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Mak KM, Shekhar AC. Soybean polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) is beneficial in liver and extrahepatic tissue injury: An update in experimental research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:2162-2186. [PMID: 37814787 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyenylphosphatidylcholine (PPC) is a purified polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine extract of soybeans. This article updates PPC's beneficial effects on various forms of liver cell injury and other tissues in experimental research. PPC downregulates hepatocyte CYP2E1 expression and associated hepatotoxicity, as well as attenuates oxidative stress, apoptosis, lipoprotein oxidation and steatosis in alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver injury. PPC inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine production, while stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion in ethanol or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Kupffer cells/macrophages. It promotes M2-type macrophage polarization and metabolic reprogramming of glucose and lipid metabolism. PPC mitigates steatosis in NAFLD through inhibiting polarization of pro-inflammatory M1-type Kupffer cells, alleviating metabolic inflammation, remodeling hepatic lipid metabolism, correcting imbalances between lipogenesis and lipolysis and enhancing lipoprotein secretion from hepatocytes. PPC is antifibrotic by preventing progression of alcoholic hepatic fibrosis in baboons and also prevents CCl4-induced fibrosis in rats. PPC supplementation replenishes the phosphatidylcholine content of damaged cell membranes, resulting in increased membrane fluidity and functioning. Phosphatidylcholine repletion prevents increased membrane curvature of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi and decreases sterol regulatory element binding protein-1-mediated lipogenesis, reducing steatosis. PPC remodels gut microbiota and affects hepatic lipid metabolism via the gut-hepatic-axis and also alleviates brain inflammatory responses and cognitive impairment via the gut-brain-axis. Additionally, PPC protects extrahepatic tissues from injury caused by various toxic compounds by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and membrane damage. It also stimulates liver regeneration, enhances sensitivity of cancer cells to radiotherapy/chemotherapy, and inhibits experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. PPC's beneficial effects justify it as a supportive treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aditya C Shekhar
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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2
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Chen H, Wu Q, Chen X, Yu X, Zhao H, Huang Q, Huang Y, Wang J, Huang X, Wei J, Wu F, Xiao X, Wang L. Gestational supplementation of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus thermophilus attenuates hepatic steatosis in offspring mice through promoting fatty acid β-oxidation. J Food Sci 2024; 89:3064-3077. [PMID: 38578136 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Currently, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus thermophilus (BLS) are widely recognized as the crucially beneficial bacteria in the gut. Many preclinical and clinical studies have shown their protective effects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, whether gestational BLS supplementation could alleviate NAFLD in the offspring is still unknown. Kunming mice were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks before mating. They received BLS supplementation by gavage during pregnancy. After weaning, offspring mice were fed with a regular diet up to 5 weeks old. Gestational BLS supplementation significantly increased the abundance of Actinobacteriota, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibaculum in the gut of dams exposed to HFD. In offspring mice exposed to maternal HFD, maternal BLS intake significantly decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes as well as the relative abundance of Prevotella and Streptococcus, but increased the relative abundance of Parabacteroides. In offspring mice, maternal BLS supplementation significantly decreased the hepatic triglyceride content and mitigated hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, maternal BLS supplementation increased the glutathione content and reduced malondialdehyde content in the liver. In addition, mRNA and protein expression levels of key rate-limiting enzymes in mitochondrial β-oxidation (CPT1α, PPARα, and PGC1α) in the livers of offspring mice were significantly increased after gestational BLS supplementation. Thus, gestational BLS supplementation may ameliorate maternal HFD-induced steatosis and oxidative stress in the livers of offspring mice by modulating fatty acid β-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiongmei Wu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyi Chen
- Liwan District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxue Yu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoli Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinting Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyi Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Science and Technology, Guangzhou Customs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Science and Technology, Guangzhou Customs, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Yousef M, Rob M, Varghese S, Rao S, Zamir F, Paul P, Chaari A. The effect of microbiome therapy on COVID-19-induced gut dysbiosis: A narrative and systematic review. Life Sci 2024; 342:122535. [PMID: 38408636 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Emerging evidence highlights the role of COVID-19 in instigating gut dysbiosis, with repercussions on disease severity and bidirectional gut-organ communication involving the lung, heart, brain, and liver. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in addressing gut dysbiosis associated with COVID-19, as well as their impact on related disease severity and clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically review 27 studies exploring the efficacy of different microbiome-modulating therapies: probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as potential interventions for COVID-19. KEY FINDINGS The probiotics and synbiotics investigated encompassed a spectrum of eight bacterial and fungal genera, namely Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Bacillus, Saccharomyces, and Kluyveromyces. Noteworthy prebiotics employed in these studies included chestnut tannin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharide, and resistant dextrin. The majority of the investigated biotics exhibited positive effects on COVID-19 patients, manifesting in symptom alleviation, inflammation reduction, and notable decreases in mortality rates. Five studies reported death rates, showing an average mortality ranging from 0 % to 11 % in the intervention groups, as compared to 3 % to 30 % in the control groups. Specifically, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics demonstrated efficacy in diminishing the duration and severity of symptoms while significantly accelerating viral and symptomatic remission. FMT emerged as a particularly effective strategy, successfully restoring gut microbiota and ameliorating gastrointestinal disorders. SIGNIFICANCE The insights gleaned from this review significantly contribute to our broader comprehension of the therapeutic potential of biotics in addressing COVID-19-related gut dysbiosis and mitigating secondary multi-organ complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Yousef
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mlaak Rob
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sanish Varghese
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shrinidhi Rao
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fahad Zamir
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pradipta Paul
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ali Chaari
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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Jeong JJ, Jin YJ, Ganesan R, Park HJ, Min BH, Jeong MK, Yoon SJ, Choi MR, Sharma SP, Jang YJ, Min U, Lim JH, Na KM, Choi J, Han SH, Ham YL, Lee DY, Kim BY, Suk KT. Multistrain Probiotics Alleviate Diarrhea by Modulating Microbiome-Derived Metabolites and Serotonin Pathway. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10232-4. [PMID: 38467925 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal symptom in health problems, is highly associated with gut dysbiosis. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effect of multistrain probiotics (Sensi-Biome) on diarrhea from the perspective of the microbiome-neuron axis. Sensi-Biome (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactococcus lactis) was administered in a 4% acetic acid-induced diarrhea rat model at concentrations of 1 × 108 (G1), 1 × 109 (G2), and 1 × 1010 CFU/0.5 mL (G3). Diarrhea-related parameters, inflammation-related cytokines, and stool microbiota analysis by 16S rRNA were evaluated. A targeted and untargeted metabolomics approach was used to analyze the cecum samples using liquid chromatography and orbitrap mass spectrometry. The stool moisture content (p < 0.001), intestinal movement rate (p < 0.05), and pH (p < 0.05) were significantly recovered in G3. Serotonin levels were decreased in the multistrain probiotics groups. The inflammatory cytokines, serotonin, and tryptophan hydroxylase expression were improved in the Sensi-Biome groups. At the phylum level, Sensi-Biome showed the highest relative abundance of Firmicutes. Short-chain fatty acids including butyrate, iso-butyrate, propionate, and iso-valeric acid were significantly modified in the Sensi-Biome groups. Equol and oleamide were significantly improved in the multistrain probiotics groups. In conclusion, Sensi-Biome effectively controls diarrhea by modulating metabolites and the serotonin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ju Jeong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Disease, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Yoo-Jeong Jin
- R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Disease, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Disease, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Byeong Hyun Min
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Disease, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Min Kyo Jeong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Disease, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Disease, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Mi Ran Choi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Disease, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Satya Priya Sharma
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Disease, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - You Jin Jang
- R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Uigi Min
- R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Lim
- R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Min Na
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hak Han
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lim Ham
- Department of Nursing, Daewon University College Jecheon, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Byung-Yong Kim
- R&D Center, Chong Kun Dang Healthcare, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Disease, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Suprunowicz M, Tomaszek N, Urbaniak A, Zackiewicz K, Modzelewski S, Waszkiewicz N. Between Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism: Is There a Common Pathway? Nutrients 2024; 16:549. [PMID: 38398873 PMCID: PMC10891846 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Growing evidence highlights an important role of the gut-brain-microbiome axis in the pathogenesis of ASD. Research indicates an abnormal composition of the gut microbiome and the potential involvement of bacterial molecules in neuroinflammation and brain development disruptions. Concurrently, attention is directed towards the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and impaired intestinal tightness. This comprehensive review emphasizes the potential impact of maternal gut microbiota changes on the development of autism in children, especially considering maternal immune activation (MIA). The following paper evaluates the impact of the birth route on the colonization of the child with bacteria in the first weeks of life. Furthermore, it explores the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-17a and mother's obesity as potentially environmental factors of ASD. The purpose of this review is to advance our understanding of ASD pathogenesis, while also searching for the positive implications of the latest therapies, such as probiotics, prebiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation, targeting the gut microbiota and reducing inflammation. This review aims to provide valuable insights that could instruct future studies and treatments for individuals affected by ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Modzelewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Wołodyjowskiego 2, 15-272 Białystok, Poland; (M.S.); (N.T.); (A.U.); (K.Z.); (N.W.)
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6
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Hizo GH, Rampelotto PH. The Impact of Probiotic Bifidobacterium on Liver Diseases and the Microbiota. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:239. [PMID: 38398748 PMCID: PMC10890151 DOI: 10.3390/life14020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the promising potential of probiotics, especially the bacterial genus Bifidobacterium, in the treatment of liver diseases. In this work, a systematic review was conducted, with a focus on studies that employed advanced Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies to explore the potential of Bifidobacterium as a probiotic for treating liver pathologies such as Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD), Cirrhosis, and Hepatocelullar Carcinoma (HCC) and its impact on the microbiota. Our results indicate that Bifidobacterium is a safe and effective probiotic for treating liver lesions. It successfully restored balance to the intestinal microbiota and improved biochemical and clinical parameters in NAFLD, ALD, and Cirrhosis. No significant adverse effects were identified. While more research is needed to establish its efficacy in treating NASH and HCC, the evidence suggests that Bifidobacterium is a promising probiotic for managing liver lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Henrique Hizo
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Pabulo Henrique Rampelotto
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core Facility, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-907, Brazil
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7
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Thilakarathna WPDW, Rupasinghe HPV. Proanthocyanidins-Based Synbiotics as a Novel Strategy for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Risk Reduction. Molecules 2024; 29:709. [PMID: 38338453 PMCID: PMC10856248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common liver disease worldwide, is a spectrum of liver abnormalities ranging from steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) characterized by excessive lipid accumulation. The prevalence of NAFLD is predicted to increase rapidly, demanding novel approaches to reduce the global NAFLD burden. Flavonoids, the most abundant dietary polyphenols, can reduce the risk of NAFLD. The majority of dietary flavonoids are proanthocyanidins (PACs), which are oligomers and polymers of the flavonoid sub-group flavan-3-ols. The efficacy of PAC in reducing the NAFLD risk can be significantly hindered by low bioavailability. The development of synbiotics by combining PAC with probiotics may increase effectiveness against NAFLD by biotransforming PAC into bioavailable metabolites. PAC and probiotic bacteria are capable of mitigating steatosis primarily through suppressing de novo lipogenesis and promoting fatty acid β-oxidation. PAC and probiotic bacteria can reduce the progression of steatosis to NASH mainly through ameliorating hepatic damage and inflammation induced by hepatic oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Synbiotics of PAC are superior in reducing the risk of NAFLD compared to independent administration of PAC and probiotics. The development of PAC-based synbiotics can be a novel strategy to mitigate the increasing incidence of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasitha P. D. W. Thilakarathna
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - H. P. Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada
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8
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Long SR, Shang WX, Zhang HR, Jiang M, Wang JJ, Liu RD, Wang ZQ, Cui J, Sun H. Trichinella-derived protein ameliorates colitis by altering the gut microbiome and improving intestinal barrier function. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111320. [PMID: 38064817 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Reports have highlighted the potential use of helminths or their byproducts as a possible treatment for IBD; however, the mechanisms underlying their ability to modulate inflammation remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we analyze the possible mechanism of a serine protease inhibitor from adult T. spiralis excretion-secretion products (rTsSPI) on the improvement of colitis. METHODS The immune protective effect of rTsSPI was studied by using DSS or Salmonella-induced colitis in female C56BL/6 mice. The effect of rTsSPI on the immune and inflammatory responses, gut microbiota, permeability of colon epithelium and junction proteins was analyzed. RESULTS Treating mice with rTsSPI induced type 2 immunity and significantly attenuated clinical symptoms, macroscopical and histological features of DSS or bacteria-induced colonic inflammation. This was accompanied by decreasing neutrophil recruitment in the colonic lamina propria, and reducing TNF-α mRNA levels in the colon; in contrast, the recruitment of M2 macrophages, the expression level of IL-10 and adhesion molecules increased in the colon tissue. Moreover, treatment with rTsSPI led to an improvement in gut microbiota diversity, as well as an increase in the abundance of the bacterial genera Bifidobacterium and Ruminclostridium 5. CONCLUSIONS Collective findings suggest that pretreatment with rTsSPI can ameliorate colitis in mice by inducing a Th2-type response with M2 macrophages. Data also indicate that immunotherapy with rTsSPI represents an additional strategy to ameliorate inflammatory processes in IBD by enhancing probiotic colonization and maintaining intestinal epithelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wen Xuan Shang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hui Ran Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jing Jing Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Hualei Sun
- Department of Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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Min BH, Devi S, Kwon GH, Gupta H, Jeong JJ, Sharma SP, Won SM, Oh KK, Yoon SJ, Park HJ, Eom JA, Jeong MK, Hyun JY, Stalin N, Park TS, Choi J, Lee DY, Han SH, Kim DJ, Suk KT. Gut microbiota-derived indole compounds attenuate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by improving fat metabolism and inflammation. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2307568. [PMID: 38299316 PMCID: PMC10841017 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2307568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and its prevalence has increased worldwide in recent years. Additionally, there is a close relationship between MASLD and gut microbiota-derived metabolites. However, the mechanisms of MASLD and its metabolites are still unclear. We demonstrated decreased indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the feces of patients with hepatic steatosis compared to healthy controls. Here, IPA and IAA administration ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation in an animal model of WD-induced MASLD by suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway through a reduction in endotoxin levels and inactivation of macrophages. Bifidobacterium bifidum metabolizes tryptophan to produce IAA, and B. bifidum effectively prevents hepatic steatosis and inflammation through the production of IAA. Our study demonstrates that IPA and IAA derived from the gut microbiota have novel preventive or therapeutic potential for MASLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Hyun Min
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shivani Devi
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Hyun Kwon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haripriya Gupta
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ju Jeong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Satya Priya Sharma
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Min Won
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Kwang Oh
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jun Yoon
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung A Eom
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyo Jeong
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ye Hyun
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nattan Stalin
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hak Han
- Department of Pathology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Kim
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Tae Suk
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Lyu Q, Chen RA, Chuang HL, Zou HB, Liu L, Sung LK, Liu PY, Wu HY, Chang HY, Cheng WJ, Wu WK, Wu MS, Hsu CC. Bifidobacterium alleviate metabolic disorders via converting methionine to 5'-methylthioadenosine. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2300847. [PMID: 38439565 PMCID: PMC10936671 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2300847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary patterns and corresponding gut microbiota profiles are associated with various health conditions. A diet rich in polyphenols, primarily plant-based, has been shown to promote the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, subsequently reducing the risk of metabolic disorders in the host. The beneficial effects of these bacteria are largely due to the specific metabolites they produce, such as short-chain fatty acids and membrane proteins. In this study, we employed a metabolomics-guided bioactive metabolite identification platform that included bioactivity testing using in vitro and in vivo assays to discover a bioactive metabolite produced from probiotic bacteria. Through this approach, we identified 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) as a probiotic bacterial-derived metabolite with anti-obesity properties. Furthermore, our findings indicate that MTA administration has several regulatory impacts on liver functions, including modulating fatty acid synthesis and glucose metabolism. The present study elucidates the intricate interplay between dietary habits, gut microbiota, and their resultant metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rou-An Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Leeuwenhoek Laboratories Co. Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Li Chuang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Bai Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Leeuwenhoek Laboratories Co. Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lihong Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Kang Sung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ju Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Leeuwenhoek Laboratories Co. Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Yang M, Massad K, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O’Carroll KF, Li G. Gut microbiota and metabolite interface-mediated hepatic inflammation. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2024; 6:e00037. [PMID: 38283696 PMCID: PMC10810350 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Immunologic and metabolic signals regulated by gut microbiota and relevant metabolites mediate bidirectional interaction between the gut and liver. Gut microbiota dysbiosis, due to diet, lifestyle, bile acids, and genetic and environmental factors, can advance the progression of chronic liver disease. Commensal gut bacteria have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects depending on their species and relative abundance in the intestine. Components and metabolites derived from gut microbiota-diet interaction can regulate hepatic innate and adaptive immune cells, as well as liver parenchymal cells, significantly impacting liver inflammation. In this mini review, recent findings of specific bacterial species and metabolites with functions in regulating liver inflammation are first reviewed. In addition, socioeconomic and environmental factors, hormones, and genetics that shape the profile of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites and components with the function of priming or dampening liver inflammation are discussed. Finally, current clinical trials evaluating the factors that manipulate gut microbiota to treat liver inflammation and chronic liver disease are reviewed. Overall, the discussion of microbial and metabolic mediators contributing to liver inflammation will help direct our future studies on liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Katina Massad
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Eric T. Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin F. Staveley-O’Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Ellis Fischel Cancer Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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12
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Banerjee G, Papri SR, Satapathy SK, Banerjee P. Akkermansia muciniphila - A Potential Next-generation Probiotic for Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:426-433. [PMID: 37724669 DOI: 10.2174/1389201025666230915103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver conditions, and its growing prevalence is a serious concern worldwide, especially in Western countries. Researchers have pointed out several genetic mutations associated with NAFLD; however, the imbalance of the gut microbial community also plays a critical role in the progression of NAFLD. Due to the lack of approved medicine, probiotics gain special attention in controlling metabolic disorders like NAFLD. Among these probiotics, Akkermansia muciniphila (a member of natural gut microflora) is considered one of the most efficient and important bacterium in maintaining gut health, energy homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. In this perspective, we discussed the probable molecular mechanism of A. muciniphila in controlling the progression of NAFLD and restoring liver health. The therapeutic potential of A. muciniphila in NAFLD has been tested primarily on animal models, and thus, more randomized human trials should be conducted to prove its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Banerjee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Suraya R Papri
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Sanjaya K Satapathy
- 2Department of Medicine, Northwell Health Center for Liver Disease & Transplantation, North Shore, University Hospital/Northwell Health, 400 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Pratik Banerjee
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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13
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Song J, Li Y, Zhou L, Xu H, Wu K, Gao J, Zhao M, Zheng Y. Bergamot polysaccharides relieve DSS-induced ulcerative colitis via regulating the gut microbiota and metabolites. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127335. [PMID: 37820919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the efficacy of polysaccharides from bergamot (BP) in alleviating DSS-induced colitis. Results showed that BP was primarily composed of two components, BP-1 and BP-2, with similar monosaccharide compositions to BP (mainly glucose and xylose) and molecular weights (Mw) of 4.50 × 105 and 2.35 × 105 Da. This study found BP relieved disease symptoms such as weight loss and colon shortening in mice with colitis. Gut microbiota and metabolomics analysis revealed that the BP could also promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria, Butyrivibrio, and Blautia, resulting in increased levels of SCFAs and L-phenylalanine, which were associated with phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolism pathways. Further analysis validated the inflammatory activity of L-phenylalanine. Hence, BP may relieve colitis symptoms by regulating the gut microbiota and metabolism, which reduced inflammation and enhanced the expression of tight junctional proteins (TJ proteins) and mucin in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Yang
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521031, China; School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521031, China; School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Liuyang Zhou
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521031, China; School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kaizhang Wu
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mouming Zhao
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521031, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yang Zheng
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Chaozhou 521031, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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14
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Wang Y, Zheng Y, Kuang L, Yang K, Xie J, Liu X, Shen S, Li X, Wu S, Yang Y, Shi J, Wu J, Wang Y. Effects of probiotics in patients with morbid obesity undergoing bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:1029-1042. [PMID: 37674033 PMCID: PMC10600003 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are commonly used after bariatric surgery. However, uncertainty remains regarding their effects. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the effect of probiotics in patients with morbid obesity undergoing bariatric surgery. METHODS PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Science Direct, and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 4, 2023. No language restrictions were applied. Relevant randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials were included. We used the aggregated data extracted from the trials and assessed the heterogeneity. When severe heterogeneity was detected, a random effect model was used. All stages of the review were done by independent authors. RESULTS We screened 2024 references and included 11 randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials. Compared with the protocol groups, probiotics showed significant effects on regulating aspartate amino transferase level (MD = -4.32 U/L; 95% CI [-7.10, -1.53], p = 0.002), triglycerides (MD = -20.16 mg/dL; 95% CI [-34.51, -5.82], p = 0.006), weight (MD = -1.99 kg; 95% CI [-3.97, -0.01], p = 0.05), vitamin B12 (MD = 2.24 pg/dL; 95% CI [-0.02, 4.51], p = 0.05), dietary energy (MD = -151.03 kcal; 95% CI [-215.68, -86.37], p < 0.00001), dietary protein (MD = -4.48 g/day, 95% CI [-8.76, -0.20], p = 0.04), dietary carbohydrate (MD = -34.25 g/day, 95% CI [-44.87, -23.62], p < 0.00001), and dietary fiber (MD = -2.17 g/day, 95% CI [-3.21, -1.14], p < 0.0001). There were no severe side effects related to probiotics. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis suggested that probiotics may delay the progression of liver function injury, improve lipid metabolism, reduce weight, and reduce food intake, although the effects on other indicators were insignificant. Probiotics may be helpful for patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The review was registered on PROSPERO (International prospective register of systematic reviews): CRD42023407970. No primary source of funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Youwei Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Lirun Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Keyu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jiaji Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xinde Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shan Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xinchao Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shiran Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yuyi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jiafei Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jialiang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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15
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Ma MH, Gao LL, Chen CB, Gu FL, Wu SQ, Li F, Han BX. Dendrobium huoshanense Polysaccharide Improves High-Fat Diet Induced Liver Injury by Regulating the Gut-Liver Axis. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300980. [PMID: 37831331 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium huoshanense is an important Traditional Chinese medicine that thickens the stomach and intestines. Its active ingredient Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide (DHP), was revealed to relieve the symptoms of liver injury. However, its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of DHP in protecting the liver. The effects of DHP on lipid levels, liver function, and intestinal barrier function were investigated in mice with high-fat diet-induced liver damage. Changes in the gut flora and their metabolites were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics. The results showed that DHP reduced lipid levels, liver injury, and intestinal permeability. DHP altered the intestinal flora structure and increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium animalis and Clostridium disporicum. Furthermore, fecal metabolomics revealed that DHP altered fecal metabolites and significantly increased levels of gut-derived metabolites, spermidine, and indole, which have been reported to inhibit liver injury and improve lipid metabolism and the intestinal barrier. Correlation analysis showed that spermidine and indole levels were significantly negatively correlated with liver injury-related parameters and positively correlated with the intestinal species B. animalis enriched by DHP. Overall, this study confirmed that DHP prevented liver injury by regulating intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and fecal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hua Ma
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Institute of Anhui Dabie Mountain, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lu'an City, 237012, China
| | - Lei-Lei Gao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Institute of Anhui Dabie Mountain, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
| | - Chuang-Bo Chen
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
| | - Fang-Li Gu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Institute of Anhui Dabie Mountain, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
| | - Si-Qi Wu
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
| | - Bang-Xing Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Institute of Anhui Dabie Mountain, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an City, 237012, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lu'an City, 237012, China
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