1
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Kight KE, Argue KJ, Bumgardner JG, Bardhi K, Waddell J, McCarthy MM. Social behavior in prepubertal neurexin 1α deficient rats: A model of neurodevelopmental disorders. Behav Neurosci 2021; 135:782-803. [PMID: 34323517 PMCID: PMC8649076 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the synaptic protein neurexin1α (NRXN1α) are associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and many of these disorders are defined by core deficits in social cognition. Mouse models of Nrxn1α deficiency are not amenable to studying aspects of social cognition because, in general, mice do not engage in complex social interactions such as social play or prosocial helping behaviors. Rats, on the contrary, engage in these complex, well-characterized social behaviors. Using the Nrxn1tm1Sage Sprague Dawley rat, we tested a range of cognitive and social behaviors in juveniles with haplo- or biallelic Nrxn1α mutation. We found a deficit in ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of male and female neonatal rats with Nrxn1α deficiency. A male-specific deficit in social play was observed in Nrxn1α-deficient juveniles, although sociability and social discrimination were unaltered. Nurturing behavior induced by exposure to pups was enhanced in male and female juveniles with biallelic Nrxn1α mutation. Performance in tasks of prosocial helping behavior and food retrieval indicated severe deficits in learning and cognition in juveniles with biallelic Nrxn1α mutation, and a less severe deficit in haploinsufficient rats, although Pavlovian learning was altered only in haploinsufficient males. We also observed a male-specific increase in mobility and object investigation in juveniles with complete Nrxn1α deficiency. Together, these observations more fully characterize the Nrxn1tm1Sage Sprague Dawley rat as a model for Nrxn1α-related neurodevelopmental disorders, and support a rationale for the juvenile rat as a more appropriate model for disorders that involve core deficits in complex social behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Kight
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Kathryn J Argue
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | | | - Keti Bardhi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine
| | - Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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2
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Klatt O, Repetto D, Brockhaus J, Reissner C, El Khallouqi A, Rohlmann A, Heine M, Missler M. Endogenous β-neurexins on axons and within synapses show regulated dynamic behavior. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109266. [PMID: 34133920 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are key organizer molecules that regulate synaptic function and are implicated in autism and schizophrenia. β-neurexins interact with numerous cell adhesion and receptor molecules, but their neuronal localization remains elusive. Using single-molecule tracking and high-resolution microscopy to detect neurexin1β and neurexin3β in primary hippocampal neurons from knockin mice, we demonstrate that endogenous β-neurexins are present in fewer than half of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Moreover, we observe a large extrasynaptic pool of β-neurexins on axons and show that axonal β-neurexins diffuse with higher surface mobility than those transiently confined within synapses. Stimulation of neuronal activity further increases the mobility of synaptic and axonal β-neurexins, whereas inhibition causes the opposite. Blocking ectodomain cleavage by metalloproteases also reduces β-neurexin mobility and enhances glutamate release. These findings suggest that the surface mobility of endogenous β-neurexins inside and outside of synapses is dynamically regulated and linked to neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Klatt
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany; Functional Neurobiology Group, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniele Repetto
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Brockhaus
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Reissner
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Abderazzaq El Khallouqi
- Functional Neurobiology Group, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohlmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Heine
- Functional Neurobiology Group, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Markus Missler
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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3
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Briatore F, Pregno G, Di Angelantonio S, Frola E, De Stefano ME, Vaillend C, Sassoè-Pognetto M, Patrizi A. Dystroglycan Mediates Clustering of Essential GABAergic Components in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:164. [PMID: 32982691 PMCID: PMC7485281 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle dystrophin–glycoprotein complex (DGC) links the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. In neurons, dystroglycan and dystrophin, two major components of the DGC, localize in a subset of GABAergic synapses, where their function is unclear. Here we used mouse models to analyze the specific role of the DGC in the organization and function of inhibitory synapses. Loss of full-length dystrophin in mdx mice resulted in a selective depletion of the transmembrane β-dystroglycan isoform from inhibitory post-synaptic sites in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Remarkably, there were no differences in the synaptic distribution of the extracellular α-dystroglycan subunit, of GABAA receptors and neuroligin 2. In contrast, conditional deletion of the dystroglycan gene from Purkinje cells caused a disruption of the DGC and severely impaired post-synaptic clustering of neuroligin 2, GABAA receptors and scaffolding proteins. Accordingly, whole-cell patch-clamp analysis revealed a significant reduction in the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous IPSCs recorded from Purkinje cells. In the long-term, deletion of dystroglycan resulted in a significant decrease of GABAergic innervation of Purkinje cells and caused an impairment of motor learning functions. These results show that dystroglycan is an essential synaptic organizer at GABAergic synapses in Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Briatore
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Pregno
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nanoscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Frola
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Egle De Stefano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cyrille Vaillend
- CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marco Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Annarita Patrizi
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Schaller Research Group Leader at the German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Hu Z, Xiao X, Zhang Z, Li M. Genetic insights and neurobiological implications from NRXN1 in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1400-1414. [PMID: 31138894 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders commonly share genetic risk factors. To date, the mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of these disorders, particularly how genetic variations affect the function of risk genes and contribute to disease symptoms, remain largely unknown. Neurexins are a family of synaptic adhesion molecules, which play important roles in the formation and establishment of synaptic structure, as well as maintenance of synaptic function. Accumulating genomic findings reveal that genetic variations within genes encoding neurexins are associated with a variety of psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and some developmental abnormalities. In this review, we focus on NRXN1, one of the most compelling psychiatric risk genes of the neurexin family. We performed a comprehensive survey and analysis of current genetic and molecular data including both common and rare alleles within NRXN1 associated with psychiatric illnesses, thus providing insights into the genetic risk conferred by NRXN1. We also summarized the neurobiological evidences, supporting the function of NRXN1 and its protein products in synaptic formation, organization, transmission and plasticity, as well as disease-relevant behaviors, and assessed the mechanistic link between the mutations of NRXN1 and synaptic and behavioral pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Hu
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Ribeiro LF, Verpoort B, Nys J, Vennekens KM, Wierda KD, de Wit J. SorCS1-mediated sorting in dendrites maintains neurexin axonal surface polarization required for synaptic function. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000466. [PMID: 31658245 PMCID: PMC6837583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The pre- and postsynaptic membranes comprising the synaptic junction differ in protein composition. The membrane trafficking mechanisms by which neurons control surface polarization of synaptic receptors remain poorly understood. The sorting receptor Sortilin-related CNS expressed 1 (SorCS1) is a critical regulator of trafficking of neuronal receptors, including the presynaptic adhesion molecule neurexin (Nrxn), an essential synaptic organizer. Here, we show that SorCS1 maintains a balance between axonal and dendritic Nrxn surface levels in the same neuron. Newly synthesized Nrxn1α traffics to the dendritic surface, where it is endocytosed. Endosomal SorCS1 interacts with the Rab11 GTPase effector Rab11 family-interacting protein 5 (Rab11FIP5)/Rab11 interacting protein (Rip11) to facilitate the transition of internalized Nrxn1α from early to recycling endosomes and bias Nrxn1α surface polarization towards the axon. In the absence of SorCS1, Nrxn1α accumulates in early endosomes and mispolarizes to the dendritic surface, impairing presynaptic differentiation and function. Thus, SorCS1-mediated sorting in dendritic endosomes controls Nrxn axonal surface polarization required for proper synapse development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F. Ribeiro
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ben Verpoort
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julie Nys
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel M. Vennekens
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keimpe D. Wierda
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
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6
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Trotter JH, Hao J, Maxeiner S, Tsetsenis T, Liu Z, Zhuang X, Südhof TC. Synaptic neurexin-1 assembles into dynamically regulated active zone nanoclusters. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2677-2698. [PMID: 31262725 PMCID: PMC6683742 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201812076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are well-characterized presynaptic cell adhesion molecules that engage multifarious postsynaptic ligands and organize diverse synapse properties. However, the precise synaptic localization of neurexins remains enigmatic. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that neurexin-1 forms discrete nanoclusters at excitatory synapses, revealing a novel organizational feature of synaptic architecture. Synapses generally contain a single nanocluster that comprises more than four neurexin-1 molecules and that also includes neurexin-2 and/or neurexin-3 isoforms. Moreover, we find that neurexin-1 is physiologically cleaved by ADAM10 similar to its ligand neuroligin-1, with ∼4-6% of neurexin-1 and ∼2-3% of neuroligin-1 present in the adult brain as soluble ectodomain proteins. Blocking ADAM10-mediated neurexin-1 cleavage dramatically increased the synaptic neurexin-1 content, thereby elevating the percentage of Homer1(+) excitatory synapses containing neurexin-1 nanoclusters from 40-50% to ∼80%, and doubling the number of neurexin-1 molecules per nanocluster. Taken together, our results reveal an unexpected nanodomain organization of synapses in which neurexin-1 is assembled into discrete presynaptic nanoclusters that are dynamically regulated via ectodomain cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin H Trotter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Junjie Hao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stephan Maxeiner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Theodoros Tsetsenis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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7
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Rizzo DG, Prentice BM, Moore JL, Norris JL, Caprioli RM. Enhanced Spatially Resolved Proteomics Using On-Tissue Hydrogel-Mediated Protein Digestion. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2948-2955. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Rizzo
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Boone M. Prentice
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jessica L. Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Norris
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Department
of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Mass Spectrometry Research Center, and ∥Departments
of Pharmacology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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8
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The Purkinje cell as a model of synaptogenesis and synaptic specificity. Brain Res Bull 2016; 129:12-17. [PMID: 27721030 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the groundbreaking work of Ramon y Cajal, the cerebellar Purkinje cell has always represented an ideal model for studying the organization, development and function of synaptic circuits. Purkinje cells receive distinct types of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses, each characterized by exquisite sub-cellular and molecular specificity. The formation and refinement of these connections results from a temporally-regulated sequence of events that involves molecular interactions between distinct sets of secreted and surface proteins, as well as activity-dependent competition between converging inputs. Insights into the mechanisms controlling synaptic specificity in Purkinje cells may help understand synapse development also in other brain regions and disclose circuit abnormalities that underlie neurodevelopmental disorders.
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9
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Wang Y, Dong J, Wang Y, Wei W, Song B, Shan Z, Teng W, Chen J. Developmental Hypothyroxinemia and Hypothyroidism Reduce Parallel Fiber-Purkinje Cell Synapses in Rat Offspring by Downregulation of Neurexin1/Cbln1/GluD2 Tripartite Complex. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 173:465-74. [PMID: 27033232 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is a significant micronutrient. Iodine deficiency (ID)-induced hypothyroxinemia and hypothyroidism during developmental period can cause cerebellar dysfunction. However, mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, the present research aims to study effects of developmental hypothyroxinemia caused by mild ID and hypothyroidism caused by severe ID or methimazole (MMZ) on parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapses in filial cerebellum. Maternal hypothyroxinemia and hypothyroidism models were established in Wistar rats using ID diet and deionized water supplemented with different concentrations of potassium iodide or MMZ water. Birth weight and cerebellum weight were measured. We also examined PF-PC synapses using immunofluorescence, and western blot analysis was conducted to investigate the activity of Neurexin1/cerebellin1 (Cbln1)/glutamate receptor d2 (GluD2) tripartite complex. Our results showed that hypothyroxinemia and hypothyroidism decreased birth weight and cerebellum weight and reduced the PF-PC synapses on postnatal day (PN) 14 and PN21. Accordingly, the mean intensity of vesicular glutamate transporter (VGluT1) and Calbindin immunofluorescence was reduced in mild ID, severe ID, and MMZ groups. Moreover, maternal hypothyroxinemia and hypothyroidism reduced expression of Neurexin1/Cbln1/GluD2 tripartite complex. Our study supports the hypothesis that developmental hypothyroxinemia and hypothyroidism reduce PF-PC synapses, which may be attributed to the downregulation of Neurexin1/Cbln1/GluD2 tripartite complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Lai JKY, Doering LC, Foster JA. Developmental expression of the neuroligins and neurexins in fragile X mice. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:807-28. [PMID: 26235839 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroligins and neurexins are transsynaptic proteins involved in the maturation of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Research has identified synaptic proteins and function as primary contributors to the development of fragile X syndrome. Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the protein that is lacking in fragile X syndrome, binds neuroligin-1 and -3 mRNA. Using in situ hybridization, we examined temporal and spatial expression patterns of neuroligin (NLGN) and neurexin (NRXN) mRNAs in the somatosensory (S1) cortex and hippocampus in wild-type (WT) and fragile X knockout (FMR1-KO) mice during the first 5 weeks of postnatal life. Genotype-based differences in expression included increased NLGN1 mRNA in CA1 and S1 cortex, decreased NLGN2 mRNA in CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus, and increased NRXN3 mRNA in CA1, DG, and S1 cortex between female WT and FMR1-KO mice. In male mice, decreased expression of NRXN3 mRNA was observed in CA1 and DG regions of FMR1-KO mice. Sex differences in hippocampal expression of NLGN2, NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3 mRNAs and in S1 cortex expression of NRXN3 mRNAs were observed WT mice, whereas sex differences in NLGN3, NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3 mRNA expression in the hippocampus and in NLGN1, NRXN2 and NRXN3 mRNA expression in S1 cortex were detected in FMR1-KO mice. These results provide a neuroanatomical map of NLGN and NRXN expression patterns over postnatal development in WT and FMR1-KO mice. The differences in developmental trajectory of these synaptic proteins could contribute to long-term differences in CNS wiring and synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Y Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4L8, Canada.,Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Laurie C Doering
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4L8, Canada
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4L8, Canada.,Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, L8N 4A6, Canada
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11
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Choi TY, Jung S, Nah J, Ko HY, Jo SH, Chung G, Park K, Jung YK, Choi SY. Low levels of methyl β-cyclodextrin disrupt GluA1-dependent synaptic potentiation but not synaptic depression. J Neurochem 2015; 132:276-85. [PMID: 25418874 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) is a reagent that depletes cholesterol and disrupts lipid rafts, a type of cholesterol-enriched cell membrane microdomain. Lipid rafts are essential for neuronal functions such as synaptic transmission and plasticity, which are sensitive to even low doses of MβCD. However, how MβCD changes synaptic function, such as N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) activity, remains unclear. We monitored changes in synaptic transmission and plasticity after disrupting lipid rafts with MβCD. At low concentrations (0.5 mg/mL), MβCD decreased basal synaptic transmission and miniature excitatory post-synaptic current without changing NMDA-R-mediated synaptic transmission and the paired-pulse facilitation ratio. Interestingly, low doses of MβCD failed to deplete cholesterol or affect α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPA-R) and NMDA-R levels, while clearly reducing GluA1 levels selectively in the synaptosomal fraction. Low doses of MβCD decreased the inhibitory effects of NASPM, an inhibitor for GluA2-lacking AMPA-R. MβCD successfully decreased NMDA-R-mediated long-term potentiation but did not affect the formation of either NMDA-R-mediated or group I metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression. MβCD inhibited de-depression without affecting de-potentiation. These results suggest that MβCD regulates GluA1-dependent synaptic potentiation but not synaptic depression in a cholesterol-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Yong Choi
- Department of Physiology and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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Frias CP, Wierenga CJ. Activity-dependent adaptations in inhibitory axons. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:219. [PMID: 24312009 PMCID: PMC3836028 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic connections in our brains change continuously and throughout our lifetime. Despite ongoing synaptic changes, a healthy balance between excitation and inhibition is maintained by various forms of homeostatic and activity-dependent adaptations, ensuring stable functioning of neuronal networks. In this review we summarize experimental evidence for activity-dependent changes occurring in inhibitory axons, in cultures as well as in vivo. Axons form many presynaptic terminals, which are dynamic structures sharing presynaptic material along the axonal shaft. We discuss how internal (e.g., vesicle sharing) and external factors (e.g., binding of cell adhesion molecules or secreted factors) may affect the formation and plasticity of inhibitory synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corette J. Wierenga
- Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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