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Hayashi R, Srisomboon Y, Iijima K, Maniak PJ, Tei R, Kobayashi T, Matsunaga M, Luo H, Masuda MY, O'Grady SM, Kita H. Cholinergic sensing of allergen exposure by airway epithelium promotes type 2 immunity in the lungs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:793-808.e2. [PMID: 38000698 PMCID: PMC10939907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonneuronal cells, including epithelial cells, can produce acetylcholine (ACh). Muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists are used clinically to treat asthma and other medical conditions; however, knowledge regarding the roles of ACh in type 2 immunity is limited. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to investigate the roles of epithelial ACh in allergic immune responses. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were cultured with allergen extracts, and their ACh production and IL-33 secretion were studied in vitro. To investigate immune responses in vivo, naive BALB/c mice were treated intranasally with different muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists and then exposed intranasally to allergens. RESULTS At steady state, HBE cells expressed cellular components necessary for ACh production, including choline acetyltransferase and organic cation transporters. Exposure to allergens caused HBE cells to rapidly release ACh into the extracellular medium. Pharmacologic or small-interfering RNA-based blocking of ACh production or autocrine action through the M3 muscarinic ACh receptors in HBE cells suppressed allergen-induced ATP release, calcium mobilization, and extracellular secretion of IL-33. When naive mice were exposed to allergens, ACh was quickly released into the airway lumen. A series of clinical M3 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonists inhibited allergen-induced IL-33 secretion and innate type 2 immune response in the mouse airways. In a preclinical murine model of asthma, an ACh receptor antagonist suppressed allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. CONCLUSIONS ACh is released quickly by airway epithelial cells on allergen exposure, and it plays an important role in type 2 immunity. The epithelial ACh system can be considered a therapeutic target in allergic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Hayashi
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Yotesawee Srisomboon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Koji Iijima
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Peter J Maniak
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Rinna Tei
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Takao Kobayashi
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Mayumi Matsunaga
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Huijun Luo
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Mia Y Masuda
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minn; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz.
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Tiligada E, Gafarov D, Zaimi M, Vitte J, Levi-Schaffer F. Novel Immunopharmacological Drugs for the Treatment of Allergic Diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:481-506. [PMID: 37722722 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051623-091038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The exponential rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases since the mid-twentieth century has led to a genuine public health emergency and has also fostered major progress in research on the underlying mechanisms and potential treatments. The management of allergic diseases benefits from the biological revolution, with an array of novel immunomodulatory therapeutic and investigational tools targeting players of allergic inflammation at distinct pathophysiological steps. Prominent examples include therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against cytokines, alarmins, and their receptors, as well as small-molecule modifiers of signal transduction mainly mediated by Janus kinases and Bruton's tyrosine kinases. However, the first-line therapeutic options have yet to switch from symptomatic to disease-modifying interventions. Here we present an overview of available drugs in the context of our current understanding of allergy pathophysiology, identify potential therapeutic targets, and conclude by providing a selection of candidate immunopharmacological molecules under investigation for potential future use in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterini Tiligada
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Daria Gafarov
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
| | - Maria Zaimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joana Vitte
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
- Desbrest Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Montpellier, INSERM
- Montpellier, France
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
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Thio CLP, Chang YJ. The modulation of pulmonary group 2 innate lymphoid cell function in asthma: from inflammatory mediators to environmental and metabolic factors. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1872-1884. [PMID: 37696890 PMCID: PMC10545775 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated type 2 immune response is one of the fundamental causes of allergic asthma. Although Th2 cells are undoubtedly central to the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, the discovery of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) has added another layer of complexity to the etiology of this chronic disease. Through their inherent innate type 2 responses, ILC2s not only contribute to the initiation of airway inflammation but also orchestrate the recruitment and activation of other members of innate and adaptive immunity, further amplifying the inflammatory response. Moreover, ILC2s exhibit substantial cytokine plasticity, as evidenced by their ability to produce type 1- or type 17-associated cytokines under appropriate conditions, underscoring their potential contribution to nonallergic, neutrophilic asthma. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of ILC2 functions is pertinent. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge on ILC2s in asthma and the regulatory factors that modulate lung ILC2 functions in various experimental mouse models of asthma and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ya-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Translational Medicine and New Drug Development, China Medical University, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.
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Thomas CM, Peebles RS. Neural regulation of ILC2s in allergic airway inflammation. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 3:1094259. [PMID: 36704754 PMCID: PMC9872007 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.1094259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) regulate the effector functions of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) through β2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) and nicotinic/muscarinic cholinergic receptor signaling, respectively. To further maintain the critical balance between host-protective and pathogenic type 2 inflammation in the lungs, neuropeptides neuromedin B (NMB) and neuromedin U (NMU) function to suppress or promote ILC2 responses in synergy with IL-33/IL-25, respectively. Additionally, the release of ATP into the extracellular environment in response to cell death caused by challenge to the airway epithelial barrier quickly becomes converted into adenosine, which helps keep the inflammatory response in check by suppressing ILC2 responses. Besides neurotransmitter and neuropeptides derived from other cells, ILC2s further regulate allergic airway inflammation through the production of acetylcholine (ACh) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In this article we review the neuromodulation of ILC2s through cholinergic and adrenergic signaling, neuropeptides, and adenosine and its role in allergic airway inflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the potential clinical utility of targeting these pathways for therapeutic goals and address directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Thomas
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - R. Stokes Peebles
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States,Research Service, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States,Correspondence: R. Stokes Peebles
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