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Kelishomi FZ, Nikkhahi F, Amereh S, Ghayyaz F, Marashi SMA, Javadi A, Shahbazi G, Khakpour M. Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of a novel bacteriophage in the healing process of infected wounds with Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 36:371-378. [PMID: 38307250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacterial wound infections have recently become a threat to public health. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae highlights the need for a new treatment method. The effectiveness of bacteriophages has been observed for several infections in animal models and human trials. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of bacteriophages in the treatment of wound infections associated with MDR and biofilm-producing K. pneumoniae and compared its effectiveness with that of gentamicin. METHODS A lytic phage against MDR K. pneumoniae was isolated and identified. The effectiveness of phages in the treatment of wound infection in mice was investigated and its effectiveness was compared with gentamicin. RESULTS The results showed that the isolated phage belonged to the Drexlerviridae family. This phage acts like gentamicin and effectively eliminates bacteria from wounds. In addition, mice in the phage therapy group were in better physical condition. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated the success of phage therapy in the treatment of mice wounds infected with K. pneumoniae. These results indicate the feasibility of topical phage therapy for the safe treatment of wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Nikkhahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Samira Amereh
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghayyaz
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Amir Javadi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Gholamhassan Shahbazi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mohadeseh Khakpour
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Ismael NM, Azzam M, Abdelmoteleb M, El-Shibiny A. Phage vB_Ec_ZCEC14 to treat antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections. Virol J 2024; 21:44. [PMID: 38365702 PMCID: PMC10873995 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a commensal bacterial species in the human gastrointestinal tract; however, it could be pathogenic and cause severe infections in intra and extra-intestinal sites. Uropathogenic E. coli accounts for 80-90% of urinary tract infections that can result in urosepsis and septic shock. Consequently, multidrug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli poses a considerable risk to the healthcare system worldwide. Phage therapy is demonstrated as an optimistic solution to over-the-counter antibiotics that contribute to the global issue of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study aims to isolate a novel phage that could be implemented to cure urinary tract infections mediated by multidrug-resistant E. coli. Twenty-seven E. coli isolates were collected from patients with urinary tract infections to assess the antibacterial efficacy of phage vB_Ec_ZCEC14. Phage kinetics were encountered against the E. coli strain (EC/4), in addition to evaluating phage stability under various temperatures, pH values, and UV exposure periods. Full genome sequencing and morphological analysis were conducted for further phage characterization, which revealed that phage vB_Ec_ZCEC14 belongs to the family Straboviridae. Phage vB_Ec_ZCEC14 showed thermal tolerance at 80 ℃, pH stability between pH 3 and pH 12, and endurance to UV exposure for 45 min. The phage-host interaction results revealed that phage vB_Ec_ZCEC14 has strong and steady antibacterial action at lower concentrations (MOI 0.1). The study findings strongly indicate that phage vB_Ec_ZCEC14 holds significant promise as a potential therapeutic alternative for treatment of antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedaa M Ismael
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Azzam
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Abdelmoteleb
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, 12578, Giza, Egypt.
- Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, 45511, Arish, Egypt.
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3
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Alqahtani A. Bacteriophage treatment as an alternative therapy for multidrug-resistant bacteria. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:1222-1231. [PMID: 38016738 PMCID: PMC10712800 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.12.20230366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria constitute one of the most serious global health threats. The increasing incidence rate of bacterial infections caused by MDR strains and the decrease in the number of newly developed antibiotics have prompted the scientific community to search for alternatives. One such alternative is the use of bacteriophages. In this review, we discuss the most critical MDR organisms, including Acinetobacter baumanni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus The efficacy of phage therapy against MDR bacteria is also discussed. We included studies from the last 10 years that examined the efficacy of phage therapy against MDR pathogens. In addition, this review highlights the effect of bacteriophages against bacterial biofilms. The existing knowledge indicates that phage therapy is a potential therapeutic strategy against MDR bacteria. However, the adverse effects of phage therapy, such as toxicity, and the emergence of phage resistance have not yet been resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alqahtani
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Peng Q, Ma Z, Han Q, Xiang F, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Xian Y, Yuan Y. Characterization of bacteriophage vB_KleM_KB2 possessing high control ability to pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9815. [PMID: 37330608 PMCID: PMC10276810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a widespread pathogen of several human diseases. The emergence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae makes the treatment of these diseases a significant challenge. The application of bacteriophages is a potential approach for dealing with the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. This study isolates a novel bacteriophage vB_KleM_KB2 that infects the multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae. The bacteriophage exhibits a short latent period of 10 min, and can effectively lyse the bacterium within 60 min. Notably, the bacteriophage can completely inhibit the growth of the host bacterium at the initial concentration of 107 CFU/mL with a low multiplicity of infection of 0.001, which proves its high lytic activity. Furthermore, the bacteriophage shows high environmental tolerances, which can facilitate the practical application of the bacteriophage. Analysis of the bacteriophage genome shows that the bacteriophage possesses a novel genome sequence and can represent a new bacteriophage genus. Considering the high lytic activity, short latent period, high stability, and novel genetic background, bacteriophage vB_KleM_KB2 enriches the bacteriophage library and provides a new alternative for controlling the diseases caused by multidrug-resistant pathogenic K. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Peng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Zimeng Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Qing Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Fangfang Xiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Lushuang Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yaxin Xian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, China
| | - Yihui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Lauman P, Dennis JJ. Synergistic Interactions among Burkholderia cepacia Complex-Targeting Phages Reveal a Novel Therapeutic Role for Lysogenization-Capable Phages. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0443022. [PMID: 37195168 PMCID: PMC10269493 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04430-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a danger to global public health and threatens many aspects of modern medicine. Bacterial species such as those of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) cause life-threatening respiratory infections and are highly resistant to antibiotics. One promising alternative being explored to combat Bcc infections is phage therapy (PT): the use of phages to treat bacterial infections. Unfortunately, the utility of PT against many pathogenic species is limited by its prevailing paradigm: that only obligately lytic phages should be used therapeutically. It is thought that 'lysogenic' phages do not lyse all bacteria and can transfer antimicrobial resistance or virulence factors to their hosts. We argue that the tendency of a lysogenization-capable (LC) phage to form stable lysogens is not predicated exclusively on its ability to do so, and that the therapeutic suitability of a phage must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Concordantly, we developed several novel metrics-Efficiency of Phage Activity, Growth Reduction Coefficient, and Stable Lysogenization Frequency-and used them to evaluate eight Bcc-specific phages. Although these parameters vary considerably among Bcc phages, a strong inverse correlation (R2 = 0.67; P < 0.0001) exists between lysogen formation and antibacterial activity, indicating that certain LC phages with low frequency of stable lysogenization may be therapeutically efficacious. Moreover, we show that many LC Bcc phages interact synergistically with other phages in the first reported instance of mathematically defined polyphage synergy, and that these interactions result in the eradication of in vitro bacterial growth. Together, these findings reveal a novel therapeutic role for LC phages and challenge the current paradigm of PT. IMPORTANCE The spread of antimicrobial resistance is an imminent threat to public health around the world. Particularly concerning are species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc), which cause life-threatening respiratory infections and are notoriously resistant to antibiotics. Phage therapy is a promising alternative being explored to combat Bcc infections and antimicrobial resistance in general, but its utility against many pathogenic species, including the Bcc, is restricted by the currently prevailing paradigm of exclusively using rare obligately lytic phages due to the perception that 'lysogenic' phages are therapeutically unsuitable. Our findings show that many lysogenization-capable phages exhibit powerful in vitro antibacterial activity both alone and through mathematically defined synergistic interactions with other phages, demonstrating a novel therapeutic role for LC phages and therefore challenging the currently prevailing paradigm of PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lauman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan J. Dennis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Rajab AAH, Hegazy WAH. What’s old is new again: Insights into diabetic foot microbiome. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:680-704. [PMID: 37383589 PMCID: PMC10294069 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is considered one of the most stubborn global health problems that continues to defy the efforts of scientists and physicians. The prevalence of diabetes in the global population continues to grow to alarming levels year after year, causing an increase in the incidence of diabetes complications and health care costs all over the world. One major complication of diabetes is the high susceptibility to infections especially in the lower limbs due to the immunocompromised state of diabetic patients, which is considered a definitive factor in all cases. Diabetic foot infections continue to be one of the most common infections in diabetic patients that are associated with a high risk of serious complications such as bone infection, limb amputations, and life-threatening systemic infections. In this review, we discussed the circumstances associated with the high risk of infection in diabetic patients as well as some of the most commonly isolated pathogens from diabetic foot infections and the related virulence behavior. In addition, we shed light on the different treatment strategies that aim at eradicating the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A H Rajab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44511, Egypt
| | - Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44511, Egypt
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7
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Al-Madboly LA, Abdelaziz AA, Abo-Kamer AM, Nosair AM, Abdelkader K. Characterization and genomic analysis of novel bacteriophage NK20 to revert colistin resistance and combat pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a rat respiratory infection model. Life Sci 2023; 322:121639. [PMID: 37001805 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the therapeutic capacity of the isolated Klebsiella bacteriophage NK20 against pandrug-resistant strains. Moreover, we assessed the impact of resistance development on the overall therapeutic outcome both in vitro and in vivo. MAIN METHODS The pandrug-resistant K. pneumoniae Kp20 is used as a host strain for the isolation of bacteriophages using sewage samples. Spot assay was then used to compare the spectra of the isolated phages, while kinetic and genomic analysis of the phage with the broadest spectrum was assessed. Antibacterial potential of the phage was assessed using turbidimetric assay and MIC with and without colistin. Finally, the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a rat respiratory infection model. KEY FINDINGS The isolated lytic bacteriophage (NK20) showed a relatively broad spectrum and an acceptable genomic profile. In vitro antibacterial assay revealed bacterial resistance development after 12 h. Colistin inhibited bacterial regrowth and reduced pandrug-resistant strains' colistin MICs. Despite the isolation of resistant clones, intranasal administration of NK20 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the bacterial load in both the pulmonary and blood compartments and rescued 100 % of challenged rats. Histological and immunological analysis of treated animals' lung tissue revealed less inflammation and lower TNF-α and caspase-3 expression. SIGNIFICANCE NK20 is a promising candidate that rescued rats from untreatable, pan-drug-resistant K. pneumoniae Kp20. Moreover, it steers the evolution of resistant mutants with higher sensitivity to colistin and less virulence, opening the door for using phages as sensitizing and anti-virulence entities rather than direct killer.
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8
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Zaki BM, Hussein AH, Hakim TA, Fayez MS, El-Shibiny A. Phages for treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 200:207-239. [PMID: 37739556 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen involved in both hospital- and community-acquired infections. K. pneumoniae is associated with various infections, including pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis, urinary tract infection, and surgical wound infection. K. pneumoniae possesses serious virulence, biofilm formation ability, and severe resistance to many antibiotics especially hospital-acquired strains, due to excessive use in healthcare systems. This limits the available effective antibiotics that can be used for patients suffering from K. pneumoniae infections; therefore, alternative treatments are urgently needed. Bacteriophages (for short, phages) are prokaryotic viruses capable of infecting, replicating, and then lysing (lytic phages) the bacterial host. Phage therapy exhibited great potential for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections comprising K. pneumoniae. Hence, this chapter emphasizes and summarizes the research articles in the PubMed database from 1948 until the 15th of December 2022, addressing phage therapy against K. pneumoniae. The chapter provides an overview of K. pneumoniae phages covering different aspects, including phage isolation, different morphotypes of isolated phages, in vitro characterization, anti-biofilm activity, various therapeutic forms, in vivo research and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishoy Maher Zaki
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Assmaa H Hussein
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Toka A Hakim
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Fayez
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt; Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish, Egypt.
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Abdelsattar AS, Eita MA, Hammouda ZK, Gouda SM, Hakim TA, Yakoup AY, Safwat A, El-Shibiny A. The Lytic Activity of Bacteriophage ZCSE9 against Salmonella enterica and Its Synergistic Effects with Kanamycin. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040912. [PMID: 37112892 PMCID: PMC10142335 DOI: 10.3390/v15040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella, the causative agent of several diseases in humans and animals, including salmonellosis, septicemia, typhoid fever, and fowl typhoid, poses a serious threat to global public health and food safety. Globally, reports of therapeutic failures are increasing because of the increase in bacterial antibiotic resistance. Thus, this work highlights the combined phage–antibiotic therapy as a promising approach to combating bacterial resistance. In this manner, the phage ZCSE9 was isolated, and the morphology, host infectivity, killing curve, combination with kanamycin, and genome analysis of this phage were all examined. Morphologically, phage ZCSE9 is a siphovirus with a relatively broad host range. In addition, the phage can tolerate high temperatures until 80 °C with one log reduction and a basic environment (pH 11) without a significant decline. Furthermore, the phage prevents bacterial growth in the planktonic state, according to the results of the time-killing curve. Moreover, using the phage at MOI 0.1 with kanamycin against five different Salmonella serotypes reduces the required antibiotics to inhibit the growth of the bacteria. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis suggested that phage ZCSE9, along with its close relatives Salmonella phages vB_SenS_AG11 and wksl3, belongs to the genus Jerseyvirus. In conclusion, phage ZCSE9 and kanamycin form a robust heterologous antibacterial combination that enhances the effectiveness of a phage-only approach for combating Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah S. Abdelsattar
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Atef Eita
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Zainab K. Hammouda
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza 11787, Egypt
| | - Shrouk Mohamed Gouda
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Toka A. Hakim
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Aghapy Yermans Yakoup
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Anan Safwat
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
- Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish 45511, Egypt
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Narulita E, Cahyati VIN, Febrianti RA, Iqbal M. Potential bacteriophages to overcome bacterial infection of Alcaligenes faecalis in diabetic ulcer. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2023; 29:61-66. [PMID: 37728456 PMCID: PMC10411081 DOI: 10.5114/pedm.2023.125363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a non-contagious disease, but it can cause various complications. One of the most common complications of diabetes is diabetic ulcers. Diabetic ulcers are infections that occur in the legs of diabetics due to the destruction of the deepest skin tissue. Recent studies have reported the presence of Alcaligenes faecalis with extensive drug resistance (XDR) properties as a cause of diabetic ulcers. Bacteriophages are known to have the ability to infect bacteria specifically so that they can be used as an alternative solution for treating diabetic ulcers. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of bacteriophages capable of infecting Alcaligenes faecalis bacteria. MATERIAL AND METHODS The method used is the spot test method, host range, and identification of nucleic acid types. RESULTS The results showed that the 6 bacteriophages isolated, namely AFaV1, AFaV2, AFaV3, AFaV4, AFaV5, and AFaV6, had cloudy plaques with a diameter of ±3 mm. AFaV1, AFaV2, and AFaV4 isolates could infect all bacteria used; they were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Meanwhile, bacteriophage isolates AFaV3, AFaV5, and AFaV6 could infect Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria only. The nucleic acid types of the 6 bacteriophage samples were dsDNA with band length > 1 Kb. CONCLUSIONS The 6 isolates that were isolated had the ability to infect by forming a prophage that could inhibit the growth of Alcaligenes faecalis and other pathogenic bacteria in diabetic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlia Narulita
- Biology Education, Universitas Jember, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Universitas Jember, Indonesia
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11
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Mulani MS, Kumkar SN, Pardesi KR. Characterization of Novel Klebsiella Phage PG14 and Its Antibiofilm Efficacy. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0199422. [PMID: 36374021 PMCID: PMC9769620 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01994-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae demands the development of unconventional therapies. Here, we isolated, characterized, and sequenced a Klebsiella phage PG14 that infects and lyses carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae G14. Phage PG14 showed morphology similar to the phages belonging to the family Siphoviridae. The adsorption curve of phage PG14 showed more than 90% adsorption of phages on a host within 12 min. A latent period of 20 min and a burst size of 47 was observed in the one step growth curve. Phage PG14 is stable at a temperature below 30°C and in the pH range of 6 to 8. The PG14 genome showed no putative genes associated with virulence and antibiotic resistance. Additionally, it has shown lysis against 6 out of 13 isolates tested, suggesting the suitability of this phage for therapeutic applications. Phage PG14 showed more than a 7-log cycle reduction in K. pneumoniae planktonic cells after 24 h of treatment at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10. The phage PG14 showed a significant inhibition and disruption of biofilm produced by K. pneumoniae G14. The promising results of this study nominate phage PG14 as a potential candidate for phage therapy. IMPORTANCE Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the members of the ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) group of pathogens and is responsible for nosocomial infections. The global increase of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae has developed a substantial clinical threat because of the dearth of therapeutic choices available. K. pneumoniae is one of the commonly found bacteria responsible for biofilm-related infections. Due to the inherent tolerance of biofilms to antibiotics, there is a growing need to develop alternative strategies to control biofilm-associated infections. This study characterized a novel bacteriophage PG14, which can inhibit and disrupt the K. pneumoniae biofilm. The genome of phage PG14 does not show any putative genes related to antimicrobial resistance or virulence, making it a potential candidate for phage therapy. This study displays the possibility of treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates of K. pneumoniae using phage PG14 alone or combined with other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansura S. Mulani
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Abeda Inamdar Senior College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shital N. Kumkar
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Karishma R. Pardesi
- Department of Microbiology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Alternatives Therapeutic Approaches to Conventional Antibiotics: Advantages, Limitations and Potential Application in Medicine. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121826. [PMID: 36551487 PMCID: PMC9774722 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to antimicrobials and particularly multidrug resistance is one of the greatest challenges in the health system nowadays. The continual increase in the rates of antimicrobial resistance worldwide boosted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic poses a major public health threat. Different approaches have been employed to minimize the effect of resistance and control this threat, but the question still lingers as to their safety and efficiency. In this context, new anti-infectious approaches against multidrug resistance are being examined. Use of new antibiotics and their combination with new β-lactamase inhibitors, phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles, and antisense antimicrobial therapeutics are considered as one such promising approach for overcoming bacterial resistance. In this review, we provide insights into these emerging alternative therapies that are currently being evaluated and which may be developed in the future to break the progression of antimicrobial resistance. We focus on their advantages and limitations and potential application in medicine. We further highlight the importance of the combination therapy approach, wherein two or more therapies are used in combination in order to more effectively combat infectious disease and increasing access to quality healthcare. These advances could give an alternate solution to overcome antimicrobial drug resistance. We eventually hope to provide useful information for clinicians who are seeking solutions to the problems caused by antimicrobial resistance.
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Nagel TE, Mutai IJ, Josephs T, Clokie MR. A Brief History of Phage Research and Teaching in Africa. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2022; 3:184-193. [PMID: 36793885 PMCID: PMC9917308 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2022.29037.inp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodore Josephs
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martha R.J. Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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14
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Shahriar A, Rob Siddiquee MF, Ahmed H, Mahmud AR, Ahmed T, Mahmud MR, Acharjee M. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections: Etiological analysis, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and a novel therapeutic era of phage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONE HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.14202/ijoh.2022.86-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogens has put global public health at its utmost risk, especially in developing countries where people are unaware of personal hygiene and proper medication. In general, the infection frequently occurs in the urethra, bladder, and kidney, as reported by the physician. Moreover, many UTI patients whose acquired disorder from the hospital or health-care center has been addressed previously have been referred to as catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI). Meanwhile, the bacterial biofilm triggering UTI is another critical issue, mostly by catheter insertion. In most cases, the biofilm inhibits the action of antibiotics against the UTI-causing bacteria. Therefore, new therapeutic tools should be implemented to eliminate the widespread multidrug resistance (MDR) UTI-causing bacteria. Based on the facts, the present review emphasized the current status of CAUTI, its causative agent, clinical manifestation, and treatment complications. This review also delineated a model of phage therapy as a new therapeutic means against bacterial biofilm-originated UTI. The model illustrated the entire mechanism of destroying the extracellular plyometric substances of UTI-causing bacteria with several enzymatic actions produced by phage particles. This review will provide a complete outline of CAUTI for the general reader and create a positive vibe for the researchers to sort out alternative remedies against the CAUTI-causing MDR microbial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Shahriar
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Hossain Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1208, Bangladesh
| | - Aar Rafi Mahmud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Tasnia Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rayhan Mahmud
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mrityunjoy Acharjee
- Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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15
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Rezk N, Abdelsattar AS, Elzoghby D, Agwa MM, Abdelmoteleb M, Aly RG, Fayez MS, Essam K, Zaki BM, El-Shibiny A. Bacteriophage as a potential therapy to control antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection through topical application onto a full-thickness wound in a rat model. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:133. [PMID: 36094767 PMCID: PMC9468208 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is one of the most critical pathogens in wound infections, causing high mortality and morbidity in severe cases. However, bacteriophage therapy is a potential alternative to antibiotics against P. aeruginosa. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate a novel phage targeting P. aeruginosa and examine its efficacy in vitro and in vivo.
Results
The morphometric and genomic analyses revealed that ZCPA1 belongs to the Siphoviridae family and could infect 58% of the tested antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates. The phage ZCPA1 exhibited thermal stability at 37 °C, and then, it decreased gradually at 50 °C and 60 °C. At the same time, it dropped significantly at 70 °C, and the phage was undetectable at 80 °C. Moreover, the phage ZCPA1 exhibited no significant titer reduction at a wide range of pH values (4–10) with maximum activity at pH 7. In addition, it was stable for 45 min under UV light with one log reduction after 1 h. Also, it displayed significant lytic activity and biofilm elimination against P. aeruginosa by inhibiting bacterial growth in vitro in a dose-dependent pattern with a complete reduction of the bacterial growth at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100. In addition, P. aeruginosa-infected wounds treated with phages displayed 100% wound closure with a high quality of regenerated skin compared to the untreated and gentamicin-treated groups due to the complete elimination of bacterial infection.
Conclusion
The phage ZCPA1 exhibited high lytic activity against MDR P. aeruginosa planktonic and biofilms. In addition, phage ZCPA1 showed complete wound healing in the rat model. Hence, this research demonstrates the potential of phage therapy as a promising alternative in treating MDR P. aeruginosa.
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16
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Abstract
EMBL-EBI The European Bioinformatics Institute; E. coli Escherichia coli; E. faecalis Enterobacter faecalis; B. fragilis Bacteroides fragilis; B. vulgatus Bacteroides vulgatus; SaPIs Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands; ARGs Antibiotic resistance genes; STEC Shiga toxigenic E. coli; Stx Shiga toxin; BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; TSST-1 Toxic shock toxin 1; RBPs Receptor-binding proteins; LPS lipopolysaccharide; OMVs Outer membrane vesicles; PT Phosphorothioate; BREX Bacteriophage exclusion; OCR Overcome classical restriction; Pgl Phage growth limitation; DISARM Defense island system associated with restrictionmodification; R-M system Restriction-modification system; BREX system Bacteriophage exclusion system; CRISPR Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Cas CRISPR-associated; PAMs Prospacer adjacent motifs; crRNA CRISPR RNA; SIE; OMPs; Superinfection exclusion; Outer membrane proteins; Abi Abortive infection; TA Toxin-antitoxin; TLR Toll-like receptor; APCs Antigen-presenting cells; DSS Dextran sulfate sodium; IELs Intraepithelial lymphocytes; FMT Fecal microbiota transfer; IFN-γ Interferon-gamma; IBD Inflammatory bowel disease; AgNPs Silver nanoparticles; MDSC Myeloid-derived suppressor cell; CRC Colorectal cancer; VLPs Virus-like particles; TMP Tape measure protein; PSMB4 Proteasome subunit beta type-4; ALD Alcohol-related liver disease; GVHD Graft-versus-host disease; ROS Reactive oxygen species; RA Rheumatoid arthritis; CCP Cyclic citrullinated protein; AMGs Accessory metabolic genes; T1DM Type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus; SCFAs Short-chain fatty acids; GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1; A. baumannii Acinetobacter baumannii; CpG Deoxycytidylinate-phosphodeoxyguanosine; PEG Polyethylene glycol; MetS Metabolic syndrome; OprM Outer membrane porin M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Shuwen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Department of Medical Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Ding Kefeng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Cancer Center Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,CONTACT Ding Kefeng Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Building 6 room 2018, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310009, China
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17
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Characterization and Comparative Genomics Analysis of a New Bacteriophage BUCT610 against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Efficacy Assessment in Galleria mellonella Larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148040. [PMID: 35887393 PMCID: PMC9321532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-KP) has become an emerging threat as a result of the overuse of antibiotics. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is considered to be a promising alternative treatment for MDR-KP infection compared with antibiotic therapy. In this research, a lytic phage BUCT610 was isolated from hospital sewage. The assembled genome of BUCT610 was 46,774 bp in length, with a GC content of 48%. A total of 83 open reading frames (ORFs) and no virulence or antimicrobial resistance genes were annotated in the BUCT610 genome. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses showed that BUCT610 was most closely linked with the Vibrio phage pYD38-A and shared 69% homology. In addition, bacteriophage BUCT610 exhibited excellent thermal stability (4–75 °C) and broad pH tolerance (pH 3–12) in the stability test. In vivo investigation results showed that BUCT610 significantly increased the survival rate of Klebsiella pneumonia-infected Galleria mellonella larvae from 13.33% to 83.33% within 72 h. In conclusion, these findings indicate that phage BUCT610 holds great promise as an alternative agent with excellent stability for the treatment of MDR-KP infection.
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18
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Krawczyk B, Wysocka M, Michalik M, Gołębiewska J. Urinary Tract Infections Caused by K. pneumoniae in Kidney Transplant Recipients – Epidemiology, Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:861374. [PMID: 35531341 PMCID: PMC9068989 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.861374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections are the most common complication in kidney transplant recipients, possibly resulting in the deterioration of a long-term kidney allograft function and an increased risk of recipient’s death. K. pneumoniae has emerged as one of the most prevalent etiologic agents in the context of recurrent urinary tract infections, especially with multidrug resistant strains. This paper discusses the epidemiology and risk factors associated with urinary tract infections in kidney transplant recipients, multi-drug resistance of K. pneumoniae (ESBL, KPC, NDM), treatment and pathogenesis of K. pneumoniae infections, and possible causes of recurrent UTIs. It also addresses the issue of colonization/becoming a carrier of K. pneumoniae in the gastrointestinal tract and asymptomatic bacteriuria in relation to a symptomatic UTI development and epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Krawczyk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
- *Correspondence: Beata Krawczyk,
| | - Magdalena Wysocka
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Gołębiewska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Soontarach R, Srimanote P, Enright MC, Blundell-Hunter G, Dorman MJ, Thomson NR, Taylor PW, Voravuthikunchai SP. Isolation and Characterisation of Bacteriophage Selective for Key Acinetobacter baumannii Capsule Chemotypes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:443. [PMID: 35455440 PMCID: PMC9027227 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nineteen bacteriophages against five main capsular types of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated from tertiary care hospital sewage. Eight representative phages from each capsular type were characterized and tested for their biological properties. The biological features revealed that phages T1245, T444, and T515 had a large burst size of more than 420 pfu/mL, together with a short latent period lasting less than 6 min, and were readily adsorbed to a bacterial host within 10 min. Moreover, these phages demonstrated host specificity and stability over a broad range of temperatures (-20 to 60 °C) and pH (5.0-9.0). A whole-genome analysis of six lytic and two temperate phages revealed high genomic similarity with double-stranded DNA between 40 and 50 kb and G + C content of 38-39%. The protein compositions disclosed the absence of toxin-coding genes. The phylogenic results, together with morphological micrographs, confirmed that three selected phages (T1245, T444, and T515) belong to the Podoviridae family within the order Caudovirales. The biological data and bioinformatics analysis indicated that these novel A. baumannii phages possess important enzymes, including depolymerase and endolysin, which could be further developed as promising alternative antibacterial agents to control A. baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosesathorn Soontarach
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand;
| | - Mark C. Enright
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
| | | | - Matthew J. Dorman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; (M.J.D.); (N.R.T.)
| | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK; (M.J.D.); (N.R.T.)
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Peter W. Taylor
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK; (G.B.-H.); (P.W.T.)
| | - Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
- Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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20
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Singh A, Singh AN, Rathor N, Chaudhry R, Singh SK, Nath G. Evaluation of Bacteriophage Cocktail on Septicemia Caused by Colistin-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Mice Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:778676. [PMID: 35197852 PMCID: PMC8860340 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.778676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The emergence of resistance against last-resort antibiotics, carbapenem and colistin, in Klebsiella pneumoniae has been reported across the globe. Bacteriophage therapy seems to be one of the most promising alternatives. This study aimed to optimize the quantity and frequency of bacteriophage cocktail dosage/s required to eradicate the Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria in immunocompetent septicemic mice. Methods: The three most active phages ɸKpBHU4, ɸKpBHU7, and ɸKpBHU14 characterized by molecular and TEM analyses were in the form of cocktail and was given intraperitoneally to mice after inducing the septicemia mice model with a constant dose of 8 × 107 colony-forming unit/mouse (CFU/mouse) Klebsiella pneumoniae. After that, the efficacy of the phage cocktail was analyzed at different dosages, that is, in increasing, variable, constant, and repeated dosages. Furthermore, interleukin-6 and endotoxin levels were estimated with variable doses of phage cocktail. Results: We have elucidated that phage therapy is effective against the Klebsiella pneumoniae septicemia mice model and is a promising alternative to antibiotic treatments. Our work delineates that a single dose of phage cocktail with 1 × 105 plaque-forming unit/mouse (PFU/mouse) protects the mice from fatal outcomes at any stage of septicemia. However, a higher phage dosage of 1 × 1012 PFU/mice is fatal when given at the early hours of septicemia, while this high dose is not fatal at the later stages of septicemia. Moreover, multiple repeated dosages are required to eradicate the bacteria from peripheral blood. In addition, the IL-6 levels in the 1 × 105 PFU/mouse group remain lower, but in the 1 × 1012 PFU/mouse group remains high at all points, which were associated with fatal outcomes. Conclusion: Our study showed that the optimized relatively lower and multiple dosages of phage cocktails with the strict monitoring of vitals in clinical settings might cure septicemia caused by MDR bacteria with different severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprajita Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Alakh Narayan Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Nisha Rathor
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rama Chaudhry
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Gopal Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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21
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Habibinava F, Soleimani M, Sabouri S, Zargar M, Zolfaghari MR. Isolating and sequencing vB_Kpn_3, a lytic bacteriophage against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:235-249. [PMID: 35152708 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Phage therapy, as an effective and specific method in the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections, has attracted the attention of many researchers. Methods and results: In this study, a double-stranded DNA phage with the ability of lysing some strains of MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae (vB_Kpn_3) was isolated from hospitals' wastewater and then characterized morphologically and genetically. Transmission electron microscopy and genetic analyses have revealed that vB_Kpn_3 is a member of Siphoviridae family. One-step growth curve also showed a burst time of 35 min and a burst size of 31 PFU/ml. The genome of the phage is composed of 112,080 bp with 41.33% G + C content carrying 186 open reading frames. Conclusion: vB_Kpn_3 is a broad host range phage that infects MDR K. pneumoniae and some other species of Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. In addition, no antibiotic resistance and toxin genes were detected in its genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Habibinava
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soleimani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, AjA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salehe Sabouri
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohsen Zargar
- Department of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran
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22
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Kaur G, Agarwal R, Sharma RK. Bacteriophage Therapy for Critical and High-Priority Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Phage Cocktail-Antibiotic Formulation Perspective. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:433-446. [PMID: 34120319 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-021-09483-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phage therapy is revolving to address the issues mainly dealing with antibiotic resistance in the pathogenic bacteria. Among the drug-resistant microbial populations, the bacterial species have been categorized as high-priority or critical-priority bacteria. This review summarizes the efficiency and development in phage therapy used against these drug-resistant bacteria in the past few years mainly belonging to the critical- and high-priority list. Phage therapy is more than just an alternative to antibiotics as it not only kills the target microbial population directly but also leads to the chemical and physical modifications in bacterial cell structures. These phage-mediated modifications in the bacterial cell may make them antibiotic sensitive. Application of phage therapy in antibiotic-resistant foodborne bacteria and possible modulation in gut microbes has also been explored. Further, the phage cocktail antibiotic formulation, containing more than one type of phage with antibiotics, has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursneh Kaur
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India
| | - Ritika Agarwal
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303007, India.
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23
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Pouget C, Dunyach-Remy C, Pantel A, Boutet-Dubois A, Schuldiner S, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Loubet P. Alternative Approaches for the Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:747618. [PMID: 34675910 PMCID: PMC8524042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.747618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) represent a growing public health problem. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is a complication due to the difficulties in distinguishing between infection and colonization in DFU. Another problem lies in biofilm formation on the skin surface of DFU. Biofilm is an important pathophysiology step in DFU and may contribute to healing delays. Both MDR bacteria and biofilm producing microorganism create hostile conditions to antibiotic action that lead to chronicity of the wound, followed by infection and, in the worst scenario, lower limb amputation. In this context, alternative approaches to antibiotics for the management of DFU would be very welcome. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on biofilm in DFU and we focus on some new alternative solutions for the management of these wounds, such as antibiofilm approaches that could prevent the establishment of microbial biofilms and wound chronicity. These innovative therapeutic strategies could replace or complement the classical strategy for the management of DFU to improve the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Pouget
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Alix Pantel
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Adeline Boutet-Dubois
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Sophie Schuldiner
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service des Maladies Métaboliques et Endocriniennes, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Le Grau-du-Roi, France
| | - Albert Sotto
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service de Microbiologie et Hygiène Hospitalière, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Paul Loubet
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Clinique du Pied Gard Occitanie, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
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24
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Luo Z, Geng S, Lu B, Han G, Wang Y, Luo Y, Yang Z, Cao S, Yao X. Isolation, Genomic Analysis, and Preliminary Application of a Bovine Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteriophage vB_Kpn_B01. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:622049. [PMID: 34540928 PMCID: PMC8446446 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.622049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important pathogen that can infect both humans and cattle. The widespread K. pneumoniae and its high drug resistance make it difficult to treat Klebsiella infections/diseases. In this study, a lytic K. pneumoniae bacteriophage vB_Kpn_B01 was isolated from a dairy farm trough in Sichuan Province, and its biological properties were studied, and the entire genome of vB_Kpn_B01 was sequenced. The therapeutic effects of the phage on disease-causing mice were preliminarily tested. Phages found in this study are double-stranded DNA bacterial viruses belonging to the family Siphoviridae, Sugarlandvirus. The results suggest that vB_Kpn_B01 has strong specificity and low adaptability to different adverse conditions. Meanwhile, the predicted gene products of phage vB_Kpn_B01 comprised 149 coding sequences (CDS) and 25 tRNAs, of which 34 CDS had known functions. Of course, vB_Kpn_B01 did not contain any known antibiotic-resistant or virulent genes. The pathological sections of the liver and lungs of mice showed that the inflammatory scores of the treatment group were lower than in the bacterial group. Phage vB_Kpn_B01 alleviated the inflammatory response in the organs of the infected mice, and the organ tissue bacterial load of the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the bacterial group. Therefore, vB_Kpn_B01 can inhibit the proliferation of K. pneumoniae 18 in vivo and can alleviate the inflammation of target organs caused by infectious bacteria, which preliminarily indicates that vB_Kpn_B01 has a certain therapeutic effect on laboratory-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shangjingchao Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Biao Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangli Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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25
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Amankwah S, Abdella K, Kassa T. Bacterial Biofilm Destruction: A Focused Review On The Recent Use of Phage-Based Strategies With Other Antibiofilm Agents. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2021; 14:161-177. [PMID: 34548785 PMCID: PMC8449863 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s325594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are bacterial communities that live in association with biotic or abiotic surfaces and enclosed in an extracellular polymeric substance. Their formation on both biotic and abiotic surfaces, including human tissue and medical device surfaces, pose a major threat causing chronic infections. In addition, current antibiotics and antiseptic agents have shown limited ability to completely remove biofilms. In this review, the authors provide an overview on the formation of bacterial biofilms and its characteristics, burden and evolution with phages. Moreover, the most recent possible use of phages and phage-derived enzymes to combat bacteria in biofilm structures is elucidated. From the emerging results, it can be concluded that despite successful use of phages and phage-derived products in destroying biofilms, they are mostly not adequate to eradicate all bacterial cells. Nevertheless, a combined therapy with the use of phages and/or phage-derived products with other antimicrobial agents including antibiotics, nanoparticles, and antimicrobial peptides may be effective approaches to remove biofilms from medical device surfaces and to treat their associated infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Amankwah
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Accra Medical Centre, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kedir Abdella
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Kassa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Formulation strategies for bacteriophages to target intracellular bacterial pathogens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113864. [PMID: 34271022 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (Phages) are antibacterial viruses that are unaffected by antibiotic drug resistance. Many Phase I and Phase II phage therapy clinical trials have shown acceptable safety profiles. However, none of the completed trials could yield data supporting the promising observations noted in the experimental phage therapy. These trials have mainly focused on phage suspensions without enough attention paid to the stability of phage during processing, storage, and administration. This is important because in vivo studies have shown that the effectiveness of phage therapy greatly depends on the ratio of phage to bacterial concentrations (multiplicity of infection) at the infection site. Additionally, bacteria can evade phages through the development of phage-resistance and intracellular residence. This review focuses on the use of phage therapy against bacteria that survive within the intracellular niches. Recent research on phage behavior reveals that some phage can directly interact with, get internalized into, and get transcytosed across mammalian cells, prompting further research on the governing mechanisms of these interactions and the feasibility of harnessing therapeutic phage to target intracellular bacteria. Advances to improve the capability of phage attacking intracellular bacteria using formulation approaches such as encapsulating/conjugating phages into/with vector carriers via liposomes, polymeric particles, inorganic nanoparticles, and cell penetrating peptides, are summarized. While promising progress has been achieved, research in this area is still in its infancy and warrants further attention.
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Pallavali RR, Degati VL, Narala VR, Velpula KK, Yenugu S, Durbaka VRP. Lytic Bacteriophages Against Bacterial Biofilms Formed by Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Burn Wounds. PHAGE (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2021; 2:120-130. [PMID: 36161242 PMCID: PMC9041503 DOI: 10.1089/phage.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Use of bacteriophages as antibiofilm agents to tackle multidrug-resistant bacteria has gained importance in recent years. Materials and Methods: In this study, biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli under different growth conditions was studied. Furthermore, the ability of bacteriophages to inhibit biofilm formation was analyzed. Results: Under dynamic growth condition, wherein the medium is renewed for every 12 h, the amount of biomass produced and log10 colony-forming unit counts of all bacterial species studied was highest when compared with other growth conditions tested. Biomass of biofilms produced was drastically reduced when incubated for 2 or 4 h with bacteriophages vB_SAnS_SADP1, vB_PAnP_PADP4, vB_KPnM_KPDP1, and vB_ECnM_ECDP3. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses indicated that the reduction in biomass was due to the lytic action of the bacteriophages. Conclusions: Results of our study reinforce the concept of developing bacteriophages as alternatives to antibiotics to treat bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kiran Kumar Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology (Peoria), University of Illinois, Chicago, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Suresh Yenugu
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
- Address correspondence to: Suresh Yenugu, PhD, Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Vijaya Raghava Prasad Durbaka
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, India
- Address correspondence to: Vijaya Raghava Prasad Durbaka, PhD, Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa 516005, India
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Fayez MS, Hakim TA, Agwa MM, Abdelmoteleb M, Aly RG, Montaser NN, Abdelsattar AS, Rezk N, El-Shibiny A. Topically Applied Bacteriophage to Control Multi-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Infected Wound in a Rat Model. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091048. [PMID: 34572629 PMCID: PMC8470685 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
(Background): Multi-drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-KP) has steadily grown beyond antibiotic control. Wound infection kills many patients each year, due to the entry of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens into the skin gaps. However, a bacteriophage (phage) is considered to be a potential antibiotic alternative for treating bacterial infections. This research aims at isolating and characterizing a specific phage and evaluate its topical activity against MDR-KP isolated from infected wounds. (Methods): A lytic phage ZCKP8 was isolated by using a clinical isolate KP/15 as a host strain then characterized. Additionally, phage was assessed for its in vitro host range, temperature, ultraviolet (UV), and pH sensitivity. The therapeutic efficiency of phage suspension and a phage-impeded gel vehicle were assessed in vivo against a K. pneumoniae infected wound on a rat model. (Result): The phage produced a clear plaque and was classified as Siphoviridae. The phage inhibited KP/15 growth in vitro in a dose-dependent pattern and it was found to resist high temperature (˂70 °C) and was primarily active at pH 5; moreover, it showed UV stability for 45 min. Phage-treated K. pneumoniae inoculated wounds showed the highest healing efficiency by lowering the infection. The quality of the regenerated skin was evidenced via histological examination compared to the untreated control group. (Conclusions): This research represents the evidence of effective phage therapy against MDR-KP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Fayez
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.S.F.); (A.S.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Toka A. Hakim
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza 11223, Egypt; (T.A.H.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Mona M. Agwa
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed Abdelmoteleb
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Rania G. Aly
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21131, Egypt;
| | - Nada N. Montaser
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza 11223, Egypt; (T.A.H.); (N.N.M.)
| | - Abdallah S. Abdelsattar
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.S.F.); (A.S.A.); (N.R.)
- Center for X-ray and Determination of Structure of Matter, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Nouran Rezk
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.S.F.); (A.S.A.); (N.R.)
| | - Ayman El-Shibiny
- Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt; (M.S.F.); (A.S.A.); (N.R.)
- Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish 45511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Costa P, Gomes ATPC, Braz M, Pereira C, Almeida A. Application of the Resazurin Cell Viability Assay to Monitor Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium Inactivation Mediated by Phages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080974. [PMID: 34439024 PMCID: PMC8389016 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial inactivation using bacteriophages (or phages) has emerged as an effective solution for bacterial infections, but the screening methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of the phages to inactivate bacteria are not fast, reliable or precise enough. The efficiency of bacterial inactivation by phages has been evaluated by monitoring bacterial concentration either by counting colony-forming units (CFU), a laborious and time-consuming method, or by monitoring the optical density (OD), a less sensitive method. In this study, the resazurin cell viability assay was used to monitor the viability of bacteria from different genera during the inactivation by different phages, and the results were compared with the standard methods used to assess bacterial inactivation. The results showed that the resazurin colorimetric cell viability assay produces similar results to the standard method of colony-counting and giving, and also more sensitive results than the OD method. The resazurin assay can be used to quickly obtain the results of the cell viability effect profile using two different bacterial strains and several different phages at the same time, which is extremely valuable in screening studies. Moreover, this methodology is established as an effective, accurate and rapid method when compared to the ones widely used to monitor bacterial inactivation mediated by phages.
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Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophage ZCSE6 against Salmonella spp.: Phage Application in Milk. Biologics 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics1020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Food safety is very important in the food industry as most pathogenic bacteria can cause food-borne diseases and negatively affect public health. In the milk industry, contamination with Salmonella has always been a challenge, but the risks have dramatically increased as almost all bacteria now show resistance to a wide range of commercial antibiotics. This study aimed to isolate a bacteriophage to be used as a bactericidal agent against Salmonella in milk and dairy products. Here, phage ZCSE6 has been isolated from raw milk sample sand molecularly and chemically characterized. At different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) of 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001, the phage–Salmonella interaction was studied for 6 h at 37 °C and 24 h at 8 °C. In addition, ZCSE6 was tested against Salmonella contamination in milk to examine its lytic activity for 3 h at 37 °C. The results showed that ZCSE6 has a small genome size (<48.5 kbp) and belongs to the Siphovirus family. Phage ZCSE6 revealed a high thermal and pH stability at various conditions that mimic milk manufacturing and supply chain conditions. It also demonstrated a significant reduction in Salmonella concentration in media at various MOIs, with higher bacterial eradication at higher MOI. Moreover, it significantly reduced Salmonella growth (MOI 1) in milk, manifesting a 1000-fold decrease in bacteria concentration following 3 h incubation at 37 °C. The results highlighted the strong ability of ZCSE6 to kill Salmonella and control its growth in milk. Thus, ZCSE6 is recommended as a biocontrol agent in milk to limit bacterial growth and increase the milk shelf-life.
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31
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Afonso AC, Oliveira D, Saavedra MJ, Borges A, Simões M. Biofilms in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Impact, Risk Factors and Control Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8278. [PMID: 34361044 PMCID: PMC8347492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a serious complication from diabetes mellitus, with a huge economic, social and psychological impact on the patients' life. One of the main reasons why DFUs are so difficult to heal is related to the presence of biofilms. Biofilms promote wound inflammation and a remarkable lack of response to host defences/treatment options, which can lead to disease progression and chronicity. In fact, appropriate treatment for the elimination of these microbial communities can prevent the disease evolution and, in some cases, even avoid more serious outcomes, such as amputation or death. However, the detection of biofilm-associated DFUs is difficult due to the lack of methods for diagnostics in clinical settings. In this review, the current knowledge on the involvement of biofilms in DFUs is discussed, as well as how the surrounding environment influences biofilm formation and regulation, along with its clinical implications. A special focus is also given to biofilm-associated DFU diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. An overview on promising alternative therapeutics is provided and an algorithm considering biofilm detection and treatment is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Afonso
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.A.); (D.O.); (A.B.)
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology for Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Oliveira
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.A.); (D.O.); (A.B.)
- CIQUP, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria José Saavedra
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology for Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Anabela Borges
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.A.); (D.O.); (A.B.)
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.A.); (D.O.); (A.B.)
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Lazar V, Holban AM, Curutiu C, Chifiriuc MC. Modulation of Quorum Sensing and Biofilms in Less Investigated Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676510. [PMID: 34394026 PMCID: PMC8359898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria have the ability to sense their versatile environment and adapt by behavioral changes both to the external reservoirs and the infected host, which, in response to microbial colonization, mobilizes equally sophisticated anti-infectious strategies. One of the most important adaptive processes is the ability of pathogenic bacteria to turn from the free, floating, or planktonic state to the adherent one and to develop biofilms on alive and inert substrata; this social lifestyle, based on very complex communication networks, namely, the quorum sensing (QS) and response system, confers them an increased phenotypic or behavioral resistance to different stress factors, including host defense mechanisms and antibiotics. As a consequence, biofilm infections can be difficult to diagnose and treat, requiring complex multidrug therapeutic regimens, which often fail to resolve the infection. One of the most promising avenues for discovering novel and efficient antibiofilm strategies is targeting individual cells and their QS mechanisms. A huge amount of data related to the inhibition of QS and biofilm formation in pathogenic bacteria have been obtained using the well-established gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa models. The purpose of this paper was to revise the progress on the development of antibiofilm and anti-QS strategies in the less investigated gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacter sp. and identify promising leads for the therapeutic management of these clinically significant and highly resistant opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Lazar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Curutiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Yang X, Haque A, Matsuzaki S, Matsumoto T, Nakamura S. The Efficacy of Phage Therapy in a Murine Model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pneumonia and Sepsis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682255. [PMID: 34290683 PMCID: PMC8287650 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa necessitates the search for treatment options other than antibiotic use. The use of bacteriophages is currently being considered as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections. A number of bacteriophages were introduced to treat pneumonia in past reports. However, there are still lack of knowledge regarding the dosages, application time, mechanism and safety of phage therapy against P. aeruginosa pneumonia. We used the bacteriophage KPP10 against P. aeruginosa strain D4-induced pneumonia mouse models and observed their outcomes in comparison to control models. We found that the nasal inhalation of highly concentrated KPP10 (MOI = 80) significantly improved survival rate in pneumonia models (P < 0.01). The number of viable bacteria in both lungs and in serum were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in phage-treated mice in comparison to the control mice. Pathological examination showed that phage-treated group had significantly reduced bleeding, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mucus secretion in lung interstitium. We also measured inflammatory cytokine levels in the serum and lung homogenates of mice. In phage-treated models, serum TNFα, IL-1β, and IFN-γ levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively) than those in the control models. In the lung homogenate, the mean IL-1β level in phage-treated models was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the control group. We confirmed the presence of phage in blood and lungs, and evaluated the safety of bacteriophage use in living models since bacteriophage mediated bacterial lysis arise concern of endotoxic shock. The study results suggest that phage therapy can potentially be used in treating lung infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anwarul Haque
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Matsuzaki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kochi Gakuen University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Narita, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nakamura
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Control of pathogenic bacteria by deliberate application of predatory phages has potential as a powerful therapy against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The key advantages of phage biocontrol over antibacterial chemotherapy are: (1) an ability to self-propagate inside host bacteria, (2) targeted predation of specific species or strains of bacteria, (3) adaptive molecular machinery to overcome resistance in target bacteria. However, realizing the potential of phage biocontrol is dependent on harnessing or adapting these responses, as many phage species switch between lytic infection cycles (resulting in lysis) and lysogenic infection cycles (resulting in genomic integration) that increase the likelihood of survival of the phage in response to external stress or host depletion. Similarly, host range will need to be optimized to make phage therapy medically viable whilst avoiding the potential for deleteriously disturbing the commensal microbiota. Phage training is a new approach to produce efficient phages by capitalizing on the evolved response of wild-type phages to bacterial resistance. Here we will review recent studies reporting successful trials of training different strains of phages to switch into lytic replication mode, overcome bacterial resistance, and increase their host range. This review will also highlight the current knowledge of phage training and future implications in phage applications and phage therapy and summarize the recent pipeline of the magistral preparation to produce a customized phage for clinical trials and medical applications.
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Haines MEK, Hodges FE, Nale JY, Mahony J, van Sinderen D, Kaczorowska J, Alrashid B, Akter M, Brown N, Sauvageau D, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Thanki AM, Millard AD, Galyov EE, Clokie MRJ. Analysis of Selection Methods to Develop Novel Phage Therapy Cocktails Against Antimicrobial Resistant Clinical Isolates of Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:613529. [PMID: 33868187 PMCID: PMC8044893 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.613529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major problem globally. The main bacterial organisms associated with urinary tract infection (UTI) associated sepsis are E. coli and Klebsiella along with Enterobacter species. These all have AMR strains known as ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase), which are featured on the WHO priority pathogens list as "critical" for research. Bacteriophages (phages), as viruses that can infect and kill bacteria, could provide an effective tool to tackle these AMR strains. There is currently no "gold standard" for developing a phage cocktail. Here we describe a novel approach to develop an effective phage cocktail against a set of ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella largely isolated from patients in United Kingdom hospitals. By comparing different measures of phage efficacy, we show which are the most robust, and suggest an efficient screening cascade that could be used to develop phage cocktails to target other AMR bacterial species. A target panel of 38 ESBL-producing clinical strains isolated from urine samples was collated and used to test phage efficacy. After an initial screening of 68 phages, six were identified and tested against these 38 strains to determine their clinical coverage and killing efficiency. To achieve this, we assessed four different methods to assess phage virulence across these bacterial isolates. These were the Direct Spot Test (DST), the Efficiency of Plating (EOP) assay, the planktonic killing assay (PKA) and the biofilm assay. The final ESBL cocktail of six phages could effectively kill 23/38 strains (61%), for Klebsiella 13/19 (68%) and for E. coli 10/19 (53%) based on the PKA data. The ESBL E. coli collection had six isolates from the prevalent UTI-associated ST131 sequence type, five of which were targeted effectively by the final cocktail. Of the four methods used to assess phage virulence, the data suggests that PKAs are as effective as the much more time-consuming EOPs and data for the two assays correlates well. This suggests that planktonic killing is a good proxy to determine which phages should be used in a cocktail. This assay when combined with the virulence index also allows "phage synergy" to inform cocktail design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. K. Haines
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca E. Hodges
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Y. Nale
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joanna Kaczorowska
- School of Microbiology and APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Bandar Alrashid
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmuda Akter
- International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nathan Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Sauvageau
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas Sicheritz-Pontén
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery (COMBio), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Anisha M. Thanki
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Millard
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Edouard E. Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martha R. J. Clokie
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Askoura M, Saed N, Enan G, Askora A. Characterization of Polyvalent Bacteriophages Targeting Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumonia with Enhanced Anti-Biofilm Activity. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368382101004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Complete Genome Sequence of a Phapecoctavirus Isolated from a Pigeon Cloacal Swab Sample. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/5/e01471-20. [PMID: 33541888 PMCID: PMC7862966 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01471-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a bacteriophage in the genus Phapecoctavirus (family Myoviridae) isolated from a cloacal swab specimen from a domestic pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) was identified using a high-throughput sequencing approach. The genome is 150,892 bp with a GC content of 39.1%, containing 269 open reading frames and 11 tRNA genes. The complete genome sequence of a bacteriophage in the genus Phapecoctavirus (family Myoviridae) isolated from a cloacal swab specimen from a domestic pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) was identified using a high-throughput sequencing approach. The genome is 150,892 bp with a GC content of 39.1%, containing 269 open reading frames and 11 tRNA genes.
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Shetru MN, Karched M, Agsar D. Locally isolated broad host-range bacteriophage kills methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vivo skin excisional wound model in mice. Microb Pathog 2021; 152:104744. [PMID: 33484806 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
From the perspective of an ever-increasing multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens, bacteriophages are receiving renewed interest as potential alternative to antibiotics. We investigated the potential of a locally isolated species-specific phage against Staphylococcus aureus infection in a skin excisional wound model in mice. A significant time-dependent increase (P < 0.05) in wound healing was observed in the phage-treated mice groups. The animals treated with the phage ΦDMSA-2 exhibited a faster re-epithelialization and faster tissue re-modelling. Bacterial load in the infected tissue in all phage-treated groups diminished. The mean ± SD CFU per ml decreased from 3.3 × 108 ± 3.5 × 106 at day 1-1.43 × 103 ± 8.48 × 102 at day 16 (P < 0.05). The highest reduction in the bacterial load was observed in G5 (povidine-iodine treated) and G6 (povidine iodine + phage 107 PFU) groups as no bacterial counts were detected by day 12 in both groups. Interestingly, group G3, which was treated with a lower phage concentration (5 × 106 PFU), resulted in total clearing of the inoculated bacteria by day 16; while bacterial counts were still detected by that time in group G4, which was treated with a higher phage concentration of 107 PFU. Animals from phage-treated group G3 survived 100%, while those from the infected wound control group survived at a rate of 34% at day 9 and reached 0% by the end of day 22 (P < 0.001). The data from this study convincingly showed that phage treatment of the S. aureus-infected wounds resulted in a faster wound healing and a 100% survival of the animals. The results emphasize the utility of locally isolated species-specific phages in treatment against multidrug-resistant MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Nandihalli Shetru
- Department of Biotechnology and Research Centre, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, 577 004, Karnataka, India.
| | - Maribasappa Karched
- Oral Microbiology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
| | - Dayanand Agsar
- DBT Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga, 585 106, Karnataka, India.
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Patil A, Banerji R, Kanojiya P, Koratkar S, Saroj S. Bacteriophages for ESKAPE: role in pathogenicity and measures of control. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:845-865. [PMID: 33261536 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1858800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The quest to combat bacterial infections has dreaded humankind for centuries. Infections involving ESKAPE (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) impose therapeutic challenges due to the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance. Recently, investigations with bacteriophages have led to the development of novel strategies against ESKAPE infections. Also, bacteriophages have been demonstrated to be instrumental in the dissemination of virulence markers in ESKAPE pathogens. AREAS COVERED The review highlights the potential of bacteriophage in and against the pathogenicity of antibiotic-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. The review also emphasizes the challenges of employing bacteriophage in treating ESKAPE pathogens and the knowledge gap in the bacteriophage mediated antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity in ESKAPE infections. EXPERT OPINION Bacteriophage infection can kill the host bacteria but in survivors can transfer genes that contribute toward the survival of the pathogens in the host and resistance toward multiple antimicrobials. The knowledge on the dual role of bacteriophages in the treatment and pathogenicity will assist in the prediction and development of novel therapeutics targeting antimicrobial-resistant ESKAPE. Therefore, extensive investigations on the efficacy of synthetic bacteriophage, bacteriophage cocktails, and bacteriophage in combination with antibiotics are needed to develop effective therapeutics against ESKAPE infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Patil
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajashri Banerji
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Poonam Kanojiya
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Koratkar
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Saroj
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Symbiosis Knowledge Village, Lavale, Pune Maharashtra, India
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Cao Y, Zhang Y, Lan W, Sun X. Characterization of vB_VpaP_MGD2, a newly isolated bacteriophage with biocontrol potential against multidrug-resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Arch Virol 2021; 166:413-426. [PMID: 33389104 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen and is also pathogenic to shrimp. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant V. parahaemolyticus strains, bacteriophages have shown promise as antimicrobial agents that could be used for controlling antibiotic-resistant strains. Here, a V. parahaemolyticus phage, vB_VpaP_MGD2, was isolated from a clam (Meretrix meretrix) and further characterized to evaluate its potential capability for biocontrol. Podophage vB_VpaP_MGD2 had a wide host range and was able to lyse 27 antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus strains. A one-step growth curve showed that vB_VpaP_MGD2 has a short latent period of 10 min and a large burst size of 244 phages per cell. Phage vB_VpaP_MGD2 was able to tolerate a wide range of temperature (30 °C-50 °C) and pH (pH 3-pH 10). Two multidrug-resistant strains (SH06 and SA411) were suppressed by treatment with phage vB_VpaP_MGD2 at a multiplicity of infection of 100 for 24 h without apparent regrowth of bacterial populations. The frequency of mutations causing bacteriophage resistance was relatively low (3.1 × 10-6). Phage vB_VpaP_MGD2 has a double-stranded DNA with a genome size of 45,105 bp. Among the 48 open reading frames annotated in the genome, no lysogenic genes or virulence genes were detected. Sequence comparisons suggested that vB_VpaP_MGD2 is a member of a new species in the genus Zindervirus within the subfamily Autographivirinae. This is the first report of a member of the genus Zindervirus that can infect V. parahaemolyticus. These findings suggest that vB_VpaP_MGD2 may be a candidate biocontrol agent against early mortality syndrome/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (EMS/AHPND) caused by multidrug-resistant V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzi Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqing Lan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Biofilms in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Significance and Clinical Relevance. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101580. [PMID: 33066595 PMCID: PMC7602394 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot infections are the main disabling complication in patients with diabetes mellitus. These infections can lead to lower-limb amputation, increasing mortality and decreasing the quality of life. Biofilm formation is an important pathophysiology step in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU)-it plays a main role in the disease progression and chronicity of the lesion, the development of antibiotic resistance, and makes wound healing difficult to treat. The main problem is the difficulty in distinguishing between infection and colonization in DFU. The bacteria present in DFU are organized into functionally equivalent pathogroups that allow for close interactions between the bacteria within the biofilm. Consequently, some bacterial species that alone would be considered non-pathogenic, or incapable of maintaining a chronic infection, could co-aggregate symbiotically in a pathogenic biofilm and act synergistically to cause a chronic infection. In this review, we discuss current knowledge on biofilm formation, its presence in DFU, how the diabetic environment affects biofilm formation and its regulation, and the clinical implications.
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Santiago AJ, Donlan RM. Bacteriophage Infections of Biofilms of Health Care-Associated Pathogens: Klebsiella pneumoniae. EcoSal Plus 2020; 9. [PMID: 33118486 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0029-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, are considered both serious and urgent public health threats. Biofilms formed by these health care-associated pathogens can lead to negative and costly health outcomes. The global spread of antibiotic resistance, coupled with increased tolerance to antimicrobial treatments in biofilm-associated bacteria, highlights the need for novel strategies to overcome treatment hurdles. Bacteriophages (phages), or viruses that infect bacteria, have reemerged as one such potential strategy. Virulent phages are capable of infecting and killing their bacterial hosts, in some cases producing depolymerases that are able to hydrolyze biofilms. Phage therapy does have its limitations, however, including potential narrow host ranges, development of bacterial resistance to infection, and the potential spread of phage-encoded virulence genes. That being said, advances in phage isolation, screening, and genome sequencing tools provide an upside in overcoming some of these limitations and open up the possibilities of using phages as effective biofilm control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel J Santiago
- Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rodney M Donlan
- Clinical and Environmental Microbiology Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Chegini Z, Khoshbayan A, Taati Moghadam M, Farahani I, Jazireian P, Shariati A. Bacteriophage therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: a review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2020; 19:45. [PMID: 32998720 PMCID: PMC7528332 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes infection with a high mortality rate due to resistance to different antibiotics. This bacterium prompts extensive tissue damage with varying factors of virulence, and its biofilm production causes chronic and antibiotic-resistant infections. Therefore, due to the non-applicability of antibiotics for the destruction of P. aeruginosa biofilm, alternative approaches have been considered by researchers, and phage therapy is one of these new therapeutic solutions. Bacteriophages can be used to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilm by destroying the extracellular matrix, increasing the permeability of antibiotics into the inner layer of biofilm, and inhibiting its formation by stopping the quorum-sensing activity. Furthermore, the combined use of bacteriophages and other compounds with anti-biofilm properties such as nanoparticles, enzymes, and natural products can be of more interest because they invade the biofilm by various mechanisms and can be more effective than the one used alone. On the other hand, the use of bacteriophages for biofilm destruction has some limitations such as limited host range, high-density biofilm, sub-populate phage resistance in biofilm, and inhibition of phage infection via quorum sensing in biofilm. Therefore, in this review, we specifically discuss the use of phage therapy for inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilm in clinical and in vitro studies to identify different aspects of this treatment for broader use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Chegini
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Khoshbayan
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Taati Moghadam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Farahani
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Parham Jazireian
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Characterization of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae phage KP1801 and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11803. [PMID: 32678251 PMCID: PMC7367294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended spectrum β lactamase-producing Klebsiellapneumoniae (ESBL-KP) is being reported with high morbidity and mortality rates and is considered as the highest priority for new antimicrobial strategies. To develop an alternative antimicrobial agent, phage KP1801 with broad lytic activity was isolated. The genome of phage KP1801 was double stranded DNA of 49,835 base pairs, with a GC content of 50.26%. There were 75 putative open reading frames. Phage KP1801 was classified as being in the order Caudovirales, belonging to the Siphoviridae family. About 323 proteins were detected by shotgun proteome analysis. The phage inhibited biofilm formation and reduced pre-formed biofilm in a dose dependent manner. Scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrated a membrane damage of bacterial cells treated with phage, resulting in cell death. Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies of the phage were evaluated in Galleriamellonella. Administration of ESBL-KP infection with phage significantly improved the survival of G.mellonella. The number of intracellular bacteria in larvae showed a significant decrease compared with untreated control while the number of phage increased. These studies suggested that phage KP1801 has the potential for development as an alternative for antibiotics and biocontrol agents against ESBL-KP infection.
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45
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Adhikari N, Acharya KP. Effectiveness of Bacteriophage Therapy in Field Conditions and Possible Future Applications. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:364-373. [PMID: 31845630 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666191217111156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacteriophages are viruses, which are obligate parasites of specific bacteria for the completion of their lifecycle. Bacteriophages could be the possible alternative to antibioticresistant bacterial diseases. With this objective, extensive research in different fields is published which are discussed in this article. METHODS After a review of bacteriophage therapy, bacteriophages were found to be effective against the multidrug-resistant bacteria individually or synergistically with antibiotics. They were found to be more effective, even better than the bacteria in the development of a vaccine. RESULTS Apart from the bacteriophages, their cell contents like Lysin enzymes were found equally very much effective. Only the major challenge faced in phage therapy was the identification and characterization of bacteria-specific phages due to the wide genetic diversity of bacterial populations. Similarly, the threshold level of bacteriophages to act effectively was altered by ultraviolet radiation and heat exposure. CONCLUSION Thus, bacteriophage therapy offers promising alternatives in the treatment of antibioticresistant bacteria in different fields. However, their effectiveness is determined by a triad of bacteriophages (type & quantity), host (bacteria) and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Adhikari
- Animal Health Training and Consultancy Services (AHTCS), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Krishna P Acharya
- Animal Quarantine Office (AQO), Budhanilakantha, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Ministry of Land Management, Agriculture and Co-operatives (MoLMAC), Gandaki State, Pokhara, Nepal
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46
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Cen H, Zhang L. Management of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in a patient with diabetic foot ulcer and necrotizing soft tissue infection, bacteremia and lung infection: A case report. Asian J Surg 2020; 43:930-931. [PMID: 32527579 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanghui Cen
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
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47
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Taati Moghadam M, Khoshbayan A, Chegini Z, Farahani I, Shariati A. Bacteriophages, a New Therapeutic Solution for Inhibiting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Causing Wound Infection: Lesson from Animal Models and Clinical Trials. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1867-1883. [PMID: 32523333 PMCID: PMC7237115 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s251171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wound infection kills a large number of patients worldwide each year. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most important colonizing pathogens of wounds that, with various virulence factors and impaired immune system, causes extensive tissue damage and nonhealing wounds. Furthermore, the septicemia caused by these pathogens increases the mortality rate due to wound infections. Because of the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in recent years, the use of antibiotics to inhibit these pathogens has been restricted, and the topical application of antibiotics in wound infections increases antibiotic resistance. Therefore, finding a new therapeutic strategy against wound infections is so essential since these infections have a destructive effect on the patient’s mental health and high medical costs. In this review, we discussed the use of phages for the prevention of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, causing wound infection and their role in wound healing in animal models and clinical trials. The results showed that phages have a high ability to inhibit different wound infections caused by MDR bacteria, heal the wound faster, have lower side effects and toxicity, destroy bacterial biofilm, and they are useful in controlling immune responses. Many studies have used animal models to evaluate the function of phages, and this study appears to have a positive impact on the use of phages in clinical practice and the development of a new therapeutic approach to control wound infections, although there are still many limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Taati Moghadam
- Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Khoshbayan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Chegini
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Farahani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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48
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Martins WM, Toleman MA, Gales AC. Clinical utilization of bacteriophages: a new perspective to combat the antimicrobial resistance in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:239-246. [PMID: 32422119 PMCID: PMC9392036 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, and the evident limitation in therapeutic options, alternatives to combat bacterial infections have been sought. One of these is phage therapy, which is the use of bacterial viruses to kill pathogenic bacteria responsible for the infection. These viruses called bacteriophages are very abundant organisms in the world and are harmless to humans. There are several advantages in using phage therapy, especially against multi-drug resistant pathogens, which tend to be dominated by individual strains. The advantages include fewer collateral effects such as lower disturbance of gut microbiota and less antimicrobials consumption, which itself leads to reducing antibiotic resistance rates. Unfortunately, few clinical studies have been initiated in Brazil and this area is little explored in our country. This manuscript describes clinical evidence of successful phage utilization on pathogens considered a threat in Brazil, highlighting the benefits of a possible phage utilization as an important tool to combat antimicrobial resistance in our country.
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Herridge WP, Shibu P, O’Shea J, Brook TC, Hoyles L. Bacteriophages of Klebsiella spp., their diversity and potential therapeutic uses. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:176-194. [PMID: 31976857 PMCID: PMC7431098 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella spp. are commensals of the human microbiota, and a leading cause of opportunistic nosocomial infections. The incidence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae causing serious infections is increasing, and Klebsiella oxytoca is an emerging pathogen. Alternative strategies to tackle infections caused by these bacteria are required as strains become resistant to last-resort antibiotics such as colistin. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that can infect and kill bacteria. They and their gene products are now being considered as alternatives or adjuncts to antimicrobial therapies. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the potential for lytic phages to combat MDR K. pneumoniae infections. Ready access to cheap sequencing technologies has led to a large increase in the number of genomes available for Klebsiella-infecting phages, with these phages being heterogeneous at the whole-genome level. This review summarizes our current knowledge on phages of Klebsiella spp. and highlights technological and biological issues relevant to the development of phage-based therapies targeting these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren P. Herridge
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Preetha Shibu
- Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Jessica O’Shea
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Thomas C. Brook
- Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Lesley Hoyles
- Department of Biosciences, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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50
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Liu A, Liu Y, Peng L, Cai X, Shen L, Duan M, Ning Y, Liu S, Li C, Liu Y, Chen H, Wu W, Wang X, Hu B, Li C. Characterization of the narrow-spectrum bacteriophage LSE7621 towards Salmonella Enteritidis and its biocontrol potential on lettuce and tofu. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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