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Nowbuth AA, Asombang AW, Tazinkeng NN, Makinde OY, Sheets LR. Antimicrobial resistance from a One Health perspective in Zambia: a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:15. [PMID: 36869351 PMCID: PMC9982795 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely acknowledged as a global health problem, yet its extent is not well evaluated, especially in low-middle income countries. It is challenging to promote policies without focusing on healthcare systems at a local level, therefore a baseline assessment of the AMR occurrence is a priority. This study aimed to look at published papers relating to the availability of AMR data in Zambia as a means of establishing an overview of the situation, to help inform future decisions. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane Libraries, Medical Journal of Zambia and African Journals Online databases were searched from inception to April 2021 for articles published in English in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Retrieval and screening of article was done using a structured search protocol with strict inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 716 articles were retrieved, of which 25 articles met inclusion criteria for final analysis. AMR data was not available for six of the ten provinces of Zambia. Twenty-one different isolates from the human health, animal health and environmental health sectors were tested against 36 antimicrobial agents, across 13 classes of antibiotics. All the studies showed a degree of resistance to more than one class of antimicrobials. Majority of the studies focused on antibiotics, with only three studies (12%) highlighting antiretroviral resistance. Antitubercular drugs were addressed in only five studies (20%). No studies focused on antifungals. The most common organisms tested, across all three sectors, were Staphylococcus aureus, with a diverse range of resistance patterns found; followed by Escherichia coli with a high resistance rate found to cephalosporins (24-100%) and fluoroquinolones (20-100%). CONCLUSIONS This review highlights three important findings. Firstly, AMR is understudied in Zambia. Secondly, the level of resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics is significant across the human, animal, and environmental sectors. Thirdly, this review suggests that improved standardization of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in Zambia could help to better delineate AMR patterns, allow comparisons across different locations and tracking of AMR evolution over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avis A Nowbuth
- Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia. .,School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA.
| | - Akwi W Asombang
- Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Nkengeh N Tazinkeng
- Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.,Central Administration University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Opeoluwa Y Makinde
- Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA.,Obafemi Awolowo University, Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Lincoln R Sheets
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, USA.,Pan-African Organization for Health, Education and Research, Manchester, USA
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Whole-genome sequencing analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O22:H8 isolated from cattle prediction pathogenesis and colonization factors and position in STEC universe phylogeny. J Microbiol 2022; 60:689-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-1616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Escher NA, Muhummed AM, Hattendorf J, Vonaesch P, Zinsstag J. Systematic review and meta-analysis of integrated studies on antimicrobial resistance genes in Africa-A One Health perspective. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:1153-1163. [PMID: 34139031 PMCID: PMC8597124 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) raises serious health and financial concerns. However, the main drivers of the emergence, spread and subsequent colonisation of resistant bacterial strains between humans, animals and the environment are still poorly understood. Objective The aim of this review was to identify molecular studies on AMR in One Health settings in Africa and to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in humans, animals and the environment. Due to the very low number of studies including environmental samples, the meta‐analysis only includes data obtained from animals and humans. Methods The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched, identifying 10 464 publications on AMR in Africa from January 1st, 2000 until June 1st, 2020. Inclusion criteria were: (i) Integrated studies assessing AMR simultaneously in an animal‐human, animal‐environment, human‐environment or animal‐human‐environment context, (ii) Genotypic characterisation of AMR and (iii) temporal and spatial relationship between samples from humans and animals. Statistical random‐effects model meta‐analysis was performed. Results Overall, 18 studies met our eligibility criteria and were included in this review. Six studies investigated Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. (N = 6). The most prevalent AMR genes in animals included sul1 (36.2%), sul2 (32.0%), tetA (31.5%), strB (30.8%) and blaTEM (30.0%), whereas sul2 (42.4%), tetA (42.0%), strB (34.9%), blaTEM (28.8%) and sul1 (27.8%) were most prevalent in humans. We observed no clear pattern for a higher prevalence in either the animal or the human reservoir. Conclusion To date, data on AMR in a One Health perspective in Africa are scarce. Prospective and longitudinal studies using an integrated One Health approach assessing the environment, animals and humans at the same time are needed to better understand the main drivers of AMR sharing in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Escher
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abdifatah M Muhummed
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Jan Hattendorf
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Vonaesch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Nowicki S, deLaurent ZR, de Villiers EP, Githinji G, Charles KJ. The utility of Escherichia coli as a contamination indicator for rural drinking water: Evidence from whole genome sequencing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245910. [PMID: 33481909 PMCID: PMC7822521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the water sector, Escherichia coli is the preferred microbial water quality indicator and current guidance upholds that it indicates recent faecal contamination. This has been challenged, however, by research demonstrating growth of E. coli in the environment. In this study, we used whole genome sequencing to investigate the links between E. coli and recent faecal contamination in drinking water. We sequenced 103 E. coli isolates sampled from 9 water supplies in rural Kitui County, Kenya, including points of collection (n = 14) and use (n = 30). Biomarkers for definitive source tracking remain elusive, so we analysed the phylogenetic grouping, multi-locus sequence types (MLSTs), allelic diversity, and virulence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes of the isolates for insight into their likely source. Phylogroup B1, which is generally better adapted to water environments, is dominant in our samples (n = 69) and allelic diversity differences (z = 2.12, p = 0.03) suggest that naturalised populations may be particularly relevant at collection points with lower E. coli concentrations (<50 / 100mL). The strains that are more likely to have originated from human and/or recent faecal contamination (n = 50), were found at poorly protected collection points (4 sites) or at points of use (12 sites). We discuss the difficulty of interpreting health risk from E. coli grab samples, especially at household level, and our findings support the use of E. coli risk categories and encourage monitoring that accounts for sanitary conditions and temporal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Nowicki
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zaydah R. deLaurent
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Etienne P. de Villiers
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - George Githinji
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Katrina J. Charles
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Whole genome sequences of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated in a Pastoralist Community of Western Uganda: Phylogenomic changes, virulence and resistant genes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231852. [PMID: 32469885 PMCID: PMC7259651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The crisis of antimicrobial resistance is already here with us, affecting both humans and animals alike and very soon, small cuts and surgeries will become life threatening. This study aimed at determine the whole genome sequences of multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated in a Pastoralist Community of Western Uganda: phylogenomic changes, virulence and resistant genes. METHODS This was a laboratory based cross sectional study. Bacterial isolates analyzed in this study were 42 multidrug resistant E. coli isolated from stool samples from both humans (n = 30) and cattle (n = 12) in pastoralist communities collected between January 2018-March 2019. Most of the isolates (41/42) were resistant to three or more antibiotics (multi-drug resistant) and 21/42 isolates were ESBL producers; 13/30 from human and 8/12 from cattle. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) was carried out at the facilities of Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome trust, Kilifi, to determine the phylogenomic changes, virulence and resistant genes. RESULTS At household level, the genomes from both human and animals clustered away from one another except for one instance where two human isolates from the same household clustered together. However, 67% of the E. coli isolated from cattle were closely related to those found in humans. The E. coli isolates were assigned to eight different phylogroups: A, B1, B2, Cladel, D, E, F and G, with a majority being assigned to phylogroup A; while most of the animal isolates were assigned to phylogroup B1. The carriage of multiple AMR genes was higher from the E. coli population from humans than those from cattle. Among these were Beta-lactamase; blaOXA-1: Class D beta-lactamases; blaTEM-1, blaTEM-235: Beta-lactamase; catA1: chloramphenicol acetyl transferase; cmlA1: chloramphenicol efflux transporter; dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14, dfrA15, dfrA17, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA8: macrolide phosphotransferase; oqxB11: RND efflux pump conferring resistance to fluoroquinolone; qacL, qacEdelta1: quinolone efflux pump; qnrS1: quinolone resistance gene; sul1, sul2, sul3: sulfonamide resistant; tet(A), tet(B): tetracycline efflux pump. A high variation of virulence genes was registered among the E. coli genomes from humans than those of cattle origin. CONCLUSION From the analysis of the core genome and phenotypic resistance, this study has demonstrated that the E. coli of human origin and those of cattle origin may have a common ancestry. Limited sharing of virulence genes presents a challenge to the notion that AMR in humans is as a result of antibiotic use in the farm and distorts the picture of the directionality of transmission of AMR at a human-animal interface and presents a task of exploring alternative routes of transmission of AMR.
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Loayza F, Graham JP, Trueba G. Factors Obscuring the Role of E. coli from Domestic Animals in the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis: An Evidence-Based Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3061. [PMID: 32354184 PMCID: PMC7246672 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have found limited associations between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in domestic animals (and animal products), and AMR in human clinical settings. These studies have primarily used Escherichia coli, a critically important bacterial species associated with significant human morbidity and mortality. E. coli is found in domestic animals and the environment, and it can be easily transmitted between these compartments. Additionally, the World Health Organization has highlighted E. coli as a "highly relevant and representative indicator of the magnitude and the leading edge of the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) problem". In this paper, we discuss the weaknesses of current research that aims to link E. coli from domestic animals to the current AMR crisis in humans. Fundamental gaps remain in our understanding the complexities of E. coli population genetics and the magnitude of phenomena such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or DNA rearrangements (transposition and recombination). The dynamic and intricate interplay between bacterial clones, plasmids, transposons, and genes likely blur the evidence of AMR transmission from E. coli in domestic animals to human microbiota and vice versa. We describe key factors that are frequently neglected when carrying out studies of AMR sources and transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Loayza
- Microbiology Institute, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Cumbayá-Quito P.O. BOX 170901, Ecuador
| | - Jay P. Graham
- Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California, 2121 Berkeley Way, Room 5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Microbiology Institute, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Pampite, Cumbayá-Quito P.O. BOX 170901, Ecuador
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