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Ammar A, Boujelbane MA, Simak ML, Fraile-Fuente I, Rizzi N, Washif JA, Zmijewski P, Jahrami H, Schöllhorn WI. Unveiling the acute neurophysiological responses to strength training: An exploratory study on novices performing weightlifting bouts with different motor learning models. Biol Sport 2024; 41:249-274. [PMID: 38524821 PMCID: PMC10955729 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2024.133481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is limited evidence regarding various neurophysiological responses to strength exercise and the influence of the adopted practice schedule. This study aimed to assess the acute systemic effects of snatch training bouts, employing different motor learning models, on skill efficiency, electric brain activity (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV), and perceived exertion as well as mental demand in novices. In a within-subject design, sixteen highly active males (mean age: 23.13 ± 2.09 years) randomly performed snatch learning bouts consisting of 36 trials using repetitive learning (RL), contextual interference (blocked, CIb; and serial, CIs), and differential learning (DL) models. Spontaneous resting EEG and HRV activities were recorded at PRE and POST training bouts while measuring heart rate. Perceived exertion and mental demand were assessed immediately after, and barbell kinematics were recorded during three power snatch trials performed following the POST measurement. The results showed increases in alpha, beta, and gamma frequencies from pre- to post-training bouts in the majority of the tested brain regions (p values ranging from < 0.0001 to 0.02). The CIb model exhibited increased frequencies in more regions. Resting time domain HRV parameters were altered following the snatch bouts, with increased HR (p < 0.001) and decreased RR interval (p < 0.001), SDNN, and RMSSD (p values ranging from < 0.0001 to 0.02). DL showed more pronounced pulse-related changes (p = 0.01). Significant changes in HRV frequency domain parameters were observed, with a significant increase in LFn (p = 0.03) and a decrease in HFn (p = 0.001) registered only in the DL model. Elevated HR zones (> HR zone 3) were more dominant in the DL model during the snatch bouts (effect size = 0.5). Similarly, the DL model tended to exhibit higher perceived physical (effect size = 0.5) and mental exertions (effect size = 0.6). Despite the highest psycho-physiological response, the DL group showed one of the fewest significant EEG changes. There was no significant advantage of one learning model over the other in terms of technical efficiency. These findings offer preliminary support for the acute neurophysiological benefits of coordination-strength-based exercise in novices, particularly when employing a DL model. The advantages of combining EEG and HRV measurements for comprehensive monitoring and understanding of potential adaptations are also highlighted. However, further studies encompassing a broader range of coordination-strength-based exercises are warranted to corroborate these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf Ammar
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax,University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ali Boujelbane
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Tunisia
- Research Unit: “Physical Activity, Sport, and Health”, UR18JS01, National Observatory of Sport, Tunis 1003, Tunisia
| | - Marvin Leonard Simak
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irene Fraile-Fuente
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolas Rizzi
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Piotr Zmijewski
- Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
- Government Hospitals, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Coutinho D, Gonçalves B, Santos S, Travassos B, Schöllhorn W, Sampaio J. The effects of individual and collective variability on youth players' movement behaviours during football small-sided games. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:756-771. [PMID: 35200082 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2022.2042293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify the effects of playing with additional individual (IND), collective (COL) or individual-collective (MIX) variability on youth football players' performance during small-sided games. Twelve youth football players (U17, age = 16.1 ± 0.9 years) played a goalkeeper (Gk) + 6 outfield players a-side (Gk+6vs6+Gk) under four conditions: (i) playing in the 1:2:3:1 formation without any other rule (control condition, CTR); (ii) 1:2:3:1 formation with additional body restrictions changing each minute (individual condition, IND); (iii) using different tactical formations modified each minute (collective condition, COL; (iv) using different tactical formations and body restrictions varied each minute (individual-collective condition, MIX). Generally, there were similar behaviours across conditions, especially for the CTR and the MIX. Nevertheless, the CTR condition presented moderate higher values in the lateral direction (p ≤ .05), while also higher longitudinal synchronization compared to the IND (p ≤ .05). The COL condition presented higher spatial exploration (p ≤ .05), which may justify the higher values for distance covered while running and sprinting (p ≤ .05). Overall, coaches may use the IND condition to refine players' technical actions, while the COL condition to develop players' ability to perform in different playing positions and team structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Coutinho
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Portuguese Football Federation, Portugal Football School, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sara Santos
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Travassos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Wolfgang Schöllhorn
- Institute for Training and Movement Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
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3
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Burdack J, Schöllhorn WI. Cognitive Enhancement through Differential Rope Skipping after Math Lesson. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:205. [PMID: 36612527 PMCID: PMC9819879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown cognitive enhancement through sport and physical exercise. Despite the variety of studies, the extent to which physical activity before or after a cognitive learning session leads to more effective cognitive enhancement remains largely unresolved. Moreover, little attention has been paid to the dependence of the motor learning approach then applied. In this study, we compare the influence of differential with uniformly rope skipping directly succeeding an acquisition phase in arithmetic mathematics. For three weeks 26 pupils, 14 female, 12 male, and 13.9 ± 0.7 years old, completed nine 15 min exercises in arithmetic math, each followed by 3 min rope skipping with heart rate measurement. Arithmetic performance was tested in a pre-, post- and retention test design. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the differential and the control groups within the development of arithmetic performance, especially in the retention test. There was no statistical difference in heart rate. It is suggested that the results provide evidence for sustainable improvements of cognitive learning performance by means of highly variable rope skipping.
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John AT, Barthel A, Wind J, Rizzi N, Schöllhorn WI. Acute Effects of Various Movement Noise in Differential Learning of Rope Skipping on Brain and Heart Recovery Analyzed by Means of Multiscale Fuzzy Measure Entropy. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:816334. [PMID: 35283739 PMCID: PMC8914377 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.816334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of more detailed explanations for body-mind interactions in physical activity, neural and physiological effects, especially regarding more strenuous sports activities, increasingly attract interest. Little is known about the underlying manifold (neuro-)physiological impacts induced by different motor learning approaches. The various influences on brain or cardiac function are usually studied separately and modeled linearly. Limitations of these models have recently led to a rapidly growing application of nonlinear models. This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of various sequences of rope skipping on irregularity of the electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalography (EEG) signals as well as their interaction and whether these depend on different levels of active movement noise, within the framework of differential learning theory. Thirty-two males were randomly and equally distributed to one of four rope skipping conditions with similar cardiovascular but varying coordinative demand. ECG and EEG were measured simultaneously at rest before and immediately after rope skipping for 25 mins. Signal irregularity of ECG and EEG was calculated via the multiscale fuzzy measure entropy (MSFME). Statistically significant ECG and EEG brain area specific changes in MSFME were found with different pace of occurrence depending on the level of active movement noise of the particular rope skipping condition. Interaction analysis of ECG and EEG MSFME specifically revealed an involvement of the frontal, central, and parietal lobe in the interplay with the heart. In addition, the number of interaction effects indicated an inverted U-shaped trend presenting the interaction level of ECG and EEG MSFME dependent on the level of active movement noise. In summary, conducting rope skipping with varying degrees of movement variation appears to affect the irregularity of cardiac and brain signals and their interaction during the recovery phase differently. These findings provide enough incentives to foster further constructive nonlinear research in exercise-recovery relationship and to reconsider the philosophy of classical endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Thomas John
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Schöllhorn WI, Rizzi N, Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė A, Leite N. Always Pay Attention to Which Model of Motor Learning You Are Using. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:711. [PMID: 35055533 PMCID: PMC8776195 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This critical review considers the epistemological and historical background of the theoretical construct of motor learning for a more differentiated understanding. More than simply reflecting critically on the models that are used to solve problems-whether they are applied in therapy, physical education, or training practice-this review seeks to respond constructively to the recent discussion caused by the replication crisis in life sciences. To this end, an in-depth review of contemporary motor learning approaches is provided, with a pragmatism-oriented clarification of the researcher's intentions on fundamentals (what?), subjects (for whom?), time intervals (when?), and purpose (for what?). The complexity in which the processes of movement acquisition, learning, and refinement take place removes their predictable and linear character and therefore, from an applied point of view, invites a great deal of caution when trying to make generalization claims. Particularly when we attempt to understand and study these phenomena in unpredictable and dynamic contexts, it is recommended that scientists and practitioners seek to better understand the central role that the individual and their situatedness plays in the system. In this way, we will be closer to making a meaningful and authentic contribution to the advancement of knowledge, and not merely for the sake of renaming inventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Nikolas Rizzi
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Agnė Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, 47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Nuno Leite
- Reseach Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
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6
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Oftadeh S, Bahram A, Yaali R, Ghadiri F, Schöllhorn WI. External Focus or Differential Learning: Is There an Additive Effect on Learning a Futsal Goal Kick? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010317. [PMID: 35010577 PMCID: PMC8751137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: How to optimally promote the process of acquiring and learning a new motor skill is still one of the fundamental questions often raised in training and movement science, rehabilitation, and physical education. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of differential learning (DL) and the elements of OPTIMAL theory on learning a goal-kicking skill in futsal, especially under the conditions of external and internal foci. (2) Methods: A total of 40 female beginners were randomly assigned to, and equally distributed among, five different interventions. Within a pretest and post-test design, with retention and transfer tests, participants practiced for 12 weeks, involving two 20-min sessions per week. The tests involved a kicking skill test. Data were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. (3) Results: Statistically significant differences with large effect sizes were found between differential learning (DL) with an external focus, DL with an internal focus, DL with no focus, traditional training with an external focus, and traditional training with control groups in the post-, retention, and transfer tests. (4) Conclusions: The results indicate the clear advantages of DL. It is well worth putting further efforts into investigating a more differentiated application of instructions combined with exercises for DL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Oftadeh
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran; (A.B.); (R.Y.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.O.); (W.I.S.)
| | - Abbas Bahram
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran; (A.B.); (R.Y.); (F.G.)
| | - Rasoul Yaali
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran; (A.B.); (R.Y.); (F.G.)
| | - Farhad Ghadiri
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6455, Iran; (A.B.); (R.Y.); (F.G.)
| | - Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
- Department for Training and Movement Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.O.); (W.I.S.)
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7
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Arede J, Poureghbali S, Freitas T, Fernandes J, Schöllhorn WI, Leite N. The Effect of Differential Repeated Sprint Training on Physical Performance in Female Basketball Players: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312616. [PMID: 34886342 PMCID: PMC8656732 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study aimed to determine the effects of differential learning in sprint running with and without changes of direction (COD) on physical performance parameters in female basketball players and to determine the feasibility of the training protocol. Nine female basketball players completed 4 weeks of repeated sprint training (RST) with (COD, n = 4) or without (NCOD, n = 5) changes of direction. A battery of sprints (0–10 and 0–25 m), vertical jumps (counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump, and single-leg CMJs), and COD tests were conducted before and after intervention. NCOD completed two sets of ten sprints of 20 m, whereas COD performed 20 m sprints with a 180 degree turn at 10 m, returning to the starting line. Before each sprint, participants were instructed to provide different fluctuations (i.e., differential learning) in terms of varying the sprint. Both groups had 30 s of passive recovery between two sprints and 3 min between sets. A significant effect of time for the 0–10 m sprint, CMJ, and single leg-CMJ asymmetries were observed. Adding “erroneous” fluctuation during RST seems to be a suitable and feasible strategy for coaches to enhance physical performance in young female basketball players. However, further studies including larger samples and controlled designs are recommended to strengthen present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arede
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-501 Viseu, Portugal
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Sogand Poureghbali
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Tomás Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo 04753-060, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - John Fernandes
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK;
| | - Wolfgang I. Schöllhorn
- Institute of Sport Science, Training and Movement Science, University of Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Nuno Leite
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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8
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An Overview on Cognitive Function Enhancement through Physical Exercises. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11101289. [PMID: 34679354 PMCID: PMC8534220 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is extensively focused on the enhancement of cognitive functions while performing physical exercises categorized into cardiovascular exercises, resistance training, martial arts, racquet sports, dancing and mind-body exercises. Imaging modalities, viz. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG), have been included in this review. This review indicates that differences are present in cognitive functioning while changing the type of physical activity performed. This study concludes that employing fNIRS helps overcome certain limitations of fMRI. Further, the effects of physical activity on a diverse variety of the population, from active children to the old people, are discussed.
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Wind J, Horst F, Rizzi N, John A, Schöllhorn WI. Electrical Brain Activity and Its Functional Connectivity in the Physical Execution of Modern Jazz Dance. Front Psychol 2021; 11:586076. [PMID: 33384641 PMCID: PMC7769774 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides the pure pleasure of watching a dance performance, dance as a whole-body movement is becoming increasingly popular for health-related interventions. However, the science-based evidence for improvements in health or well-being through dance is still ambiguous and little is known about the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. This may be partly related to the fact that previous studies mostly examined the neurophysiological effects of imagination and observation of dance rather than the physical execution itself. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate acute effects of a physically executed dance with its different components (recalling the choreography and physical activity to music) on the electrical brain activity and its functional connectivity using electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis. Eleven dance-inexperienced female participants first learned a Modern Jazz Dance (MJD) choreography over three weeks (1 h sessions per week). Afterwards, the acute effects on the EEG brain activity were compared between four different test conditions: physically executing the MJD choreography with music, physically executing the choreography without music, imaging the choreography with music, and imaging the choreography without music. Every participant passed each test condition in a randomized order within a single day. EEG rest-measurements were conducted before and after each test condition. Considering time effects the physically executed dance without music revealed in brain activity analysis most increases in alpha frequency and in functional connectivity analysis in all frequency bands. In comparison, physically executed dance with music as well as imagined dance with music led to fewer increases and imagined dance without music provoked noteworthy brain activity and connectivity decreases at all frequency bands. Differences between the test conditions were found in alpha and beta frequency between the physically executed dance and the imagined dance without music as well as between the physically executed dance with and without music in the alpha frequency. The study highlights different effects of a physically executed dance compared to an imagined dance on many brain areas for all measured frequency bands. These findings provide first insights into the still widely unexplored field of neurological effects of dance and encourages further research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wind
- Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fabian Horst
- Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolas Rizzi
- Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander John
- Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang I Schöllhorn
- Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Poureghbali S, Arede J, Rehfeld K, Schöllhorn W, Leite N. Want to Impact Physical, Technical, and Tactical Performance during Basketball Small-Sided Games in Youth Athletes? Try Differential Learning Beforehand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249279. [PMID: 33322471 PMCID: PMC7763681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the acute effect of small-sided games, based on differential learning, on the physical, technical, and positioning performance of young basketball players. Eight basketball players under 13 (U13) participated in this study. A total of eight sessions involving half-court small-sided games (4 sets × 3 min + 1 min of passive recovery) under randomly different numerical relations were performed. Before each trial, players were verbally instructed to perform the drill in one of the conditions, in random order. Pre- and post-tests were performed in the 4v4 half-court format, in each session. External load and positional data were collected via a WIMU PRO local positioning system. Individual heart rate monitoring was used to assess the internal load. Game videos also collected notational data. The results revealed that, after the intervention, the players significantly decreased the total distance covered, the peak acceleration, average speed, training impulse, and the spatial exploration index; conversely, the results confirmed an increase in the number of dribbles. Small-sided games under randomly different numerical relations imposed acute effects in distinct variables during 4v4 half-court games. However, further studies are warranted, including longer interventions and parallel-group designs, to confirm if the training-induced effects of this method are significantly better compared to other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sogand Poureghbali
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.P.); (K.R.)
| | - Jorge Arede
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Kathrin Rehfeld
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.P.); (K.R.)
| | - Wolfgang Schöllhorn
- Institute of Sport Science, Training and Movement Science, University of Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Nuno Leite
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-966-430-853
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11
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Diaz-Piedra C, Sebastián MV, Di Stasi LL. EEG Theta Power Activity Reflects Workload among Army Combat Drivers: An Experimental Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E199. [PMID: 32231048 PMCID: PMC7226148 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effects of mental workload variations, as a function of the road environment, on the brain activity of army drivers performing combat and non-combat scenarios in a light multirole vehicle dynamic simulator. Forty-one non-commissioned officers completed three standardized driving exercises with different terrain complexities (low, medium, and high) while we recorded their electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. We focused on variations in the theta EEG power spectrum, a well-known index of mental workload. We also assessed performance and subjective ratings of task load. The theta EEG power spectrum in the frontal, temporal, and occipital areas were higher during the most complex scenarios. Performance (number of engine stops) and subjective data supported these findings. Our findings strengthen previous results found in civilians on the relationship between driver mental workload and the theta EEG power spectrum. This suggests that EEG activity can give relevant insight into mental workload variations in an objective, unbiased fashion, even during real training and/or operations. The continuous monitoring of the warfighter not only allows instantaneous detection of over/underload but also might provide online feedback to the system (either automated equipment or the crew) to take countermeasures and prevent fatal errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Diaz-Piedra
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center-CIMCYC, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada; Spain;
- College of Nursing & Health Innovation, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - María Victoria Sebastián
- University Centre of Defence, Spanish Army Academy [Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Academia General Militar], Ctra. de Huesca, s/n, 50090 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Leandro L. Di Stasi
- Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center-CIMCYC, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada; Spain;
- Joint Center University of Granada - Spanish Army Training and Doctrine Command (CEMIX UGR-MADOC), C/Gran Via de Colon, 48, 18071 Granada, Spain
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