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Yakhkeshi S, Isah MB, Sadeghi-Abandansari H, Zhang X. Advances in IgY antibody dosage form design and delivery strategies: Current status and future perspective. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 300:140291. [PMID: 39863212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2024] [Revised: 01/19/2025] [Accepted: 01/22/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), a unique type of antibody found in birds, is attracting increasing attention for a broad range of biomedical applications. Rational IgY protection, dosage form design, and delivery are highly essential to transform functional IgY antibodies into desired IgY products for therapeutic and prophylactic administration. Although progress has been made in this field, it remains in the early stages, highlighting the fundamental research and development needed in this aspect of IgY technology. Hence, this article reviews the conventional and innovative IgY dosage designs and delivery strategies, emphasizes the challenges faced in various IgY delivery systems, discusses the criteria for evaluating IgY dosage form performance, and provides a comprehensive analysis of the current research status and prospects of IgY delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Yakhkeshi
- Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, Shaanxi International Cooperation Demonstration Base, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China; Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Murtala Bindawa Isah
- Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, Shaanxi International Cooperation Demonstration Base, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China; Department of Biochemistry, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Hamid Sadeghi-Abandansari
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Chinese-German Joint Institute for Natural Product Research, Shaanxi International Cooperation Demonstration Base, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi 723000, China; Department of Biology, Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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Hawkins M, Robley B, Alem F, Narayanan A, Larson P, Hull J, Hajduk I, Wallach M. Economically Feasible Mass Production of Egg Yolk Powder Tablets (Chicken IgY) for Global COVID-19 Transmission Prevention. RESEARCH SQUARE 2025:rs.3.rs-5068132. [PMID: 40166022 PMCID: PMC11957237 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5068132/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
Despite the overall positive outcomes in hospitalization and mortality rates from the COVID-19 vaccines, COVID-19 infections remained prevalent around the world highlighting the need for alternative control strategies. Passive immunization with chicken IgY has long served as a feasible countermeasure, which gained further popularity in the research community during the recent pandemic. Here we demonstrate for the first time the scalability of anti-COVID-19 IgY production for effective distribution and potential use in large populations. Over 70,000 chickens were immunized against the SARS-CoV-2 S1 antigen to produce eggs containing anti-S1 IgY. The resulting egg yolk powder was formulated into commercially acceptable tablets for human consumption. QC and stability testing showed that the purified IgY and tablets maintained activity and stability for over a year. The resulting large batch of IgY tablets demonstrated equal immunoreactivity and virus neutralization potential against all leading COVID-19 strains. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing egg yolk powder into edible tablets, and that can now be employed to block viral infectivity and transmission against all major COVID-19 strains affordably and effectively manner in both developed and developing countries.
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Fibriani A, Naisanu K, Yamahoki N, Kinanti DR. Development of polyclonal chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 multi-epitope antigen. J Virol Methods 2025; 331:115062. [PMID: 39551444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.115062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/08/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the primary cause of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which affects millions of people worldwide with high levels of infectivity and mortality. However, the antibodies developed for COVID-19 research and diagnostics are still limited. Therefore, in this study, we developed polyclonal immunoglobulin (IgY) antibodies from chicken egg yolk targeting multi-epitope antigen of SARS-CoV-2. After immunizing hens with a SARS-CoV-2 multi-epitope peptide, IgY antibodies were isolated from chicken eggs and further characterized using SDS-PAGE and ELISA. The results showed that the IgY antibodies were successfully isolated from egg yolks. The sandwich ELISA results demonstrated that the isolated IgYs could bind to SARS-CoV-2 antigens, both the multi-epitope peptide and the trimeric Spike. Furthermore, the developed polyclonal antibodies could recognize SARS-CoV-2 in human nasopharyngeal swab samples, even at the lowest concentration (dilution at 1:10000). Thus, it can be concluded that the developed polyclonal IgYs were successfully produced and have the potential to be applied in the development of COVID-19 diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzania Fibriani
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Katerina Naisanu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Nicholas Yamahoki
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Denti Rizki Kinanti
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
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Madai M, Hanna D, Hetényi R, Földes F, Lanszki Z, Zana B, Somogyi B, Papp H, Kuczmog A, Faragó-Sipos O, Nemes C, Palya V, Horváth DG, Balka G, Bányai K, Jia X, Balogh P, Bajnóczi P. Evaluating the Protective Role of Intranasally Administered Avian-Derived IgY Against SARS-CoV-2 in Syrian Hamster Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1422. [PMID: 39772082 PMCID: PMC11728625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2024] [Revised: 11/17/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for alternative prophylactic measures, particularly for populations for whom vaccines may not be effective or accessible. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of intranasally administered IgY antibodies derived from hen egg yolks as a protective agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian golden hamsters, a well-established animal model for COVID-19. METHODS Hens were immunized with the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to generate IgY antibodies. These antibodies were extracted from the egg yolks, purified, and their neutralizing activity was tested in vitro. Syrian golden hamsters were then treated with the IgY antibodies before being challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Viral loads were quantified using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), and lung pathology was assessed through histopathological analysis. RESULTS The in vitro assays showed that IgY effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2. In the in vivo hamster model, IgY treatment led to a significant reduction in viral loads and a marked decrease in lung consolidation and inflammation compared to the positive control group. Histopathological findings further supported the protective role of IgY in reducing lung damage caused by SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that IgY antibodies exhibit strong antiviral activity and can significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral loads and associated lung pathology in hamsters. These findings suggest that IgY could be a viable prophylactic option for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly for individuals who cannot receive or respond to vaccines. Further studies are warranted to optimize dosage and explore the long-term efficacy of IgY antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Madai
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Dániel Hanna
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
- RoLink Biotechnology Kft., 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Roland Hetényi
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
- RoLink Biotechnology Kft., 7623 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Fanni Földes
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Zsófia Lanszki
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Zana
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Balázs Somogyi
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Henrietta Papp
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Anett Kuczmog
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Csaba Nemes
- Prophyl Kft., 7700 Mohács, Hungary; (O.F.-S.); (C.N.); (V.P.)
| | - Vilmos Palya
- Prophyl Kft., 7700 Mohács, Hungary; (O.F.-S.); (C.N.); (V.P.)
| | - Dávid Géza Horváth
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (D.G.H.); (G.B.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (D.G.H.); (G.B.)
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- National Laboratory of Virology, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (D.H.); (R.H.); (F.F.); (Z.L.); (B.Z.); (B.S.); (H.P.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xinkai Jia
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (X.J.); (P.B.)
| | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary; (X.J.); (P.B.)
| | - Pál Bajnóczi
- Prophyl Kft., 7700 Mohács, Hungary; (O.F.-S.); (C.N.); (V.P.)
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Lv T, Xie X, Diao L, Jiang S, Ding Y, Yuan X, Gong L, Chen X, Zhang W, Cao Y. Leptospira-specific immunoglobulin Y (IgY) is protective in infected hamsters. Vaccine 2024; 42:3220-3229. [PMID: 38641497 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a globally significant zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira, continues to threaten the health and public safety of both humans and animals. Current clinical treatment of leptospirosis mainly relies on antibiotics but their efficacy in severe cases is controversial. Passive immunization has a protective effect in the treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, chicken egg yolk antibody (IgY) has gained increasing attention as a safe passive immunization agent. This study aimed to investigate whether hens produce specific IgY after immunization with inactivated Leptospira and the protective effect of specific IgY against leptospirosis. First, it was demonstrated that specific IgY could be extracted from the eggs of hens vaccinated with inactivated Leptospira and that specific IgY can specifically recognize and bind homotypic Leptospira with a high titre, as shown by MAT and ELISA. Next, we tested the therapeutic effects of IgY in early and late leptospirosis using a hamster model. The results showed that early specific IgY treatment increased the survival rate of hamsters to 100%, alleviated pathological damage to the liver, kidney, and lung, reduced leptospiral burden, and restored haematological indices as well as functional indicators of the liver and kidney. The therapeutic effect of early specific IgY was comparable to that of doxycycline. Late IgY treatment also enhanced the survival rate of hamsters and improved the symptoms of leptospirosis similar to early IgY treatment. However, the therapeutic effect of late IgY treatment was better when combined with doxycycline. Furthermore, no Leptospira colonization was observed in the kidneys, livers, or lungs of the surviving hamsters treated with specific IgY. Mechanistically, IgY was found to inhibit the growth and adhesion to cells of Leptospira. In conclusion, passive immunotherapy with specific IgY can be considered an effective treatment for leptospirosis, and may replace antibiotics regarding its therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Lv
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xufeng Xie
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Luteng Diao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yue Ding
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lingling Gong
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Yongguo Cao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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