1
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Miyoshi G, Ueta Y, Yagasaki Y, Kishi Y, Fishell G, Machold RP, Miyata M. Developmental trajectories of GABAergic cortical interneurons are sequentially modulated by dynamic FoxG1 expression levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317783121. [PMID: 38588430 PMCID: PMC11032493 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317783121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
GABAergic inhibitory interneurons, originating from the embryonic ventral forebrain territories, traverse a convoluted migratory path to reach the neocortex. These interneuron precursors undergo sequential phases of tangential and radial migration before settling into specific laminae during differentiation. Here, we show that the developmental trajectory of FoxG1 expression is dynamically controlled in these interneuron precursors at critical junctures of migration. By utilizing mouse genetic strategies, we elucidate the pivotal role of precise changes in FoxG1 expression levels during interneuron specification and migration. Our findings underscore the gene dosage-dependent function of FoxG1, aligning with clinical observations of FOXG1 haploinsufficiency and duplication in syndromic forms of autism spectrum disorders. In conclusion, our results reveal the finely tuned developmental clock governing cortical interneuron development, driven by temporal dynamics and the dose-dependent actions of FoxG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goichi Miyoshi
- Department of Developmental Genetics and Behavioral Neuroscience, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi city, Gunma371-8511, Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo162-8666, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Yoshifumi Ueta
- Department of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo162-8666, Japan
| | - Yuki Yagasaki
- Department of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo162-8666, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kishi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-0032, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
| | - Gord Fishell
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
- Department of Neurobiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Stanley Center at the Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA02142
| | - Robert P. Machold
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Mariko Miyata
- Department of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo162-8666, Japan
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2
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Fernandes HDB, Oliveira BDS, Machado CA, Carvalho BC, de Brito Toscano EC, da Silva MCM, Vieira ÉLM, de Oliveira ACP, Teixeira AL, de Miranda AS, da Silva AM. Behavioral, neurochemical and neuroimmune features of RasGEF1b deficient mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110908. [PMID: 38048936 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The factor RasGEF1b is a Ras guanine exchange factor involved in immune responses. Studies have also implicated RasGEF1b in the CNS development. It is still limited the understanding of the role of RasGEF1b in CNS functioning. Using RasGEF1b deficient mice (RasGEF1b-cKO), we investigated the impact of this gene deletion in behavior, cognition, brain neurochemistry and microglia morphology. We showed that RasGEF1b-cKO mice display spontaneous hyperlocomotion and anhedonia. RasGEF1b-cKO mice also exhibited compulsive-like behavior that was restored after acute treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (5 mg/kg). A down-regulation of mRNA of dopamine receptor (Drd1, Drd2, Drd4 and Drd5) and serotonin receptor genes (5Htr1a, 5Htr1b and 5Htr1d) was observed in hippocampus of RasGEF1b-cKO mice. These mice also had reduction of Drd1 and Drd2 in prefrontal cortex and 5Htr1d in striatum. In addition, morphological alterations were observed in RasGEF1b deficient microglia along with decreased levels of hippocampal BDNF. We provided original evidence that the deletion of RasGEF1b leads to unique behavioral features, implicating this factor in CNS functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heliana de Barros Fernandes
- Laboratório de Genes Inflamatórios, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bruna da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline Amaral Machado
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Brener Cunha Carvalho
- Laboratório de Genes Inflamatórios, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eliana Cristina de Brito Toscano
- Laboratório Integrado de Pesquisas em Patologia, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Av. Eugênio do Nascimento, s/n°, Dom Bosco, CEP: 36038-330, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina M da Silva
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Érica Leandro Marciano Vieira
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center of Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Antônio Carlos Pinheiro de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Departament of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science McGovern School, Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences Building (BBSB), The University of Texas Health Science Center, 941 East Road, Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Aline Silva de Miranda
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aristóbolo Mendes da Silva
- Laboratório de Genes Inflamatórios, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP: 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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3
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Saleh O, Albakri K, Altiti A, Abutair I, Shalan S, Mohd OB, Negida A, Mushtaq G, Kamal MA. The Role of Non-coding RNAs in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogenesis, Novel Biomarkers, and Potential Therapeutic Targets. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:731-745. [PMID: 37211844 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230519113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (IncRNAs) are regulatory RNA transcripts that have recently been associated with the onset of many neurodegenerative illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several IncRNAs have been found to be associated with AD pathophysiology, each with a distinct mechanism. In this review, we focused on the role of IncRNAs in the pathogenesis of AD and their potential as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Searching for relevant articles was done using the PubMed and Cochrane library databases. Studies had to be published in full text in English in order to be considered. Some IncRNAs were found to be upregulated, while others were downregulated. Dysregulation of IncRNAs expression may contribute to AD pathogenesis. Their effects manifest as the synthesis of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques increases, thereby altering neuronal plasticity, inducing inflammation, and promoting apoptosis. Despite the need for more investigations, IncRNAs could potentially increase the sensitivity of early detection of AD. Until now, there has been no effective treatment for AD. Hence, InRNAs are promising molecules and may serve as potential therapeutic targets. Although several dysregulated AD-associated lncRNAs have been discovered, the functional characterization of most lncRNAs is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Khaled Albakri
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Iser Abutair
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Suhaib Shalan
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | - Ahmed Negida
- Medical Research Group of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 641 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Gohar Mushtaq
- Center for Scientific Research, Faculty of Medicine, Idlib University, Idlib, Syria
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia 1216, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, Australia
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4
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Dong Z, Min F, Zhang S, Zhang H, Zeng T. EGR1-Driven METTL3 Activation Curtails VIM-Mediated Neuron Injury in Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:3349-3362. [PMID: 37268752 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis aids in preventing further epilepsy progression and to lessen seizure severity and frequency. The purpose of this study is to explore the antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective mechanisms of EGR1 in neuron injuries encountered in epilepsy. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to identify the key genes related to epilepsy. The mice were rendered epileptic using the kainic acid protocol, followed by measurement of seizure severity, high amplitude and frequency, pathological changes of hippocampal tissues and neuron apoptosis. Furthermore, an in vitro epilepsy model was constructed in the neurons isolated from newborn mice, which was then subjected to loss- and gain-of-function investigations, followed by neuron injury and apoptosis assessment. Interactions among EGR1, METTL3, and VIM were analyzed by a series of mechanistic experiments. In the mouse and cell models of epilepsy, VIM was robustly induced. However, its knockdown reduced hippocampal neuron injury and apoptosis. Meanwhile, VIM knockdown decreased inflammatory response and neuron apoptosis in vivo. Mechanistic investigations indicated that EGR1 transcriptionally activated METTL3, which in turn downregulated VIM expression through m6A modification. EGR1 activated METTL3 and reduced VIM expression, thereby impairing hippocampal neuron injury and apoptosis, preventing epilepsy progression. Taken together, this study demonstrates that EGR1 alleviates neuron injuries in epilepsy by inducing METTL3-mediated inhibition of VIM, which provides clues for the development of novel antiepileptic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuli Min
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Zhang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Gao M, Wang K, Zhao H. GABAergic neurons maturation is regulated by a delicate network. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:3-15. [PMID: 36401305 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid-expressing (GABAergic) neurons are implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as epilepsy, anxiety, autism, and other pathological processes, including cerebral ischemia injury and drug addiction. Therefore, GABAergic neuronal processes warrant further research. The development of GABAergic neurons is a tightly controlled process involving the activity of multiple transcription and growth factors. Here, we focus on the gene expression pathways and the molecular modulatory networks that are engaged during the development of GABAergic neurons with the goal of exploring regulatory mechanisms that influence GABAergic neuron fate (i.e., maturation). Overall, we hope to provide a basis for clarifying the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kaizhong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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6
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Drongitis D, Caterino M, Verrillo L, Santonicola P, Costanzo M, Poeta L, Attianese B, Barra A, Terrone G, Lioi MB, Paladino S, Di Schiavi E, Costa V, Ruoppolo M, Miano MG. Deregulation of microtubule organization and RNA metabolism in Arx models for lissencephaly and developmental epileptic encephalopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1884-1908. [PMID: 35094084 PMCID: PMC9169459 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG) and developmental epileptic encephalopathy-1 (DEE1) are caused by mutations in the Aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) gene, which encodes a transcription factor responsible for brain development. It has been unknown whether the phenotypically diverse XLAG and DEE1 phenotypes may converge on shared pathways. To address this question, a label-free quantitative proteomic approach was applied to the neonatal brain of Arx knockout (ArxKO/Y) and knock-in polyalanine (Arx(GCG)7/Y) mice that are respectively models for XLAG and DEE1. Gene ontology and protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that cytoskeleton, protein synthesis and splicing control are deregulated in an allelic-dependent manner. Decreased α-tubulin content was observed both in Arx mice and Arx/alr-1(KO) Caenorhabditis elegans ,and a disorganized neurite network in murine primary neurons was consistent with an allelic-dependent secondary tubulinopathy. As distinct features of Arx(GCG)7/Y mice, we detected eIF4A2 overexpression and translational suppression in cortex and primary neurons. Allelic-dependent differences were also established in alternative splicing (AS) regulated by PUF60 and SAM68. Abnormal AS repertoires in Neurexin-1, a gene encoding multiple pre-synaptic organizers implicated in synaptic remodelling, were detected in Arx/alr-1(KO) animals and in Arx(GCG)7/Y epileptogenic brain areas and depolarized cortical neurons. Consistent with a conserved role of ARX in modulating AS, we propose that the allelic-dependent secondary synaptopathy results from an aberrant Neurexin-1 repertoire. Overall, our data reveal alterations mirroring the overlapping and variant effects caused by null and polyalanine expanded mutations in ARX. The identification of these effects can aid in the design of pathway-guided therapy for ARX endophenotypes and NDDs with overlapping comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Drongitis
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Caterino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Verrillo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pamela Santonicola
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Costanzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Poeta
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Benedetta Attianese
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Barra
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Translational Medicine, Child Neurology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Giuseppina Miano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
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7
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Lim Y, Cho IT, Golden JA, Cho G. Generation of FLAG-tagged Arx knock-in mouse model. Genesis 2022; 60:e23479. [PMID: 35656878 PMCID: PMC9333336 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) is a paired-like homeodomain transcription factor playing important roles in brain development. Patients with mutations in ARX have a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders such as epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorder, with or without structural abnormalities of the brain such as lissencephaly (smooth brain), microcephaly (small brain), and/or agenesis of the corpus callosum. Mouse models have provided important clues on the pathophysiologic roles of ARX in these disorders. However, successfully isolating specific in vivo complexes of ARX, with DNA and proteins, has remained as a challenge. To facilitate in vivo detection of ARX complexes, we generated a mouse line containing one epitope of FLAG-tag (1 × FLAG) targeted at the translational start site of the endogenous Arx gene using CRSPR/Cas9 strategy. Homozygous Flag-Arx mice are viable and fertile without gross abnormality, suggesting that the FLAG-tag does not perturb the normal function of ARX. Using a FLAG antibody, we successfully detected ARX with immunofluorescent staining and pulled down ARX in embryonic brain tissues. This Flag-Arx mouse line will be a useful tool to isolate ARX complexes from mouse tissues for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Il-Taeg Cho
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ginam Cho
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Yildiz CB, Zimmer-Bensch G. Role of DNMTs in the Brain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1389:363-394. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11454-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Reichard J, Zimmer-Bensch G. The Epigenome in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:776809. [PMID: 34803599 PMCID: PMC8595945 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.776809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental diseases (NDDs), such as autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, are characterized by diverse facets of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, differing in etiology, onset and severity. Such symptoms include mental delay, cognitive and language impairments, or restrictions to adaptive and social behavior. Nevertheless, all have in common that critical milestones of brain development are disrupted, leading to functional deficits of the central nervous system and clinical manifestation in child- or adulthood. To approach how the different development-associated neuropathologies can occur and which risk factors or critical processes are involved in provoking higher susceptibility for such diseases, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying proper brain formation is required. NDDs rely on deficits in neuronal identity, proportion or function, whereby a defective development of the cerebral cortex, the seat of higher cognitive functions, is implicated in numerous disorders. Such deficits can be provoked by genetic and environmental factors during corticogenesis. Thereby, epigenetic mechanisms can act as an interface between external stimuli and the genome, since they are known to be responsive to external stimuli also in cortical neurons. In line with that, DNA methylation, histone modifications/variants, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, as well as regulatory non-coding RNAs regulate diverse aspects of neuronal development, and alterations in epigenomic marks have been associated with NDDs of varying phenotypes. Here, we provide an overview of essential steps of mammalian corticogenesis, and discuss the role of epigenetic mechanisms assumed to contribute to pathophysiological aspects of NDDs, when being disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Reichard
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer-Bensch
- Functional Epigenetics in the Animal Model, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Research Training Group 2416 MultiSenses-MultiScales, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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10
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Legault LM, Doiron K, Breton-Larrivée M, Langford-Avelar A, Lemieux A, Caron M, Jerome-Majewska LA, Sinnett D, McGraw S. Pre-implantation alcohol exposure induces lasting sex-specific DNA methylation programming errors in the developing forebrain. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:164. [PMID: 34425890 PMCID: PMC8381495 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal alcohol exposure is recognized for altering DNA methylation profiles of brain cells during development, and to be part of the molecular basis underpinning Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) etiology. However, we have negligible information on the effects of alcohol exposure during pre-implantation, the early embryonic window marked with dynamic DNA methylation reprogramming, and on how this may rewire the brain developmental program. Results Using a pre-clinical in vivo mouse model, we show that a binge-like alcohol exposure during pre-implantation at the 8-cell stage leads to surge in morphological brain defects and adverse developmental outcomes during fetal life. Genome-wide DNA methylation analyses of fetal forebrains uncovered sex-specific alterations, including partial loss of DNA methylation maintenance at imprinting control regions, and abnormal de novo DNA methylation profiles in various biological pathways (e.g., neural/brain development). Conclusion These findings support that alcohol-induced DNA methylation programming deviations during pre-implantation could contribute to the manifestation of neurodevelopmental phenotypes associated with FASD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-021-01151-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Legault
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - K Doiron
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - M Breton-Larrivée
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - A Langford-Avelar
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - A Lemieux
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - M Caron
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - L A Jerome-Majewska
- McGill University Health Centre Glen Site, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - D Sinnett
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - S McGraw
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, 3175 Chemin de La Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1C5, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Montréal, 2900 Boulevard Edouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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11
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LIM domain only 1: an oncogenic transcription cofactor contributing to the tumorigenesis of multiple cancer types. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:1017-1030. [PMID: 33870932 PMCID: PMC8116020 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The LIM domain only 1 (LMO1) gene belongs to the LMO family of genes that encodes a group of transcriptional cofactors. This group of transcriptional cofactors regulates gene transcription by acting as a key "connector" or "scaffold" in transcription complexes. All LMOs, including LMO1, are important players in the process of tumorigenesis. Unique biological features of LMO1 distinct from other LMO members, such as its tissue-specific expression patterns, interacting proteins, and transcriptional targets, have been increasingly recognized. Studies indicated that LMO1 plays a critical oncogenic role in various types of cancers, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, neuroblastoma, gastric cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying such functions of LMO1 have also been investigated, but they are currently far from being fully elucidated. Here, we focus on reviewing the current findings on the role of LMO1 in tumorigenesis, the mechanisms of its oncogenic action, and the mechanisms that drive its aberrant activation in cancers. We also briefly review its roles in the development process and non-cancer diseases. Finally, we discuss the remaining questions and future investigations required for promoting the translation of laboratory findings to clinical applications, including cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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12
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Regulatory Elements Inserted into AAVs Confer Preferential Activity in Cortical Interneurons. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0211-20.2020. [PMID: 33199411 PMCID: PMC7768279 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0211-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneuron (CIN) dysfunction is thought to play a major role in neuropsychiatric conditions like epilepsy, schizophrenia and autism. It is therefore essential to understand how the development, physiology, and functions of CINs influence cortical circuit activity and behavior in model organisms such as mice and primates. While transgenic driver lines are powerful tools for studying CINs in mice, this technology is limited in other species. An alternative approach is to use viral vectors such as AAV, which can be used in multiple species including primates and also have potential for therapeutic use in humans. Thus, we sought to discover gene regulatory enhancer elements (REs) that can be used in viral vectors to drive expression in specific cell types. The present study describes the systematic genome-wide identification of putative REs (pREs) that are preferentially active in immature CINs by histone modification chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq). We evaluated two novel pREs in AAV vectors, alongside the well-established Dlx I12b enhancer, and found that they drove CIN-specific reporter expression in adult mice. We also showed that the identified Arl4d pRE could drive sufficient expression of channelrhodopsin for optogenetic rescue of behavioral deficits in the Dlx5/6+/- mouse model of fast-spiking CIN dysfunction.
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13
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Turrero García M, Baizabal JM, Tran DN, Peixoto R, Wang W, Xie Y, Adam MA, English LA, Reid CM, Brito SI, Booker MA, Tolstorukov MY, Harwell CC. Transcriptional regulation of MGE progenitor proliferation by PRDM16 controls cortical GABAergic interneuron production. Development 2020; 147:dev187526. [PMID: 33060132 PMCID: PMC7687860 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian cortex is populated by neurons derived from neural progenitors located throughout the embryonic telencephalon. Excitatory neurons are derived from the dorsal telencephalon, whereas inhibitory interneurons are generated in its ventral portion. The transcriptional regulator PRDM16 is expressed by radial glia, neural progenitors present in both regions; however, its mechanisms of action are still not fully understood. It is unclear whether PRDM16 plays a similar role in neurogenesis in both dorsal and ventral progenitor lineages and, if so, whether it regulates common or unique networks of genes. Here, we show that Prdm16 expression in mouse medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) progenitors is required for maintaining their proliferative capacity and for the production of proper numbers of forebrain GABAergic interneurons. PRDM16 binds to cis-regulatory elements and represses the expression of region-specific neuronal differentiation genes, thereby controlling the timing of neuronal maturation. PRDM16 regulates convergent developmental gene expression programs in the cortex and MGE, which utilize both common and region-specific sets of genes to control the proliferative capacity of neural progenitors, ensuring the generation of correct numbers of cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diana N Tran
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rui Peixoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wengang Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yajun Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manal A Adam
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lauren A English
- Summer Honors Undergraduate Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher M Reid
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salvador I Brito
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthew A Booker
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Y Tolstorukov
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corey C Harwell
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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14
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Velíšek L, Velíšková J. Modeling epileptic spasms during infancy: Are we heading for the treatment yet? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107578. [PMID: 32417271 PMCID: PMC7299814 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Infantile spasms (IS or epileptic spasms during infancy) were first described by Dr. William James West (aka West syndrome) in his own son in 1841. While rare by definition (occurring in 1 per 3200-3400 live births), IS represent a major social and treatment burden. The etiology of IS varies - there are many (>200) different known pathologies resulting in IS and still in about one third of cases there is no obvious reason. With the advancement of genetic analysis, role of certain genes (such as ARX or CDKL5 and others) in IS appears to be important. Current treatment strategies with incomplete efficacy and serious potential adverse effects include adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), corticosteroids (prednisone, prednisolone) and vigabatrin, more recently also a combination of hormones and vigabatrin. Second line treatments include pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and ketogenic diet. Additional treatment approaches use rapamycin, cannabidiol, valproic acid and other anti-seizure medications. Efficacy of these second line medications is variable but usually inferior to hormonal treatments and vigabatrin. Thus, new and effective models of this devastating condition are required for the search of additional treatment options as well as for better understanding the mechanisms of IS. Currently, eight models of IS are reviewed along with the ideas and mechanisms behind these models, drugs tested using the models and their efficacy and usefulness. Etiological variety of IS is somewhat reflected in the variety of the models. However, it seems that for finding precise personalized approaches, this variety is necessary as there is no "one-size-fits-all" approach possible for both IS in particular and epilepsy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libor Velíšek
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Jana Velíšková
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Neurology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA; Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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15
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Siehr MS, Massey CA, Noebels JL. Arx expansion mutation perturbs cortical development by augmenting apoptosis without activating innate immunity in a mouse model of X-linked infantile spasms syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm042515. [PMID: 32033960 PMCID: PMC7132796 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.042515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked infantile spasms syndrome (ISSX) is a clinically devastating developmental epileptic encephalopathy with life-long impact. Arx(GCG)10+7 , a mouse model of the most common triplet-repeat expansion mutation of ARX, exhibits neonatal spasms, electrographic phenotypes and abnormal migration of GABAergic interneuron subtypes. Neonatal presymptomatic treatment with 17β-estradiol (E2) in Arx(GCG)10+7 reduces spasms and modifies progression of epilepsy. Cortical pathology during this period, a crucial point for clinical intervention in ISSX, has largely been unexplored, and the pathogenic cellular defects that are targeted by early interventions are unknown. In the first postnatal week, we identified a transient wave of elevated apoptosis in Arx(GCG)10+7 mouse cortex that is non-Arx cell autonomous, since mutant Arx-immunoreactive (Arx+) cells are not preferentially impacted by cell death. NeuN+ (also known as Rbfox3) survival was also not impacted, suggesting a vulnerable subpopulation in the immature Arx(GCG)10+7 cortex. Inflammatory processes during this period might explain this transient elevation in apoptosis; however, transcriptomic and immunohistochemical profiling of several markers of inflammation revealed no innate immune activation in Arx(GCG)10+7 cortex. Neither neonatal E2 hormone therapy, nor ACTH(1-24), the frontline clinical therapy for ISSX, diminished the augmented apoptosis in Arx(GCG)10+7 , but both rescued neocortical Arx+ cell density. Since early E2 treatment effectively prevents seizures in this model, enhanced apoptosis does not solely account for the seizure phenotype, but may contribute to other aberrant brain function in ISSX. However, since both hormone therapies, E2 and ACTH(1-24), elevate the density of cortical Arx+-interneurons, their early therapeutic role in other neurological disorders hallmarked by interneuronopathy should be explored.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan S Siehr
- Developmental Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cory A Massey
- Developmental Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Noebels
- Developmental Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Subramanian L, Calcagnotto ME, Paredes MF. Cortical Malformations: Lessons in Human Brain Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:576. [PMID: 32038172 PMCID: PMC6993122 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating a functional cerebral cortex requires a series of complex and well-coordinated developmental steps. These steps have evolved across species with the emergence of cortical gyrification and coincided with more complex behaviors. The presence of diverse progenitor cells, a protracted timeline for neuronal migration and maturation, and diverse neuronal types are developmental features that have emerged in the gyrated cortex. These factors could explain how the human brain has expanded in size and complexity. However, their complex nature also renders new avenues of vulnerability by providing additional cell types that could contribute to disease and longer time windows that could impact the composition and organization of the cortical circuit. We aim to discuss the unique developmental steps observed in human corticogenesis and propose how disruption of these species-unique processes could lead to malformations of cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Subramanian
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Neurophysiology and Neurochemistry of Neuronal Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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17
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Kwong AKY, Chu VLY, Rodenburg RJT, Smeitink J, Fung CW. ARX-associated infantile epileptic-dyskinetic encephalopathy with responsiveness to valproate for controlling seizures and reduced activity of muscle mitochondrial complex IV. Brain Dev 2019; 41:883-887. [PMID: 31324350 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ARX genetic defect is associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders that exhibit a high degree of phenotypic heterogeneity. METHODS We studied a family with a 13-year old Chinese boy and his two elder brothers presented with infantile epileptic-dyskinetic encephalopathy and clarified the unknown genetic etiology of the youngest brother by whole exome sequencing. RESULTS The youngest brother of this family presented with developmental regression, dystonia, epilepsy, microcephaly, visual impairment and oromotor dysfunction. Hyperlactataemia, raised alanine and muscle complex IV deficiency indicated that he had mitochondrial dysfunction. Likely pathogenic hemizygous missense ARX variants (c.989G > A; p.Arg330His) located in conserved nuclear localization sequence was identified. The variant was carried by his asymptomatic mother and not found in his asymptomatic third elder brother. The intractable seizures showed complete but transient responsiveness to pyridoxal phosphate and finally controlled by valproate treatment. CONCLUSION This is the first case of ARX-associated encephalopathy showing mitochondrial dysfunction and transient responsiveness to pyridoxal phosphate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ka-Yee Kwong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Vanessa Loi-Yan Chu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Richard J T Rodenburg
- Radboud Centre for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Smeitink
- Radboud Centre for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cheuk-Wing Fung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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18
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Tao G, Li Z, Wen Y, Song X, Wei S, Du H, Yang Z, Xu Z, You Y. Transcription Factors Sp8 and Sp9 Regulate Medial Ganglionic Eminence-Derived Cortical Interneuron Migration. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:75. [PMID: 31001083 PMCID: PMC6454190 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons are derived from the subpallium and reach the developing cortex through long tangential migration. Mature cortical interneurons are characterized by remarkable morphological, molecular, and functional diversity. The calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) and neuropeptide somatostatin (SST) identify most medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived cortical interneurons. Previously, we demonstrated that Sp9 plays a curial transcriptional role in regulating MGE-derived cortical interneuron development. Here, we show that SP8 protein is weekly expressed in the MGE mantle zone of wild type mice but upregulated in Sp9 null mutants. PV+ cortical interneurons were severely lost in Sp8/Sp9 double conditional knockouts due to defects in tangential migration compared with Sp9 single mutants, suggesting that Sp8/9 coordinately regulate PV+ cortical interneuron development. We provide evidence that Sp8/Sp9 activity is required for normal MGE-derived cortical interneuron migration, at least in part, through regulating the expression of EphA3, Ppp2r2c, and Rasgef1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenmeiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhejun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan You
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Research Center for Brain Science, Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Dubos A, Meziane H, Iacono G, Curie A, Riet F, Martin C, Loaëc N, Birling MC, Selloum M, Normand E, Pavlovic G, Sorg T, Stunnenberg HG, Chelly J, Humeau Y, Friocourt G, Hérault Y. A new mouse model of ARX dup24 recapitulates the patients' behavioral and fine motor alterations. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:2138-2153. [PMID: 29659809 PMCID: PMC5985730 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) transcription factor is involved in the development of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the forebrain. ARX mutations have been associated with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders in humans, among which the most frequent, a 24 bp duplication in the polyalanine tract 2 (c.428_451dup24), gives rise to intellectual disability, fine motor defects with or without epilepsy. To understand the functional consequences of this mutation, we generated a partially humanized mouse model carrying the c.428_451dup24 duplication (Arxdup24/0) that we characterized at the behavior, neurological and molecular level. Arxdup24/0 males presented with hyperactivity, enhanced stereotypies and altered contextual fear memory. In addition, Arxdup24/0 males had fine motor defects with alteration of reaching and grasping abilities. Transcriptome analysis of Arxdup24/0 forebrains at E15.5 showed a down-regulation of genes specific to interneurons and an up-regulation of genes normally not expressed in this cell type, suggesting abnormal interneuron development. Accordingly, interneuron migration was altered in the cortex and striatum between E15.5 and P0 with consequences in adults, illustrated by the defect in the inhibitory/excitatory balance in Arxdup24/0 basolateral amygdala. Altogether, we showed that the c.428_451dup24 mutation disrupts Arx function with a direct consequence on interneuron development, leading to hyperactivity and defects in precise motor movement control and associative memory. Interestingly, we highlighted striking similarities between the mouse phenotype and a cohort of 33 male patients with ARX c.428_451dup24, suggesting that this new mutant mouse line is a good model for understanding the pathophysiology and evaluation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dubos
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hamid Meziane
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Giovanni Iacono
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aurore Curie
- Centre de Référence Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Hôpital Femmes Mères Enfants, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS UMR5304, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Fabrice Riet
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Christelle Martin
- Team Synapse in Cognition, Institut Interdisciplinaire de NeuroScience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5297, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- Inserm UMR 1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 29200 Brest, France
| | | | - Mohammed Selloum
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Elisabeth Normand
- Team Synapse in Cognition, Institut Interdisciplinaire de NeuroScience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5297, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France.,Pole In Vivo, Institut Interdisciplinaire de NeuroScience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5297, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Tania Sorg
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Henk G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Service de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yann Humeau
- Team Synapse in Cognition, Institut Interdisciplinaire de NeuroScience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5297, Université de Bordeaux, 33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gaëlle Friocourt
- Inserm UMR 1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Bretagne, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Yann Hérault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, 67404 Illkirch, France.,CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France
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20
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Diverse facets of cortical interneuron migration regulation – Implications of neuronal activity and epigenetics. Brain Res 2018; 1700:160-169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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21
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The Midline Axon Crossing Decision Is Regulated through an Activity-Dependent Mechanism by the NMDA Receptor. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0389-17. [PMID: 29766040 PMCID: PMC5952305 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0389-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon guidance in vertebrates is controlled by genetic cascades as well as by intrinsic activity-dependent refinement of connections. Midline axon crossing is one of the best studied pathfinding models and is fundamental to the establishment of bilaterally symmetric nervous systems. However, it is not known whether crossing requires intrinsic activity in axons, and what controls that activity. Further, a mechanism linking neuronal activity and gene expression has not been identified for axon pathfinding. Using embryonic zebrafish, we found that the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) NR1.1 subunit (grin1a) is expressed in commissural axons. Pharmacological inhibition of grin1a, hypoxia exposure reduction of grin1a expression, or CRISPR knock-down of grin1a leads to defects in midline crossing. Inhibition of neuronal activity phenocopies the effects of grin1a loss on midline crossing. By combining pharmacological inhibition of the NMDAR with optogenetic stimulation to precisely restore neuronal activity, we observed rescue of midline crossing. This suggests that the NMDAR controls pathfinding by an activity-dependent mechanism. We further show that the NMDAR may act, via modulating activity, on the transcription factor arxa (mammalian Arx), a known regulator of midline pathfinding. These findings uncover a novel role for the NMDAR in controlling activity to regulate commissural pathfinding and identify arxa as a key link between the genetic and activity-dependent regulation of midline axon guidance.
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22
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Tanaka AJ, Cho MT, Willaert R, Retterer K, Zarate YA, Bosanko K, Stefans V, Oishi K, Williamson A, Wilson GN, Basinger A, Barbaro-Dieber T, Ortega L, Sorrentino S, Gabriel MK, Anderson IJ, Sacoto MJG, Schnur RE, Chung WK. De novo variants in EBF3 are associated with hypotonia, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and autism. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2017; 3:mcs.a002097. [PMID: 29162653 PMCID: PMC5701309 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a002097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified seven unrelated individuals with global developmental delay, hypotonia, dysmorphic facial features, and an increased frequency of short stature, ataxia, and autism with de novo heterozygous frameshift, nonsense, splice, and missense variants in the Early B-cell Transcription Factor Family Member 3 (EBF3) gene. EBF3 is a member of the collier/olfactory-1/early B-cell factor (COE) family of proteins, which are required for central nervous system (CNS) development. COE proteins are highly evolutionarily conserved and regulate neuronal specification, migration, axon guidance, and dendritogenesis during development and are essential for maintaining neuronal identity in adult neurons. Haploinsufficiency of EBF3 may affect brain development and function, resulting in developmental delay, intellectual disability, and behavioral differences observed in individuals with a deleterious variant in EBF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi J Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yuri A Zarate
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Katie Bosanko
- Section of Genetics and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Vikki Stefans
- Departments of Pediatrics and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA
| | - Kimihiko Oishi
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Amy Williamson
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Golder N Wilson
- KinderGenome Genetics, Medical City Hospital Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75230, USA, and Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA
| | | | | | - Lucia Ortega
- Cook Children's Genetics, Fort Worth, Texas 76102, USA
| | - Susanna Sorrentino
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Valley Children's Hospital, Madera, California 93636, USA
| | - Melissa K Gabriel
- Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027, USA
| | - Ilse J Anderson
- Department of Genetics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | | | | | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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23
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Lopes F, Soares G, Gonçalves-Rocha M, Pinto-Basto J, Maciel P. Whole Gene Deletion of EBF3 Supporting Haploinsufficiency of This Gene as a Mechanism of Neurodevelopmental Disease. Front Genet 2017; 8:143. [PMID: 29062322 PMCID: PMC5640723 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in early B cell factor 3 (EBF3) were recently described in patients with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) that includes developmental delay/intellectual disability, ataxia, hypotonia, speech impairment, strabismus, genitourinary abnormalities, and mild facial dysmorphisms. Several large 10q terminal and interstitial deletions affecting many genes and including EBF3 have been described in the literature. However, small deletions (<1 MB) affecting almost exclusively EBF3 are not commonly reported. We performed array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) (Agilent 180K) and quantitative PCR analysis in a female patient with intellectual disability. A clinical comparison between our patient and overlapping cases reported in the literature was also made. The patient carries a de novo 600 Kb deletion at 10q26.3 affecting the MGMT, EBF3, and GLRX genes. The patient has severe intellectual disability, language impairment, conductive hearing loss, hypotonia, vision alterations, triangular face, short stature, and behavior problems. This presentation overlaps that reported for patients carrying EBF3 heterozygous point mutations, as well as literature reports of patients carrying large 10qter deletions. Our results and the literature review suggest that EBF3 haploinsufficiency is a key contributor to the common aspects of the phenotype presented by patients bearing point mutations and indels in this gene, given that deletions affecting the entire gene (alone or in addition to other genes) are causative of a similar syndrome, including intellectual disability (ID) with associated neurological symptoms and particular facial dysmorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Lopes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,PT Associate Laboratory ICVS/3B's, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Soares
- Center for Medical Genetics Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Patrícia Maciel
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,PT Associate Laboratory ICVS/3B's, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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24
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ARX polyalanine expansion mutations lead to migration impediment in the rostral cortex coupled with a developmental deficit of calbindin-positive cortical GABAergic interneurons. Neuroscience 2017. [PMID: 28627419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Aristaless-related homeobox gene (ARX) is indispensable for interneuron development. Patients with ARX polyalanine expansion mutations of the first two tracts (namely PA1 and PA2) suffer from intellectual disability of varying severity, with seizures a frequent comorbidity. The impact of PA1 and PA2 mutations on the brain development is unknown, hindering the search for therapeutic interventions. Here, we characterized the disturbances to cortical interneuron development in mice modeling the two most common ARX polyalanine expansion mutations in human. We found a consistent ∼40-50% reduction of calbindin-positive interneurons, but not Stt+ or Cr+ interneurons, within the cortex of newborn hemizygous mice (p=0.024) for both mutant strains compared to wildtype (p=0.011). We demonstrate that this was a consequence of calbindin precursor cells being arrested or delayed at the ventral subpallium en route of tangential migration. Ex-vivo assay validated this migration deficit in PA1 cells (p=0.0002) suggesting that the defect is contributed by intrinsic loss of Arx function within migrating cells. Both humans and mice with PA1 mutations present with severe clinical features, including intellectual disability and infantile spasms. Our data further demonstrated the pathogenic mechanism was robustly shared between PA1 and PA2 mutations, as previously reported including Arx protein reduction and overlapping transcriptome profiles within the developing mouse brains. Data from our study demonstrated that cortical calbindin interneuron development and migration is negatively affected by ARX polyalanine expansion mutations. Understanding the cellular pathogenesis contributing to disease manifestation is necessary to screen efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions.
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25
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Mattiske T, Lee K, Gecz J, Friocourt G, Shoubridge C. Embryonic forebrain transcriptome of mice with polyalanine expansion mutations in the ARX homeobox gene. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 25:5433-5443. [PMID: 27798109 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) gene encodes a paired-type homeodomain transcription factor with critical roles in embryonic development. Mutations in ARX give rise to intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy and brain malformation syndromes. To capture the genetics and molecular disruptions that underpin the ARX-associated clinical phenotypes, we undertook a transcriptome wide RNASeq approach to analyse developing (12.5 dpc) telencephalon of mice modelling two recurrent polyalanine expansion mutations with different phenotypic severities in the ARX gene. Here we report 238 genes significantly deregulated (Log2FC > +/-1.1, P-value <0.05) when both mutations are compared to wild-type (WT) animals. When each mutation is considered separately, a greater number of genes were deregulated in the severe PA1 mice (825) than in the PA2 animals (78). Analysing genes deregulated in either or both mutant strains, we identified 12% as implicated in ID, epilepsy and autism (99/858), with ∼5% of them as putative or known direct targets of ARX transcriptional regulation. We propose a core pathway of transcription regulators, including Hdac4, involved in chromatin condensation and transcriptional repression, and one of its targets, the transcription factor Twist1, as potential drivers of the ID and infantile spasms in patients with ARX polyalanine expansion mutations. We predict that the subsequent disturbance to this pathway is a consequence of ARX protein reduction with a broader and more significant level of disruption in the PA1 in comparison to the PA2 mice. Identifying early triggers of ARX-associated phenotypes contributes to our understanding of particular clusters/pathways underpinning comorbid phenotypes that are shared by many neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Mattiske
- Department of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kristie Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Department of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gaelle Friocourt
- Inserm, UMR1078, Brest, France.,Brest University, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Sfr ScInBioS, Brest, France
| | - Cheryl Shoubridge
- Department of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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26
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Close JL, Yao Z, Levi BP, Miller JA, Bakken TE, Menon V, Ting JT, Wall A, Krostag AR, Thomsen ER, Nelson AM, Mich JK, Hodge RD, Shehata SI, Glass IA, Bort S, Shapovalova NV, Ngo NK, Grimley JS, Phillips JW, Thompson CL, Ramanathan S, Lein E. Single-Cell Profiling of an In Vitro Model of Human Interneuron Development Reveals Temporal Dynamics of Cell Type Production and Maturation. Neuron 2017; 93:1035-1048.e5. [PMID: 28279351 PMCID: PMC5480972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons are essential for neural circuit function, and their loss or dysfunction is implicated in human neuropsychiatric disease. In vitro methods for interneuron generation hold promise for studying human cellular and functional properties and, ultimately, for therapeutic cell replacement. Here we describe a protocol for generating cortical interneurons from hESCs and analyze the properties and maturation time course of cell types using single-cell RNA-seq. We find that the cell types produced mimic in vivo temporal patterns of neuron and glial production, with immature progenitors and neurons observed early and mature cortical neurons and glial cell types produced late. By comparing the transcriptomes of immature interneurons to those of more mature neurons, we identified genes important for human interneuron differentiation. Many of these genes were previously implicated in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie L Close
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Zizhen Yao
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Boaz P Levi
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Vilas Menon
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Abigail Wall
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Angel M Nelson
- Allen Institute for Cell Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John K Mich
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Susan Bort
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - N Kiet Ngo
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sharad Ramanathan
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ed Lein
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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27
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Sleven H, Welsh SJ, Yu J, Churchill ME, Wright CF, Henderson A, Horvath R, Rankin J, Vogt J, Magee A, McConnell V, Green A, King MD, Cox H, Armstrong L, Lehman A, Nelson TN, Williams J, Clouston P, Hagman J, Németh AH, Hagman J, Németh AH. De Novo Mutations in EBF3 Cause a Neurodevelopmental Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:138-150. [PMID: 28017370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early B cell factor 3 (EBF3) is an atypical transcription factor that is thought to influence the laminar formation of the cerebral cortex. Here, we report that de novo mutations in EBF3 cause a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome. The mutations were identified in two large-scale sequencing projects: the UK Deciphering Developmental Disorders (DDD) study and the Canadian Clinical Assessment of the Utility of Sequencing and Evaluation as a Service (CAUSES) study. The core phenotype includes moderate to severe intellectual disability, and many individuals exhibit cerebellar ataxia, subtle facial dysmorphism, strabismus, and vesicoureteric reflux, suggesting that EBF3 has a widespread developmental role. Pathogenic de novo variants identified in EBF3 include multiple loss-of-function and missense mutations. Structural modeling suggested that the missense mutations affect DNA binding. Functional analysis of mutant proteins with missense substitutions revealed reduced transcriptional activities and abilities to form heterodimers with wild-type EBF3. We conclude that EBF3, a transcription factor previously unknown to be associated with human disease, is important for brain and other organ development and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James Hagman
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Andrea H Németh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK.
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28
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LGI1 acts presynaptically to regulate excitatory synaptic transmission during early postnatal development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21769. [PMID: 26878798 PMCID: PMC4754946 DOI: 10.1038/srep21769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) protein is an important actor for human seizures of both genetic and autoimmune etiology: mutations in LGI1 cause inherited temporal lobe epilepsy, while LGI1 is involved in antibody-mediated encephalitis. Remarkably, Lgi1-deficient (Lgi1(-/-)) mice recapitulate the epileptic disorder and display early-onset spontaneous seizures. To understand how Lgi1-deficiency leads to seizures during postnatal development, we here investigated the early functional and structural defects occurring before seizure onset in Lgi1(-/-) mice. We found an increased excitatory synaptic transmission in hippocampal slices from Lgi1(-/-) mice. No structural alteration in the morphology of pyramidal cell dendrites and synapses was observed at this stage, indicating that Lgi1-deficiency is unlikely to trigger early developmental abnormalities. Consistent with the presynaptic subcellular localization of the protein, Lgi1-deficiency caused presynaptic defects, with no alteration in postsynaptic AMPA receptor activity in Lgi1-/- pyramidal cells before seizure onset. Presynaptic dysfunction led to increased synaptic glutamate levels, which were associated with hyperexcitable neuronal networks. Altogether, these data show that Lgi1 acts presynaptically as a negative modulator of excitatory synaptic transmission during early postnatal development. We therefore here reveal that increased presynaptic glutamate release is a key early event resulting from Lgi1-deficiency, which likely contributes to epileptogenesis.
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29
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Moffat JJ, Ka M, Jung EM, Kim WY. Genes and brain malformations associated with abnormal neuron positioning. Mol Brain 2015; 8:72. [PMID: 26541977 PMCID: PMC4635534 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal positioning is a fundamental process during brain development. Abnormalities in this process cause several types of brain malformations and are linked to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Little is known about the pathogenesis of developmental brain malformations associated with abnormal neuron positioning, which has hindered research into potential treatments. However, recent advances in neurogenetics provide clues to the pathogenesis of aberrant neuronal positioning by identifying causative genes. This may help us form a foundation upon which therapeutic tools can be developed. In this review, we first provide a brief overview of neural development and migration, as they relate to defects in neuronal positioning. We then discuss recent progress in identifying genes and brain malformations associated with aberrant neuronal positioning during human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Moffat
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
| | - Minhan Ka
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
| | - Eui-Man Jung
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985960 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5960, USA.
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30
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Uribe RA, Bronner ME. Meis3 is required for neural crest invasion of the gut during zebrafish enteric nervous system development. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3728-40. [PMID: 26354419 PMCID: PMC4626059 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-02-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of Meis3 leads to defects in enteric neural crest cell migration, number, and proliferation during colonization of the gut. This leads to colonic aganglionosis, in which the hindgut is devoid of neurons, identifying it as a novel candidate factor in the etiology of Hirschsprung’s disease during enteric nervous system development. During development, vagal neural crest cells fated to contribute to the enteric nervous system migrate ventrally away from the neural tube toward and along the primitive gut. The molecular mechanisms that regulate their early migration en route to and entry into the gut remain elusive. Here we show that the transcription factor meis3 is expressed along vagal neural crest pathways. Meis3 loss of function results in a reduction in migration efficiency, cell number, and the mitotic activity of neural crest cells in the vicinity of the gut but has no effect on neural crest or gut specification. Later, during enteric nervous system differentiation, Meis3-depleted embryos exhibit colonic aganglionosis, a disorder in which the hindgut is devoid of neurons. Accordingly, the expression of Shh pathway components, previously shown to have a role in the etiology of Hirschsprung’s disease, was misregulated within the gut after loss of Meis3. Taken together, these findings support a model in which Meis3 is required for neural crest proliferation, migration into, and colonization of the gut such that its loss leads to severe defects in enteric nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa A Uribe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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31
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Conroy J, Allen NM, Gorman KM, Shahwan A, Ennis S, Lynch SA, King MD. NAPB - a novel SNARE-associated protein for early-onset epileptic encephalopathy. Clin Genet 2015; 89:E1-3. [PMID: 26235277 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has accelerated the identification of disease genes in many rare genetic disorders including early-onset epileptic encephalopathies (EOEEs). While many of these disorders are caused by neuronal channelopathies, the role of synaptic and related neuronal proteins are increasingly being described. Here, we report a 6-year-old girl with unexplained EOEE characterized by multifocal seizures and profound global developmental delay. Recessive inheritance was considered due to parental consanguinity and Irish Traveller descent. Exome sequencing was performed. Variant prioritization identified a homozygous nonsense variant in the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein, beta (NAPB) gene resulting in a premature stop codon and 46% loss of the protein. NAPB plays a role in soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE)-complex dissociation and recycling (synaptic vesicle docking). Knockout mouse models of the murine ortholog Napb have been previously reported. These mice develop recurrent post-natal epileptic seizures in the absence of structural brain changes. The identification of a disease-causing variant in NAPB further recognizes the importance of the SNARE complex in the development of epilepsy and suggests that this gene should be considered in patients with unexplained EOEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Conroy
- Department of Research, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.,Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N M Allen
- Department of Child Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K M Gorman
- Department of Child Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Shahwan
- Department of Child Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Ennis
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S A Lynch
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,National Centre for Medical Genetics, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M D King
- Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Child Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
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32
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Moey C, Topper S, Karn M, Johnson AK, Das S, Vidaurre J, Shoubridge C. Reinitiation of mRNA translation in a patient with X-linked infantile spasms with a protein-truncating variant in ARX. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 24:681-9. [PMID: 26306640 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Aristaless-related homeobox gene (ARX) lead to a range of X-linked intellectual disability phenotypes, with truncating variants generally resulting in severe X-linked lissencephaly with ambiguous genitalia (XLAG), and polyalanine expansions and missense variants resulting in infantile spasms. We report two male patients with early-onset infantile spasms in whom a novel c.34G>T (p.(E12*)) variant was identified in the ARX gene. A similar variant c.81C>G (p.(Y27*)), has previously been described in two affected cousins with early-onset infantile spasms, leading to reinitiation of ARX mRNA translation resulting in an N-terminal truncated protein. We show that the novel c.34G>T (p.(E12*)) variant also reinitiated mRNA translation at the next AUG codon (c.121-123 (p.M41)), producing the same N-terminally truncated protein. The production of both of these truncated proteins was demonstrated to be at markedly reduced levels using in vitro cell assays. Using luciferase reporter assays, we demonstrate that transcriptional repression capacity of ARX was diminished by both the loss of the N-terminal corepressor octapeptide domain, as a consequence of truncation, and the marked reduction in mutant protein expression. Our study indicates that premature termination mutations very early in ARX lead to reinitiation of translation to produce N-terminally truncated protein at markedly reduced levels of expression. We conclude that even low levels of N-terminally truncated ARX is sufficient to improve the patient's phenotype compared with the severe phenotype of XLAG that includes malformations of the brain and genitalia normally seen in complete loss-of-function mutations in ARX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Moey
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Peadiatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Scott Topper
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary Karn
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Soma Das
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jorge Vidaurre
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cheryl Shoubridge
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Peadiatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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33
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Azim K, Hurtado-Chong A, Fischer B, Kumar N, Zweifel S, Taylor V, Raineteau O. Transcriptional Hallmarks of Heterogeneous Neural Stem Cell Niches of the Subventricular Zone. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2232-42. [PMID: 25827345 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout postnatal life in mammals, neural stem cells (NSCs) are located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. The greatest diversity of neuronal and glial lineages they generate occurs during early postnatal life in a region-specific manner. In order to probe heterogeneity of the postnatal SVZ, we microdissected its dorsal and lateral walls at different postnatal ages and isolated NSCs and their immediate progeny based on their expression of Hes5-EGFP/Prominin1 and Ascl1-EGFP, respectively. Whole genome comparative transcriptome analysis revealed transcriptional regulators as major hallmarks that sustain postnatal SVZ regionalization. Manipulation of single genes encoding for locally enriched transcription factors (loss-of-function or ectopic gain-of-function in vivo) influenced NSC specification indicating that the fate of regionalized postnatal SVZ-NSCs can be readily modified. These findings reveal the pronounced transcriptional heterogeneity of the postnatal SVZ and provide targets to recruit region-specific lineages in regenerative contexts. Stem Cells 2015;33:2232-2242.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasum Azim
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anahí Hurtado-Chong
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fischer
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zweifel
- Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Raineteau
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Inserm U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
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Savarese A, Zou ME, Kharazia V, Maiya R, Lasek AW. Increased behavioral responses to ethanol in Lmo3 knockout mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:777-83. [PMID: 25176312 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
LIM-domain-only 3 (LMO3) is a transcriptional regulator involved in central nervous system development and neuroblastoma. Our previous studies implicated a potential role for LMO3 in regulating ethanol sensitivity and consumption. Here, we examined behavioral responses to ethanol in a line of Lmo3 null (Lmo3(Z) ) mice, utilizing the ethanol-induced loss-of-righting-reflex (LORR) test, two-bottle choice ethanol consumption and the drinking in the dark (DID) test, which models binge-like ethanol consumption. We found that Lmo3(Z) mice exhibited increased sedation time in response to ethanol in the LORR test and drank significantly more ethanol in the DID test compared with their wild-type counterparts, but showed no differences in two-bottle choice ethanol consumption. To explore where LMO3 may be acting in the brain to produce an ethanol phenotype, we also examined reporter gene (β-galactosidase) expression in heterozygous Lmo3(Z) mice and found strong expression in subcortical areas, particularly in those areas implicated in drug abuse, including the nucleus accumbens (Acb), cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. We also examined Lmo3 expression in the brains of wild-type mice who had undergone the DID test and found a negative correlation between Lmo3 expression in the Acb and the amount of ethanol consumed, consistent with the increased binge-like drinking observed in Lmo3(Z) mice. These results support a role for LMO3 in regulating behavioral responses to ethanol, potentially through its actions in the Acb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Savarese
- Department of Psychiatry and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Boillot M, Huneau C, Marsan E, Lehongre K, Navarro V, Ishida S, Dufresnois B, Ozkaynak E, Garrigue J, Miles R, Martin B, Leguern E, Anderson MP, Baulac S. Glutamatergic neuron-targeted loss of LGI1 epilepsy gene results in seizures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2984-96. [PMID: 25234641 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leucin-rich, glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) is a secreted protein linked to human seizures of both genetic and autoimmune aetiology. Mutations in the LGI1 gene are responsible for autosomal dominant temporal lobe epilepsy with auditory features, whereas LGI1 autoantibodies are involved in limbic encephalitis, an acquired epileptic disorder associated with cognitive impairment. We and others previously reported that Lgi1-deficient mice have early-onset spontaneous seizures leading to premature death at 2-3 weeks of age. Yet, where and when Lgi1 deficiency causes epilepsy remains unknown. To address these questions, we generated Lgi1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice using a set of universal Cre-driver mouse lines. Selective deletion of Lgi1 was achieved in glutamatergic pyramidal neurons during embryonic (Emx1-Lgi1cKO) or late postnatal (CaMKIIα-Lgi1cKO) developmental stages, or in gamma amino butyric acidergic (GABAergic) parvalbumin interneurons (PV-Lgi1cKO). Emx1-Lgi1cKO mice displayed early-onset and lethal seizures, whereas CaMKIIα-Lgi1cKO mice presented late-onset occasional seizures associated with variable reduced lifespan. In contrast, neither spontaneous seizures nor increased seizure susceptibility to convulsant were observed when Lgi1 was deleted in parvalbumin interneurons. Together, these data showed that LGI1 depletion restricted to pyramidal cells is sufficient to generate seizures, whereas seizure thresholds were unchanged after depletion in gamma amino butyric acidergic parvalbumin interneurons. We suggest that LGI1 secreted from excitatory neurons, but not parvalbumin inhibitory neurons, makes a major contribution to the pathogenesis of LGI1-related epilepsies. Our data further indicate that LGI1 is required from embryogenesis to adulthood to achieve proper circuit functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Boillot
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Clément Huneau
- 5 Université de Rennes 1, LTSI, F-35000, Rennes, France 6 INSERM, U1099, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Elise Marsan
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Katia Lehongre
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Navarro
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France 7 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Epilepsy Unit, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Saeko Ishida
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Dufresnois
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Ekim Ozkaynak
- 8 Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Jérôme Garrigue
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Richard Miles
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Martin
- 5 Université de Rennes 1, LTSI, F-35000, Rennes, France 6 INSERM, U1099, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Leguern
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France 9 AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et de Cytogénétique, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Matthew P Anderson
- 8 Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Stéphanie Baulac
- 1 INSERM, U 1127, F-75013, Paris, France 2 CNRS, UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France 3 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, ICM, F-75013 Paris, France 4 Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013, Paris, France
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Olivetti PR, Maheshwari A, Noebels JL. Neonatal estradiol stimulation prevents epilepsy in Arx model of X-linked infantile spasms syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:220ra12. [PMID: 24452264 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Infantile spasms are a catastrophic form of pediatric epilepsy with inadequate treatment. In patients, mutation of ARX, a transcription factor selectively expressed in neuronal precursors and adult inhibitory interneurons, impairs cell migration and causes a major inherited subtype of the disease X-linked infantile spasms syndrome. Using an animal model, the Arx((GCG)10+7) mouse, we determined that brief estradiol (E2) administration during early postnatal development prevented spasms in infancy and seizures in adult mutants. E2 was ineffective when delivered after puberty or 30 days after birth. Early E2 treatment altered mRNA levels of three downstream targets of Arx (Shox2, Ebf3, and Lgi1) and restored depleted interneuron populations without increasing GABAergic synaptic density. Postnatal E2 treatment may induce lasting transcriptional changes that lead to enduring disease modification and could potentially serve as a therapy for inherited interneuronopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro R Olivetti
- Blue Bird Circle Developmental Neurogenetics Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hladnik A, Džaja D, Darmopil S, Jovanov-Milošević N, Petanjek Z. Spatio-temporal extension in site of origin for cortical calretinin neurons in primates. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:50. [PMID: 25018702 PMCID: PMC4072090 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cortical GABAergic neurons can be defined by parvalbumin, somatostatin or calretinin expression. In most mammalians, parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons have constant proportions, each representing 5-7% of the total neuron number. In contrast, there is a threefold increase in the proportion of calretinin interneurons, which do not exceed 4% in rodents and reach 12% in higher order areas of primate cerebral cortex. In rodents, almost all parvalbumin and somatostatin interneurons originate from the medial part of the subpallial proliferative structure, the ganglionic eminence (GE), while almost all calretinin interneurons originate from its caudal part. The spatial pattern of cortical GABAergic neurons origin from the GE is preserved in the monkey and human brain. However, it could be expected that the evolution is changing developmental rules to enable considerable expansion of calretinin interneuron population. During the early fetal period in primates, cortical GABAergic neurons are almost entirely generated in the subpallium, as in rodents. Already at that time, the primate caudal ganglionic eminence (CGE) shows a relative increase in size and production of calretinin interneurons. During the second trimester of gestation, that is the main neurogenetic stage in primates without clear correlates found in rodents, the pallial production of cortical GABAergic neurons together with the extended persistence of the GE is observed. We propose that the CGE could be the main source of calretinin interneurons for the posterior and lateral cortical regions, but not for the frontal cortex. The associative granular frontal cortex represents around one third of the cortical surface and contains almost half of cortical calretinin interneurons. The majority of calretinin interneurons destined for the frontal cortex could be generated in the pallium, especially in the newly evolved outer subventricular zone that becomes the main pool of cortical progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hladnik
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Džaja
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Darmopil
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia ; Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Jovanov-Milošević
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdravko Petanjek
- Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia ; Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb Zagreb, Croatia
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Achim K, Salminen M, Partanen J. Mechanisms regulating GABAergic neuron development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1395-415. [PMID: 24196748 PMCID: PMC11113277 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurons using gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as their neurotransmitter are the main inhibitory neurons in the mature central nervous system (CNS) and show great variation in their form and function. GABAergic neurons are produced in all of the main domains of the CNS, where they develop from discrete regions of the neuroepithelium. Here, we review the gene expression and regulatory mechanisms controlling the main steps of GABAergic neuron development: early patterning of the proliferative neuroepithelium, production of postmitotic neural precursors, establishment of their identity and migration. By comparing the molecular regulation of these events across CNS, we broadly identify three regions utilizing distinct molecular toolkits for GABAergic fate determination: telencephalon-anterior diencephalon (DLX2 type), posterior diencephalon-midbrain (GATA2 type) and hindbrain-spinal cord (PTF1A and TAL1 types). Similarities and differences in the molecular regulatory mechanisms reveal the core determinants of a GABAergic neuron as well as provide insights into generation of the vast diversity of these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia Achim
- EMBL Heidelberg, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marjo Salminen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjobergin katu 2, PO Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Partanen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5, PO Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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A modular gain-of-function approach to generate cortical interneuron subtypes from ES cells. Neuron 2014; 80:1145-58. [PMID: 24314726 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Whereas past work indicates that cortical interneurons (cINs) can be generically produced from stem cells, generating large numbers of specific subtypes of this population has remained elusive. This reflects an information gap in our understanding of the transcriptional programs required for different interneuron subtypes. Here, we have utilized the directed differentiation of stem cells into specific subpopulations of cortical interneurons as a means to identify some of these missing factors. To establish this approach, we utilized two factors known to be required for the generation of cINs, Nkx2-1 and Dlx2. As predicted, their regulated transient expression greatly improved the differentiation efficiency and specificity over baseline. We extended upon this "cIN-primed" model in order to establish a modular system whereby a third transcription factor could be systematically introduced. Using this approach, we identified Lmo3 and Pou3f4 as genes that can augment the differentiation and/or subtype specificity of cINs in vitro.
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40
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Parallel evolution of chordate cis-regulatory code for development. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003904. [PMID: 24282393 PMCID: PMC3836708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urochordates are the closest relatives of vertebrates and at the larval stage, possess a characteristic bilateral chordate body plan. In vertebrates, the genes that orchestrate embryonic patterning are in part regulated by highly conserved non-coding elements (CNEs), yet these elements have not been identified in urochordate genomes. Consequently the evolution of the cis-regulatory code for urochordate development remains largely uncharacterised. Here, we use genome-wide comparisons between C. intestinalis and C. savignyi to identify putative urochordate cis-regulatory sequences. Ciona conserved non-coding elements (ciCNEs) are associated with largely the same key regulatory genes as vertebrate CNEs. Furthermore, some of the tested ciCNEs are able to activate reporter gene expression in both zebrafish and Ciona embryos, in a pattern that at least partially overlaps that of the gene they associate with, despite the absence of sequence identity. We also show that the ability of a ciCNE to up-regulate gene expression in vertebrate embryos can in some cases be localised to short sub-sequences, suggesting that functional cross-talk may be defined by small regions of ancestral regulatory logic, although functional sub-sequences may also be dispersed across the whole element. We conclude that the structure and organisation of cis-regulatory modules is very different between vertebrates and urochordates, reflecting their separate evolutionary histories. However, functional cross-talk still exists because the same repertoire of transcription factors has likely guided their parallel evolution, exploiting similar sets of binding sites but in different combinations. Vertebrates share many aspects of early development with our closest chordate ancestors, the tunicates. However, whilst the repertoire of genes that orchestrate development is essentially the same in the two lineages, the genomic code that regulates these genes appears to be very different, even though it is highly conserved within vertebrates themselves. Using comparative genomics, we have identified a parallel developmental code in tunicates and confirmed that this code, despite a lack of sequence conservation, associates with a similar repertoire of genes. However, the organisation of the code spatially is very different in the two lineages, strongly suggesting that most of it arose independently in vertebrates and tunicates, and in most cases lacking any direct sequence ancestry. We have assayed elements of the tunicate code, and found that at least some of them can regulate gene expression in zebrafish embryos. Our results suggest that regulatory code has arisen independently in different animal lineages but possesses some common functionality because its evolution has been driven by a similar cohort of developmental transcription factors. Our work helps illuminate how complex, stable gene regulatory networks evolve and become fixed within lineages.
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Schulte D, Frank D. TALE transcription factors during early development of the vertebrate brain and eye. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:99-116. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Schulte
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute); University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Dale Frank
- Department of Biochemistry; The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
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Evsyukova I, Plestant C, Anton ES. Integrative mechanisms of oriented neuronal migration in the developing brain. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2013; 29:299-353. [PMID: 23937349 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of functional neuronal connectivity in the developing cerebral cortex depends on neuronal migration. This process enables appropriate positioning of neurons and the emergence of neuronal identity so that the correct patterns of functional synaptic connectivity between the right types and numbers of neurons can emerge. Delineating the complexities of neuronal migration is critical to our understanding of normal cerebral cortical formation and neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from neuronal migration defects. For the most part, the integrated cell biological basis of the complex behavior of oriented neuronal migration within the developing mammalian cerebral cortex remains an enigma. This review aims to analyze the integrative mechanisms that enable neurons to sense environmental guidance cues and translate them into oriented patterns of migration toward defined areas of the cerebral cortex. We discuss how signals emanating from different domains of neurons get integrated to control distinct aspects of migratory behavior and how different types of cortical neurons coordinate their migratory activities within the developing cerebral cortex to produce functionally critical laminar organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Evsyukova
- Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599;
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