|
1
|
Aghadoost H, Salehabadi G, Fakharian E, Mohammadabad HJ. A comparative analysis of Rotterdam score and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting outcomes for patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Eur J Transl Myol 2025; 35:13443. [PMID: 39992134 PMCID: PMC12038562 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2025.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2024] [Accepted: 12/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2025] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the role of NLR in predicting outcomes for patients with moderate to severe TBI. A retrospective analysis was conducted from April 2020 to April 2022, including patients aged 16 and older with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 8 or below admitted to Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan. Data on NLR and other clinical markers were collected. Rotterdam scores were calculated using CT scan findings. Patients were followed up for six months post-trauma or until death, and associations between NLR and clinical outcomes were analyzed, with significance set at P < 0.05. Among 195 patients, 130 (66%) had unfavorable outcomes at six months. Admission NLR was significantly higher in patients with unfavorable outcomes compared to those with favorable outcomes (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that NLR had a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 91% at a threshold of 5.2 for predicting unfavorable outcomes. Elevated admission NLR in patients with severe TBI was linked to unfavorable six-month functional outcomes and mortality. NLR may serve as a readily accessible clinical marker for prognostication in moderate to severe TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esmaeil Fakharian
- Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Mazunina EP, Gushchin VA, Bykonia EN, Kleymenov DA, Siniavin AE, Kozlova SR, Mukasheva EA, Shidlovskaya EV, Kuznetsova NA, Usachev EV, Zlobin VI, Burtseva EI, Ivanov RA, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Combined mRNA Vaccine Against Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in Mice Animal Models. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1206. [PMID: 39591109 PMCID: PMC11598771 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12111206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2024] [Revised: 10/19/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background. The combined or multivalent vaccines are actively used in pediatric practice and offer a series of advantages, including a reduced number of injections and visits to the doctor, simplicity of the vaccination schedule and minimization of side effects, easier vaccine monitoring and storage, and lower vaccination costs. The practice of widespread use of the combined vaccines has shown the potential to increase vaccination coverage against single infections. The mRNA platform has been shown to be effective against the COVID-19 pandemic and enables the development of combined vaccines. There are currently no mRNA-based combined vaccines approved for use in humans. Some studies have shown that different mRNA components in a vaccine can interact to increase or decrease the immunogenicity and efficacy of the combined vaccine. Objectives. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of combining the mRNA vaccines, encoding seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 antigens. In our previous works, both vaccine candidates have shown excellent immunogenicity and efficacy profiles in mice. Methods. The mRNA-LNPs were prepared by microfluidic mixing, immunogenicity in mice was assessed by hemagglutination inhibition assay, enzyme-linked immunoassay and virus neutralization assay. Immunological efficacy was assessed in a mouse viral challenge model. Results. In this work, we demonstrated that the individual mRNA components of the combined vaccine did not affect the immunogenicity level of each other. The combined vaccine demonstrated excellent protective efficacy, providing a 100% survival rate when mice were infected with the H1N1 influenza virus and reducing the viral load in the lungs. Four days after the challenge with SARS-CoV-2 EG.5.1.1., no viable virus and low levels of detectable viral RNA were observed in the lungs of vaccinated mice. Conclusions. The combination does not lead to mutual interference between the individual vaccines. We believe that such a combined mRNA-based vaccine could be a good alternative to separated human vaccinations for the prevention of COVID-19 and influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena P. Mazunina
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Vladimir A. Gushchin
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
- Department of Virology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia
- Department of Medical Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Ministry of Health, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniia N. Bykonia
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Denis A. Kleymenov
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Andrei E. Siniavin
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Sofia R. Kozlova
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Evgenya A. Mukasheva
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Elena V. Shidlovskaya
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Nadezhda A. Kuznetsova
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Evgeny V. Usachev
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Vladimir I. Zlobin
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Elena I. Burtseva
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Roman A. Ivanov
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia;
| | - Denis Y. Logunov
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
| | - Alexander L. Gintsburg
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology & Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Moscow 123098, Russia; (E.N.B.); (D.A.K.); (A.E.S.); (S.R.K.); (E.A.M.); (E.V.S.); (N.A.K.); (E.V.U.); (V.I.Z.); (E.I.B.); (D.Y.L.); (A.L.G.)
- Infectiology Department, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Ministry of Health, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Siniavin AE, Gushchin VA, Shastina NS, Darnotuk ES, Luyksaar SI, Russu LI, Inshakova AM, Shidlovskaya EV, Vasina DV, Kuznetsova NA, Savina DM, Zorkov ID, Dolzhikova IV, Sheremet AB, Logunov DY, Zigangirova NA, Gintsburg AL. New conjugates based on N4-hydroxycytidine with more potent antiviral efficacy in vitro than EIDD-2801 against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105871. [PMID: 38555022 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 continues due to genetic variation in SARS-CoV-2. Highly mutated variants of SARS-CoV-2 have an increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Due to the emergence of various new variants of the virus, there is an urgent need to develop broadly effective specific drugs for therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801, MK-4482), is an orally bioavailable ribonucleoside analogue of β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), has demonstrated efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and was recently approved for COVID-19 treatment. To improve antiviral potency of NHC, we developed a panel of NHC conjugates with lipophilic vectors and ester derivatives with amino- and carboxylic-acids. Most of the synthesized compounds had comparable or higher (2-20 times) antiviral activity than EIDD-2801, against different lineages of SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, seasonal coronaviruses OC43 and 229E, as well as bovine coronavirus. For further studies, we assessed the most promising compound in terms of activity, simplicity and cost of synthesis - NHC conjugate with phenylpropionic acid (SN_9). SN_9 has shown high efficacy in prophylactic, therapeutic and transmission models of COVID-19 infection in hamsters. Importantly, SN_9 profoundly inhibited virus replication in the lower respiratory tract of hamsters and transgenic mice infected with the Omicron sublineages XBB.1.9.1, XBB.1.16 and EG.5.1.1. These data indicate that SN_9 represents a promising antiviral drug candidate for COVID-19 treatment, and NHC modification strategies deserve further investigation as an approach to develop prodrugs against various coronaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E Siniavin
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Neuroimmune Signaling, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Vladimir A Gushchin
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Department of Medical Genetics, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991, Moscow, Russia; Department of Virology, Faculty of Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natal'ya S Shastina
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta S Darnotuk
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Luyksaar
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid I Russu
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna M Inshakova
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119571, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Shidlovskaya
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria V Vasina
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Kuznetsova
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria M Savina
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya D Zorkov
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna V Dolzhikova
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna B Sheremet
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Y Logunov
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nailya A Zigangirova
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L Gintsburg
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named After Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098, Moscow, Russia; Department of Infectology and Virology, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov, First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Khanaliha K, Sadri Nahand J, Khatami A, Mirzaei H, Chavoshpour S, Taghizadieh M, Karimzadeh M, Donyavi T, Bokharaei‐Salim F. Analyzing the expression pattern of the noncoding RNAs (HOTAIR, PVT-1, XIST, H19, and miRNA-34a) in PBMC samples of patients with COVID-19, according to the disease severity in Iran during 2022-2023: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e1861. [PMID: 38332929 PMCID: PMC10850438 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are well-known types of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which have been known as the key regulators of gene expression. They can play critical roles in viral infection by regulating the host immune response and interacting with genes in the viral genome. In this regard, ncRNAs can be employed as biomarkers for viral diseases. The current study aimed to evaluate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) ncRNAs (lncRNAs-homeobox C antisense intergenic RNA [HOTAIR], -H19, X-inactive-specific transcript [XIST], plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 [PVT-1], and miR-34a) as diagnostic biomarkers to differentiate severe COVID-19 cases from mild ones. Methods Candidate ncRNAs were selected according to previous studies and assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the PBMC samples of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (n = 40), healthy subjects (n = 40), and mild COVID-19 cases (n = 40). Furthermore, the diagnostic value of the selected ncRNAs was assessed by analyzing the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC). Results The results demonstrated that the expression pattern of the selected ncRNAs was significantly different between the studied groups. The levels of HOTAIR, XIST, and miR-34a were remarkably overexpressed in the severe COVID-19 group in comparison with the mild COVID-19 group, and in return, the PVT-1 levels were lower than in the mild COVID-19 group. Interestingly, the XIST expression level in men with severe COVID-19 was higher compared to women with mild COVID-19. ROC results suggested that HOTAIR and PVT-1 could serve as useful biomarkers for screening mild COVID-19 from severe COVID-19. Conclusions Overall, different expression patterns of the selected ncRNAs and ROC curve results revealed that these factors can contribute to COVID-19 pathogenicity and can be considered diagnostic markers of COVID-19 severe outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious DiseasesIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - AliReza Khatami
- Department of VirologyIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic DiseasesKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
| | - Sara Chavoshpour
- Department of VirologyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Mohammad Karimzadeh
- Core Research Facilities (CRF)Isfahan University of Medical ScienceIsfahanIran
| | - Tahereh Donyavi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Rasizadeh R, Aghbash PS, Nahand JS, Entezari-Maleki T, Baghi HB. SARS-CoV-2-associated organs failure and inflammation: a focus on the role of cellular and viral microRNAs. Virol J 2023; 20:179. [PMID: 37559103 PMCID: PMC10413769 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02152-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been responsible for the recent pandemic all over the world, which has caused many complications. One of the hallmarks of SARS-CoV-2 infection is an induced immune dysregulation, in some cases resulting in cytokine storm syndrome, acute respiratory distress syndrome and many organs such as lungs, brain, and heart that are affected during the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several physiological parameters are altered as a result of infection and cytokine storm. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs) might reflect this poor condition since they play a significant role in immune cellular performance including inflammatory responses. Both host and viral-encoded miRNAs are crucial for the successful infection of SARS-CoV-2. For instance, dysregulation of miRNAs that modulate multiple genes expressed in COVID-19 patients with comorbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes, and cerebrovascular disorders) could affect the severity of the disease. Therefore, altered expression levels of circulating miRNAs might be helpful to diagnose this illness and forecast whether a COVID-19 patient could develop a severe state of the disease. Moreover, a number of miRNAs could inhibit the expression of proteins, such as ACE2, TMPRSS2, spike, and Nsp12, involved in the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Accordingly, miRNAs represent potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this devastating viral disease. In the current study, we investigated modifications in miRNA expression and their influence on COVID-19 disease recovery, which may be employed as a therapy strategy to minimize COVID-19-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Rasizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parisa Shiri Aghbash
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166/15731, Iran
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166/15731, Iran.
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|