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Skupien-Jaroszek A, Szczepankiewicz AA, Rysz A, Marchel A, Matyja E, Grajkowska W, Wilczynski GM, Dzwonek J. Morphological alterations of the neuronal Golgi apparatus upon seizures. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12940. [PMID: 37771048 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders, affecting around 50 million people worldwide, but its underlying cellular and molecular events are not fully understood. The Golgi is a highly dynamic cellular organelle and can be fragmented into ministacks under both physiological and pathological conditions. This phenomenon has also been observed in several neurodegenerative disorders; however, the structure of the Golgi apparatus (GA) in human patients suffering from epilepsy has not been described so far. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in GA architecture in epilepsy. METHODS Golgi visualisation with immunohistochemical staining in the neocortex of adult patients who underwent epilepsy surgery; 3D reconstruction and quantitative morphometric analysis of GA structure in the rat hippocampi upon kainic acid (KA) induced seizures, as well as in vitro studies with the use of Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM in primary hippocampal neurons upon activation were performed. RESULTS We observed GA dispersion in neurons of the human neocortex of patients with epilepsy and hippocampal neurons in rats upon KA-induced seizures. The structural changes of GA were reversible, as GA morphology returned to normal within 24 h of KA treatment. KA-induced Golgi fragmentation observed in primary hippocampal neurons cultured in vitro was largely abolished by the addition of BAPTA-AM. CONCLUSIONS In our study, we have shown for the first time that the neuronal GA is fragmented in the human brain of patients with epilepsy and rat brain upon seizures. We have shown that seizure-induced GA dispersion can be reversible, suggesting that enhanced neuronal activity induces Golgi reorganisation that is involved in aberrant neuronal plasticity processes that underlie epilepsy. Moreover, our results revealed that elevated cytosolic Ca2+ is indispensable for these KA-induced morphological alterations of GA in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skupien-Jaroszek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej A Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rysz
- Department of Neurosurgery, 1 Military Clinical Hospital in Lublin, Affiliate in Ełk, Ełk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marchel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Matyja
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiesława Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz M Wilczynski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Structural Neuromorphology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Dzwonek
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Song Z, Mao H, Liu J, Sun W, Wu S, Lu X, Jin C, Yang J. Lanthanum Chloride Induces Axon Abnormality Through LKB1-MARK2 and LKB1-STK25-GM130 Signaling Pathways. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:1181-1196. [PMID: 35661286 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lanthanum (La) is a natural rare-earth element that can damage the central nervous system and impair learning and memory. However, its neurotoxic mechanism remains unclear. In this study, adult female rats were divided into 4 groups and given distilled water solution containing 0%, 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5% LaCl3, respectively, and this was done from conception to the end of the location. Their offspring rats were used to establish animal models to investigate LaCl3 neurotoxicity. Primary neurons cultured in vitro were treated with LaCl3 and infected with LKB1 overexpression lentivirus. The results showed that LaCl3 exposure resulted in abnormal axons in the hippocampus and primary cultured neurons. LaCl3 reduced the expression of LKB1, p-LKB1, STRAD and MO25 proteins, and directly or indirectly affected the expression of LKB1, leading to decreased activity of LKB1-MARK2 and LKB1-STK25-GM130 pathways. This study indicated that LaCl3 exposure could interfere with the normal effects of LKB1 in the brain and downregulate LKB1-MARK2 and LKB1-STK25-GM130 signaling pathways, resulting in abnormal axon in offspring rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeli Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyue Mao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxuan Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchang Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwen Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihong Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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3
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López JM, Carballeira P, Pozo J, León-Espinosa G, Muñoz A. Hypothalamic orexinergic neuron changes during the hibernation of the Syrian hamster. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:993421. [PMID: 36157325 PMCID: PMC9501701 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.993421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation in small mammals is a highly regulated process with periods of torpor involving drops in body temperature and metabolic rate, as well as a general decrease in neural activity, all of which proceed alongside complex brain adaptive changes that appear to protect the brain from extreme hypoxia and low temperatures. All these changes are rapidly reversed, with no apparent brain damage occurring, during the short periods of arousal, interspersed during torpor—characterized by transitory and partial rewarming and activity, including sleep activation, and feeding in some species. The orexins are neuropeptides synthesized in hypothalamic neurons that project to multiple brain regions and are known to participate in the regulation of a variety of processes including feeding behavior, the sleep-wake cycle, and autonomic functions such as brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Using multiple immunohistochemical techniques and quantitative analysis, we have characterized the orexinergic system in the brain of the Syrian hamster—a facultative hibernator. Our results revealed that orexinergic neurons in this species consisted of a neuronal population restricted to the lateral hypothalamic area, whereas orexinergic fibers distribute throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the brain, particularly innervating catecholaminergic and serotonergic neuronal populations. We characterized the changes of orexinergic cells in the different phases of hibernation based on the intensity of immunostaining for the neuronal activity marker C-Fos and orexin A (OXA). During torpor, we found an increase in C-Fos immunostaining intensity in orexinergic neurons, accompanied by a decrease in OXA immunostaining. These changes were accompanied by a volume reduction and a fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus (GA) as well as a decrease in the colocalization of OXA and the GA marker GM-130. Importantly, during arousal, C-Fos and OXA expression in orexinergic neurons was highest and the structural appearance and the volume of the GA along with the colocalization of OXA/GM-130 reverted to euthermic levels. We discuss the involvement of orexinergic cells in the regulation of mammalian hibernation and, in particular, the possibility that the high activation of orexinergic cells during the arousal stage guides the rewarming as well as the feeding and sleep behaviors characteristic of this phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M. López
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Carballeira
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pozo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-Centro de Estudios Universitarios (CEU), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Alberto Muñoz,
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Stouffer MA, Khalaf-Nazzal R, Cifuentes-Diaz C, Albertini G, Bandet E, Grannec G, Lavilla V, Deleuze JF, Olaso R, Nosten-Bertrand M, Francis F. Doublecortin mutation leads to persistent defects in the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in adult hippocampal pyramidal cells. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105702. [PMID: 35339680 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human doublecortin (DCX) mutations are associated with severe brain malformations leading to aberrant neuron positioning (heterotopia), intellectual disability and epilepsy. DCX is a microtubule-associated protein which plays a key role during neurodevelopment in neuronal migration and differentiation. Dcx knockout (KO) mice show disorganized hippocampal pyramidal neurons. The CA2/CA3 pyramidal cell layer is present as two abnormal layers and disorganized CA3 KO pyramidal neurons are also more excitable than wild-type (WT) cells. To further identify abnormalities, we characterized Dcx KO hippocampal neurons at subcellular, molecular and ultrastructural levels. Severe defects were observed in mitochondria, affecting number and distribution. Also, the Golgi apparatus was visibly abnormal, increased in volume and abnormally organized. Transcriptome analyses from laser microdissected hippocampal tissue at postnatal day 60 (P60) highlighted organelle abnormalities. Ultrastructural studies of CA3 cells performed in P60 (young adult) and > 9 months (mature) tissue showed that organelle defects are persistent throughout life. Locomotor activity and fear memory of young and mature adults were also abnormal: Dcx KO mice consistently performed less well than WT littermates, with defects becoming more severe with age. Thus, we show that disruption of a neurodevelopmentally-regulated gene can lead to permanent organelle anomalies contributing to abnormal adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Stouffer
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - R Khalaf-Nazzal
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - C Cifuentes-Diaz
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - G Albertini
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - E Bandet
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - G Grannec
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - V Lavilla
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057 Evry, France
| | - J-F Deleuze
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057 Evry, France
| | - R Olaso
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), 91057 Evry, France
| | - M Nosten-Bertrand
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France
| | - F Francis
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, Paris 75005, France; Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 75005, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris 75005, France.
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Takahashi N, Nishimura T, Harada T, Okumura A, Iwabuchi T, Rahman MS, Kuwabara H, Takagai S, Nomura Y, Takei N, Tsuchiya KJ. Association Between Genetic Risks for Obesity and Working Memory in Children. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:749230. [PMID: 34630031 PMCID: PMC8492895 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.749230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is highly heritable, and recent evidence demonstrates that obesity is associated with cognitive deficits, specifically working memory. However, the relationship between genetic risks for obesity and working memory is not clear. In addition, whether the effect of these genetic risks on working memory in children is mediated by increased body mass index (BMI) has not been elucidated. Methods: In order to test whether the polygenic risk score (PRS) for obesity in adulthood (adulthood-BMI-PRS) is associated with working memory at 8 years of age, and whether the effect is mediated by childhood BMI, in children from the general population, participants in the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort for Mothers and Children (HBC) study in Hamamatsu, Japan, underwent testing for association of adulthood-BMI-PRS with working memory. HBC data collection began in December 2007 and is ongoing. Adulthood-BMI-PRS values were generated using summary data from the recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) undertaken in Japan, and the significance of thresholds was calculated for each outcome. Outcomes measured included the working memory index (WMI) of Weschler Intelligence Scale-4 (WISC-IV) scores and the BMI at 8 years of age. Gene-set enrichment analysis was conducted to clarify the molecular basis common to adulthood-BMI and childhood-WMI. Mediation analysis was performed to assess whether childhood-BMI of children mediated the association between adulthood-BMI-PRS and working memory. Results: A total of 734 participants (377 males, 357 females) were analyzed. Adulthood-BMI-PRS was associated with lower childhood-WMI (β[SE], -1.807 [0.668]; p = 0.010, corrected) of WISC-IV. Gene-set enrichment analyses found that regulation of neurotrophin Trk receptor signaling (β[SE], -2.020 [6.39]; p = 0.002, corrected), negative regulation of GTPase activity (β[SE], 2.001 [0.630]; p = 0.002, corrected), and regulation of gene expression epigenetic (β[SE], -2.119 [0.664]; p = 0.002, corrected) were enriched in BMI in adulthood and WMI in childhood. Mediation analysis showed that there is no mediation effect of childhood-BMI between the adulthood-BMI-PRS and working memory deficits in children. Conclusion: Adulthood-BMI-PRS was associated with working memory among children in the general population. These genetic risks were not mediated by the childhood-BMI itself and were directly associated with working memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagahide Takahashi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoko Nishimura
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taeko Harada
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Akemi Okumura
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Toshiki Iwabuchi
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Md Shafiur Rahman
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shu Takagai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoko Nomura
- Queens College and Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nori Takei
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji J Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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6
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Nahirney PC, Tremblay ME. Brain Ultrastructure: Putting the Pieces Together. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629503. [PMID: 33681208 PMCID: PMC7930431 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the fine structure of the brain is important to provide a better understanding of its normal and abnormal functioning. Application of high-resolution electron microscopic techniques gives us an unprecedented opportunity to discern details of the brain parenchyma at nanoscale resolution, although identifying different cell types and their unique features in two-dimensional, or three-dimensional images, remains a challenge even to experts in the field. This article provides insights into how to identify the different cell types in the central nervous system, based on nuclear and cytoplasmic features, amongst other unique characteristics. From the basic distinction between neurons and their supporting cells, the glia, to differences in their subcellular compartments, organelles and their interactions, ultrastructural analyses can provide unique insights into the changes in brain function during aging and disease conditions, such as stroke, neurodegeneration, infection and trauma. Brain parenchyma is composed of a dense mixture of neuronal and glial cell bodies, together with their intertwined processes. Intracellular components that vary between cells, and can become altered with aging or disease, relate to the cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic density, nuclear heterochromatin pattern, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, lysosomes, neurosecretory vesicles, and cytoskeletal elements (actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules). Applying immunolabeling techniques to visualize membrane-bound or intracellular proteins in neurons and glial cells gives an even better appreciation of the subtle differences unique to these cells across contexts of health and disease. Together, our observations reveal how simple ultrastructural features can be used to identify specific changes in cell types, their health status, and functional relationships in the brain.
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7
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Duquette A, Pernègre C, Veilleux Carpentier A, Leclerc N. Similarities and Differences in the Pattern of Tau Hyperphosphorylation in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Impacts on the Elaboration of Therapies to Prevent Tau Pathology. Front Neurol 2021; 11:607680. [PMID: 33488502 PMCID: PMC7817657 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.607680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau protein, a neuronal microtubule-associated protein, becomes hyperphosphorylated in several neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies. Hyperphosphorylation of tau is correlated to its redistribution from the axon to the somato-dendritic compartment at early stages of tauopathies. Interestingly, tau hyperphosphorylation begins in different regions of the brain in each tauopathy. In some regions, both neurons and glial cells develop tau hyperphosphorylation. Tau hyperphosphorylation is also observed in physiological conditions such as hibernation and brain development. In the first section of present article, we will review the spatiotemporal and cellular distribution of hyperphosphorylated tau in the most frequent tauopathies. In the second section, we will compare the pattern of tau hyperphosphorylation in physiological and pathological conditions and discuss the sites that could play a pivotal role in the conversion of non-toxic to toxic forms of hyperphosphorylated tau. Furthermore, we will discuss the role of hyperphosphorylated tau in physiological and pathological conditions and the fact that tau hyperphosphorylation is reversible in physiological conditions but not in a pathological ones. In the third section, we will speculate how the differences and similarities between hyperphosphorylated tau in physiological and pathological conditions could impact the elaboration of therapies to prevent tau pathology. In the fourth section, the different therapeutic approaches using tau as a direct or indirect therapeutic target will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Duquette
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Pernègre
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ariane Veilleux Carpentier
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicole Leclerc
- Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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Abstract
Unraveling the fine structure of the brain is important to provide a better understanding of its normal and abnormal functioning. Application of high-resolution electron microscopic techniques gives us an unprecedented opportunity to discern details of the brain parenchyma at nanoscale resolution, although identifying different cell types and their unique features in two-dimensional, or three-dimensional images, remains a challenge even to experts in the field. This article provides insights into how to identify the different cell types in the central nervous system, based on nuclear and cytoplasmic features, amongst other unique characteristics. From the basic distinction between neurons and their supporting cells, the glia, to differences in their subcellular compartments, organelles and their interactions, ultrastructural analyses can provide unique insights into the changes in brain function during aging and disease conditions, such as stroke, neurodegeneration, infection and trauma. Brain parenchyma is composed of a dense mixture of neuronal and glial cell bodies, together with their intertwined processes. Intracellular components that vary between cells, and can become altered with aging or disease, relate to the cytoplasmic and nucleoplasmic density, nuclear heterochromatin pattern, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex, lysosomes, neurosecretory vesicles, and cytoskeletal elements (actin, intermediate filaments, and microtubules). Applying immunolabeling techniques to visualize membrane-bound or intracellular proteins in neurons and glial cells gives an even better appreciation of the subtle differences unique to these cells across contexts of health and disease. Together, our observations reveal how simple ultrastructural features can be used to identify specific changes in cell types, their health status, and functional relationships in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Nahirney
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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9
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Shi Z, Qin M, Huang L, Xu T, Chen Y, Hu Q, Peng S, Peng Z, Qu LN, Chen SG, Tuo QH, Liao DF, Wang XP, Wu RR, Yuan TF, Li YH, Liu XM. Human torpor: translating insights from nature into manned deep space expedition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:642-672. [PMID: 33314677 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During a long-duration manned spaceflight mission, such as flying to Mars and beyond, all crew members will spend a long period in an independent spacecraft with closed-loop bioregenerative life-support systems. Saving resources and reducing medical risks, particularly in mental heath, are key technology gaps hampering human expedition into deep space. In the 1960s, several scientists proposed that an induced state of suppressed metabolism in humans, which mimics 'hibernation', could be an ideal solution to cope with many issues during spaceflight. In recent years, with the introduction of specific methods, it is becoming more feasible to induce an artificial hibernation-like state (synthetic torpor) in non-hibernating species. Natural torpor is a fascinating, yet enigmatic, physiological process in which metabolic rate (MR), body core temperature (Tb ) and behavioural activity are reduced to save energy during harsh seasonal conditions. It employs a complex central neural network to orchestrate a homeostatic state of hypometabolism, hypothermia and hypoactivity in response to environmental challenges. The anatomical and functional connections within the central nervous system (CNS) lie at the heart of controlling synthetic torpor. Although progress has been made, the precise mechanisms underlying the active regulation of the torpor-arousal transition, and their profound influence on neural function and behaviour, which are critical concerns for safe and reversible human torpor, remain poorly understood. In this review, we place particular emphasis on elaborating the central nervous mechanism orchestrating the torpor-arousal transition in both non-flying hibernating mammals and non-hibernating species, and aim to provide translational insights into long-duration manned spaceflight. In addition, identifying difficulties and challenges ahead will underscore important concerns in engineering synthetic torpor in humans. We believe that synthetic torpor may not be the only option for manned long-duration spaceflight, but it is the most achievable solution in the foreseeable future. Translating the available knowledge from natural torpor research will not only benefit manned spaceflight, but also many clinical settings attempting to manipulate energy metabolism and neurobehavioural functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.,Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Meng Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Qin Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Bio-Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Sha Peng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Zhuang Peng
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Li-Na Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Shan-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Qin-Hui Tuo
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ren-Rong Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226000, China
| | - Ying-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Xin-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, China.,Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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10
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Regalado-Reyes M, Benavides-Piccione R, Fernaud-Espinosa I, DeFelipe J, León-Espinosa G. Effect of Phosphorylated Tau on Cortical Pyramidal Neuron Morphology during Hibernation. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa018. [PMID: 34296096 PMCID: PMC8152943 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic spines of pyramidal cells are the main postsynaptic target of excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Morphological alterations have been described in hippocampal dendritic spines during hibernation-a state of inactivity and metabolic depression that occurs via a transient neuronal tau hyperphosphorylation. Here, we have used the hibernating Syrian hamster to investigate the effect of hyperphosphorylated tau regarding neocortical neuronal structure. In particular, we examined layer Va pyramidal neurons. Our results indicate that hibernation does not promote significant changes in dendritic spine density. However, tau hyperphosphorylated neurons show a decrease in complexity, an increase in the tortuosity of the apical dendrites, and an increase in the diameter of the basal dendrites. Tau protein hyperphosphorylation and aggregation have been associated with loss or alterations of dendritic spines in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our results may shed light on the correlation between tau hyperphosphorylation and the neuropathological processes in AD. Moreover, we observed changes in the length and area of the apical and basal dendritic spines during hibernation regardless of tau hyperphosphorylation. The morphological changes observed here also suggest region specificity, opening up debate about a possible relationship with the differential brain activity registered in these regions in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamen Regalado-Reyes
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Ruth Benavides-Piccione
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernaud-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28002, Spain
| | - Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28002, Spain
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11
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Abstract
The mammalian Golgi apparatus is a highly dynamic organelle, which is normally localized in the juxtanuclear space and plays an essential role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. While posttranslational modification of cargo is mediated by the resident enzymes (glycosyltransferases, glycosidases, and kinases), the ribbon structure of Golgi and its cisternal stacking mostly rely on the cooperation of coiled-coil matrix golgins. Among them, giantin, GM130, and GRASPs are unique, because they form a tripartite complex and serve as Golgi docking sites for cargo delivered from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Golgi undergoes significant disorganization in many pathologies associated with a block of the ER-to-Golgi or intra-Golgi transport, including cancer, different neurological diseases, alcoholic liver damage, ischemic stress, viral infections, etc. In addition, Golgi fragments during apoptosis and mitosis. Here, we summarize and analyze clinically relevant observations indicating that Golgi fragmentation is associated with the selective loss of Golgi residency for some enzymes and, conversely, with the relocation of some cytoplasmic proteins to the Golgi. The central concept is that ER and Golgi stresses impair giantin docking site but have no impact on the GM130-GRASP65 complex, thus inducing mislocalization of giantin-sensitive enzymes only. This cardinally changes the processing of proteins by eliminating the pathways controlled by the missing enzymes and by activating the processes now driven by the GM130-GRASP65-dependent proteins. This type of Golgi disorganization is different from the one induced by the cytoskeleton alteration, which despite Golgi de-centralization, neither impairs function of golgins nor alters trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petrosyan
- College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA. .,The Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.,The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA
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12
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León-Espinosa G, DeFelipe J, Muñoz A. The Golgi Apparatus of Neocortical Glial Cells During Hibernation in the Syrian Hamster. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:92. [PMID: 31824270 PMCID: PMC6882278 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernating mammals undergo torpor periods characterized by a general decrease in body temperature, metabolic rate, and brain activity accompanied by complex adaptive brain changes that appear to protect the brain from extreme conditions of hypoxia and low temperatures. These processes are accompanied by morphological and neurochemical changes in the brain including those in cortical neurons such as the fragmentation and reduction of the Golgi apparatus (GA), which both reverse a few hours after arousal from the torpor state. In the present study, we characterized – by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy – the GA of cortical astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells in the Syrian hamster, which is a facultative hibernator. We also show that after artificial induction of hibernation, in addition to neurons, the GA of glia in the Syrian hamster undergoes important structural changes, as well as modifications in the intensity of immunostaining and distribution patterns of Golgi structural proteins at different stages of the hibernation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, CEU San Pablo University, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Gattoni G, Bernocchi G. Calcium-Binding Proteins in the Nervous System during Hibernation: Neuroprotective Strategies in Hypometabolic Conditions? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092364. [PMID: 31086053 PMCID: PMC6540041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) can influence and react to Ca2+ transients and modulate the activity of proteins involved in both maintaining homeostatic conditions and protecting cells in harsh environmental conditions. Hibernation is a strategy that evolved in vertebrate and invertebrate species to survive in cold environments; it relies on molecular, cellular, and behavioral adaptations guided by the neuroendocrine system that together ensure unmatched tolerance to hypothermia, hypometabolism, and hypoxia. Therefore, hibernation is a useful model to study molecular neuroprotective adaptations to extreme conditions, and can reveal useful applications to human pathological conditions. In this review, we describe the known changes in Ca2+-signaling and the detection and activity of CBPs in the nervous system of vertebrate and invertebrate models during hibernation, focusing on cytosolic Ca2+ buffers and calmodulin. Then, we discuss these findings in the context of the neuroprotective and neural plasticity mechanisms in the central nervous system: in particular, those associated with cytoskeletal proteins. Finally, we compare the expression of CBPs in the hibernating nervous system with two different conditions of neurodegeneration, i.e., platinum-induced neurotoxicity and Alzheimer's disease, to highlight the similarities and differences and demonstrate the potential of hibernation to shed light into part of the molecular mechanisms behind neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Gattoni
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
| | - Graziella Bernocchi
- Former Full Professor of Zoology, Neurogenesis and Comparative Neuromorphology, (Residence address) Viale Matteotti 73, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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14
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Gonzalez-Riano C, León-Espinosa G, Regalado-Reyes M, García A, DeFelipe J, Barbas C. Metabolomic Study of Hibernating Syrian Hamster Brains: In Search of Neuroprotective Agents. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1175-1190. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mamen Regalado-Reyes
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Javier DeFelipe
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Calle de Valderrebollo, 5, 28031 Madrid, Spain
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15
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León-Espinosa G, Antón-Fernández A, Tapia-González S, DeFelipe J, Muñoz A. Modifications of the axon initial segment during the hibernation of the Syrian hamster. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:4307-4321. [PMID: 30219944 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian hibernation is a natural process in which the brain undergoes profound adaptive changes that appear to protect the brain from extreme hypoxia and hypothermia. In addition to a virtual cessation of neural and metabolic activity, these changes include a decrease in adult neurogenesis; the retraction of neuronal dendritic trees; changes in dendritic spines and synaptic connections; fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus; and the phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau. Furthermore, alterations of microglial cells also occur in torpor. Importantly, all of these changes are rapidly and fully reversed when the animals arouse from torpor state, with no apparent brain damage occurring. Thus, hibernating animals are excellent natural models to study different aspects of brain plasticity. The axon initial segment (AIS) is critical for the initiation of action potentials in neurons and is an efficient site for the regulation of neural activity. This specialized structure-characterized by the expression of different types of ion channels and adhesion, scaffolding and cytoskeleton proteins-is subjected to morpho-functional plastic changes upon variations in neural activity or in pathological conditions. Here, we used immunocytochemistry and 3D confocal microscopy reconstruction techniques to measure the possible morphological differences in the AIS of neocortical (layers II-III and V) and hippocampal (CA1) neurons during the hibernation of the Syrian hamster. Our results indicate that the general integrity of the AIS is resistant to the ischemia/hypoxia conditions that are characteristic of the torpor phase of hibernation. In addition, the length of the AIS significantly increased in all the regions studied-by about 16-20% in torpor animals compared to controls, suggesting the existence of compensatory mechanisms in response to a decrease in neuronal activity during the torpor phase of hibernation. Furthermore, in double-labeling experiment, we found that the AIS in layer V of torpid animals was longer in neurons expressing phospho-tau than in those not labeled for phospho-tau. This suggests that AIS plastic changes were more marked in phospho-tau accumulating neurons. Overall, the results further emphasize that mammalian hibernation is a good physiological model to study AIS plasticity mechanisms in non-pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo León-Espinosa
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Antón-Fernández
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Tapia-González
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain. .,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Antón-Fernández A, Merchán-Rubira J, Avila J, Hernández F, DeFelipe J, Muñoz A. Phospho-Tau Accumulation and Structural Alterations of the Golgi Apparatus of Cortical Pyramidal Neurons in the P301S Tauopathy Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:651-661. [PMID: 28922155 PMCID: PMC5611801 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a highly dynamic organelle involved in the processing and sorting of cellular proteins. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it has been shown to decrease in size and become fragmented in neocortical and hippocampal neuronal subpopulations. This fragmentation and decrease in size of the GA in AD has been related to the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau. However, the involvement of other pathological factors associated with the course of the disease, such as the extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates, cannot be ruled out, since both pathologies are present in AD patients. Here we use the P301S tauopathy mouse model to examine possible alterations of the GA in neurons that overexpress human tau (P301S mutated gene) in neocortical and hippocampal neurons, using double immunofluorescence techniques and confocal microscopy. Quantitative analysis revealed that neurofibrillary tangle (NFT)-bearing neurons had important morphological alterations and reductions in the surface area and volume of the GA compared with NFT-free neurons. Since in this mouse model there are no Aβ aggregates typical of AD, the present findings support the idea that the progressive accumulation of phospho-tau is associated with structural alterations of the GA, and that these changes may occur in the absence of Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Antón-Fernández
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Avila
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Changes in neocortical and hippocampal microglial cells during hibernation. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:1881-1895. [PMID: 29260372 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian hibernation proceeds alongside a wide range of complex brain adaptive changes that appear to protect the brain from extreme hypoxia and hypothermia. Using immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, quantitative analysis methods and intracellular injections, we have characterized microglia morphological changes that occur in the neocortex and hippocampus of the Syrian hamster during hibernation. In euthermic hamsters, microglial cells showed the typical ramified/resting morphology with multiple long, thin and highly-branched processes homogeneously immunostained for Iba-1. However, during torpor, microglial cell process numbers increase significantly accompanied by a shortening of the Iba-1 immunoreactive processes, which show a fragmented appearance. Adaptative changes of microglial cells during torpor coursed with no expression of microglial cell activation markers. We discuss the possibility that these morphological changes may contribute to neuronal damage prevention during hibernation.
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18
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Trefna M, Goris M, Thissen CMC, Reitsema VA, Bruintjes JJ, de Vrij EL, Bouma HR, Boerema AS, Henning RH. The influence of sex and diet on the characteristics of hibernation in Syrian hamsters. J Comp Physiol B 2017; 187:725-734. [PMID: 28324158 PMCID: PMC5486544 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-017-1072-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Research on deep hibernators almost exclusively uses species captured from the wild or from local breeding. An exception is Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), the only standard laboratory animal showing deep hibernation. In deep hibernators, several factors influence hibernation quality, including body mass, sex and diet. We examined hibernation quality in commercially obtained Syrian hamsters in relation to body mass, sex and a diet enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Animals (M/F:30/30, 12 weeks of age) were obtained from Harlan (IN, USA) and individually housed at 21 °C and L:D 14:10 until 20 weeks of age, followed by L:D 8:16 until 27 weeks. Then conditions were changed to 5 °C and L:D 0:24 for 9 weeks to induce hibernation. Movement was continuously monitored with passive infrared detectors. Hamsters were randomized to control diet or a diet 3× enriched in linoleic acid from 16 weeks of age. Hamsters showed a high rate of premature death (n = 24, 40%), both in animals that did and did not initiate torpor, which was unrelated to body weight, sex and diet. Time to death (31.7 ± 3.1 days, n = 12) or time to first torpor bout (36.6 ± 1.6 days, n = 12) was similar in prematurely deceased hamsters. Timing of induction of hibernation and duration of torpor and arousal was unaffected by body weight, sex or diet. Thus, commercially obtained Syrian hamsters subjected to winter conditions showed poor survival, irrespective of body weight, sex and diet. These factors also did not affect hibernation parameters. Possibly, long-term commercial breeding from a confined genetic background has selected against the hibernation trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Trefna
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Goris
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia M C Thissen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera A Reitsema
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jojanneke J Bruintjes
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin L de Vrij
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar R Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ate S Boerema
- Departments of Chronobiology and Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Antón-Fernández A, Aparicio-Torres G, Tapia S, DeFelipe J, Muñoz A. Morphometric alterations of Golgi apparatus in Alzheimer's disease are related to tau hyperphosphorylation. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 97:11-23. [PMID: 27793637 PMCID: PMC5176038 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a highly dynamic organelle, which is mainly involved in the post-translational processing and targeting of cellular proteins and which undergoes significant morphological changes in response to different physiological and pathological conditions. In the present study, we have analyzed the possible alterations of GA in neurons from the temporal neocortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, using double immunofluorescence techniques, confocal microscopy and 3D quantification techniques. We found that in AD patients, the percentage of temporal neocortical and CA1 hippocampal pyramidal neurons with a highly altered GA is much higher (approximately 65%) in neurons with neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) than in NFT-free neurons (approximately 6%). Quantitative analysis of the surface area and volume of GA elements in neurons revealed that, compared with NFT-free neurons, NFT-bearing neurons had a reduction of approximately one half in neocortical neurons and one third in CA1 neurons. In both regions, neurons with a pre-tangle stage of phospho-tau accumulation had surface area and GA volume values that were intermediate, that is, between those of NFT-free and NFT-bearing neurons. These findings support the idea that the progressive accumulation of phospho-tau is associated with structural alterations of the GA including fragmentation and a decrease in the surface area and volume of GA elements. These alterations likely impact the processing and trafficking of proteins, which might contribute to neuronal dysfunction in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Antón-Fernández
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Aparicio-Torres
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Tapia
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier DeFelipe
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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León-Espinosa G, García E, Gómez-Pinedo U, Hernández F, DeFelipe J, Ávila J. Decreased adult neurogenesis in hibernating Syrian hamster. Neuroscience 2016; 333:181-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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