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Buonanno M, Kleiman NJ, Welch D, Hashmi R, Shuryak I, Brenner DJ. 222 nm far-UVC light markedly reduces the level of infectious airborne virus in an occupied room. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6722. [PMID: 38509265 PMCID: PMC10954628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
An emerging intervention for control of airborne-mediated pandemics and epidemics is whole-room far-UVC (200-235 nm). Laboratory studies have shown that 222-nm light inactivates airborne pathogens, potentially without harm to exposed occupants. While encouraging results have been reported in benchtop studies and in room-sized bioaerosol chambers, there is a need for quantitative studies of airborne pathogen reduction in occupied rooms. We quantified far-UVC mediated reduction of aerosolized murine norovirus (MNV) in an occupied mouse-cage cleaning room within an animal-care facility. Benchtop studies suggest that MNV is a conservative surrogate for airborne viruses such as influenza and coronavirus. Using four 222-nm fixtures installed in the ceiling, and staying well within current recommended regulatory limits, far-UVC reduced airborne infectious MNV by 99.8% (95% CI: 98.2-99.9%). Similar to previous room-sized bioaerosol chamber studies on far-UVC efficacy, these results suggest that aerosolized virus susceptibility is significantly higher in room-scale tests than in bench-scale laboratory studies. That said, as opposed to controlled laboratory studies, uncertainties in this study related to airflow patterns, virus residence time, and dose to the collected virus introduce uncertainty into the inactivation estimates. This study is the first to directly demonstrate far-UVC anti-microbial efficacy against airborne pathogens in an occupied indoor location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Norman J Kleiman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Welch
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Raabia Hashmi
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David J Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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2
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Tofani S, Ianiro G, De Sabato L, Monini M, Angeloni G, Ponterio E, D'Agostino C, Di Bari MA, Valeri M, Di Bartolo I. Detection and whole genome sequencing of murine norovirus in animal facility in Italy. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1142-1149. [PMID: 33511904 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1876081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the genus Norovirus (NoV) of the family Caliciviridae are the major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. NoVs are classified into 10 genogroups (GI-GX), and those belonging to the genogroup GV are able to infect several species of rodents. To evaluate the circulation of MNV among mice housed in an Italian facility, sampling was performed over two separate periods, in 2011, and 3 years later in 2014. During the two samplings, 75 fecal samples were collected from healthy mice housed in the animal facility and subjected to RT-PCR for viral detection. After the analysis, 41/75 animals (54.6%) resulted positive for the presence of MNV in feces. Nucleotide sequencing revealed the presence of two MNV variants co-circulating in both 2011 and 2014. One MNV strain was isolated on RAW264.7 cell line, and subjected to full genome sequencing. Our study showed that the murine noroviruses are widespread in the investigated animal facility, despite guidelines for animal care and maintenance. Full genome sequence analysis of the MNV strain described in this study showed a correlation with other strains circulating in Europe. Understanding the molecular epidemiology of this virus should give insight into its natural history and evolution in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tofani
- Complex Virology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana "M. Aleandri", Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ianiro
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca De Sabato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Monini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Angeloni
- Research and International Cooperation Office, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ponterio
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia D'Agostino
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Angelo Di Bari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Valeri
- Center for Animal Research and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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3
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Na Z, Bo J, Yifei Y, Fuyuan C, Bin H, Yanshu Z, Huan J, Jingliang S, Shuang L. Isolation and Identification of a Murine Norovirus Persistent Infection Strain in China. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:571730. [PMID: 33335918 PMCID: PMC7736604 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.571730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine Norovirus (MNV) is one of the most known viruses among viruses in mice. Because of the high prevalence of MNV in frequently used laboratory animals in biomedical researches, there is a significant impact of MNV. There may be different prevalence degrees and molecular characteristics of MNV in different regions around the world. Here, we reported an MNV strain "designated HBTS-1806" isolation from commercial mice's feces that caused a detectable cytopathic effect (CPE) in RAW264.7 cells. According to electron microscopy, the virus was 50-70 nm in diameter. The complete genome of HBTS-1806 is 7383 nucleotides with a structure similar to that of MNV reference strains. According to phylogenetic analysis on the basis of the whole genome, HBTS-1806 shared nucleotide sequence identities of 90.2-95.4% with other Chinese isolates reported. Analysis of amino acid sequence on the basis of ORF1 and ORF2 suggested that the isolated strain may be derived from recombination. Although no gross lesions or histopathological changes were found from mice infected with 5 × 105 TCLD50 of MNV by oral gavage inoculation, the intestinal virus loads lasted 12 weeks, suggesting a persistent infection strain of MNV isolate in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Na
- The Experiment Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jiang Bo
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yifei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Fuyuan
- The Experiment Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - He Bin
- The Experiment Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Zhang Yanshu
- The Experiment Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Jin Huan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Su Jingliang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Shuang
- The Experiment Animal Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
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4
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Behavioural effects of the common brain-infecting parasite Pseudoloma neurophilia in laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Rep 2020; 10:8083. [PMID: 32415102 PMCID: PMC7228949 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research conducted on model organisms may be biased due to undetected pathogen infections. Recently, screening studies discovered high prevalence of the microsporidium Pseudoloma neurophilia in zebrafish (Danio rerio) facilities. This spore-forming unicellular parasite aggregates in brain regions associated with motor function and anxiety, and despite its high occurrence little is known about how sub-clinical infection affects behaviour. Here, we assessed how P. neurophilia infection alters the zebrafish´s response to four commonly used neurobehavioral tests, namely: mirror biting, open field, light/dark preference and social preference, used to quantify aggression, exploration, anxiety, and sociability. Although sociability and aggression remained unaltered, infected hosts exhibited reduced activity, elevated rates of freezing behaviour, and sex-specific effects on exploration. These results indicate that caution is warranted in the interpretation of zebrafish behaviour, particularly since in most cases infection status is unknown. This highlights the importance of comprehensive monitoring procedures to detect sub-clinical infections in laboratory animals.
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5
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Adams SC, Myles MH, Tracey LN, Livingston RS, Schultz CL, Reuter JD, Leblanc M. Effects of Pelleting, Irradiation, and Autoclaving of Rodent Feed on MPV and MNV Infectivity. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2019; 58:542-550. [PMID: 31391143 PMCID: PMC6774454 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) and mouse parvovirus (MPV) are among the most common adventitial viruses seen in laboratory mice, and infections arise in barrier facilities despite rigorous biosecurity programs. Some authors have implicated nonsterilized feed as a source of MPV in rodent facilities, but none have conclusively documented viral particles in the feed. In this study, we hypothesized that both viruses can resist the pelleting process but not subsequent irradiation or autoclaving, thus revealing a potential source of outbreaks in rodent facilities. To test this hypothesis, we contaminated powdered feed with 10-fold concentrations of MNV and MPV and fed it to both Swiss Webster (SW) and C57BL/6NTac (B6) mice to determine a 'powdered ID50' according to seroconversion over a 28-d period. We repeated the experiment by using powdered feed that we contaminated with increasing viral doses (as no. of powdered ID50) and subsequently pelleted; from these results, we determined a 'pelleted ID50.' Finally we assessed the effect of irradiation and autoclaving on contaminated pellets by using the same experimental design. The powdered ID50 was relatively low and identical in both mouse strains (2.51 × 10² pfu) for MNV but higher in B6 (copy number, 3.20 × 106) than SW (3.98 × 10⁴ copies) for MPV. As hypothesized, mice were infected by contaminated rodent feed despite the pelleting process. Indeed, pelleting resulted in a 1- to 2-log increase in ID50 in both strains for MNV and MPV. Irradiation and autoclaving of infected pellets effectively prevented seroconversion of mice exposed to all doses of MNV, whereas a single mouse seroconverted at the highest dose of MPV (1.35 × 107 copies). These data suggest that both MNV and MPV remain infectious after conditions reproducing the rodent chow pelleting process and that nonsterilized rodent chow might be a source of viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Adams
- Animal Resources Department, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Laura N Tracey
- PMI Nutrition International, LabDiet, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Jon D Reuter
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Mathias Leblanc
- Animal Resources Department, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California;,
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6
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Seo SU, Kweon MN. Virome-host interactions in intestinal health and disease. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 37:63-71. [PMID: 31295677 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric virome consists largely of bacteriophages and prophages related to commensal bacteria. Bacteriophages indirectly affect the host immune system by targeting their associated bacteria; however, studies suggest that bacteriophages also have distinct pathways that enable them to interact directly with the host. Eukaryotic viruses are less abundant than bacteriophages but are more efficient in the stimulation of host immune responses. Acute, permanent, and latent viral infections are detected by different types of pattern recognition receptors and induce host immune responses, including the antiviral type I interferon response. Understanding the complex interplay between commensal microorganisms and the host immune system is a prerequisite to elucidating their role in intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
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7
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Desselberger U. Caliciviridae Other Than Noroviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030286. [PMID: 30901945 PMCID: PMC6466229 DOI: 10.3390/v11030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides noroviruses, the Caliciviridae family comprises four other accepted genera: Sapovirus, Lagovirus, Vesivirus, and Nebovirus. There are six new genera proposed: Recovirus, Valovirus, Bavovirus, Nacovirus, Minovirus, and Salovirus. All Caliciviridae have closely related genome structures, but are genetically and antigenically highly diverse and infect a wide range of mammalian host species including humans. Recombination in nature is not infrequent for most of the Caliciviridae, contributing to their diversity. Sapovirus infections cause diarrhoea in pigs, humans and other mammalian hosts. Lagovirus infections cause systemic haemorrhagic disease in rabbits and hares, and vesivirus infections lead to lung disease in cats, vesicular disease in swine, and exanthema and diseases of the reproductive system in large sea mammals. Neboviruses are an enteric pathogen of cattle, differing from bovine norovirus. At present, only a few selected caliciviruses can be propagated in cell culture (permanent cell lines or enteroids), and for most of the cultivatable caliciviruses helper virus-free, plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems have been established. The replication cycles of the caliciviruses are similar as far as they have been explored: viruses interact with a multitude of cell surface attachment factors (glycans) and co-receptors (proteins) for adsorption and penetration, use cellular membranes for the formation of replication complexes and have developed mechanisms to circumvent innate immune responses. Vaccines have been developed against lagoviruses and vesiviruses, and are under development against human noroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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8
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Moreira JCDO, Rodrigues DM, Gilioli R, Costa FF, Albuquerque DM. A semi-nested RT-PCR assay for detection of norovirus in rat fecal samples. Exp Anim 2018; 68:169-176. [PMID: 30531093 PMCID: PMC6511519 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a highly prevalent pathogen that can infect a wide range of host species.
Thus far, there have only been two reports of norovirus infection in rats. Diagnostic
assays for the detection of norovirus are well established, but a specific molecular assay
for the diagnosis of norovirus infection in laboratory rats has not yet been reported. In
this study, we describe the development of a sensitive, semi-nested RT-PCR assay for
detection of norovirus in fecal samples from Rattus norvegicus, reared in
animal facilities under different sanitary barrier conditions. Additionally, we describe
the first report of the presence of norovirus in rat colonies from Brazilian animal
facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Masselli Rodrigues
- Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo, 250, 5 de Junho Street, Campinas - São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rovilson Gilioli
- Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo, 250, 5 de Junho Street, Campinas - São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ferreira Costa
- Cidade Universitária "Zeferino Vaz" Barão Geraldo, 480 Carlos Chagas Street, Campinas - São Paulo 13083-878, Brazil
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9
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Rodrigues DM, Moreira JCDO, Lancellotti M, Gilioli R, Corat MAF. Murine norovirus infection in Brazilian animal facilities. Exp Anim 2016; 66:115-124. [PMID: 28049885 PMCID: PMC5411298 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.16-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus of the
Caliciviridae family. MNV has been reported to infect laboratory mice
with the ability to cause lethal infections in strains lacking components of the innate
immune response. Currently, MNV is considered the most prevalent infectious agent detected
in laboratory mouse facilities. In this study, mice in 22 laboratory animal facilities
within Brazil were analyzed for MNV infection. Using primers targeting a conserved region
of the viral capsid, MNV was detected by RT-PCR in 137 of 359 mice from all 22 facilities.
Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the capsid region from the viral genome
showed identity ranging from 87% to 99% when compared to reported MNV sequences. In
addition, RAW264.7 cells inoculated with a mouse fecal suspension displayed cytopathic
effect after the fifth passage. This study represents the first report of MNV in mouse
colonies in Brazilian laboratory animal facilities, emphasizing the relevance of a health
surveillance program in such environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Masselli Rodrigues
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biological Research on Laboratory Animal Science (CEMIB), Animal Health Laboratory, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josélia Cristina de Oliveira Moreira
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biological Research on Laboratory Animal Science (CEMIB), Animal Health Laboratory, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Rovilson Gilioli
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biological Research on Laboratory Animal Science (CEMIB), Animal Health Laboratory, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Alexandre Finzi Corat
- Multidisciplinary Center for Biological Research on Laboratory Animal Science (CEMIB), Animal Health Laboratory, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Raspa M, Mahabir E, Fray M, Volland R, Scavizzi F. Lack of transmission of murine norovirus to mice via in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and ovary transplantation. Theriogenology 2016; 86:579-88. [PMID: 26972226 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 2003, murine norovirus (MNV) is still endemic in many rodent animal facilities. Our aim was to determine the risk of transmission of MNV (91% homology to MNV3) to embryo recipients and pups via assisted reproductive technologies, especially those which compromise the integrity of the zona pellucida. In vitro fertilization (IVF), assisted in vitro fertilization (AIVF) with reduced glutathione, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and ovary transplantation were performed. Murine norovirus was detected by qualitative and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. After natural infection of immunocompetent C57BL/6NTacCnrm and immunodeficient athymic nude mice with MNV, the mesenteric lymph nodes, small intestine, spleen, liver, lung, brain, ovary, and testis were infected at specific intervals for more than a 1-year period. At Week 12, the number of viral genomes per milligram of gonad from both strains was 20 to 50. Murine norovirus strictly adhered to spermatozoa collected from infected mice because three washes did not remove MNV from the sperm. After using MNV-positive sperm for IVF, AIVF, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, 27 to 30 genomes were detected in IVF (n = 100) and AIVF (n = 100) embryos from both mouse strains. Approximately 87% of MNV detected in these embryos was found in the zona pellucida. However, all embryo transfer recipients, pups, and ovary recipients were MNV-negative. The results indicate that manipulation of the germplasm through assisted reproductive technologies did not lead to transmission of MNV to mice. This may be because of the absence of an infectious dose or failure of the MNV strain to replicate effectively in developing embryos and the reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Raspa
- National Research Council (IBCN), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Esther Mahabir
- Comparative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Fray
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Ruth Volland
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- National Research Council (IBCN), CNR-Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Monterotondo Scalo, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
Norovirus, an RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a human enteric pathogen that causes substantial morbidity across both health care and community settings. Several factors enhance the transmissibility of norovirus, including the small inoculum required to produce infection (<100 viral particles), prolonged viral shedding, and its ability to survive in the environment. In this review, we describe the basic virology and immunology of noroviruses, the clinical disease resulting from infection and its diagnosis and management, as well as host and pathogen factors that complicate vaccine development. Additionally, we discuss overall epidemiology, infection control strategies, and global reporting efforts aimed at controlling this worldwide cause of acute gastroenteritis. Prompt implementation of infection control measures remains the mainstay of norovirus outbreak management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Robilotti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stan Deresinski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benjamin A Pinsky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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12
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Adachi A, Miura T. Animal model studies on viral infections. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:672. [PMID: 25520715 PMCID: PMC4253968 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miura
- Laboratory of Primate Model, Experimental Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Kolawole AO, Xia C, Li M, Gamez M, Yu C, Rippinger CM, Yucha RE, Smith TJ, Wobus CE. Newly isolated mAbs broaden the neutralizing epitope in murine norovirus. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1958-1968. [PMID: 24899153 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.066753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the isolation and functional characterization of mAbs against two murine norovirus (MNV) strains, MNV-1 and WU20, which were isolated following oral infection of mice. The mAbs were screened for reactivity against the respective homologous and heterologous MNV strain by ELISA. Selected mAbs were of IgA, IgG1, IgG2a or IgG2b isotype and showed a range of Western blot reactivities from non-binding to strong binding, suggesting recognition of conformational and linear epitopes. Some of the anti-MNV-1 antibodies neutralized both MNV-1 and WU20 infections in culture and in mice, but none of the anti-WU20 mAbs neutralized either virus. The non-neutralizing anti-MNV-1 IgG2b antibody 5C4.10 was mapped to the S domain of the MNV-1 capsid, whilst the epitopes of the neutralizing anti-MNV-1 IgA antibodies 2D3.7 and 4F9.4 were mapped to the P domain. Generation of neutralization escape viruses showed that two mutations (V339I and D348E) in the C'D' loop of the MNV-1 P domain mediated escape from mAb 2D3.7 and 4F9.4 neutralization. These findings broaden the known neutralizing epitopes of MNV to the main surface-exposed loops of the P domain. In addition, the current panel of antibodies provides valuable reagents for studying norovirus biology and development of diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola O Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunsheng Xia
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Monica Gamez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chenchen Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christine M Rippinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryan E Yucha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Xiang Z, Tian S, Tong W, Chang H, Su J, Zhang L, Liu X, Li Y, Wei Q, Liu Y. MNV primarily surveillance by a recombination VP1-derived ELISA in Beijing area in China. J Immunol Methods 2014; 408:70-7. [PMID: 24857757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) was first found as a surrogate for human norovirus study. However, MNV infection was mostly prevalent in laboratory mice, and its immunomodulatory properties may affect the outcome of animal experiments. MNV surveillance had been performed in Europe, North America and some other countries, but not in China. Nowadays, the complete MNV virions had been used as antigen in MNV serological detection. However, the complexity in the preparation of virions might affect the antigen stability, and the virulence recovery of virion antigen had also been detected. In this study, the caspid VP1 protein was proved to be the mostly predominant antigen in MNV virions. An ELISA method using the recombination VP1 as antigen was developed (rVP1 ELISA). The rVP1 ELISA is more sensitive and less specific than the MNV virion-derived IFA method. To address the prevalence of MNV in China, a totally 600 mouse serum samples from Beijing area were tested by rVP1 ELISA and confirmed by IFA and WB. The MNV infection rate was 11.67%, but most of the MNV-positive samples were from experimental facilities (MNV rate=30.94%), not from commercial vendors (MNV rate=0.27%). Collectively, a sensitive rVP1 ELISA was developed in the current study, and the MNV investigation by rVP1 ELISA showed that MNV infection was mostly prevalent in the laboratory mice, especially the mice from experimental facilities in Beijing area in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Xiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shengnan Tian
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Tong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jingfen Su
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xianju Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Yunbo Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College/Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, China.
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15
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Hanaki KI, Ike F, Kajita A, Yasuno W, Yanagiba M, Goto M, Sakai K, Ami Y, Kyuwa S. Detection of murine norovirus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. J Virol Methods 2014; 204:17-24. [PMID: 24717164 PMCID: PMC7172776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RT-LAMP method with the potential to detect a broad range of MNV was developed. Sensitivity of RT-LAMP was 50-fold less than that of TaqMan RT-PCR. In a practical diagnostic test, RT-LAMP exhibited 96.4% and 94.7% sensitivity compared with TaqMan RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR. In a practical diagnostic test, RT-LAMP exhibited 100% specificity compared with both TaqMan RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR.
Murine norovirus (MNV) has considerable genetical and biological diversity and is recognized worldwide as the most common contaminant in laboratory mouse colonies. This study developed a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) method with the potential to detect a broad range of MNV. RT-LAMP, using a set of five primers containing mixed bases, obtained results under isothermal conditions at 62 °C for 90 min. Sensitivity of RT-LAMP was 50-fold less than that of two-step TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (TaqMan RT-PCR). Diagnostic performance of RT-LAMP on RNA extracted from mouse fecal specimens was compared with TaqMan RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR. MNV was detected in 54 of 120 mouse fecal specimens by RT-LAMP, and RT-LAMP had an estimated sensitivity and specificity of 96.4% and 100% compared with TaqMan RT-PCR, and 94.7% and 100% compared with nested RT-PCR. RT-LAMP, which does not require expensive instruments, might be useful for the screening of mice actively or persistently infected with MNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Hanaki
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishi-Tokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan; Center for In Vivo Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishi-Tokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan.
| | - Fumio Ike
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Ayako Kajita
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasuno
- Center for In Vivo Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishi-Tokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Misato Yanagiba
- Center for In Vivo Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Iwate Medical University, 2-1-1 Nishi-Tokuta, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Motoki Goto
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kouji Sakai
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, NIID, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kyuwa
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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