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Zanfaño L, Carro-Huerga G, Rodríguez-González Á, Mayo-Prieto S, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Casquero PA. Trichoderma carraovejensis: a new species from vineyard ecosystem with biocontrol abilities against grapevine trunk disease pathogens and ecological adaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1388841. [PMID: 38835860 PMCID: PMC11148300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1388841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma strains used in vineyards for the control of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) present a promising alternative to chemical products. Therefore, the isolation and characterization of new indigenous Trichoderma strains for these purposes is a valuable strategy to favor the adaptation of these strains to the environment, thus improving their efficacy in the field. In this research, a new Trichoderma species, Trichoderma carraovejensis, isolated from vineyards in Ribera de Duero (Spain) area, has been identified and phylogenetically analyzed using 20 housekeeping genes isolated from the genome of 24 Trichoderma species. A morphological description and comparison of the new species has also been carried out. In order to corroborate the potential of T. carraovejensis as a biological control agent (BCA), confrontation tests against pathogenic fungi, causing various GTDs, have been performed in the laboratory. The compatibility of T. carraovejensis with different pesticides and biostimulants has also been assessed. This new Trichoderma species demonstrates the ability to control pathogens such as Diplodia seriata, as well as high compatibility with powdered sulfur-based pesticides. In conclusion, the autochthonous species T. carraovejensis can be an effective alternative to complement the currently used strategies for the control of wood diseases in its region of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Zanfaño
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-González
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Sara Mayo-Prieto
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, Universidad de León, Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Pedro A Casquero
- Research Group of Engineering and Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resources Institute, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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Hossain Z, Zhao S, Liu K, Li L, Hubbard M. Deciphering Aphanomyces euteiches-pea-biocontrol bacterium interactions through untargeted metabolomics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8877. [PMID: 38632368 PMCID: PMC11024177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Aphanomyces euteiches causes root rot in pea, leading to significant yield losses. However, the metabolites involved in this pathosystem have not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to fill this gap and explore mechanisms of bacterial suppression of A. euteiches via untargeted metabolomics using pea grown in a controlled environment. Chemical isotope labeling (CIL), followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), was used for metabolite separation and detection. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed clear separation of metabolites from pathogen-treated pea roots and roots from other treatments. A three-tier approach positively or putatively identified 5249 peak pairs or metabolites. Of these, 403 were positively identified in tier 1; 940 were putatively identified with high confidence in tier 2. There were substantial changes in amino acid pool, and fatty acid and phenylpropanoid pathway products. More metabolites, including salicylic and jasmonic acids, were upregulated than downregulated in A. euteiches-infected roots. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and 12-oxophytodienoic acid were upregulated in A. euteiches + bacterium-treated roots compared to A. euteiches-infected roots. A great number of metabolites were up- or down-regulated in response to A. euteiches infection compared with the control and A. euteiches + bacterium-treated plants. The results of this study could facilitate improved disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakir Hossain
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada.
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kui Liu
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michelle Hubbard
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1 Airport Road, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, S9H 3X2, Canada.
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Chen Z, Wang Z, Xu W. Bacillus velezensis WB induces systemic resistance in watermelon against Fusarium wilt. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1423-1434. [PMID: 37939121 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous findings indicated that Bacillus velezensis WB could control Fusarium wilt by changing the structure of the microbial community in the watermelon rhizosphere. However, there are few studies on its mechanism in the pathogen resistance of watermelon. Therefore, in this study, we determined the mechanism of B. velezensis WB-induced systemic resistance in watermelon against Fusarium wilt through glasshouse pot experiments. RESULTS The results showed that B. velezensis WB significantly reduced the incidence and disease index of Fusarium wilt in watermelon. B. velezensis WB can enhance the basal immunity of watermelon plants by: increasing the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and β-1,3-glucanase; accumulating lignin, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA); reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations; and inducing callus deposition in watermelon plant cells. RNA-seq analysis showed that 846 watermelon genes were upregulated and 612 watermelon genes were downregulated in the WF treatment. This process led to the activation of watermelon genes associated with auxin, gibberellin, SA, ethylene and JA, and the expression of genes in the phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway was upregulated. In addition, transcription factors involved in plant resistance to pathogens, such as MYB, NAC and WRKY, were induced. Gene correlation analysis showed that Cla97C10G195840 and Cla97C02G049930 in the phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway, and Cla97C02G041360 and Cla97C10G197290 in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway showed strong correlations with other genes. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that B. velezensis WB is capable of inducing systemic resistance in watermelon against Fusarium wilt. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Chen
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agrobiological Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agrobiological Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
| | - Weihui Xu
- College of Life Science and Agroforestry, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Technology Innovation Center of Agromicrobial Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Agrobiological Preparation Industrialization, Qiqihar, China
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Olmo R, Quijada NM, Morán-Diez ME, Hermosa R, Monte E. Identification of Tomato microRNAs in Late Response to Trichoderma atroviride. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1617. [PMID: 38338899 PMCID: PMC10855890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an important crop worldwide and is considered a model plant to study stress responses. Small RNAs (sRNAs), 21-24 nucleotides in length, are recognized as a conserved mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. Plant endogenous sRNAs, such as microRNA (miRNA), have been involved in disease resistance. High-throughput RNA sequencing was used to analyze the miRNA profile of the aerial part of 30-day-old tomato plants after the application of the fungus Trichoderma atroviride to the seeds at the transcriptional memory state. Compared to control plants, ten differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in those inoculated with Trichoderma, five upregulated and five downregulated, of which seven were known (miR166a, miR398-3p, miR408, miR5300, miR6024, miR6027-5p, and miR9471b-3p), and three were putatively novel (novel miR257, novel miR275, and novel miR1767). miRNA expression levels were assessed using real-time quantitative PCR analysis. A plant sRNA target analysis of the DE miRNAs predicted 945 potential target genes, most of them being downregulated (84%). The analysis of KEGG metabolic pathways showed that most of the targets harbored functions associated with plant-pathogen interaction, membrane trafficking, and protein kinases. Expression changes of tomato miRNAs caused by Trichoderma are linked to plant defense responses and appear to have long-lasting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Enrique Monte
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37185 Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain; (R.O.); (N.M.Q.); (M.E.M.-D.); (R.H.)
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Pathak PK, Yadav N, Kaladhar VC, Jaiswal R, Kumari A, Igamberdiev AU, Loake GJ, Gupta KJ. The emerging roles of nitric oxide and its associated scavengers-phytoglobins-in plant symbiotic interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:563-577. [PMID: 37843034 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A key feature in the establishment of symbiosis between plants and microbes is the maintenance of the balance between the production of the small redox-related molecule, nitric oxide (NO), and its cognate scavenging pathways. During the establishment of symbiosis, a transition from a normoxic to a microoxic environment often takes place, triggering the production of NO from nitrite via a reductive production pathway. Plant hemoglobins [phytoglobins (Phytogbs)] are a central tenant of NO scavenging, with NO homeostasis maintained via the Phytogb-NO cycle. While the first plant hemoglobin (leghemoglobin), associated with the symbiotic relationship between leguminous plants and bacterial Rhizobium species, was discovered in 1939, most other plant hemoglobins, identified only in the 1990s, were considered as non-symbiotic. From recent studies, it is becoming evident that the role of Phytogbs1 in the establishment and maintenance of plant-bacterial and plant-fungal symbiosis is also essential in roots. Consequently, the division of plant hemoglobins into symbiotic and non-symbiotic groups becomes less justified. While the main function of Phytogbs1 is related to the regulation of NO levels, participation of these proteins in the establishment of symbiotic relationships between plants and microorganisms represents another important dimension among the other processes in which these key redox-regulatory proteins play a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Pathak
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Rekha Jaiswal
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Aprajita Kumari
- National Institute for Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Abir U Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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Prigigallo MI, Staropoli A, Vinale F, Bubici G. Interactions between plant-beneficial microorganisms in a consortium: Streptomyces microflavus and Trichoderma harzianum. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2292-2312. [PMID: 37464583 PMCID: PMC10686133 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of microbial consortia is challenging due to many variables to be controlled, including the cross-compatibility of the selected strains and their additive or synergistic effects on plants. In this work, we investigated the interactions in vitro, in planta, and at the molecular level of two elite biological control agents (BCAs), that is Streptomyces microflavus strain AtB-42 and Trichoderma harzianum strain M10, to understand their attitude to cooperate in a consortium. In vitro, we observed a strong cross-antagonism between AtB-42 and M10 in agar plates due to diffusible metabolites and volatile organic compounds. In liquid co-cultures, M10 hindered the growth of AtB-42 very likely because of secondary metabolites and strong competition for the nutrients. The interaction in the co-culture induced extensive transcriptional reprogramming in both strains, especially in the pathways related to ribosomes, protein synthesis, and oxidoreductase activity, suggesting that each strain recognized the counterpart and activated its defence responses. The metabolome of both strains was also significantly affected. In contrast, in the soil, M10 growth was partially contrasted by AtB-42. The roots of tomato seedlings inoculated with the consortium appeared smaller than the control and single-strain-inoculated plants, indicating that plants diverted some energy from the development to defence activation, as evidenced by the leaf transcriptome. The consortium induced a stronger transcriptional change compared to the single inoculants, as demonstrated by a higher number of differentially expressed genes. Although the cross-antagonism observed in vitro, the two strains exerted a synergistic effect on tomato seedlings by inducing resistance responses stronger than the single inoculants. Our observations pose a question on the usefulness of the sole in vitro assays for selecting BCAs to construct a consortium. In vivo experiments should be preferred, and transcriptomics may greatly help to elucidate the activity of the BCAs beyond the phenotypic effects on the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Staropoli
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle PianteConsiglio Nazionale delle RicerchePorticiItaly
- Dipartimento di AgrariaUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IIPorticiItaly
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni AnimaliUniversità degli Studi di Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Giovanni Bubici
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle PianteConsiglio Nazionale delle RicercheBariItaly
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Aamir M, Shanmugam V, Dubey MK, Husain FM, Adil M, Ansari WA, Rai A, Sah P. Transcriptomic characterization of Trichoderma harzianum T34 primed tomato plants: assessment of biocontrol agent induced host specific gene expression and plant growth promotion. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:552. [PMID: 37940862 PMCID: PMC10631224 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the intricate interplay between Trichoderma and the tomato genome, focusing on the transcriptional and metabolic changes triggered during the late colonization event. Microarray probe set (GSE76332) was utilized to analyze the gene expression profiles changes of the un-inoculated control (tomato) and Trichoderma-tomato interactions for identification of the differentially expressed significant genes. Based on principal component analysis and R-based correlation, we observed a positive correlation between the two cross-comaparable groups, corroborating the existence of transcriptional responses in the host triggered by Trichoderma priming. The statistically significant genes based on different p-value cut-off scores [(padj-values or q-value); padj-value < 0.05], [(pcal-values); pcal-value < 0.05; pcal < 0.01; pcal < 0.001)] were cross compared. Through cross-comparison, we identified 156 common genes that were consistently significant across all probability thresholds, and showing a strong positive corelation between p-value and q-value in the selected probe sets. We reported TD2, CPT1, pectin synthase, EXT-3 (extensin-3), Lox C, and pyruvate kinase (PK), which exhibited upregulated expression, and Glb1 and nitrate reductase (nii), which demonstrated downregulated expression during Trichoderma-tomato interaction. In addition, microbial priming with Trichoderma resulted into differential expression of transcription factors related to systemic defense and flowering including MYB13, MYB78, ERF2, ERF3, ERF5, ERF-1B, NAC, MADS box, ZF3, ZAT10, A20/AN1, polyol sugar transporter like zinc finger proteins, and a novel plant defensin protein. The potential bottleneck and hub genes involved in this dynamic response were also identified. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis based on 25 topmost DEGS (pcal-value < 0.05) and the Weighted Correlation Gene Network Analysis (WGCNA) of the 1786 significant DEGs (pcal-value < 0.05) we reported the hits associated with carbohydrate metabolism, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and the nitrogen metabolism. We conclude that the Trichoderma-induced microbial priming re-programmed the host genome for transcriptional response during the late colonization event and were characterized by metabolic shifting and biochemical changes specific to plant growth and development. The work also highlights the relevance of statistical parameters in understanding the gene regulatory dynamics and complex regulatory networks based on differential expression, co-expression, and protein interaction networks orchestrating the host responses to beneficial microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aamir
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, Delhi, India.
| | - V Shanmugam
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, University Centre for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Adil
- Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N2R9, Canada
| | - Waquar Akhter Ansari
- Department of Botany, Centre for Advanced Study, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221002, India
| | - Ashutosh Rai
- Department of Basic and Social Sciences, College of Horticulture, Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttar Pradesh, Banda, 210001, India
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Applied Sciences Department, College of Applied Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Muscat, Al Janubyyah Street, PO Box 74, Muscat, 133, Sultanate of Oman
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Khan A, Haris M, Hussain T, Khan AA, Laasli SE, Lahlali R, Mokrini F. Counter-attack of biocontrol agents: Environmentally benign Approaches against Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) on Agricultural crops. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21653. [PMID: 37954375 PMCID: PMC10632526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are obligate sedentary endoparasites, considered severe crop-damaging taxa among all plant-parasitic nematodes globally. Their attacks through parasitic proteins alter the physiology and machinery of the host cells to favour parasitism and reduction in crop yield. Currently, the use of excessive pesticides as a fast remedy to manage this pest is hazardous for both the environment and humans. Keeping this view in mind, there is an urgent need for developing efficient eco-friendly strategies. Bio-control as an eco-friendly is considered the best approach to manage nematodes without disturbing non-target microbes. In bio-control, living agents such as fungi and bacteria are the natural enemies of nematodes and the best substitute for pesticides. Fungi, including nematode-trapping fungi, can sense host signals and produce special trapping devices viz., constricting rings and adhesive knobs/loops, to capture nematodes and kill them. Whereas, endo-parasitic fungi kill nematodes by enzymatic secretions and spore adhesion through their hyphae. Bacteria can also control nematodes by producing antibiotic compounds, competing for nutrients and rhizosphere, production of hydrolytic enzymes viz., chitinases, proteases, lipases, and induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in host plants. Scientists throughout the world are trying to evolve environmentally benign methods that sustain agricultural production and keep nematodes below a threshold level. Whatever methods evolve, in the future the focus should be on important aspects like green approaches for managing nematodes without disturbing human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Section of Environmental Botany, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Touseef Hussain
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
| | - Salah-Eddine Laasli
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
| | - Rachid Lahlali
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, AgroBioSciences, College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Fouad Mokrini
- Phytopathology Unit, Department of Plant Protection, Ecole Nationale d’Agriculture de Meknès, Km10, Rte Haj Kaddour, BP S/40, Meknès, 50001, Morocco
- Biotechnology Unit, Regional Center of Agricultural Research, INRA-Morocco, Rabat, Morocco
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Khan RAA, Najeeb S, Chen J, Wang R, Zhang J, Hou J, Liu T. Insights into the molecular mechanism of Trichoderma stimulating plant growth and immunity against phytopathogens. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14133. [PMID: 38148197 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species have received significant interest as beneficial fungi for boosting plant growth and immunity against phytopathogens. By establishing a mutualistic relationship with plants, Trichoderma causes a series of intricate signaling events that eventually promote plant growth and improve disease resistance. The mechanisms contain the indirect or direct involvement of Trichoderma in enhancing plant growth by modulating phytohormones signaling pathways, improving uptake and accumulation of nutrients, and increasing soil bioavailability of nutrients. They contribute to plant resistance by stimulating systemic acquired resistance through salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling. A cascade of signal transduction processes initiated by the interaction of Trichoderma and plants regulate the expression of defense-related genes, resulting in the synthesis of defense hormones and pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs), which collectively improve plant resistance. Additionally, advancements in omics technologies has led to the identification of key pathways, their regulating genes, and molecular interactions in the plant defense and growth promotion responses induced by Trichoderma. Deciphering the molecular mechanism behind Trichoderma's induction of plant defense and immunity is essential for harnessing the full plant beneficial potential of Trichoderma. This review article sheds light on the molecular mechanisms that underlie the positive effects of Trichoderma-induced plant immunity and growth and opens new opportunities for developing environmentally friendly and innovative approaches to improve plant immunity and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Asad Ali Khan
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Saba Najeeb
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, PR, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Jumei Hou
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, PR China
- School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China
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Ansari M, Devi BM, Sarkar A, Chattopadhyay A, Satnami L, Balu P, Choudhary M, Shahid MA, Jailani AAK. Microbial Exudates as Biostimulants: Role in Plant Growth Promotion and Stress Mitigation. J Xenobiot 2023; 13:572-603. [PMID: 37873814 PMCID: PMC10594471 DOI: 10.3390/jox13040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes hold immense potential, based on the fact that they are widely acknowledged for their role in mitigating the detrimental impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which were extensively employed during the Green Revolution era. The consequence of this extensive use has been the degradation of agricultural land, soil health and fertility deterioration, and a decline in crop quality. Despite the existence of environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives, microbial bioinoculants encounter numerous challenges in real-world agricultural settings. These challenges include harsh environmental conditions like unfavorable soil pH, temperature extremes, and nutrient imbalances, as well as stiff competition with native microbial species and host plant specificity. Moreover, obstacles spanning from large-scale production to commercialization persist. Therefore, substantial efforts are underway to identify superior solutions that can foster a sustainable and eco-conscious agricultural system. In this context, attention has shifted towards the utilization of cell-free microbial exudates as opposed to traditional microbial inoculants. Microbial exudates refer to the diverse array of cellular metabolites secreted by microbial cells. These metabolites enclose a wide range of chemical compounds, including sugars, organic acids, amino acids, peptides, siderophores, volatiles, and more. The composition and function of these compounds in exudates can vary considerably, depending on the specific microbial strains and prevailing environmental conditions. Remarkably, they possess the capability to modulate and influence various plant physiological processes, thereby inducing tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, these exudates facilitate plant growth and aid in the remediation of environmental pollutants such as chemicals and heavy metals in agroecosystems. Much like live microbes, when applied, these exudates actively participate in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere, engaging in continuous interactions with plants and plant-associated microbes. Consequently, they play a pivotal role in reshaping the microbiome. The biostimulant properties exhibited by these exudates position them as promising biological components for fostering cleaner and more sustainable agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Ansari
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.A.); (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - B. Megala Devi
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ankita Sarkar
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.A.); (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Anirudha Chattopadhyay
- Pulses Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar 385506, Gujarat, India;
| | - Lovkush Satnami
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India; (M.A.); (A.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Pooraniammal Balu
- Department of Biotechnology, Sastra Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Manoj Choudhary
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Muhammad Adnan Shahid
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA;
| | - A. Abdul Kader Jailani
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Plant Pathology Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
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11
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Guo Q, Shi L, Wang X, Li D, Yin Z, Zhang J, Ding G, Chen L. Structures and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Trichoderma genus (Covering 2018-2022). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13612-13632. [PMID: 37684097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma, a genus with more than 400 species, has a long history of use as an industrial bioreactor, biofertilizer, and biocontrol agent. It is considered a significant source of secondary metabolites (SMs) that possess unique structural features and a wide range of bioactivities. In recent years, numerous secondary metabolites of Trichoderma, including terpenoids, polyketides, peptides, alkaloids, and steroids, have been identified. Most of these SMs displayed antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antifungal effects. This review focuses on the structural diversity, biological activities, and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the SMs isolated from Trichoderma covered from 2018 to 2022. This study provides insights into the exploration and utilization of bioactive compounds from Trichoderma species in the agriculture or pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Guo
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shi
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
- Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Li
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
- Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Yin
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Henan Comprehensive Utilization of Edible and Medicinal Plant Resources Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology of Natural Products, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou 450063, People's Republic of China
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12
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Duan X, Zou C, Jiang Y, Yu X, Ye X. Effects of Reduced Phosphate Fertilizer and Increased Trichoderma Application on the Growth, Yield, and Quality of Pepper. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2998. [PMID: 37631209 PMCID: PMC10460083 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus utilization by crop plants is often limited, thereby resulting in large accumulations of residual phosphorus fertilizer in the soil. Trichoderma fungi function as natural decomposition agents that can contribute to increasing decomposition and promoting nutrient absorption in plants. In this study, we developed a novel fertilizer application strategy that reduces phosphate fertilizer and increases Trichoderma and examined its effects on the growth, nutrient absorption, and fruit quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). We compared the efficacies of eight treatments: P100 = standard dose application of phosphorus fertilizer; P85 = 85% dose; P70 = 70% dose; P0 = no phosphorus fertilizer; and the TP100, TP85, TP70, and TP0 treatments, in which a Trichoderma mixture was added to the P100, P85, P70, and P0 treatments, respectively. The combined fertilizer application strategy stimulated plant growth, increased chlorophyll content, improved yield, and enhanced nutrient absorption. Additionally, the strategy improved pepper fruit quality by increasing the contents of soluble proteins, soluble sugars, vitamin C, capsaicin, and capsanthin. A comprehensive analysis indicated that the TP85 treatment was the optimal fertilization regime for pepper. This study provides a novel fertilizer application strategy for pepper that not only ensures good plant growth but also protects soil health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China (Y.J.); (X.Y.)
| | - Chunlei Zou
- Vegetable Research Institute of Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang 110161, China;
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China (Y.J.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xuejing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China (Y.J.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xueling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang 110866, China (Y.J.); (X.Y.)
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Lakhdari W, Benyahia I, Bouhenna MM, Bendif H, Khelafi H, Bachir H, Ladjal A, Hammi H, Mouhoubi D, Khelil H, Alomar TS, AlMasoud N, Boufafa N, Boufahja F, Dehliz A. Exploration and Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites from Trichoderma harzianum: GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical Profiling, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity Assessment. Molecules 2023; 28:5025. [PMID: 37446686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated in vitro the potential of Trichoderma harzianum to produce bioactive secondary metabolites that can be used as alternatives to synthetic compounds. The study focused on analyzing two extracts of T. harzianum using ethyl acetate and n-butanol solvents with different polarities. The extracts were examined using phytochemical analysis to determine the content of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis were used to profile volatile organic metabolites (VOCs) present in the extracts. Furthermore, the extracts were tested for their antifungal ability using the poison food technique. For measuring antioxidant activity, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) test was used. Trichoderma harzianum was shown to have a significantly high content of tannins and alkaloids, with a noticeable difference between the two extracts. GC-MS analysis identified 33 potential compounds with numerous benefits that could be used in agriculture and the medicinal industry. Moreover, strong antifungal activity was identified against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by 94.44%, Alternaria sp. by 77.04%, and Fusarium solani by 51.48; similarly, the IC50 of antioxidant activity was estimated for ethyl acetate extract by 71.47% and n-butanol extract by 56.01%. This leads to the conclusion that Trichoderma harzianum VOCs play a significant role as an antifungal and antioxidant agent when taking into account the advantageous bioactive chemicals noted in the extracts. However, to our knowledge, this is the first study in Algeria presenting detailed phytochemical analysis and GC-MS profiling of Trichoderma harzianum for two extracts, ethyl acetate and n-butanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassima Lakhdari
- National Institute of Agronomic Research of Algeria, Touggourt 30200, Algeria
- Valcore Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria
| | - Ibtissem Benyahia
- Laboratory of Biogeochemistry and Desert Environments, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Material Sciences, University of Kasdi Merbah, Ouargla 30000, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Mounir Bouhenna
- Scientific and Technical Center of Research in Physical and Chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail 42004, Algeria
| | - Hamdi Bendif
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of M'sila, M'sila 28000, Algeria
| | - Hafida Khelafi
- Valcore Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria
| | - Hakim Bachir
- Division of Hydraulic and Bioclimatology, National Institute of Agronomic Research (INRA), Algers 16000, Algeria
| | - Amel Ladjal
- Valcore Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria
| | - Hamida Hammi
- National Institute of Agronomic Research of Algeria, Touggourt 30200, Algeria
| | | | | | - Taghrid S Alomar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84427, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla AlMasoud
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84427, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fehmi Boufahja
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abderrahmene Dehliz
- National Institute of Agronomic Research of Algeria, Touggourt 30200, Algeria
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14
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Woo SL, Hermosa R, Lorito M, Monte E. Trichoderma: a multipurpose, plant-beneficial microorganism for eco-sustainable agriculture. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:312-326. [PMID: 36414835 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan and opportunistic ascomycete fungal genus including species that are of interest to agriculture as direct biological control agents of phytopathogens. Trichoderma utilizes direct antagonism and competition, particularly in the rhizosphere, where it modulates the composition of and interactions with other microorganisms. In its colonization of plants, on the roots or as an endophyte, Trichoderma has evolved the capacity to communicate with the plant and produce numerous multifaceted benefits to its host. The intricacy of this plant-microorganism association has stimulated a marked interest in research on Trichoderma, ranging from its capacity as a plant growth promoter to its ability to prime local and systemic defence responses against biotic and abiotic stresses and to activate transcriptional memory affecting plant responses to future stresses. This Review discusses the ecophysiology and diversity of Trichoderma and the complexity of its relationships in the agroecosystem, highlighting its potential as a direct and indirect biological control agent, biostimulant and biofertilizer, which are useful multipurpose properties for agricultural applications. We also highlight how the present legislative framework might accommodate the demonstrated evidence of Trichoderma proficiency as a plant-beneficial microorganism contributing towards eco-sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheridan L Woo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Abdelrhim AS, Abdellatif YMR, Hossain MA, Alamri S, Pessarakli M, Lessy AMN, Dawood MFA. Comparative Study of Three Biological Control Agents and Two Conventional Fungicides against Coriander Damping-off and Root Rot Caused by Rhizoctonia solani. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1694. [PMID: 37111917 PMCID: PMC10141358 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo efficacy of three biocontrol agents, Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescence, and Bacillus subtilis, were tested against Rhizoctonia solani (AG-4) infection compared to two conventional fungicides (Rizolex-T 50%wettable powder and Amistar 25%). Antifungal enzyme activity was assayed in the culture filtrate of the biocontrol agents. The impact of the tested biocontrol agents on the induction of the coriander immune system was investigated against R. solani by assessing the resistance-related enzymes and compounds in biocontrol agent-treated plants compared with the control. The obtained results revealed that all tested biocontrol agents significantly reduced the linear growth of R. solani, and T. viride recorded the highest inhibition percentage. This could be linked to the ability of T. viride to produce higher activities of antimicrobial enzymes, i.e., cellulase, chitinase, and protease, compared to P. fluorescence and B. subtilis. Applying the tested biocontrol agents significantly alleviated pre- and post-emergence damping-off and root rot/wilt diseases of infected coriander compared with untreated plants. The tested biocontrol agents exhibited significantly higher germination percentage and vigor index of the coriander than the tested fungicides. The tested biocontrol agents significantly minimized the reduction of photosynthetic pigments induced by R. solani. In addition, the results showed a significant increase in enzymes/molecules (i.e., phenylalanine, catalase, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, phenolics, ascorbic acids, and salicylic acid) involved directly and indirectly in coriander resistance to R. solani. The principal component analysis of the recorded data recommended the role of the high accumulation of oxidative parameters (hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation) and the inhibition of phenolic compounds in the downregulation of coriander resistance against R. solani. The heatmap analysis results revealed that biocontrol agents, especially Trichoderma, enhanced the resistance against R. solani via the stimulation of salicylic acid, phenolics, and antioxidant enzymes. Overall, the data recommended the efficacy of biocontrol agents, especially T. viride, against R. solani infecting coriander plants, which could be an efficient and a safer alternative to conventional fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasmin M. R. Abdellatif
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A. Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amna M. N. Lessy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Minia University, Minia 85721, Egypt
| | - Mona F. A. Dawood
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
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16
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Staropoli A, Cuomo P, Salvatore MM, De Tommaso G, Iuliano M, Andolfi A, Tenore GC, Capparelli R, Vinale F. Harzianic Acid Activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Its Role in Calcium Regulation. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040237. [PMID: 37104175 PMCID: PMC10146698 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium, which can be found, as a commensal microorganism, on the skin surface or in the nasal mucosa of the human population. However, S. aureus may become pathogenic and cause severe infections, especially in hospitalized patients. As an opportunistic pathogen, in fact, S. aureus interferes with the host Ca2+ signaling, favoring the spread of the infection and tissue destruction. The identification of novel strategies to restore calcium homeostasis and prevent the associated clinical outcomes is an emerging challenge. Here, we investigate whether harzianic acid, a bioactive metabolite derived from fungi of the genus Trichoderma, could control S. aureus-induced Ca2+ movements. First, we show the capability of harzianic acid to complex calcium divalent cations, using mass spectrometric, potentiometric, spectrophotometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Then, we demonstrate that harzianic acid significantly modulates Ca2+ increase in HaCaT (human keratinocytes) cells incubated with S. aureus. In conclusion, this study suggests harzianic acid as a promising therapeutical alternative against diseases associated with Ca2+ homeostasis alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Staropoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Cuomo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano De Tommaso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Iuliano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Tenore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Capparelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Carro-Huerga G, Mayo-Prieto S, Rodríguez-González Á, Cardoza RE, Gutiérrez S, Casquero PA. Vineyard Management and Physicochemical Parameters of Soil Affect Native Trichoderma Populations, Sources of Biocontrol Agents against Phaeoacremonium minimum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:887. [PMID: 36840235 PMCID: PMC9966749 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Native strains of Trichoderma in vineyard soil represent an opportunity for reducing the incidence of grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in vineyards. Moreover, its relationship with the environment (physicochemical soil characteristics and farming management practices) remains unclear. In the current study, a survey was carried out on farming management used by viticulturists, and soil samples were studied to analyze their physicochemical properties and to isolate Trichoderma strains. Later, statistical analyses were performed to identify possible correlations between Trichoderma populations, soil management and soil characteristics. In addition, in vitro tests, including antibiosis and mycoparasitism, were performed to select those Trichoderma strains able to antagonize Phaeoacremonium minimum. In this study a positive correlation was found between the iron content and pH in the soil, and a lower pH increases Trichoderma populations in soils. Vineyard management also affects Trichoderma populations in the soil, negatively in the case of fertilization and tillage and positively in the case of herbicide spraying. Two Trichoderma native strains were selected as potential biocontrol agents (Trichoderma gamsii T065 and Trichoderma harzianum T087) using antibiosis and mycoparasitism as mechanisms of action. These results led to the conclusion that native Trichoderma strains hold great potential as biological control agents and as producers of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Carro-Huerga
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Sara Mayo-Prieto
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez-González
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Rosa E. Cardoza
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Área de Microbiología, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, Avenida Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Área de Microbiología, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal, Campus de Ponferrada, Universidad de León, Avenida Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Pedro A. Casquero
- Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, Spain
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18
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Yao X, Guo H, Zhang K, Zhao M, Ruan J, Chen J. Trichoderma and its role in biological control of plant fungal and nematode disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160551. [PMID: 37206337 PMCID: PMC10189891 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is mainly used to control soil-borne diseases as well as some leaf and panicle diseases of various plants. Trichoderma can not only prevent diseases but also promotes plant growth, improves nutrient utilization efficiency, enhances plant resistance, and improves agrochemical pollution environment. Trichoderma spp. also behaves as a safe, low-cost, effective, eco-friendly biocontrol agent for different crop species. In this study, we introduced the biological control mechanism of Trichoderma in plant fungal and nematode disease, including competition, antibiosis, antagonism, and mycoparasitism, as well as the mechanism of promoting plant growth and inducing plant systemic resistance between Trichoderma and plants, and expounded on the application and control effects of Trichoderma in the control of various plant fungal and nematode diseases. From an applicative point of view, establishing a diversified application technology for Trichoderma is an important development direction for its role in the sustainable development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yao
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hailin Guo
- Science and Technology Innovation Development Center of Bijie City, Bijie, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingjun Ruan
- College of Agronomy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingjun Ruan,
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Jie Chen,
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New Insights into the Mechanism of Trichoderma virens-Induced Developmental Effects on Agrostis stolonifera Disease Resistance against Dollar Spot Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111186. [DOI: 10.3390/jof8111186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma is internationally recognized as a biocontrol fungus for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Intriguingly, the crosstalk mechanism between the plant and Trichoderma is dynamic, depending on the Trichoderma strains and the plant species. In our previous study, the Trichoderma virens 192-45 strain showed better pathogen inhibition through the secretive non-volatile and volatile substrates. Therefore, we studied transcriptional and metabolic responses altered in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) with T. virens colonization prior to a challenge with Clarireedia homoeocarpa. This fungal pathogen causes dollar spot on various turfgrasses. When the pathogen is deficient, the importance of T. virens to the enhancement of plant growth can be seen in hormonal production and microbe signaling, such as indole-3-acrylic acid. Therefore, these substrates secreted by T. virens and induced genes related to plant growth can be the ‘pre-defense’ for ensuing pathogen attacks. During C. homoeocarpa infection, the Trichoderma–plant interaction activates defense responses through the SA- and/or JA-dependent pathway, induced by T. virens and its respective exudates, such as oleic, citric, and stearic acid. Thus, we will anticipate a combination of genetic engineering and exogenous application targeting these genes and metabolites, which could make creeping bentgrass more resistant to dollar spot and other pathogens.
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20
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Sahu PK, Jayalakshmi K, Tilgam J, Gupta A, Nagaraju Y, Kumar A, Hamid S, Singh HV, Minkina T, Rajput VD, Rajawat MVS. ROS generated from biotic stress: Effects on plants and alleviation by endophytic microbes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1042936. [PMID: 36352882 PMCID: PMC9638130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic living is thought to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are an inevitable chemical component. They are produced exclusively in cellular compartments in aerobic metabolism involving significant energy transfer and are regarded as by-products. ROS have a significant role in plant response to pathogenic stress, but the pattern varies between necrotrophs and biotrophs. A fine-tuned systemic induction system is involved in ROS-mediated disease development in plants. In regulated concentrations, ROS act as a signaling molecule and activate different pathways to suppress the pathogens. However, an excess of these ROS is deleterious to the plant system. Along with altering cell structure, ROS cause a variety of physiological reactions in plants that lower plant yield. ROS also degrade proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and other substances. Plants have their own mechanisms to overcome excess ROS and maintain homeostasis. Microbes, especially endophytes, have been reported to maintain ROS homeostasis in both biotic and abiotic stresses by multiple mechanisms. Endophytes themselves produce antioxidant compounds and also induce host plant machinery to supplement ROS scavenging. The structured reviews on how endophytes play a role in ROS homeostasis under biotic stress were very meager, so an attempt was made to compile the recent developments in ROS homeostasis using endophytes. This review deals with ROS production, mechanisms involved in ROS signaling, host plant mechanisms in alleviating oxidative stress, and the roles of endophytes in maintaining ROS homeostasis under biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar Sahu
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K. Jayalakshmi
- Plant Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Directorate of Onion Garlic Research, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyotsana Tilgam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amrita Gupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India
| | - Yalavarthi Nagaraju
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Harsh Vardhan Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Mahendra Vikram Singh Rajawat
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Uttar Pradesh, India
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21
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De Palma M, Scotti R, D’Agostino N, Zaccardelli M, Tucci M. Phyto-Friendly Soil Bacteria and Fungi Provide Beneficial Outcomes in the Host Plant by Differently Modulating Its Responses through (In)Direct Mechanisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2672. [PMID: 36297696 PMCID: PMC9612229 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agricultural systems based on the application of phyto-friendly bacteria and fungi are increasingly needed to preserve soil fertility and microbial biodiversity, as well as to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Although there is considerable attention on the potential applications of microbial consortia as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents for crop management, knowledge on the molecular responses modulated in host plants because of these beneficial associations is still incomplete. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the different mechanisms of action triggered by plant-growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) to promote host-plant growth and improve its defense system. In addition, we combined available gene-expression profiling data from tomato roots sampled in the early stages of interaction with Pseudomonas or Trichoderma strains to develop an integrated model that describes the common processes activated by both PGPMs and highlights the host's different responses to the two microorganisms. All the information gathered will help define new strategies for the selection of crop varieties with a better ability to benefit from the elicitation of microbial inoculants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica De Palma
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Riccardo Scotti
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano (SA), Italy
| | - Nunzio D’Agostino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Massimo Zaccardelli
- CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano Faiano (SA), Italy
| | - Marina Tucci
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, Research Division Portici, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
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22
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Pang G, Sun T, Ding M, Li J, Zhao Z, Shen Q, Cai FM. Characterization of an Exceptional Fungal Mutant Enables the Discovery of the Specific Regulator of a Silent PKS-NRPS Hybrid Biosynthetic Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11769-11781. [PMID: 36084284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi produce a great variety of bioactive secondary metabolites essential for their biotic interactions. Here, we characterized an exceptional Trichoderma mutant overproducing harzianic acids (HAs) with exclusively highly antifungal activity against numerous fungi from different ecological groups. Interestingly, two transcription factors (TFs) were identified in this HA biosynthetic gene cluster (hac BGC), with HacI regulating the biosynthetic genes and HacF being likely responsible for the product transportation essential for the self-detoxification of the fungus from the produced HAs. Evolutionary analysis suggested that the sparse distribution of hac BGC in many environmental opportunistic fungi including several species from Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Aspergillus could result from lateral gene transfers and pervasive gene losses in different lineages of Pezizomycotina. Taken together, we propose that the production of HAs by fungi is to inhibit the growth of the surrounding partners to secure an exclusive position in a competitive community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Pang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingyue Ding
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jun Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng M Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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23
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Zhang Y, Xiao J, Yang K, Wang Y, Tian Y, Liang Z. Transcriptomic and metabonomic insights into the biocontrol mechanism of Trichoderma asperellum M45a against watermelon Fusarium wilt. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272702. [PMID: 35947630 PMCID: PMC9365129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is one of the most popular fruit crops. However, Fusarium wilt (FW) is a serious soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) that severely limits the development of the watermelon industry. Trichoderma spp. is an important plant anti-pathogen biocontrol agent. The results of our previous study indicated that Trichoderma asperellum M45a (T. asperellum M45a) could control FW by enhancing the relative abundance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere of watermelon. However, there are few studies on its mechanism in the pathogen resistance of watermelon. Therefore, transcriptome sequencing of T. asperellum M45a-treated watermelon roots combined with metabolome sequencing of the rhizosphere soil was performed with greenhouse pot experiments. The results demonstrated that T. asperellum M45a could stably colonize roots and significantly increase the resistance-related enzymatic activities (e.g., lignin, cinnamic acid, peroxidase and peroxidase) of watermelon. Moreover, the expression of defense-related genes such as MYB and PAL in watermelon roots significantly improved with the inoculation of T. asperellum M45a. In addition, KEGG pathway analysis showed that a large number of differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in phenylpropane metabolic pathways, which may be related to lignin and cinnamic acid synthesis, thus further inducing the immune response to resist FON. Furthermore, metabolic analysis indicated that four differential metabolic pathways were enriched in M45a-treated soil, including six upregulated compounds and one down-regulated compound. Among them, galactinol and urea were significantly positively correlated with Trichoderma. Hence, this study provides insight into the biocontrol mechanism of T. asperellum M45a to resist soil-borne diseases, which can guide its industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Hunan Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Indica Rice Genetics and Breeding in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Valley, Changsha, Hunan, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiling Xiao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (YT); (ZL)
| | - Zhihuai Liang
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (YT); (ZL)
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24
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Gliotoxin, an Immunosuppressive Fungal Metabolite, Primes Plant Immunity: Evidence from Trichoderma virens-Tomato Interaction. mBio 2022; 13:e0038922. [PMID: 35862794 PMCID: PMC9426506 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00389-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial interaction of members of the fungal genus Trichoderma with plant roots primes the plant immune system, promoting systemic resistance to pathogen infection. Some strains of Trichoderma virens produce gliotoxin, a fungal epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP)-type secondary metabolite that is toxic to animal cells. It induces apoptosis, prevents NF-κB activation via the inhibition of the proteasome, and has immunosuppressive properties. Gliotoxin is known to be involved in the antagonism of rhizosphere microorganisms. To investigate whether this metabolite has a role in the interaction of Trichoderma with plant roots, we compared gliotoxin-producing and nonproducing T. virens strains. Both colonize the root surface and outer layers, but they have differential effects on root growth and architecture. The responses of tomato plants to a pathogen challenge were followed at several levels: lesion development, levels of ethylene, and reactive oxygen species. The transcriptomic signature of the shoot tissue in response to root interaction with producing and nonproducing T. virens strains was monitored. Gliotoxin producers provided stronger protection against foliar pathogens, compared to nonproducing strains. This was reflected in the transcriptomic signature, which showed the induction of defense-related genes. Two markers of plant defense response, PR1 and Pti-5, were differentially induced in response to pure gliotoxin. Gliotoxin thus acts as a microbial signal, which the plant immune system recognizes, directly or indirectly, to promote a defense response. IMPORTANCE A single fungal metabolite induces far-reaching transcriptomic reprogramming in the plant, priming immune responses and defense, in contrast to its immunosuppressive effect on animal cells. While the negative effects of gliotoxin-producing Trichoderma strains on growth may be observed only under a particular set of laboratory conditions, gliotoxin-linked molecular patterns, including the potential for limited cell death, could strongly prime plant defense, even in mature soil-grown plants in which the same Trichoderma strain promotes growth.
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25
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Abbas A, Mubeen M, Zheng H, Sohail MA, Shakeel Q, Solanki MK, Iftikhar Y, Sharma S, Kashyap BK, Hussain S, del Carmen Zuñiga Romano M, Moya-Elizondo EA, Zhou L. Trichoderma spp. Genes Involved in the Biocontrol Activity Against Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884469. [PMID: 35694310 PMCID: PMC9174946 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is a pathogen that causes considerable harm to plants worldwide. In the absence of hosts, R. solani survives in the soil by forming sclerotia, and management methods, such as cultivar breeding, crop rotations, and fungicide sprays, are insufficient and/or inefficient in controlling R. solani. One of the most challenging problems facing agriculture in the twenty-first century besides with the impact of global warming. Environmentally friendly techniques of crop production and improved agricultural practices are essential for long-term food security. Trichoderma spp. could serve as an excellent example of a model fungus to enhance crop productivity in a sustainable way. Among biocontrol mechanisms, mycoparasitism, competition, and antibiosis are the fundamental mechanisms by which Trichoderma spp. defend against R. solani, thereby preventing or obstructing its proliferation. Additionally, Trichoderma spp. induce a mixed induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants against R. solani, known as Trichoderma-ISR. Stimulation of every biocontrol mechanism involves Trichoderma spp. genes responsible for encoding secondary metabolites, siderophores, signaling molecules, enzymes for cell wall degradation, and plant growth regulators. Rhizoctonia solani biological control through genes of Trichoderma spp. is summarized in this paper. It also gives information on the Trichoderma-ISR in plants against R. solani. Nonetheless, fast-paced current research on Trichoderma spp. is required to properly utilize their true potential against diseases caused by R. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqleem Abbas
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mustansar Mubeen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Hongxia Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qaiser Shakeel
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Manoj Kumar Solanki
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Yasir Iftikhar
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Yasir Iftikhar,
| | - Sagar Sharma
- Plant Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Group, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Brijendra Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Lei Zhou,
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Sabatino L, Consentino BB, Ntatsi G, La Bella S, Baldassano S, Rouphael Y. Stand-Alone or Combinatorial Effects of Grafting and Microbial and Non-Microbial Derived Compounds on Vigour, Yield and Nutritive and Functional Quality of Greenhouse Eggplant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1175. [PMID: 35567179 PMCID: PMC9105124 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current research investigated the effects of endophytic fungi such as Trichoderma atroviride (Ta) or Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract (An) and their combination on growth, yield, nutritive and functional features, and mineral profile of 'Birgah' F1 eggplant either ungrafted, self-grafted or grafted onto the Solanum torvum rootstock. Eggplant exposed to An or An+Ta had a significant increase in root collar diameter 50 days after transplanting (RCD50), total yield (TY), marketable yield (MY), ascorbic acid (AA) content, Mg, Cu, and Zn concentration, and a reduction in glycoalkaloids (GLY) compared with the control. Furthermore, grafted plants had a higher TY, MY, number of marketable fruits (NMF), RCD50, AA, Cu, and Zn and a lower SSC, GLY, and Mg than the ungrafted plants. The combination of grafting and An+Ta significantly improved mean weight of marketable fruits (MF), plant height 50 days after transplanting (PH50), number of leaves 50 days after transplanting (NL50), fruit dry matter (FDM), chlorogenic acid (ClA), proteins, and K and Fe concentration. This combination also produced fruits of high premium quality as evidenced by the higher AA and ClA concentration, the lower GLY concentration, and an overall improved mineral profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Sabatino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (B.B.C.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Beppe Benedetto Consentino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (B.B.C.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Salvatore La Bella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (B.B.C.); (S.L.B.)
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
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27
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De Tommaso G, Salvatore MM, Siciliano A, Staropoli A, Vinale F, Nicoletti R, DellaGreca M, Guida M, Salvatore F, Iuliano M, Andolfi A. Interaction of the Fungal Metabolite Harzianic Acid with Rare-Earth Cations (La 3+, Nd 3+, Sm 3+, Gd 3+). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061959. [PMID: 35335320 PMCID: PMC8954165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rare-earth elements are emerging contaminants of soil and water bodies which destiny in the environment and effects on organisms is modulated by their interactions with natural ligands produced by bacteria, fungi and plants. Within this framework, coordination by harzianic acid (H2L), a Trichoderma secondary metabolite, of a selection of tripositive rare-earth cations Ln3+ (Ln3+ = La3+, Nd3+, Sm3+, and Gd3+) was investigated at 25 °C, and in a CH3OH/0.1 M NaClO4 (50/50 w/w) solvent, using mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and pH measurements. Experimental data can be satisfactorily explained by assuming, for all investigated cations, the formation of a mono-complex (LnL+) and a bis-complex (LnL2-). Differences were found between the formation constants of complexes of different Ln3+ cations, which can be correlated with ionic radius. Since gadolinium is the element that raises the most concern among lanthanide elements, its effects on organisms at different levels of biological organization were explored, in the presence and absence of harzianic acid. Results of ecotoxicological tests suggest that harzianic acid can decrease gadolinium biotoxicity, presumably because of complex formation with Gd3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano De Tommaso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.S.); (F.V.)
| | - Antonietta Siciliano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessia Staropoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.S.); (F.V.)
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.S.); (F.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marina DellaGreca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (A.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.I.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-2539179 (A.A.)
| | - Mauro Iuliano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.I.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-2539179 (A.A.)
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.D.T.); (M.M.S.); (M.D.)
- BAT Center—Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.S.); (M.I.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-2539179 (A.A.)
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28
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Vicente I, Baroncelli R, Hermosa R, Monte E, Vannacci G, Sarrocco S. Role and genetic basis of specialised secondary metabolites in Trichoderma ecophysiology. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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29
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Trichoderma hamatum Strain Th23 Promotes Tomato Growth and Induces Systemic Resistance against Tobacco Mosaic Virus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030228. [PMID: 35330230 PMCID: PMC8951347 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma hamatum strain Th23, isolated from tomato roots, was molecularly identified using phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, tef1, and rpb2 gene sequences and evaluated for its efficiency in suppressing tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection for the first time. Under greenhouse conditions, the application of Th23 promoted tomato growth with significant increases in shoot and root parameters as well as improved total chlorophyll content. Compared to the nontreated tomato plants, the soil pretreatment of tomato plants 48 h before TMV inoculation produced a significant reduction in the TMV accumulation level by 84.69% and enhanced different growth parameters. In contrast, TMV had a deleterious impact on fresh and dry matter accumulation and inhibited photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, the protective activity of Th23 was associated with a significant increase in reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes (PPO, CAT, and SOD) as well as decreased nonenzymatic oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) compared to the TMV treatment at 15 days post-viral inoculation (dpi). In addition, considerable increases in the transcriptional levels of polyphenolic genes (HQT and CHS) and pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-1 and PR-7) were shown to induce systemic resistance against TMV. Consequently, the ability of T. hamatum strain Th23 to promote plant growth, induce systemic resistance, and boost innate immunity against TMV infestation supported the incorporation of Th23 as a potential biocontrol agent for managing plant viral infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the antiviral activity of T. hamatum against plant viral infection.
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Yu Y, Gui Y, Li Z, Jiang C, Guo J, Niu D. Induced Systemic Resistance for Improving Plant Immunity by Beneficial Microbes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030386. [PMID: 35161366 PMCID: PMC8839143 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant beneficial microorganisms improve the health and growth of the associated plants. Application of beneficial microbes triggers an enhanced resistance state, also termed as induced systemic resistance (ISR), in the host, against a broad range of pathogens. Upon the activation of ISR, plants employ long-distance systemic signaling to provide protection for distal tissue, inducing rapid and strong immune responses against pathogens invasions. The transmission of ISR signaling was commonly regarded to be a jasmonic acid- and ethylene-dependent, but salicylic acid-independent, transmission. However, in the last decade, the involvement of both salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways and the regulatory roles of small RNA in ISR has been updated. In this review, the plant early recognition, responsive reactions, and the related signaling transduction during the process of the plant-beneficial microbe interaction was discussed, with reflection on the crucial regulatory role of small RNAs in the beneficial microbe-mediated ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Gui
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zijie Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunhao Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dongdong Niu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.G.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.G.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Center of Bioresource Pesticide in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
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Plant Growth-Promoting Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa FG106 and Its Ability to Act as a Biocontrol Agent against Potato, Tomato and Taro Pathogens. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010140. [PMID: 35053136 PMCID: PMC8773043 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
P. aeruginosa strain FG106 was isolated from the rhizosphere of tomato plants and identified through morphological analysis, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that this strain could control several pathogens on tomato, potato, taro, and strawberry. Volatile and non-volatile metabolites produced by the strain are known to adversely affect the tested pathogens. FG106 showed clear antagonism against Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Phytophthora colocasiae, P. infestans, Rhizoctonia solani, and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans. FG106 produced proteases and lipases while also inducing high phosphate solubilization, producing siderophores, ammonia, indole acetic acid (IAA), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and forming biofilms that promote plant growth and facilitate biocontrol. Genome mining approaches showed that this strain harbors genes related to biocontrol and growth promotion. These results suggest that this bacterial strain provides good protection against pathogens of several agriculturally important plants via direct and indirect modes of action and could thus be a valuable bio-control agent.
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, Larsen J. The Role of Secondary Metabolites in Rhizosphere Competence of Trichoderma. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Genus Trichoderma: Its Role in Induced Systemic Resistance of Plants Against Phytopathogens. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sarrocco S, Vicente I, Staropoli A, Vinale F. Genes Involved in the Secondary Metabolism of Trichoderma and the Biochemistry of These Compounds. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91650-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang H, Zhang R, Duan Y, Jiang W, Chen X, Shen X, Yin C, Mao Z. The Endophytic Strain Trichoderma asperellum 6S-2: An Efficient Biocontrol Agent against Apple Replant Disease in China and a Potential Plant-Growth-Promoting Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121050. [PMID: 34947033 PMCID: PMC8705406 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted for endophytic antagonistic fungi obtained from the roots of healthy apple trees growing in nine replanted orchards in Shandong Province, China. The fungi were assessed for their ability to inhibit Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5, a fungal strain associated with apple replant disease (ARD). An effective endophyte, designated as strain 6S-2, was isolated and identified as Trichoderma asperellum. Strain 6S-2 demonstrated protease, amylase, cellulase, and laccase activities, which are important for the parasitic and antagonistic functions of pathogenic fungi. The inhibition rate of 6S-2 against Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5 was 52.41%. Strain 6S-2 also secreted iron carriers, auxin, ammonia and was able to solubilize phosphorus. Its fermentation extract and volatile substances inhibited the growth of MR5, causing its hyphae to twist, shrink, swell, and rupture. The antifungal activity of the 6S-2 fermentation extract increased with increasing concentrations. It promoted the production and elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots, and the strongest effects were seen at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. A GC-MS analysis of the 6S-2 fermentation extract and volatile substances showed that they comprised mainly alkanes, alcohols, and furanones, as well as the specific volatile substance 6-PP. The application of 6S-2 spore suspension to replanted apple orchard soils reduced plant oxidative damage and promoted plant growth in a pot experiment. Therefore, the endophytic strain T. asperellum 6S-2 has the potential to serve as an effective biocontrol fungus for the prevention of ARD in China, and appears to promote plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chengmiao Yin
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.M.); Tel.: +86-186-5388-0060 (C.Y.); +86-139-5382-2958 (Z.M.)
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.M.); Tel.: +86-186-5388-0060 (C.Y.); +86-139-5382-2958 (Z.M.)
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Al-Surhanee AA, Afzal M, Bouqellah NA, Ouf SA, Muhammad S, Jan M, Kaleem S, Hashem M, Alamri S, Abdel Latef AAH, Ali OM, Soliman MH. The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against Rhizoctonia solani Linked with Tomato Plant Health. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112283. [PMID: 34834647 PMCID: PMC8618975 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic infestations are significant threats to vegetable yield, and have become an urgent problem to be solved. Rhizoctonia solani is one of the worst fungi affecting tomato crops, reducing yield in some regions. It is a known fact that plants have their own defense against such infestations; however, it is unclear whether any exogenous material can help plants against infestation. Therefore, we performed greenhouse experiments to evaluate the impacts of R. solani on 15- and 30-day old tomato plants after fungal infestation, and estimated the antifungal activity of nanoparticles (NPs) against the pathogen. We observed severe pathogenic impacts on the above-ground tissues of tomato plants which would affect plant physiology and crop production. Pathogenic infection reduced total chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, which subsequently disturbed plant physiology. Further, total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly increased in pathogen treatments. Constitutively, enhanced activities were estimated for catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS)in pathogen-treated plants. Moreover, pathogenesis-related genes, namely, chitinase, plant glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL1), pathogenesis-related protein (PR12), and pathogenesis-related protein (PR1) were evaluated, with significant differences between treated and control plants. In vitro and greenhouse antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), chitosan nanoparticles, and Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites and plant health was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. We found astonishing results, namely, that Ag and CHI have antifungal activities against R. solani. Overall, plant health was much improved following treatment with Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites. In order to manage R. solani pathogenicity and improve tomato health, Ag/CHI NPs composites could be used infield as well as on commercial levels based on recommendations. However, there is an urgent need to first evaluate whether these NP composites have any secondary impacts on human health or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Islamic Girls School and College, Parachinar 26301, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Salama A. Ouf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Sajid Muhammad
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Mehmood Jan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Sidra Kaleem
- Ocean College of Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China;
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.); (S.A.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Saad Alamri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.); (S.A.)
| | | | - Omar M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Turabah Branch, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mona H. Soliman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Sharm, Yanbu El-Bahr, Yanbu 46429, Saudi Arabia;
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Sinno M, Ranesi M, Di Lelio I, Iacomino G, Becchimanzi A, Barra E, Molisso D, Pennacchio F, Digilio MC, Vitale S, Turrà D, Harizanova V, Lorito M, Woo SL. Selection of Endophytic Beauveria bassiana as a Dual Biocontrol Agent of Tomato Pathogens and Pests. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101242. [PMID: 34684191 PMCID: PMC8540488 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi (EF) can enhance both plant growth and defense barriers against pests and pathogens, contributing to the reduction of chemical pesticides and fertilizers use in agriculture. Beauveria bassiana is an entomopathogenic fungus showing endophytism in several crops, often associated with a good capacity to limit the development of pests and disease agents. However, the diversity of the protective efficacy and plant response to different strains can be remarkable and needs to be carefully assessed for the successful and predictable use of these beneficial microorganisms. This study aims to select B. bassiana strains able to colonize tomato plants as endophytes as well as to control two important disease agents, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata, and the pest aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Nine wild-type isolates and one commercial strain were screened for endophytism, then further characterized for plant-growth promotion plus inhibition of disease development and pest infestation. Four isolates proved to have a good control activity against the biotic stressors tested, but only Bb716 was also able to promote plant growth. This work provides a simple workflow for the selection of beneficial EF, paving the way towards more effective use of B. bassiana in Integrate Pest Management (IPM) of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sinno
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-340-9284138
| | - Marta Ranesi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Giuseppina Iacomino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Eleonora Barra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Donata Molisso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Stefania Vitale
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - David Turrà
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Vili Harizanova
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural University-Plovdiv, 12, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.R.); (I.D.L.); (G.I.); (A.B.); (E.B.); (D.M.); (F.P.); (M.C.D.); (D.T.); (M.L.)
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Samaras A, Roumeliotis E, Ntasiou P, Karaoglanidis G. Bacillus subtilis MBI600 Promotes Growth of Tomato Plants and Induces Systemic Resistance Contributing to the Control of Soilborne Pathogens. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061113. [PMID: 34072940 PMCID: PMC8229581 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis MBI600 (Bs MBI600) is a recently commercialized plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR). In this study, we investigated the effects of Bs MBI600 on the growth of tomato and its biocontrol efficacy against three main soilborne tomato pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum, and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici-Forl). Furthermore, the root colonization ability of the Bs MBI600 strain on tomato roots was analyzed in vivo with a yellow fluorescence protein (yfp)-labeled strain, revealing strong colonization ability, which was affected by the root growth substrate. The application of Bs MBI600 on tomato plants resulted in significant increases in shoot and root lengths. Transcriptional activation of two auxin-related genes (SiPin6 and SiLax4) was observed. Single applications of Bs MBI600 on inoculated tomato plants with pathogens revealed satisfactory control efficacy compared to chemical treatment. Transcriptomic analysis of defense-related genes used as markers of the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway (PR-1A and GLUA) or jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET) signaling pathway (CHI3, LOXD, and PAL) showed increased transcription patterns in tomato plants treated with Bs MBI600 or Forl. These results indicate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that are activated after the application of Bs MBI600 on tomato plants and suggest that induction of systemic resistance (ISR) occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Samaras
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Forestry and Natural Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (P.N.)
| | - Efstathios Roumeliotis
- Department of Agriculture, Theodoropoulou Terma, University of Patras, 27200 Amaliada, Greece;
| | - Panagiota Ntasiou
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Forestry and Natural Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (P.N.)
| | - George Karaoglanidis
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Forestry and Natural Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.S.); (P.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Morán-Diez ME, Martínez de Alba ÁE, Rubio MB, Hermosa R, Monte E. Trichoderma and the Plant Heritable Priming Responses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040318. [PMID: 33921806 PMCID: PMC8072925 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no doubt that Trichoderma is an inhabitant of the rhizosphere that plays an important role in how plants interact with the environment. Beyond the production of cell wall degrading enzymes and metabolites, Trichoderma spp. can protect plants by inducing faster and stronger immune responses, a mechanism known as priming, which involves enhanced accumulation of dormant cellular proteins that function in intracellular signal amplification. One example of these proteins is the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) that are triggered by the rise of cytosolic calcium levels and cellular redox changes following a stressful challenge. Transcription factors such as WRKYs, MYBs, and MYCs, play important roles in priming as they act as regulatory nodes in the transcriptional network of systemic defence after stress recognition. In terms of long-lasting priming, Trichoderma spp. may be involved in plants epigenetic regulation through histone modifications and replacements, DNA (hypo)methylation, and RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Inheritance of these epigenetic marks for enhanced resistance and growth promotion, without compromising the level of resistance of the plant’s offspring to abiotic or biotic stresses, seems to be an interesting path to be fully explored.
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Chen J, Zhou L, Din IU, Arafat Y, Li Q, Wang J, Wu T, Wu L, Wu H, Qin X, Pokhrel GR, Lin S, Lin W. Antagonistic Activity of Trichoderma spp. Against Fusarium oxysporum in Rhizosphere of Radix pseudostellariae Triggers the Expression of Host Defense Genes and Improves Its Growth Under Long-Term Monoculture System. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:579920. [PMID: 33790872 PMCID: PMC8005620 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.579920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Under consecutive monoculture, the abundance of pathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium oxysporum in the rhizosphere of Radix pseudostellariae, negatively affects the yield and quality of the plant. Therefore, it is pertinent to explore the role of antagonistic fungi for the management of fungal pathogens such as F. oxysporum. Our PCR-denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) results revealed that the diversity of Trichoderma spp. was significantly declined due to extended monoculture. Similarly, quantitative PCR analysis showed a decline in Trichoderma spp., whereas a significant increase was observed in F. oxysporum. Furthermore, seven Trichoderma isolates from the R. pseudostellariae rhizosphere were identified and evaluated in vitro for their potentiality to antagonize F. oxysporum. The highest and lowest percentage of inhibition (PI) observed among these isolates were 47.91 and 16.67%, respectively. In in vivo assays, the R. pseudostellariae treated with four Trichoderma isolates, having PI > 30%, was used to evaluate the biocontrol efficiency against F. oxysporum in which T. harzianum ZC51 enhanced the growth of the plant without displaying any disease symptoms. Furthermore, the expression of eight defense-related genes of R. pseudostellariae in response to a combination of F. oxysporum and T. harzianum ZC51 treatment was checked, and most of these defense genes were found to be upregulated. In conclusion, this study reveals that the extended monoculture of R. pseudostellariae could alter the Trichoderma communities in the plant rhizosphere leading to relatively low level of antagonistic microorganisms. However, T. harzianum ZC51 could inhibit the pathogenic F. oxysporum and induce the expression of R. pseudostellariae defense genes. Hence, T. harzianum ZC51 improves the plant resistance and reduces the growth inhibitory effect of consecutive monoculture problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liuting Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Israr Ud Din
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Arafat
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Wildlife and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Qian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juanying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Fujian Provincial Technology Center of Emission Storage and Management, Fujian, China
| | - Linkun Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongmiao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianjin Qin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Sheng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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41
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Coordination Properties of the Fungal Metabolite Harzianic Acid toward Toxic Heavy Metals. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9020019. [PMID: 33498433 PMCID: PMC7909447 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Some Trichoderma strains are known for their capacity to produce harzianic acid, a metabolite belonging to the tetramic acid derivatives. Harzianic acid has interesting biological properties, such as antimicrobial activities against phytopathogenic fungi and promotion of plant growth. It also possesses remarkable chemical properties, including the chelating properties toward essential transition metals, which might be related to the biological activities. Increasing knowledge on chelating properties might be relevant for understanding the various beneficial effects of harzianic acid in the interaction between the producer fungi and plants. In this work, the coordination capacity of harzianic acid was studied to evaluate the formation and stability of complexes formed with toxic heavy metals (i.e., Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+), which might have a crucial role in the tolerance of plants growing in metal-contaminated soils and in abiotic stress.
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42
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Chen XL, Sun MC, Chong SL, Si JP, Wu LS. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Approaches Deepen Our Knowledge of Plant-Endophyte Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:700200. [PMID: 35154169 PMCID: PMC8828500 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.700200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In natural systems, plant-symbiont-pathogen interactions play important roles in mitigating abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. Symbionts have their own special recognition ways, but they may share some similar characteristics with pathogens based on studies of model microbes and plants. Multi-omics technologies could be applied to study plant-microbe interactions, especially plant-endophyte interactions. Endophytes are naturally occurring microbes that inhabit plants, but do not cause apparent symptoms in them, and arise as an advantageous source of novel metabolites, agriculturally important promoters, and stress resisters in their host plants. Although biochemical, physiological, and molecular investigations have demonstrated that endophytes confer benefits to their hosts, especially in terms of promoting plant growth, increasing metabolic capabilities, and enhancing stress resistance, plant-endophyte interactions consist of complex mechanisms between the two symbionts. Further knowledge of these mechanisms may be gained by adopting a multi-omics approach. The involved interaction, which can range from colonization to protection against adverse conditions, has been investigated by transcriptomics and metabolomics. This review aims to provide effective means and ways of applying multi-omics studies to solve the current problems in the characterization of plant-microbe interactions, involving recognition and colonization. The obtained results should be useful for identifying the key determinants in such interactions and would also provide a timely theoretical and material basis for the study of interaction mechanisms and their applications.
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43
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Ji S, Liu Z, Wang Y. Trichoderma-Induced Ethylene Responsive Factor MsERF105 Mediates Defense Responses in Malus sieversii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:708010. [PMID: 34777407 PMCID: PMC8585786 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.708010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma can induce plant hormone signal pathways mediating plant defenses, resulting in broad-spectrum resistance to phytopathogens. Herein, Malus sieversii seedlings were treated with Trichoderma biofertilizer and/or Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali, and transcriptome analysis revealed significant differential expression. There was a high similarity between the transcriptome expression profiles of Trichoderma-induced and A. alternata-infected M. sieversii samples for genes related to jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways. Additionally, Trichoderma biofertilizer activated numerous disease-resistant genes (ERF, NAC, bHLH, and STK) and defense response genes (DRP, ABC, and HSP). Among transcription factors, members of the ERF family were the most differentially expressed (18 ERFs), indicating that they may be closely related to defense responses. Among ERFs, differential expression of MsERF105 was the most significant (upregulated 27.6-fold compared to controls). MsERF105 was heterologously expressed in PdPap poplar (Populus davidiana × Populus alba var. pyramidalis Louche), and following infection with A. alternata (Aal), transgenic PdPap-MsERF105s plants displayed lower malondialdehyde (downregulated 41.4%) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) levels, and higher reductase activities, especially superoxide dismutase (SOD; upregulated 77.5% compared to PdPap-ROK2 plants). Furthermore, the lesion areas of PdPap-MsERF105s leaves were significantly smaller (0.2%) than those of PdPap-ROK2 leaves (∼26.0%), and the cell membrane integrity was superior for PdPap-MsERF105s leaves. Thus, MsERF105 enhanced the resistance of PaPap poplar to Aal, presumably because MsERF105 activates the expression of PR1 and PDF1.2. In conclusion, Trichoderma biofertilizer modulated the differential expression of numerous disease resistance genes and defense response genes in M. sieversii in response to pathogen attack, and MsERF105 played important roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Ji
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yucheng Wang, ;
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44
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Marra R, Coppola M, Pironti A, Grasso F, Lombardi N, d’Errico G, Sicari A, Bolletti Censi S, Woo SL, Rao R, Vinale F. The Application of Trichoderma Strains or Metabolites Alters the Olive Leaf Metabolome and the Expression of Defense-Related Genes. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040369. [PMID: 33339378 PMCID: PMC7766153 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocontrol fungal strains of the genus Trichoderma can antagonize numerous plant pathogens and promote plant growth using different mechanisms of action, including the production of secondary metabolites (SMs). In this work we analyzed the effects of repeated applications of selected Trichoderma strains or SMs on young olive trees on the stimulation of plant growth and on the development of olive leaf spot disease caused by Fusicladium oleagineum. In addition, metabolomic analyses and gene expression profiles of olive leaves were carried out by LC-MS Q-TOF and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. A total of 104 phenolic compounds were detected from olive leave extracts and 20 were putatively identified. Targeted and untargeted approaches revealed significant differences in both the number and type of phenolic compounds accumulated in olive leaves after Trichoderma applications, as compared to water-treated plants. Different secoiridoids were less abundant in treated plants than in controls, while the accumulation of flavonoids (including luteolin and apigenin derivatives) increased following the application of specific Trichoderma strain. The induction of defense-related genes, and of genes involved in the synthesis of the secoiridoid oleuropein, was also analyzed and revealed a significant variation of gene expression according to the strain or metabolite applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Marra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0812532253
| | - Mariangela Coppola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
| | - Angela Pironti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
| | - Filomena Grasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
| | - Giada d’Errico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
| | - Andrea Sicari
- Linfa S.c.a r.l., 89900 Vibo Valentia, Italy; (A.S.); (S.B.C.)
| | | | - Sheridan L. Woo
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Rao
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (A.P.); (F.G.); (N.L.); (G.d.); (R.R.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (S.L.W.); (F.V.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy
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45
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The Influence of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T-22 and Other Biostimulants on Rhizosphere Beneficial Microorganisms of Carrot. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The principles of good agricultural and horticultural practice, which consider both giving environmental protection and high yielding of plants, require modern cultivation methods. Modern cultivation of horticultural plants uses, for example, cover crops, living mulches, plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), plant growth regulators (PGRs) and other biostimulants protecting the soil against degradation and plants against phytopathogens and stress. The purpose of field and laboratory studies was to determine the effect of Trianum P (containing Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T-22 spores), Beta-Chikol (a.s.—chitosan), Timorex Gold 24 EC (based on tea tree oil) and fungicide Zaprawa Nasienna T 75 DS/WS (a.s.—tiuram 75%) on the health of carrot (Daucus carota L.) plants and the microorganism population in the rhizosphere of this plant. Moreover, the antagonistic effect of rhizosphere fungi on selected carrot fungal pathogens was determined. Laboratory mycological analysis allowed one to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of fungi colonizing the underground parts of carrot plants. In addition, the total population of fungi and bacteria was determined (including Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp.) based on the microbiological analysis of the rhizosphere soil. The application of the plant growth-promoting fungus (Trichoderma harzianum T-22), chitosan and tea tree oil positively influenced the growth, development and health status of carrot plants. T. harzianum T-22, chitosan and fungicide most effectively protected carrots against infection by soil-borne fungi from the genus Alternaria, Fusarium, Haematonectria, Sclerotinia and Rhizoctonia. The rhizosphere population of Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. in the treatments with Trianum P or Zaprawa Nasienna T 75 DS/WS was bigger than in the other experimental treatments. A reverse relationship was observed in the population of rhizosphere fungi. T. harzianum T-22, chitosan and tea tree oil promoted the growth of antagonistic fungi (Albifimbria sp., Clonostachys sp., Penicillium sp., Talaromyces sp. and Trichoderma sp.) in the carrot rhizosphere. Antagonistic activity of these fungi towards Alternaria dauci, Alternaria radicina, Sclerotiniasclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani was higher after the application of the preparations compared to control. Consequently, Trianum P, Beta-Chikol and Timorex Gold 24 EC can be recommended as plant biostimulants in ecological agricultural production, including Daucus carota cultivation.
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Lombardi N, Salzano AM, Troise AD, Scaloni A, Vitaglione P, Vinale F, Marra R, Caira S, Lorito M, d’Errico G, Lanzuise S, Woo SL. Effect of Trichoderma Bioactive Metabolite Treatments on the Production, Quality, and Protein Profile of Strawberry Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:7246-7258. [PMID: 32426974 PMCID: PMC8154561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma produce secondary metabolites having several biological activities that affect plant metabolism. We examined the effect of three Trichoderma bioactive metabolites (BAMs), namely, 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP), harzianic acid (HA), and hydrophobin 1 (HYTLO1), on yield, fruit quality, and protein representation of strawberry plants. In particular, 6PP and HA increased the plant yield and number of fruits, when compared to control, while HYTLO1 promoted the growth of the roots and increased the total soluble solids content up to 19% and the accumulation of ascorbic acid and cyanidin 3-O-glucoside in red ripened fruits. Proteomic analysis showed that BAMs influenced the representation of proteins associated with the protein metabolism, response to stress/external stimuli, vesicle trafficking, carbon/energy, and secondary metabolism. Results suggest that the application of Trichoderma BAMs affects strawberry plant productivity and fruit quality and integrate previous observations on deregulated molecular processes in roots and leaves of Trichoderma-treated plants with original data on fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lombardi
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics
& Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Dario Troise
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
- Proteomics
& Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics
& Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department
of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Institute
for Sustainable Plant Protection, National
Research Council, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Marra
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Caira
- Proteomics
& Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
- Institute
for Sustainable Plant Protection, National
Research Council, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
- Task
Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giada d’Errico
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Lanzuise
- Department
of Agricultural Sciences, University of
Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- Institute
for Sustainable Plant Protection, National
Research Council, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy
- Task
Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico
II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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47
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Macías-Rodríguez L, Contreras-Cornejo HA, Adame-Garnica SG, Del-Val E, Larsen J. The interactions of Trichoderma at multiple trophic levels: inter-kingdom communication. Microbiol Res 2020; 240:126552. [PMID: 32659716 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are universal saprotrophic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems, and as rhizosphere inhabitants, they mediate interactions with other soil microorganisms, plants, and arthropods at multiple trophic levels. In the rhizosphere, Trichoderma can reduce the abundance of phytopathogenic microorganisms, which involves the action of potent inhibitory molecules, such as gliovirin and siderophores, whereas endophytic associations between Trichoderma and the seeds and roots of host plants can result in enhanced plant growth and crop productivity, as well as the alleviation of abiotic stress. Such beneficial effects are mediated via the activation of endogenous mechanisms controlled by phytohormones such as auxins and abscisic acid, as well as by alterations in host plant metabolism. During either root colonization or in the absence of physical contact, Trichoderma can trigger early defense responses mediated by Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, and subsequently stimulate plant immunity by enhancing resistance mechanisms regulated by the phytohormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. In addition, Trichoderma release volatile organic compounds and nitrogen or oxygen heterocyclic compounds that serve as signaling molecules, which have effects on plant growth, phytopathogen levels, herbivorous insects, and at the third trophic level, play roles in attracting the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of herbivores. In this paper, we review some of the most recent advances in our understanding of the environmental influences of Trichoderma spp., with particular emphasis on their multiple interactions at different trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
| | - Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico; Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico.
| | - Sandra Goretti Adame-Garnica
- Instituto De Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana De San Nicolás De Hidalgo, Gral. Francisco J. Mujica S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ek Del-Val
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
| | - John Larsen
- Instituto De Investigaciones En Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro # 8701, Ex-Hacienda De San José De La Huerta, C.P. 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, MeXico
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48
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Lombardi N, Caira S, Troise AD, Scaloni A, Vitaglione P, Vinale F, Marra R, Salzano AM, Lorito M, Woo SL. Trichoderma Applications on Strawberry Plants Modulate the Physiological Processes Positively Affecting Fruit Production and Quality. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1364. [PMID: 32719661 PMCID: PMC7350708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Trichoderma spp. are successful plant beneficial microbial inoculants due to their ability to act as biocontrol agents with direct antagonistic activities to phytopathogens, and as biostimulants capable of promoting plant growth. This work investigated the effects of treatments with three selected Trichoderma strains (T22, TH1, and GV41) to strawberry plants on the productivity, metabolites and proteome of the formed fruits. Trichoderma applications stimulated plant growth, increased strawberry fruit yield, and favored selective accumulation of anthocyanins and other antioxidants in red ripened fruits. Proteomic analysis of fruits harvested from the plants previously treated with Trichoderma demonstrated that the microbial inoculants highly affected the representation of proteins associated with responses to stress/external stimuli, nutrient uptake, protein metabolism, carbon/energy metabolism and secondary metabolism, also providing a possible explanation to the presence of specific metabolites in fruits. Bioinformatic analysis of these differential proteins revealed a central network of interacting molecular species, providing a rationale to the concomitant modulation of different plant physiological processes following the microbial inoculation. These findings indicated that the application of Trichoderma-based products exerts a positive impact on strawberry, integrating well with previous observations on the molecular mechanisms activated in roots and leaves of other tested plant species, demonstrating that the efficacy of using a biological approach with beneficial microbes on the maturing plant is also able to transfer advantages to the developing fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Caira
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Dario Troise
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Vitaglione
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Roberta Marra
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy.,Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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49
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Carillo P, Woo SL, Comite E, El-Nakhel C, Rouphael Y, Fusco GM, Borzacchiello A, Lanzuise S, Vinale F. Application of Trichoderma harzianum, 6-pentyl-α-pyrone and Plant Biopolymer Formulations Modulate Plant Metabolism and Fruit Quality of Plum Tomatoes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E771. [PMID: 32575500 PMCID: PMC7356659 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many Trichoderma are successfully used to improve agriculture productivity due to their capacity for biocontrol and to stimulate plant growth and tolerance to abiotic stress. This research elucidates the effect of applications with Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 (T22), or biopolymer (BP) alone or in combination (BP + T22 or BP + 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP); a Trichoderma secondary metabolite) on the crop performance, nutritional and functional quality of greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cultivar Pixel). T22 elicited significant increases in total yield (+40.1%) compared to untreated tomato. The content of lycopene, an important antioxidant compound in tomatoes, significantly increased upon treatment with T22 (+ 49%), BP + T22 (+ 40%) and BP + 6PP (+ 52%) compared to the control. T22 treatments significantly increased the content of asparagine (+37%), GABA (+87%) and MEA (+102%) over the control; whereas BP alone strongly increased GABA (+105%) and MEA (+85%). The synthesis of these compounds implies that tomato plants are able to reuse the photorespiratory amino acids and ammonium for producing useful metabolites and reduce the pressure of photorespiration on plant metabolism, thus optimizing photosynthesis and growth. Finally, these metabolites exert many beneficial effects for human health, thus enhancing the premium quality of plum tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronia Carillo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (P.C.); (G.M.F.)
| | - Sheridan L. Woo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Ernesto Comite
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Christophe El-Nakhel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Giovanna Marta Fusco
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (P.C.); (G.M.F.)
| | - Assunta Borzacchiello
- National Research Council, Institute for Composite Polymers and Biomaterials, 80125 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Stefania Lanzuise
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy; (E.C.); (C.E.-N.); (Y.R.); (S.L.)
| | - Francesco Vinale
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, 80055 Portici, Italy;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
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Sood M, Kapoor D, Kumar V, Sheteiwy MS, Ramakrishnan M, Landi M, Araniti F, Sharma A. Trichoderma: The "Secrets" of a Multitalented Biocontrol Agent. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060762. [PMID: 32570799 PMCID: PMC7355703 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant-Trichoderma-pathogen triangle is a complicated web of numerous processes. Trichoderma spp. are avirulent opportunistic plant symbionts. In addition to being successful plant symbiotic organisms, Trichoderma spp. also behave as a low cost, effective and ecofriendly biocontrol agent. They can set themselves up in various patho-systems, have minimal impact on the soil equilibrium and do not impair useful organisms that contribute to the control of pathogens. This symbiotic association in plants leads to the acquisition of plant resistance to pathogens, improves developmental processes and yields and promotes absorption of nutrient and fertilizer use efficiency. Among other biocontrol mechanisms, antibiosis, competition and mycoparasitism are among the main features through which microorganisms, including Thrichoderma, react to the presence of other competitive pathogenic organisms, thereby preventing or obstructing their development. Stimulation of every process involves the biosynthesis of targeted metabolites like plant growth regulators, enzymes, siderophores, antibiotics, etc. This review summarizes the biological control activity exerted by Trichoderma spp. and sheds light on the recent progress in pinpointing the ecological significance of Trichoderma at the biochemical and molecular level in the rhizosphere as well as the benefits of symbiosis to the plant host in terms of physiological and biochemical mechanisms. From an applicative point of view, the evidence provided herein strongly supports the possibility to use Trichoderma as a safe, ecofriendly and effective biocontrol agent for different crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sood
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (M.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Vipul Kumar
- School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Delhi-Jalandhar Highway, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India;
| | - Mohamed S. Sheteiwy
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, University of Pisa, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, SNC I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.S.)
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