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Ji Y, McLean JL, Xu R. Emerging Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Human-Animal Brain Chimeras for Advancing Disease Modeling and Cell Therapy for Neurological Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:1315-1332. [PMID: 38466557 PMCID: PMC11365908 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) models provide unprecedented opportunities to study human neurological disorders by recapitulating human-specific disease mechanisms. In particular, hPSC-based human-animal brain chimeras enable the study of human cell pathophysiology in vivo. In chimeric brains, human neural and immune cells can maintain human-specific features, undergo maturation, and functionally integrate into host brains, allowing scientists to study how human cells impact neural circuits and animal behaviors. The emerging human-animal brain chimeras hold promise for modeling human brain cells and their interactions in health and disease, elucidating the disease mechanism from molecular and cellular to circuit and behavioral levels, and testing the efficacy of cell therapy interventions. Here, we discuss recent advances in the generation and applications of using human-animal chimeric brain models for the study of neurological disorders, including disease modeling and cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Ji
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jenna Lillie McLean
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ranjie Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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2
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Ayoub R, Yang S, Ji H, Fan L, De Michino S, Mabbott DJ, Nieman BJ. Brain volume and microglial density changes are correlated in a juvenile mouse model of cranial radiation and CSF1R inhibitor treatment. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2024:e5222. [PMID: 39164196 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Microglia have been shown to proliferate and become activated following cranial radiotherapy (CRT), resulting in a chronic inflammatory response. We investigated the role of microglia in contributing to widespread volume losses observed in the brain following CRT in juvenile mice. To manipulate microglia, we used low-dose treatment with a highly selective CSF1R inhibitor called PLX5622 (PLX). We hypothesized that alteration of the post-CRT microglia population would lead to changes in brain development outcomes, as evaluated by structural MRI. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were provided with daily intraperitoneal injections of PLX (25 mg/kg) or vehicle from postnatal day (P)14 to P19. Mice also received whole-brain irradiation (7 Gy) or sham irradiation (0 Gy) at 16 days of age. In one cohort of mice, immunohistochemical assessment in tissue sections was conducted to assess the impact of the selected PLX and CRT doses as well as their combination. In a separate cohort, mice were imaged using MRI at P14 (pretreatment), P19, P23, P42 and P63 in order to assess induced volume changes, which were measured based on structures from a predefined atlas. We observed that PLX and radiation treatments led to sex-specific changes in the microglial cell population. Across treatment groups, MRI-detected anatomical volumes at P19 and P63 were associated with microglia and proliferating microglia densities, respectively. Overall, our study demonstrates that low-dose PLX treatment produces a sex-dependent response in juvenile mice, that manipulation of microglia alters CRT-induced volume changes and that microglia density and MRI-derived volume changes are correlated in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Ayoub
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabrina Yang
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen Ji
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lloyd Fan
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven De Michino
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donald J Mabbott
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian J Nieman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Wickel J, Chung HY, Ceanga M, von Stackelberg N, Hahn N, Candemir Ö, Baade-Büttner C, Mein N, Tomasini P, Woldeyesus DM, Andreas N, Baumgarten P, Koch P, Groth M, Wang ZQ, Geis C. Repopulated microglia after pharmacological depletion decrease dendritic spine density in adult mouse brain. Glia 2024; 72:1484-1500. [PMID: 38780213 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are innate immune cells in the brain and show exceptional heterogeneity. They are key players in brain physiological development regulating synaptic plasticity and shaping neuronal networks. In pathological disease states, microglia-induced synaptic pruning mediates synaptic loss and targeting microglia was proposed as a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the effect of microglia depletion and subsequent repopulation on dendritic spine density and neuronal function in the adult brain is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated whether pharmacological microglia depletion affects dendritic spine density after long-term permanent microglia depletion and after short-term microglia depletion with subsequent repopulation. Long-term microglia depletion using colony-stimulating-factor-1 receptor (CSF1-R) inhibitor PLX5622 resulted in increased overall spine density, especially of mushroom spines, and increased excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes. Short-term PLX5622 treatment with subsequent repopulation of microglia had an opposite effect resulting in activated microglia with increased synaptic phagocytosis and consequently decreased spine density and reduced excitatory neurotransmission, while Barnes maze and elevated plus maze testing was unaffected. Moreover, RNA sequencing data of isolated repopulated microglia showed an activated and proinflammatory phenotype. Long-term microglia depletion might be a promising therapeutic strategy in neurological diseases with pathological microglial activation, synaptic pruning, and synapse loss. However, repopulation after depletion induces activated microglia and results in a decrease of dendritic spines possibly limiting the therapeutic application of microglia depletion. Instead, persistent modulation of pathological microglia activity might be beneficial in controlling synaptic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wickel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ha-Yeun Chung
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mihai Ceanga
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nikolai von Stackelberg
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nina Hahn
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Özge Candemir
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Baade-Büttner
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nils Mein
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Paula Tomasini
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Dan M Woldeyesus
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Andreas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Koch
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Christian Geis
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
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4
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Bedolla A, Wegman E, Weed M, Stevens MK, Ware K, Paranjpe A, Alkhimovitch A, Ifergan I, Taranov A, Peter JD, Gonzalez RMS, Robinson JE, McClain L, Roskin KM, Greig NH, Luo Y. Adult microglial TGFβ1 is required for microglia homeostasis via an autocrine mechanism to maintain cognitive function in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5306. [PMID: 38906887 PMCID: PMC11192737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49596-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
While TGF-β signaling is essential for microglial function, the cellular source of TGF-β1 ligand and its spatial regulation remains unclear in the adult CNS. Our data supports that microglia but not astrocytes or neurons are the primary producers of TGF-β1 ligands needed for microglial homeostasis. Microglia-Tgfb1 KO leads to the activation of microglia featuring a dyshomeostatic transcriptome that resembles disease-associated, injury-associated, and aged microglia, suggesting microglial self-produced TGF-β1 ligands are important in the adult CNS. Astrocytes in MG-Tgfb1 inducible (i)KO mice show a transcriptome profile that is closely aligned with an LPS-associated astrocyte profile. Additionally, using sparse mosaic single-cell microglia KO of TGF-β1 ligand we established an autocrine mechanism for signaling. Here we show that MG-Tgfb1 iKO mice present cognitive deficits, supporting that precise spatial regulation of TGF-β1 ligand derived from microglia is required for the maintenance of brain homeostasis and normal cognitive function in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Elliot Wegman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Max Weed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Kierra Ware
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aditi Paranjpe
- Information Services for Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Anastasia Alkhimovitch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aleksandr Taranov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joshua D Peter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Rosa Maria Salazar Gonzalez
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, US
| | - J Elliott Robinson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, US
| | - Lucas McClain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Krishna M Roskin
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, US
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Ma L, Zhu X, Tang C, Pan P, Yadav A, Liang R, Press K, Nelson J, Su H. CNS resident macrophages enhance dysfunctional angiogenesis and circulating monocytes infiltration in brain arteriovenous malformation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:925-937. [PMID: 38415628 PMCID: PMC11318399 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241236008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Myeloid immune cells are abundant in both ruptured and unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs). The role of central nervous system (CNS) resident and circulating monocyte-derived macrophages in bAVM pathogenesis has not been fully understood. We hypothesize that CNS resident macrophages enhance bAVM development and hemorrhage. RNA sequencing using cultured endothelial cells (ECs) and mouse bAVM samples revealed that downregulation of two bAVM causative genes, activin-like kinase 1 (ALK1) or endoglin, increased inflammation and innate immune signaling. To understand the role of CNS resident macrophages in bAVM development and hemorrhage, we administrated a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor to bAVM mice with brain focal Alk1 deletion. Transient depletion of CNS resident macrophages at an early stage of bAVM development mitigated the phenotype severity of bAVM, including a prolonged inhibition of angiogenesis, dysplastic vasculature formation, and infiltration of CNS resident and circulating monocyte-derived macrophages during bAVM development. Transient depletion of CNS resident macrophages increased EC tight junction protein expression, reduced the number of dysplasia vessels and severe hemorrhage in established bAVMs. Thus, EC AVM causative gene mutation can activate CNS resident macrophages promoting bAVM progression. CNS resident macrophage could be a therapeutic target to mitigate the development and severity of bAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaonan Zhu
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chaoliang Tang
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peipei Pan
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alka Yadav
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rich Liang
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kelly Press
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Nelson
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hua Su
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Da Mesquita S, Rua R. Brain border-associated macrophages: common denominators in infection, aging, and Alzheimer's disease? Trends Immunol 2024; 45:346-357. [PMID: 38632001 PMCID: PMC11088519 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian brain border-associated macrophages (BAMs) are strategically positioned to support vital properties and processes: for example, the composition of the brain's perivascular extracellular matrix and cerebrospinal fluid flow via the glymphatic pathway. BAMs also effectively restrict the spread of infectious microbes into the brain. However, while fighting infections, BAMs sustain long-term transcriptomic changes and can be replaced by inflammatory monocytes, potentially leading to a gradual loss of their beneficial homeostatic functions. We hypothesize that by expediting the deterioration of BAMs, multiple infection episodes might be associated with accelerated brain aging and the putative development of neurodegenerative diseases. Our viewpoint is supported by recent studies suggesting that rejuvenating aged BAMs, and counterbalancing their detrimental inflammatory signatures during infections, might hold promise in treating aging-related neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rejane Rua
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France.
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Li X, Cheng Y, Gu P, Zhao C, Li Z, Tong L, Zeng W, Liang J, Luo E, Jiang Q, Zhou Z, Fan Y, Zhang X, Sun Y. Engineered Microchannel Scaffolds with Instructive Niches Reinforce Endogenous Bone Regeneration by Regulating CSF-1/CSF-1R Pathway. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310876. [PMID: 38321645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Structural and physiological cues provide guidance for the directional migration and spatial organization of endogenous cells. Here, a microchannel scaffold with instructive niches is developed using a circumferential freeze-casting technique with an alkaline salting-out strategy. Thereinto, polydopamine-coated nano-hydroxyapatite is employed as a functional inorganic linker to participate in the entanglement and crystallization of chitosan molecules. This scaffold orchestrates the advantage of an oriented porous structure for rapid cell infiltration and satisfactory immunomodulatory capacity to promote stem cell recruitment, retention, and subsequent osteogenic differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis as well as its in vitro and in vivo verification demonstrates that essential colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) factor is induced by this scaffold, and effectively bound to the target colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) on the macrophage surface to activate the M2 phenotype, achieving substantial endogenous bone regeneration. This strategy provides a simple and efficient approach for engineering inducible bone regenerative biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yaling Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Peiyang Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chengkun Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhulian Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tong
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Weinan Zeng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institution, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- Sichuan Testing Center for Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, 14#, 3rd, Section of Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Qing Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zongke Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institution, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17# Gaopeng Avenue, Chengdu, 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, 29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, P. R. China
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Wang M, Caryotakis SE, Smith GG, Nguyen AV, Pleasure DE, Soulika AM. CSF1R antagonism results in increased supraspinal infiltration in EAE. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:103. [PMID: 38643194 PMCID: PMC11031888 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling is crucial for the maintenance and function of various myeloid subsets. CSF1R antagonism was previously shown to mitigate clinical severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The associated mechanisms are still not well delineated. METHODS To assess the effect of CSF1R signaling, we employed the CSF1R antagonist PLX5622 formulated in chow (PLX5622 diet, PD) and its control chow (control diet, CD). We examined the effect of PD in steady state and EAE by analyzing cells isolated from peripheral immune organs and from the CNS via flow cytometry. We determined CNS infiltration sites and assessed the extent of demyelination using immunohistochemistry of cerebella and spinal cords. Transcripts of genes associated with neuroinflammation were also analyzed in these tissues. RESULTS In addition to microglial depletion, PD treatment reduced dendritic cells and macrophages in peripheral immune organs, both during steady state and during EAE. Furthermore, CSF1R antagonism modulated numbers and relative frequencies of T effector cells both in the periphery and in the CNS during the early stages of the disease. Classical neurological symptoms were milder in PD compared to CD mice. Interestingly, a subset of PD mice developed atypical EAE symptoms. Unlike previous studies, we observed that the CNS of PD mice was infiltrated by increased numbers of peripheral immune cells compared to that of CD mice. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CNS infiltrates in PD mice were mainly localized in the cerebellum while in CD mice infiltrates were primarily localized in the spinal cords during the onset of neurological deficits. Accordingly, during the same timepoint, cerebella of PD but not of CD mice had extensive demyelinating lesions, while spinal cords of CD but not of PD mice were heavily demyelinated. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CSF1R activity modulates the cellular composition of immune cells both in the periphery and within the CNS, and affects lesion localization during the early EAE stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Wang
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sofia E Caryotakis
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Glendalyn G Smith
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Alan V Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Sutro Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David E Pleasure
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Athena M Soulika
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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9
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Pinget GV, Purohit SK, Macia L, King NJ, Niewold P. NK cell profiling in West Nile virus encephalitis reveals potential metabolic basis for functional inhibition. Immunol Cell Biol 2024; 102:280-291. [PMID: 38421112 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes important for viral defense. West Nile virus (WNV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) causes marked recruitment of bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes, T cells and NK cells, resulting in severe neuroinflammation and brain damage. Despite substantial numbers of NK cells in the CNS, their function and phenotype remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that NK cells mature from the BM to the brain, upregulate inhibitory receptors and show reduced cytokine production and degranulation, likely due to the increased expression of the inhibitory NK cell molecule, MHC-I. Intriguingly, this correlated with a reduction in metabolism associated with cytotoxicity in brain-infiltrating NK cells. Importantly, the degranulation and killing capability were restored in NK cells isolated from WNV-infected tissue, suggesting that WNV-induced NK cell inhibition occurs in the CNS. Overall, this work identifies a potential link between MHC-I inhibition of NK cells and metabolic reduction of their cytotoxicity during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Claire L Wishart
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriela V Pinget
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shivam K Purohit
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Jc King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Spiteri AG, Pilkington KR, Wishart CL, Macia L, King NJC. High-Dimensional Methods of Single-Cell Microglial Profiling to Enhance Understanding of Neuropathological Disease. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e985. [PMID: 38439574 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Microglia are the innate myeloid cells of the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, functionally implicated in almost every defined neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder. Current understanding of disease pathogenesis for many neuropathologies is limited and/or lacks reliable diagnostic markers, vaccines, and treatments. With the increasing aging of society and rise in neurogenerative diseases, improving our understanding of their pathogenesis is essential. Analysis of microglia from murine disease models provides an investigative tool to unravel disease processes. In many neuropathologies, bone-marrow-derived monocytes are recruited to the CNS, adopting a phenotype similar to that of microglia. This significantly confounds the accurate identification of cell-type-specific functions and downstream therapeutic targeting. The increased capacity to analyze more phenotypic markers using spectral-cytometry-based technologies allows improved separation of microglia from monocyte-derived cells. Full-spectrum profiling enables enhanced marker resolution, time-efficient analysis of >40 fluorescence parameters, and extraction of cellular autofluorescence parameters. Coupling this system with additional cytometric technologies, including cell sorting and high-parameter imaging, can improve the understanding of microglial phenotypes in disease. To this end, we provide detailed, step-by-step protocols for the analysis of murine brain tissue by high-parameter ex vivo cytometric analysis using the Aurora spectral cytometer (Cytek), including best practices for unmixing and autofluorescence extraction, cell sorting for single-cell RNA analysis, and imaging mass cytometry. Together, this provides a toolkit for researchers to comprehensively investigate microglial disease processes at protein, RNA, and spatial levels for the identification of therapeutic targets in neuropathology. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Processing the mouse brain into a single-cell suspension for microglia isolation Basic Protocol 2: Staining single-cell mouse brain suspensions for microglial phenotyping by spectral cytometry Basic Protocol 3: Flow cytometric sorting of mouse microglia for ex vivo analysis Basic Protocol 4: Processing the mouse brain for imaging mass cytometry for spatial microglia analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Claire L Wishart
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Fotio Y, Mabou Tagne A, Squire E, Lee HL, Phillips CM, Chang K, Ahmed F, Greenberg AS, Villalta SA, Scarfone VM, Spadoni G, Mor M, Piomelli D. NAAA-regulated lipid signaling in monocytes controls the induction of hyperalgesic priming in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1705. [PMID: 38402219 PMCID: PMC10894261 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating monocytes participate in pain chronification but the molecular events that cause their deployment are unclear. Using a mouse model of hyperalgesic priming (HP), we show that monocytes enable progression to pain chronicity through a mechanism that requires transient activation of the hydrolase, N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA), and the consequent suppression of NAAA-regulated lipid signaling at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α). Inhibiting NAAA in the 72 hours following administration of a priming stimulus prevented HP. This effect was phenocopied by NAAA deletion and depended on PPAR-α recruitment. Mice lacking NAAA in CD11b+ cells - monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils - were resistant to HP induction. Conversely, mice overexpressing NAAA or lacking PPAR-α in the same cells were constitutively primed. Depletion of monocytes, but not resident macrophages, generated mice that were refractory to HP. The results identify NAAA-regulated signaling in monocytes as a control node in the induction of HP and, potentially, the transition to pain chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Fotio
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alex Mabou Tagne
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Erica Squire
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hye-Lim Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Connor M Phillips
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kayla Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Faizy Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - S Armando Villalta
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa M Scarfone
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gilberto Spadoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università di Urbino "Carlo Bo,", Urbino, Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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12
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Adhikari A, Chauhan K, Adhikari M, Tiwari AK. Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor: An emerging target for neuroinflammation PET imaging and AD therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 100:117628. [PMID: 38330850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Although neuroinflammation is a significant pathogenic feature of many neurologic disorders, its precise function in-vivo is still not completely known. PET imaging enables the longitudinal examination, quantification, and tracking of different neuroinflammation biomarkers in living subjects. Particularly, PET imaging of Microglia, specialised dynamic immune cells crucial for maintaining brain homeostasis in central nervous system (CNS), is crucial for staging the neuroinflammation. Colony Stimulating Factor- 1 Receptor (CSF-1R) PET imaging is a novel method for the quantification of neuroinflammation. CSF-1R is mainly expressed on microglia, and neurodegenerative disorders greatly up-regulate its expression. The present review primarily focuses on the development, pros and cons of all the CSF-1R PET tracers reported for neuroinflammation imaging. Apart from neuroinflammation imaging, CSF-1R inhibitors are also reported for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is a prevalent, advancing, and fatal neurodegenerative condition that have the characteristic feature of persistent neuroinflammation and primarily affects the elderly. The aetiology of AD is profoundly influenced by amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and microglial dysfunction. Increasing evidence suggests that CSF-1R inhibitors (CSF-1Ri) can be helpful in preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases. This review article also summarises the most recent developments of CSF-1Ri-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era Hill University, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Kanchan Chauhan
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California 22860, Mexico
| | - Manish Adhikari
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Anjani K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb, Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Denes A, Hansen CE, Oezorhan U, Figuerola S, de Vries HE, Sorokin L, Planas AM, Engelhardt B, Schwaninger M. Endothelial cells and macrophages as allies in the healthy and diseased brain. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:38. [PMID: 38347307 PMCID: PMC10861611 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) are often associated with vascular disturbances or inflammation and frequently both. Consequently, endothelial cells and macrophages are key cellular players that mediate pathology in many CNS diseases. Macrophages in the brain consist of the CNS-associated macrophages (CAMs) [also referred to as border-associated macrophages (BAMs)] and microglia, both of which are close neighbours or even form direct contacts with endothelial cells in microvessels. Recent progress has revealed that different macrophage populations in the CNS and a subset of brain endothelial cells are derived from the same erythromyeloid progenitor cells. Macrophages and endothelial cells share several common features in their life cycle-from invasion into the CNS early during embryonic development and proliferation in the CNS, to their demise. In adults, microglia and CAMs have been implicated in regulating the patency and diameter of vessels, blood flow, the tightness of the blood-brain barrier, the removal of vascular calcification, and the life-time of brain endothelial cells. Conversely, CNS endothelial cells may affect the polarization and activation state of myeloid populations. The molecular mechanisms governing the pas de deux of brain macrophages and endothelial cells are beginning to be deciphered and will be reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Denes
- "Momentum" Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cathrin E Hansen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uemit Oezorhan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sara Figuerola
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia Sorokin
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Muenster, Munster, Germany
- Cells-in-Motion Interfaculty Centre (CIMIC), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anna M Planas
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Research Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
- German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg, Lübeck, Kiel, Germany.
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14
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Weyer MP, Strehle J, Schäfer MKE, Tegeder I. Repurposing of pexidartinib for microglia depletion and renewal. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108565. [PMID: 38052308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Pexidartinib (PLX3397) is a small molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor of colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) with moderate selectivity over other members of the platelet derived growth factor receptor family. It is approved for treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT). CSF1R is highly expressed by microglia, which are macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) that defend the CNS against injury and pathogens and contribute to synapse development and plasticity. Challenged by pathogens, apoptotic cells, debris, or inflammatory molecules they adopt a responsive state to propagate the inflammation and eventually return to a homeostatic state. The phenotypic switch may fail, and disease-associated microglia contribute to the pathophysiology in neurodegenerative or neuropsychiatric diseases or long-lasting detrimental brain inflammation after brain, spinal cord or nerve injury or ischemia/hemorrhage. Microglia also contribute to the growth permissive tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma (GBM). In rodents, continuous treatment for 1-2 weeks via pexidartinib food pellets leads to a depletion of microglia and subsequent repopulation from the remaining fraction, which is aided by peripheral monocytes that search empty niches for engraftment. The putative therapeutic benefit of such microglia depletion or forced renewal has been assessed in almost any rodent model of CNS disease or injury or GBM with heterogeneous outcomes, but a tendency of partial beneficial effects. So far, microglia monitoring e.g. via positron emission imaging is not standard of care for patients receiving Pexidartinib (e.g. for TGCT), so that the depletion and repopulation efficiency in humans is still largely unknown. Considering the virtuous functions of microglia, continuous depletion is likely no therapeutic option but short-lasting transient partial depletion to stimulate microglia renewal or replace microglia in genetic disease in combination with e.g. stem cell transplantation or as part of a multimodal concept in treatment of glioblastoma appears feasible. The present review provides an overview of the preclinical evidence pro and contra microglia depletion as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Philipp Weyer
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Strehle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Faculty of Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany.
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15
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Alkubaisi BO, Aljobowry R, Ali SM, Sultan S, Zaraei SO, Ravi A, Al-Tel TH, El-Gamal MI. The latest perspectives of small molecules FMS kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115796. [PMID: 37708796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
FMS kinase is a type III tyrosine kinase receptor that plays a central role in the pathophysiology and management of several diseases, including a range of cancer types, inflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and bone disorders among others. In this review, the pathophysiological pathways of FMS kinase in different diseases and the recent developments of its monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors during the last five years are discussed. The biological and biochemical features of these inhibitors, including binding interactions, structure-activity relationships (SAR), selectivity, and potencies are discussed. The focus of this article is on the compounds that are promising leads and undergoing advanced clinical investigations, as well as on those that received FDA approval. In this article, we attempt to classify the reviewed FMS inhibitors according to their core chemical structure including pyridine, pyrrolopyridine, pyrazolopyridine, quinoline, and pyrimidine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal O Alkubaisi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Raya Aljobowry
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salma M Ali
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sara Sultan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Seyed-Omar Zaraei
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anil Ravi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Taleb H Al-Tel
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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16
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Mein N, von Stackelberg N, Wickel J, Geis C, Chung HY. Low-dose PLX5622 treatment prevents neuroinflammatory and neurocognitive sequelae after sepsis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:289. [PMID: 38041192 PMCID: PMC10691003 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is characterized by symptoms of delirium including hallucinations, impaired concentration, agitation, or coma and is associated with poor outcome in the early phase of sepsis. In addition, sepsis survivors often suffer from persisting memory deficits and impaired executive functions. Recent studies provide evidence that microglia are involved in the pathophysiology of SAE. METHODS Here, we investigated whether pharmacological depletion of microglia using PLX5622 (1200 ppm or 300 ppm) in the acute phase of sepsis is able to prevent long-term neurocognitive decline in a male mouse model of polymicrobial sepsis or lipopolysaccharide-induced sterile neuroinflammation. Therefore, we performed the novel object recognition test at different time points after sepsis to address hippocampus-dependent learning. To further assess synapse engulfment in microglia, colocalization analysis was performed using high-resolution 3D Airyscan imaging of Iba1 and Homer1. We also investigated the effect of PLX5622 on acute astrocyte and chronic microglia proliferation in the hippocampus after sepsis induction using immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS High-dose application of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor PLX5622 (1200 ppm) seven days prior to sepsis induction lead to 70-80% microglia reduction but resulted in fatal outcome of bacterial sepsis or LPS induced inflammation. This is likely caused by severely compromised host immune response upon PLX5622-induced depletion of peripheral monocytes and macrophages. We therefore tested partial microglia depletion using a low-dose of PLX5622 (300 ppm) for seven days prior to sepsis which resulted in an increased survival in comparison to littermates subjected to high-dose CSF1R inhibiton and to a stable microglia reduction of ~ 40%. This partial microglia depletion in the acute stage of sepsis largely prevented the engulfment and microglia-induced stripping of postsynaptic terminals. In addition, PLX5622 low-dose microglia depletion attenuated acute astrogliosis as well as long-term microgliosis and prevented long-term neurocognitive decline after experimental sepsis. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that partial microglia depletion before the induction of sepsis may be sufficient to attenuate long-term neurocognitive dysfunction. Application of PLX5622 (300 ppm) acts by reducing microglia-induced synaptic attachement/engulfment and preventing chronic microgliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Mein
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Nikolai von Stackelberg
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wickel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health, Center for Intervention and Research on Adaptive and Maladaptive Brain Circuits Underlying Mental Health (C-I-R-C), Jena-Magdeburg-Halle, Germany
| | - Ha-Yeun Chung
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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17
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Claeys W, Verhaege D, Van Imschoot G, Van Wonterghem E, Van Acker L, Amelinck L, De Ponti FF, Scott C, Geerts A, Van Steenkiste C, Van Hoecke L, Vandenbroucke RE. Limitations of PLX3397 as a microglial investigational tool: peripheral and off-target effects dictate the response to inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1283711. [PMID: 38077359 PMCID: PMC10703484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1283711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), play a critical role in CNS homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Pexidartinib (PLX3397), a colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) receptor inhibitor, is widely used to deplete microglia, offering flexible options for both long-term depletion and highly versatile depletion-repopulation cycles. However, the potential impact of PLX3397 on peripheral (immune) cells remains controversial. Until now, the microglia-specificity of this type of compounds has not been thoroughly evaluated, particularly in the context of peripherally derived neuroinflammation. Our study addresses this gap by examining the effects of PLX3397 on immune cells in the brain, liver, circulation and bone marrow, both in homeostasis and systemic inflammation models. Intriguingly, we demonstrate that PLX3397 treatment not only influences the levels of tissue-resident macrophages, but also affects circulating and bone marrow immune cells beyond the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). These alterations in peripheral immune cells disrupt the response to systemic inflammation, consequently impacting the phenotype irrespective of microglial depletion. Furthermore, we observed that a lower dose of PLX3397, which does not deplete microglia, demonstrates similar (non-)MPS effects, both in the periphery and the brain, but fails to fully replicate the peripheral alterations seen in the higher doses, questioning lower doses as a 'peripheral control' strategy. Overall, our data highlight the need for caution when interpreting studies employing this compound, as it may not be suitable for specific investigation of microglial function in the presence of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Claeys
- Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Hepatology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daan Verhaege
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Imschoot
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elien Van Wonterghem
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lore Van Acker
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laura Amelinck
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Federico F. De Ponti
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB–UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Scott
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Biology in Tissue Damage and Inflammation, VIB–UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anja Geerts
- Department of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics, Hepatology Research Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Steenkiste
- Antwerp University, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maria Middelares Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Van Hoecke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- Barriers in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Mohamed SH, Fu MS, Hain S, Alselami A, Vanhoffelen E, Li Y, Bojang E, Lukande R, Ballou ER, May RC, Ding C, Velde GV, Drummond RA. Microglia are not protective against cryptococcal meningitis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7202. [PMID: 37938547 PMCID: PMC10632471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia provide protection against a range of brain infections including bacteria, viruses and parasites, but how these glial cells respond to fungal brain infections is poorly understood. We investigated the role of microglia in the context of cryptococcal meningitis, the most common cause of fungal meningitis in humans. Using a series of transgenic- and chemical-based microglia depletion methods we found that, contrary to their protective role during other infections, loss of microglia did not affect control of Cryptococcus neoformans brain infection which was replicated with several fungal strains. At early time points post-infection, we found that microglia depletion lowered fungal brain burdens, which was related to intracellular residence of C. neoformans within microglia. Further examination of extracellular and intracellular fungal populations revealed that C. neoformans residing in microglia were protected from copper starvation, whereas extracellular yeast upregulated copper transporter CTR4. However, the degree of copper starvation did not equate to fungal survival or abundance of metals within different intracellular niches. Taken together, these data show how tissue-resident myeloid cells may influence fungal phenotype in the brain but do not provide protection against this infection, and instead may act as an early infection reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally H Mohamed
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Man Shun Fu
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sofia Hain
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alanoud Alselami
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eliane Vanhoffelen
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yanjian Li
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110015, Liaoning, China
| | - Ebrima Bojang
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert Lukande
- Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chen Ding
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110015, Liaoning, China
| | - Greetje Vande Velde
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rebecca A Drummond
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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19
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Mingo-Casas P, Blázquez AB, Gómez de Cedrón M, San-Félix A, Molina S, Escribano-Romero E, Calvo-Pinilla E, Jiménez de Oya N, Ramírez de Molina A, Saiz JC, Pérez-Pérez MJ, Martín-Acebes MA. Glycolytic shift during West Nile virus infection provides new therapeutic opportunities. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:217. [PMID: 37759218 PMCID: PMC10537838 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral rewiring of host bioenergetics and immunometabolism may provide novel targets for therapeutic interventions against viral infections. Here, we have explored the effect on bioenergetics during the infection with the mosquito-borne flavivirus West Nile virus (WNV), a medically relevant neurotropic pathogen causing outbreaks of meningitis and encephalitis worldwide. RESULTS A systematic literature search and meta-analysis pointed to a misbalance of glucose homeostasis in the central nervous system of WNV patients. Real-time bioenergetic analyses confirmed upregulation of aerobic glycolysis and a reduction of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation during viral replication in cultured cells. Transcriptomics analyses in neural tissues from experimentally infected mice unveiled a glycolytic shift including the upregulation of hexokinases 2 and 3 (Hk2 and Hk3) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (Pdk4). Treatment of infected mice with the Hk inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, or the Pdk4 inhibitor, dichloroacetate, alleviated WNV-induced neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of host energetic metabolism and specifically glycolysis in WNV infection in vivo. This study provides proof of concept for the druggability of the glycolytic pathway for the future development of therapies to combat WNV pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mingo-Casas
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana-Belén Blázquez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gómez de Cedrón
- Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana San-Félix
- Instituto de Quimica Medica (IQM), CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Molina
- Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nereida Jiménez de Oya
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan-Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Spiteri AG, van Vreden C, Ashhurst TM, Niewold P, King NJC. Clodronate is not protective in lethal viral encephalitis despite substantially reducing inflammatory monocyte infiltration in the CNS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203561. [PMID: 37545511 PMCID: PMC10403146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM)-derived monocytes induce inflammation and tissue damage in a range of pathologies. In particular, in a mouse model of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis (WNE), nitric oxide-producing, Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes from the BM are recruited to the central nervous system (CNS) and contribute to lethal immune pathology. Reducing the migration of these cells into the CNS using monoclonal antibody blockade, immune-modifying particles or CSF-1R inhibitors reduces neuroinflammation, improving survival and/or clinical outcomes. Macrophages can also be targeted more broadly by administration of clodronate-encapsulated liposomes, which induce apoptosis in phagocytes. In this study, clodronate reduced the inflammatory infiltrate by 70% in WNE, however, surprisingly, this had no effect on disease outcome. More detailed analysis demonstrated a compensatory increase in neutrophils and enhanced activation status of microglia in the brain. In addition, we observed increased numbers of Ly6Chi BM monocytes with an increased proliferative capacity and expression of SCA-1 and CD16/32, potentially indicating output of immature cells from the BM. Once in the brain, these cells were more phagocytic and had a reduced expression of antigen-presenting molecules. Lastly, we show that clodronate also reduces non-myeloid cells in the spleen and BM, as well as ablating red blood cells and their proliferation. These factors likely impeded the therapeutic potential of clodronate in WNE. Thus, while clodronate provides an excellent system to deplete macrophages in the body, it has larger and broader effects on the phagocytic and non-phagocytic system, which must be considered in the interpretation of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G. Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caryn van Vreden
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas M. Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Bedolla A, Wegman E, Weed M, Paranjpe A, Alkhimovitch A, Ifergan I, McClain L, Luo Y. Microglia-derived TGF-β1 ligand maintains microglia homeostasis via autocrine mechanism and is critical for normal cognitive function in adult mouse brain. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.05.547814. [PMID: 37461569 PMCID: PMC10349967 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.05.547814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
While TGF-β signaling is essential for microglial function, the cellular source of TGF-β ligand and its spatial regulation remains unclear in the adult CNS. Our data support that microglia, not astrocytes or neurons, are the primary producers of TGF-β1 ligands needed for microglial homeostasis. Microglia (MG)-Tgfb1 inducible knockout (iKO) leads to the activation of microglia featuring a dyshomeostatic transcriptomic profile that resembles disease-associated microglia (DAMs), injury-associated microglia, and aged microglia, suggesting that microglial self-produced TGF-β1 ligands are important in the adult CNS. Interestingly, astrocytes in MG-Tgfb1 iKO mice show a transcriptome profile that closely aligns with A1-like astrocytes. Additionally, using sparse mosaic single-cell microglia iKO of TGF-β1 ligand, we established an autocrine mechanism for TGF-β signaling. Importantly MG-Tgfb1 iKO mice show cognitive deficits, supporting that precise spatial regulation of TGF-β1 ligand derived from microglia is critical for the maintenance of brain homeostasis and normal cognitive function in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Bedolla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Elliot Wegman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Max Weed
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Aditi Paranjpe
- Information Services, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Anastasia Alkhimovitch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Igal Ifergan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lucas McClain
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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22
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Gibbs-Shelton S, Benderoth J, Gaykema RP, Straub J, Okojie KA, Uweru JO, Lentferink DH, Rajbanshi B, Cowan MN, Patel B, Campos-Salazar AB, Perez-Reyes E, Eyo UB. Microglia play beneficial roles in multiple experimental seizure models. Glia 2023; 71:1699-1714. [PMID: 36951238 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Seizure disorders are common, affecting both the young and the old. Currently available antiseizure drugs are ineffective in a third of patients and have been developed with a focus on known neurocentric mechanisms, raising the need for investigations into alternative and complementary mechanisms that contribute to seizure generation or its containment. Neuroinflammation, broadly defined as the activation of immune cells and molecules in the central nervous system (CNS), has been proposed to facilitate seizure generation, although the specific cells involved in these processes remain inadequately understood. The role of microglia, the primary inflammation-competent cells of the brain, is debated since previous studies were conducted using approaches that were less specific to microglia or had inherent confounds. Using a selective approach to target microglia without such side effects, we show a broadly beneficial role for microglia in limiting chemoconvulsive, electrical, and hyperthermic seizures and argue for a further understanding of microglial contributions to contain seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synphane Gibbs-Shelton
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jordan Benderoth
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ronald P Gaykema
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Justyna Straub
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth A Okojie
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Joseph O Uweru
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dennis H Lentferink
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Binita Rajbanshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Maureen N Cowan
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brij Patel
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Anthony Brayan Campos-Salazar
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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23
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Arutyunov A, Klein RS. Microglia at the scene of the crime: what their transcriptomics reveal about brain health. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:207-213. [PMID: 37078646 PMCID: PMC10867866 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Microglia, which arise from primitive myeloid precursors that enter the central nervous system (CNS) during early development, are the first responders to any perturbance of homeostasis. Although their activation has become synonymous with neurologic disease, it remains unclear whether microglial responses are the cause of or response to neuropathology. Here, we review new insights in the roles of microglia during CNS health and disease, including preclinical studies that transcriptionally profile microglia to define their functional states. RECENT FINDINGS Converging evidence suggests that innate immune activation of microglia is associated with overlapping alterations in their gene expression profiles regardless of the trigger. Thus, recent studies examining neuroprotective microglial responses during infections and aging mirror those observed during chronic neurologic diseases, including neurodegeneration and stroke. Many of these insights derive from studies of microglial transcriptomes and function in preclinical models, some of which have been validated in human samples. During immune activation, microglia dismantle their homeostatic functions and transition into subsets capable of antigen presentation, phagocytosis of debris, and management of lipid homeostasis. These subsets can be identified during both normal and aberrant microglial responses, the latter of which may persist long-term. The loss of neuroprotective microglia, which maintain a variety of essential CNS functions, may therefore, in part, underlie the development of neurodegenerative diseases. SUMMARY Microglia exhibit a high level of plasticity, transforming into numerous subsets as they respond to innate immune triggers. Chronic loss of microglial homeostatic functions may underlie the development of diseases with pathological forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Arutyunov
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases
- Departments of Medicine
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases
- Departments of Medicine
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology
- Departments of Neurosciences
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24
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Cao K, Qiu L, Lu X, Wu W, Hu Y, Cui Z, Jiang C, Luo Y, Shao Y, Xi W, Zeng LH, Xu H, Ma H, Zhang Z, Peng J, Duan S, Gao Z. Microglia modulate general anesthesia through P2Y 12 receptor. Curr Biol 2023:S0960-9822(23)00529-8. [PMID: 37167975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
General anesthesia (GA) is an unconscious state produced by anesthetic drugs, which act on neurons to cause overall suppression of neuronal activity in the brain. Recent studies have revealed that GA also substantially enhances the dynamics of microglia, the primary brain immune cells, with increased process motility and territory surveillance. However, whether microglia are actively involved in GA modulation remains unknown. Here, we report a previously unrecognized role for microglia engaging in multiple GA processes. We found that microglial ablation reduced the sensitivity of mice to anesthetics and substantially shortened duration of loss of righting reflex (LORR) or unconsciousness induced by multiple anesthetics, thereby promoting earlier emergence from GA. Microglial repopulation restored the regular anesthetic recovery, and chemogenetic activation of microglia prolonged the duration of LORR. In addition, anesthesia-accompanying analgesia and hypothermia were also attenuated after microglial depletion. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses showed that anesthesia prominently affected the transcriptional levels of chemotaxis and migration-related genes in microglia. By pharmacologically targeting different microglial motility pathways, we found that blocking P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) reduced the duration of LORR of mice. Moreover, genetic ablation of P2Y12R in microglia also promoted quicker recovery in mice from anesthesia, verifying the importance of microglial P2Y12R in anesthetic regulation. Our work presents the first evidence that microglia actively participate in multiple processes of GA through P2Y12R-mediated signaling and expands the non-immune roles of microglia in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelei Cao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liyao Qiu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Weiying Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaling Hu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhicheng Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Spine Lab, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuxiang Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yujin Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wang Xi
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Han Xu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huan Ma
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiyun Peng
- Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Shumin Duan
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-Machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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25
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McMillan RE, Wang E, Carlin AF, Coufal NG. Human microglial models to study host-virus interactions. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114375. [PMID: 36907350 PMCID: PMC10521930 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophage of the central nervous system, are increasingly recognized as contributing to diverse aspects of human development, health, and disease. In recent years, numerous studies in both mouse and human models have identified microglia as a "double edged sword" in the progression of neurotropic viral infections: protecting against viral replication and cell death in some contexts, while acting as viral reservoirs and promoting excess cellular stress and cytotoxicity in others. It is imperative to understand the diversity of human microglial responses in order to therapeutically modulate them; however, modeling human microglia has been historically challenging due to significant interspecies differences in innate immunity and rapid transformation upon in vitro culture. In this review, we discuss the contribution of microglia to the neuropathogenesis of key neurotropic viral infections: human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We pay special attention to recent work with human stem cell-derived microglia and propose strategies to leverage these powerful models to further uncover species- and disease-specific microglial responses and novel therapeutic interventions for neurotropic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E McMillan
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Ellen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
| | - Nicole G Coufal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America.
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26
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Spiteri AG, Wishart CL, Ni D, Viengkhou B, Macia L, Hofer MJ, King NJC. Temporal tracking of microglial and monocyte single-cell transcriptomics in lethal flavivirus infection. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:60. [PMID: 37016414 PMCID: PMC10074823 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the resident parenchymal myeloid population in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia are strategically positioned to respond to neurotropic virus invasion and have been implicated in promoting both disease resolution and progression in the acute and post-infectious phase of virus encephalitis. In a mouse model of West Nile virus encephalitis (WNE), infection of the CNS results in recruitment of large numbers of peripheral immune cells into the brain, the majority being nitric oxide (NO)-producing Ly6Chi inflammatory monocyte-derived cells (MCs). In this model, these cells enhance immunopathology and mortality. However, the contribution of microglia to this response is currently undefined. Here we used a combination of experimental tools, including single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), microglia and MC depletion reagents, high-dimensional spectral cytometry and computational algorithms to dissect the differential contribution of microglia and MCs to the anti-viral immune response in severe neuroinflammation seen in WNE. Intriguingly, analysis of scRNA-seq data revealed 6 unique microglia and 3 unique MC clusters that were predominantly timepoint-specific, demonstrating substantial transcriptional adaptation with disease progression over the course of WNE. While microglia and MC adopted unique gene expression profiles, gene ontology enrichment analysis, coupled with microglia and MC depletion studies, demonstrated a role for both of these cells in the trafficking of peripheral immune cells into the CNS, T cell responses and viral clearance. Over the course of infection, microglia transitioned from a homeostatic to an anti-viral and then into an immune cell-recruiting phenotype. Conversely, MC adopted antigen-presenting, immune cell-recruiting and NO-producing phenotypes, which all had anti-viral function. Overall, this study defines for the first time the single-cell transcriptomic responses of microglia and MCs over the course of WNE, demonstrating both protective and pathological roles of these cells that could potentially be targeted for differential therapeutic intervention to dampen immune-mediated pathology, while maintaining viral clearance functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Claire L Wishart
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Duan Ni
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Barney Viengkhou
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Chronic Diseases Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Markus J Hofer
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas J C King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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27
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Wishart CL, Spiteri AG, Locatelli G, King NJC. Integrating transcriptomic datasets across neurological disease identifies unique myeloid subpopulations driving disease-specific signatures. Glia 2023; 71:904-925. [PMID: 36527260 PMCID: PMC10952672 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and bone marrow-derived monocytes are key elements of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, both capable of enhancing and dampening immune-mediated pathology. However, the study-specific focus on individual cell types, disease models or experimental approaches has limited our ability to infer common and disease-specific responses. This meta-analysis integrates bulk and single-cell transcriptomic datasets of microglia and monocytes from disease models of autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, sterile injury, and infection to build a comprehensive resource connecting myeloid responses across CNS disease. We demonstrate that the bulk microglial and monocyte program is highly contingent on the disease environment, challenging the notion of a universal microglial disease signature. Integration of six single-cell RNA-sequencing datasets revealed that these disease-specific signatures are likely driven by differing proportions of unique myeloid subpopulations that were individually expanded in different disease settings. These subsets were functionally-defined as neurodegeneration-associated, inflammatory, interferon-responsive, phagocytic, antigen-presenting, and lipopolysaccharide-responsive cellular states, revealing a core set of myeloid responses at the single-cell level that are conserved across CNS pathology. Showcasing the predictive and practical value of this resource, we performed differential expression analysis on microglia and monocytes across disease and identified Cd81 as a new neuroinflammatory-stable gene that accurately identified microglia and distinguished them from monocyte-derived cells across all experimental models at both the bulk and single-cell level. Together, this resource dissects the influence of disease environment on shared immune response programmes to build a unified perspective of myeloid behavior across CNS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Wishart
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Cytometry FacilityThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alanna G. Spiteri
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Cytometry FacilityThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Giuseppe Locatelli
- Theodor Kocher InstituteUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchNovartisBaselSwitzerland
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Cytometry FacilityThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems BiologyThe University of Sydney and Centenary InstituteSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and HealthThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of ScienceThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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28
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Teo JD, Marian OC, Spiteri AG, Nicholson M, Song H, Khor JXY, McEwen HP, Ge A, Sen MK, Piccio L, Fletcher JL, King NJC, Murray SS, Brüning JC, Don AS. Early microglial response, myelin deterioration and lethality in mice deficient for very long chain ceramide synthesis in oligodendrocytes. Glia 2023; 71:1120-1141. [PMID: 36583573 PMCID: PMC10952316 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The sphingolipids galactosylceramide (GalCer), sulfatide (ST) and sphingomyelin (SM) are essential for myelin stability and function. GalCer and ST are synthesized mostly from C22-C24 ceramides, generated by Ceramide Synthase 2 (CerS2). To clarify the requirement for C22-C24 sphingolipid synthesis in myelin biosynthesis and stability, we generated mice lacking CerS2 specifically in myelinating cells (CerS2ΔO/ΔO ). At 6 weeks of age, normal-appearing myelin had formed in CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice, however there was a reduction in myelin thickness and the percentage of myelinated axons. Pronounced loss of C22-C24 sphingolipids in myelin of CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice was compensated by greatly increased levels of C18 sphingolipids. A distinct microglial population expressing high levels of activation and phagocytic markers such as CD64, CD11c, MHC class II, and CD68 was apparent at 6 weeks of age in CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice, and had increased by 10 weeks. Increased staining for denatured myelin basic protein was also apparent in 6-week-old CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice. By 16 weeks, CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice showed pronounced myelin atrophy, motor deficits, and axon beading, a hallmark of axon stress. 90% of CerS2ΔO/ΔO mice died between 16 and 26 weeks of age. This study highlights the importance of sphingolipid acyl chain length for the structural integrity of myelin, demonstrating how a modest reduction in lipid chain length causes exposure of a denatured myelin protein epitope and expansion of phagocytic microglia, followed by axon pathology, myelin degeneration, and motor deficits. Understanding the molecular trigger for microglial activation should aid the development of therapeutics for demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Teo
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Oana C. Marian
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Alanna G. Spiteri
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Madeline Nicholson
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Huitong Song
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jasmine X. Y. Khor
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Holly P. McEwen
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Anjie Ge
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Monokesh K. Sen
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Laura Piccio
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of NeurologyWashington University School of MedicineSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Jessica L. Fletcher
- Menzies Institute for Medical ResearchThe University of TasmaniaHobartTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Nicholas J. C. King
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Simon S. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Anthony S. Don
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical SciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
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29
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Shelton-Gibbs S, Benderoth J, Gaykema RP, Straub J, Okojie KA, Uweru JO, Lentferink DH, Rajbanshi B, Cowan MN, Patel B, Campos-Salazar AB, Perez-Reyes E, Eyo UB. Microglia play beneficial roles in multiple experimental seizure models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.04.531090. [PMID: 36945556 PMCID: PMC10028974 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.04.531090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Seizure disorders are common, affecting both the young and the old. Currently available antiseizure drugs are ineffective in a third of patients and have been developed with a focus on known neurocentric mechanisms, raising the need for investigations into alternative and complementary mechanisms that contribute to seizure generation or its containment. Neuroinflammation, broadly defined as the activation of immune cells and molecules in the central nervous system (CNS), has been proposed to facilitate seizure generation, although the specific cells involved in these processes remain inadequately understood. The role of microglia, the primary inflammation-competent cells of the brain, is debated since previous studies were conducted using approaches that were less specific to microglia or had inherent confounds. Using a selective approach to target microglia without such side effects, we show a broadly beneficial role for microglia in limiting chemoconvulsive, electrical, and hyperthermic seizures and argue for a further understanding of microglial contributions to contain seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synphane Shelton-Gibbs
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jordan Benderoth
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ronald P. Gaykema
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Justyna Straub
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Okojie
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joseph O. Uweru
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Dennis H. Lentferink
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Binita Rajbanshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Maureen N. Cowan
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brij Patel
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anthony Brayan Campos-Salazar
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Edward Perez-Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Ukpong B. Eyo
- Brain Immunology and Glia Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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30
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Koutsodendris N, Blumenfeld J, Agrawal A, Traglia M, Grone B, Zilberter M, Yip O, Rao A, Nelson MR, Hao Y, Thomas R, Yoon SY, Arriola P, Huang Y. Neuronal APOE4 removal protects against tau-mediated gliosis, neurodegeneration and myelin deficits. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:275-296. [PMID: 37118426 PMCID: PMC10154214 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest known genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Conditions of stress or injury induce APOE expression within neurons, but the role of neuronal APOE4 in AD pathogenesis is still unclear. Here we report the characterization of neuronal APOE4 effects on AD-related pathologies in an APOE4-expressing tauopathy mouse model. The selective genetic removal of APOE4 from neurons led to a significant reduction in tau pathology, gliosis, neurodegeneration, neuronal hyperexcitability and myelin deficits. Single-nucleus RNA-sequencing revealed that the removal of neuronal APOE4 greatly diminished neurodegenerative disease-associated subpopulations of neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia whose accumulation correlated to the severity of tau pathology, neurodegeneration and myelin deficits. Thus, neuronal APOE4 plays a central role in promoting the development of major AD pathologies and its removal can mitigate the progressive cellular and tissue alterations occurring in this model of APOE4-driven tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Koutsodendris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Blumenfeld
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michela Traglia
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Grone
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Misha Zilberter
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Yip
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antara Rao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maxine R Nelson
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanxia Hao
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seo Yeon Yoon
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Arriola
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yadong Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Center for Translational Advancement, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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31
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Montilla A, Zabala A, Er-Lukowiak M, Rissiek B, Magnus T, Rodriguez-Iglesias N, Sierra A, Matute C, Domercq M. Microglia and meningeal macrophages depletion delays the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:16. [PMID: 36635255 PMCID: PMC9835747 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis and the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, both resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages contribute to demyelination as well as spontaneous remyelination. Nevertheless, the specific roles of microglia versus macrophages are unknown. We investigated the influence of microglia in EAE using the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor, PLX5622, to deplete microglial population and Ccr2RFP/+ fmsEGFP/+ mice, to distinguish blood-derived macrophages from microglia. PLX5622 treatment depleted microglia and meningeal macrophages, and provoked a massive infiltration of CCR2+ macrophages into demyelinating lesions and spinal cord parenchyma, albeit it did not alter EAE chronic phase. In contrast, microglia and meningeal macrophages depletion reduced the expression of major histocompatibility complex II and CD80 co-stimulatory molecule in dendritic cells, macrophages and microglia. In addition, it diminished T cell reactivation and proliferation in the spinal cord parenchyma, inducing a significant delay in EAE onset. Altogether, these data point to a specific role of CNS microglia and meningeal macrophages in antigen presentation and T cell reactivation at initial stages of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Montilla
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alazne Zabala
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Marco Er-Lukowiak
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Rissiek
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Magnus
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Noelia Rodriguez-Iglesias
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, E-48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain.
| | - María Domercq
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940, Leioa, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain.
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32
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Wen J, Wang S, Guo R, Liu D. CSF1R inhibitors are emerging immunotherapeutic drugs for cancer treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 245:114884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Spiteri AG, King NJ. Putting PLX5622 into perspective: microglia in central nervous system viral infection. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1269-1270. [PMID: 36453408 PMCID: PMC9838161 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alanna G. Spiteri
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas J.C. King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Sydney Cytometry, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Ramaciotti Facility for Human Systems Biology, The University of Sydney and Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Australia,The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Correspondence to: Nicholas J.C. King, .
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34
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Zhou Z, Jing Y, Niu Y, Chang T, Sun J, Guo C, Wang Y, Dou G. Distinguished Functions of Microglia in the Two Stages of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy: A Novel Target in the Treatment of Ischemic Retinopathy. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101676. [PMID: 36295111 PMCID: PMC9604577 DOI: 10.3390/life12101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia is the resident immune cell in the retina, playing the role of immune surveillance in a traditional concept. With the heated focus on the mechanisms of microglia in pathological conditions, more and more functions of microglia have been discovered. Although the regulating role of microglia has been explored in ischemic retinopathy, little is known about its mechanisms in the different stages of the pathological process. Here, we removed microglia in the oxygen-induced retinopathy model by PLX5622 and revealed that the removal of activated microglia reduced pathological angiogenesis in the early stage after ischemic insult and alleviated the over-apoptosis of photoreceptors in the vessel remodeling phase. Our results indicated that microglia might play distinguished functions in the angiogenic and remodeling stages, and that the inhibition of microglia might be a promising target in the future treatment of ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yusheng Wang
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (G.D.); Tel.: +86-029-84775371 (Y.W.); +86-029-84771273 (G.D.)
| | - Guorui Dou
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (G.D.); Tel.: +86-029-84775371 (Y.W.); +86-029-84771273 (G.D.)
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35
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Wieghofer P, Engelbert M, Chui TYP, Rosen RB, Sakamoto T, Sebag J. Hyalocyte origin, structure, and imaging. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2022; 17:233-248. [PMID: 36632192 PMCID: PMC9831111 DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2022.2100762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Hyalocytes have been recognized as resident tissue macrophages of the vitreous body since the mid-19th century. Despite this, knowledge about their origin, turnover, and dynamics is limited. Areas covered Historically, initial studies on the origin of hyalocytes used light and electron microscopy. Modern investigations across species including rodents and humans will be described. Novel imaging is now available to study human hyalocytes in vivo. The shared ontogeny with retinal microglia and their eventual interdependence as well as differences will be discussed. Expert opinion Owing to a common origin as myeloid cells, hyalocytes and retinal microglia have similarities, but hyalocytes appear to be distinct as resident macrophages of the vitreous body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wieghofer
- Cellular Neuroanatomy, Institute of Theoretical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 2, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Michael Engelbert
- Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, NY 10022, USA
- LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Toco YP Chui
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Richard B Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Taiji Sakamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - J Sebag
- Doheny Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Clinical Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- VMR Institute for Vitreous Macula Retina, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
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Ball JB, Green-Fulgham SM, Watkins LR. Mechanisms of Microglia-Mediated Synapse Turnover and Synaptogenesis. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 218:102336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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