH84T; C1) and rBLH84T-Bv1l (rBanLecH84T-Bet v 1l; C2), both composed of BLH84T and hypoallergenic birch pollen allergen Bv1l in the co-culture model Caco-2/THP-1, and PBMCs from donors with birch pollen allergy. The chimeric molecules rBv1l-BLH84T (C1) and rBLH84T-Bv1l (C2) were created in silico and then produced in E. coli using recombinant DNA technology. Real-time PCR analysis of gene expression following compound treatment in the co-culture model revealed that all three chimeras have the potential to induce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 gene expression in Caco-2 cells and IFN-γ gene expression in THP-1 cells. Sandwich ELISA revealed that Cwt increased IL-10 secretion and IFN-/IL-4 levels in PBMCs from birch pollen allergic donors, whereas C1 and C2 were less effective. The findings suggest that Cwt should be analyzed further due to its potential benefit in AIT.

Investigating Experimental Treatments for Rhinitis: A State-of-the-Art Systematic Review

Background: Rhinitis is a common inflammatory condition that affects the nasal passages, significantly impacting quality of life and placing a considerable burden on healthcare systems. While traditional treatments offer limited relief, there is a growing interest in novel therapies. This systematic review aims to analyze investigational new treatments for rhinitis. Methods: A search was conducted in ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and the European Union Clinical Trials Register, as well as PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Both ongoing and completed clinical trials exploring innovative therapies for rhinitis, including immunotherapy, probiotics, and stem cell therapy, were included. Results: This systematic review compiled information from 74 clinical trials-51 completed and 23 ongoing-focused on new treatments for rhinitis. A significant portion of the completed studies (44) focused on various forms of immunotherapy, which showed potential for long-term effectiveness and had a high safety profile. Another seven completed trials investigated probiotics as a treatment method, yielding mixed results, though they did show promise in managing symptoms, particularly when combined with other treatments. The ongoing trials are primarily investigating immunotherapy, with a smaller number looking at probiotics and stem cell therapy. This shows a continued exploration of innovative and diverse therapies for managing rhinitis. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of emerging rhinitis therapies to improve patient outcomes and enhance quality of life. Continued research is recommended for developing more effective, personalized, and targeted therapeutic strategies for rhinitis.

A review on aero-allergen induced allergy in India

Allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, rhinitis and eczema are an important public health issue globally in 21st century. Their prevalence and impact in India is high, in terms of total numbers of people affected. Due to diverse climate and lifestyle, the Indian population is exposed to a rich and varied range of aerobiological particles. In the last two decades in India, 83 pollens, 34 fungi, six dust mite and 19 insect species were reported as allergenic, often contributing to heavy allergenic exposure in indoor and outdoor environments. There are currently few practitioners who offer allergy diagnosis and treatment in India, but there is active basic and molecular research aiming to improve the health of allergic patients. This review explores the field of aero-allergy in India during the last two decades, with special emphasis on prevalence across various centres and relevant scientific advances such as genetic associations and new therapeutics. This review will be helpful for clinicians to select aero-allergens for sensitisation testing in patients suffering from symptoms in different regions of India, and to support patients undertaking prophylaxis of allergic symptoms in India according to local environmental conditions. This study also helps to define patient selection for allergy testing and the role of test results in guiding allergic disease management in the Indian context. Finally, we summarize genetic findings relevant to aero-allergy in India and discuss the development of novel therapeutics for investigation and management of aero-allergy in India.