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Stark R. The olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13382. [PMID: 38468186 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is needed for food-seeking, danger protection, mating and survival. It is often the first sensory modality to perceive changes in the external environment, before sight, taste or sound. Odour molecules activate olfactory sensory neurons that reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which transmits this odour-specific information to the olfactory bulb (OB), where it is relayed to higher brain regions involved in olfactory perception and behaviour. Besides odour processing, recent studies suggest that the OB extends its function into the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Furthermore, numerous hormone receptors associated with appetite and metabolism are expressed within the OB, suggesting a neuroendocrine role outside the hypothalamus. Olfactory cues are important to promote food preparatory behaviours and consumption, such as enhancing appetite and salivation. In addition, altered metabolism or energy state (fasting, satiety and overnutrition) can change olfactory processing and perception. Similarly, various animal models and human pathologies indicate a strong link between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the nature of this reciprocal relationship is critical to understand how olfactory or metabolic disorders arise. This present review elaborates on the connection between olfaction, feeding behaviour and metabolism and will shed light on the neuroendocrine role of the OB as an interface between the external and internal environments. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which olfactory signals are integrated and translated into metabolic responses holds promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at modulating appetite and promoting metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Stark
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Heinbockel T, Straiker A. Cannabinoids Regulate Sensory Processing in Early Olfactory and Visual Neural Circuits. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:662349. [PMID: 34305536 PMCID: PMC8294086 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.662349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our sensory systems such as the olfactory and visual systems are the target of neuromodulatory regulation. This neuromodulation starts at the level of sensory receptors and extends into cortical processing. A relatively new group of neuromodulators includes cannabinoids. These form a group of chemical substances that are found in the cannabis plant. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the main cannabinoids. THC acts in the brain and nervous system like the chemical substances that our body produces, the endogenous cannabinoids or endocannabinoids, also nicknamed the brain's own cannabis. While the function of the endocannabinoid system is understood fairly well in limbic structures such as the hippocampus and the amygdala, this signaling system is less well understood in the olfactory pathway and the visual system. Here, we describe and compare endocannabinoids as signaling molecules in the early processing centers of the olfactory and visual system, the olfactory bulb, and the retina, and the relevance of the endocannabinoid system for synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Alex Straiker
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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Heinbockel T, Bhatia-Dey N, Shields VDC. Endocannabinoid-mediated neuromodulation in the main olfactory bulb at the interface of environmental stimuli and central neural processing. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:1002-1014. [PMID: 33724578 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory system has become an important functional gateway to understand and analyze neuromodulation since olfactory dysfunction and deficits have emerged as prodromal and, at other times, as first symptoms of many of neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric and communication disorders. Considering olfactory dysfunction as outcome of altered, damaged and/or inefficient olfactory processing, in the current review, we analyze how olfactory processing interacts with the endocannabinoid signaling system. In the human body, endocannabinoid synthesis is a natural and on-demand response to a wide range of physiological and environmental stimuli. Our current understanding of the response dynamics of the endocannabinoid system is based in large part on research advances in limbic system areas, such as the hippocampus and the amygdala. Functional interactions of this signaling system with olfactory processing and associated pathways are just emerging but appear to grow rapidly with multidimensional approaches. Recent work analyzing the crystal structure of endocannabinoid receptors bound to their agonists in a signaling complex has opened avenues for developing specific therapeutic drugs that could help with neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and alleviation/reduction of pain. We discuss the role of endocannabinoids as signaling molecules in the olfactory system and the relevance of the endocannabinoid system for synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Naina Bhatia-Dey
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vonnie D C Shields
- Biological Sciences Department, Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA
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Mondino A, Cavelli M, González J, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Torterolo P, Falconi A. Effects of Cannabis Consumption on Sleep. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1297:147-62. [PMID: 33537943 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-61663-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that medical properties of Cannabis have been recognized for more than 5000 years, the use of Cannabis for medical purposes have recently reemerged and became more accessible. Cannabis is usually employed as a self-medication for the treatment of insomnia disorder. However, the effects of Cannabis on sleep depend on multiple factors such as metabolomic composition of the plant, dosage and route of administration. In the present chapter, we reviewed the main effect Cannabis on sleep. We focused on the effect of "crude or whole plant" Cannabis consumption (i.e., smoked, oral or vaporized) both in humans and experimental animal models.The data reviewed establish that Cannabis modifies sleep. Furthermore, a recent experimental study in animals suggests that vaporization (which is a recommended route for medical purposes) of Cannabis with high THC and negligible CBD, promotes NREM sleep. However, it is imperative to perform new clinical studies in order to confirm if the administration of Cannabis could be a beneficial therapy for the treatment of sleep disorders.
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Zhou FW, Puche AC. Short-Term Plasticity in Cortical GABAergic Synapses on Olfactory Bulb Granule Cells Is Modulated by Endocannabinoids. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:629052. [PMID: 33633545 PMCID: PMC7899975 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.629052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory bulb and higher processing areas are synaptically interconnected, providing rapid regulation of olfactory bulb circuit dynamics and sensory processing. Short-term plasticity changes at any of these synapses could modulate sensory processing and potentially short-term sensory memory. A key olfactory bulb circuit for mediating cortical feedback modulation is granule cells, which are targeted by multiple cortical regions including both glutamatergic excitatory inputs and GABAergic inhibitory inputs. There is robust endocannabinoid modulation of excitatory inputs to granule cells and here we explored whether there was also endocannabinoid modulation of the inhibitory cortical inputs to granule cells. We expressed light-gated cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in GABAergic neurons in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB) and their projections to granule cells in olfactory bulb. Selective optical activation of ChR2 positive axons/terminals generated strong, frequency-dependent short-term depression of GABAA-mediated-IPSC in granule cells. As cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor is heavily expressed in olfactory bulb granule cell layer (GCL) and there is endogenous endocannabinoid release in GCL, we investigated whether activation of CB1 receptor modulated the HDB IPSC and short-term depression at the HDB→granule cell synapse. Activation of the CB1 receptor by the exogenous agonist Win 55,212-2 significantly decreased the peak amplitude of individual IPSC and decreased short-term depression, while blockade of the CB1 receptor by AM 251 slightly increased individual IPSCs and increased short-term depression. Thus, we conclude that there is tonic endocannabinoid activation of the GABAergic projections of the HDB to granule cells, similar to the modulation observed with glutamatergic projections to granule cells. Modulation of inhibitory synaptic currents and frequency-dependent short-term depression could regulate the precise balance of cortical feedback excitation and inhibition of granule cells leading to changes in granule cell mediated inhibition of olfactory bulb output to higher processing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Wen Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adam C Puche
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Abstract
Evolutionarily, olfaction is one of the oldest senses and pivotal for an individual's health and survival. The olfactory bulb (OB), as the first olfactory relay station in the brain, is known to heavily process sensory information. To adapt to an animal's needs, OB activity can be influenced by many factors either from within (intrinsic neuromodulation) or outside (extrinsic neuromodulation) the OB which include neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones, and neuropeptides. Extrinsic sources seem to be of special importance as the OB receives massive efferent input from numerous brain centers even outweighing the sensory input from the nose. Here, we review neuromodulatory processes in the rodent OB from such extrinsic sources. We will discuss extrinsic neuromodulation according to points of origin, receptors involved, affected circuits, and changes in behavior. In the end, we give a brief outlook on potential future directions in research on neuromodulation in the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brunert
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Rothermel
- Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Terral G, Varilh M, Cannich A, Massa F, Ferreira G, Marsicano G. Synaptic Functions of Type-1 Cannabinoid Receptors in Inhibitory Circuits of the Anterior Piriform Cortex. Neuroscience 2020; 433:121-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Bhatia-Dey N, Heinbockel T. Endocannabinoid-Mediated Neuromodulation in the Olfactory Bulb: Functional and Therapeutic Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2850. [PMID: 32325875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid synthesis in the human body is naturally occurring and on-demand. It occurs in response to physiological and environmental stimuli, such as stress, anxiety, hunger, other factors negatively disrupting homeostasis, as well as the therapeutic use of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and recreational use of exogenous cannabis, which can lead to cannabis use disorder. Together with their specific receptors CB1R and CB2R, endocannabinoids are major components of endocannabinoid-mediated neuromodulation in a rapid and sustained manner. Extensive research on endocannabinoid function and expression includes studies in limbic system structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala. The wide distribution of endocannabinoids, their on-demand synthesis at widely different sites, their co-existence in specific regions of the body, their quantitative differences in tissue type, and different pathological conditions indicate their diverse biological functions that utilize specific and overlapping pathways in multiple organ systems. Here, we review emerging evidence of these pathways with a special emphasis on the role of endocannabinoids in decelerating neurodegenerative pathology through neural networks initiated by cells in the main olfactory bulb.
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Terral G, Marsicano G, Grandes P, Soria-Gómez E. Cannabinoid Control of Olfactory Processes: The Where Matters. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E431. [PMID: 32316252 PMCID: PMC7230191 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction has a direct influence on behavior and cognitive processes. There are different neuromodulatory systems in olfactory circuits that control the sensory information flowing through the rest of the brain. The presence of the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor, (the main cannabinoid receptor in the brain), has been shown for more than 20 years in different brain olfactory areas. However, only over the last decade have we started to know the specific cellular mechanisms that link cannabinoid signaling to olfactory processing and the control of behavior. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss our current knowledge about the presence of CB1 receptors, and the function of the endocannabinoid system in the regulation of different olfactory brain circuits and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Terral
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, CEDEX, 33077 Bordeaux, France; (G.T.); (G.M.)
- University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, CEDEX, 33077 Bordeaux, France; (G.T.); (G.M.)
- University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\n, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Edgar Soria-Gómez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\n, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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Losacco J, Ramirez-Gordillo D, Gilmer J, Restrepo D. Learning improves decoding of odor identity with phase-referenced oscillations in the olfactory bulb. eLife 2020; 9:e52583. [PMID: 31990271 PMCID: PMC6986879 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Local field potential oscillations reflect temporally coordinated neuronal ensembles-coupling distant brain regions, gating processing windows, and providing a reference for spike timing-based codes. In phase amplitude coupling (PAC), the amplitude of the envelope of a faster oscillation is larger within a phase window of a slower carrier wave. Here, we characterized PAC, and the related theta phase-referenced high gamma and beta power (PRP), in the olfactory bulb of mice learning to discriminate odorants. PAC changes throughout learning, and odorant-elicited changes in PRP increase for rewarded and decrease for unrewarded odorants. Contextual odorant identity (is the odorant rewarded?) can be decoded from peak PRP in animals proficient in odorant discrimination, but not in naïve mice. As the animal learns to discriminate the odorants the dimensionality of PRP decreases. Therefore, modulation of phase-referenced chunking of information in the course of learning plays a role in early sensory processing in olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Losacco
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Daniel Ramirez-Gordillo
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Jesse Gilmer
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Diego Restrepo
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
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Wang ZJ, Hu SSJ, Bradshaw HB, Sun L, Mackie K, Straiker A, Heinbockel T. Cannabinoid receptor-mediated modulation of inhibitory inputs to mitral cells in the main olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:749-759. [PMID: 31215302 PMCID: PMC6734407 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00100.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling system has been functionally implicated in many brain regions. Our understanding of the role of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) in olfactory processing remains limited. Cannabinoid signaling is involved in regulating glomerular activity in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). However, the cannabinoid-related circuitry of inputs to mitral cells in the MOB has not been fully determined. Using anatomical and functional approaches we have explored this question. CB1 was present in periglomerular processes of a GAD65-positive subpopulation of interneurons but not in mitral cells. We detected eCBs in the mouse MOB as well as the expression of CB1 and other genes associated with cannabinoid signaling in the MOB. Patch-clamp electrophysiology demonstrated that CB1 agonists activated mitral cells and evoked an inward current, while CB1 antagonists reduced firing and evoked an outward current. CB1 effects on mitral cells were absent in subglomerular slices in which the olfactory nerve layer and glomerular layer were removed, suggesting the glomerular layer as the site of CB1 action. We previously observed that GABAergic periglomerular cells show the inverse response pattern to CB1 activation compared with mitral cells, suggesting that CB1 indirectly regulates mitral cell activity as a result of cellular activation of glomerular GABAergic processes . This hypothesis was supported by the finding that cannabinoids modulated synaptic transmission to mitral cells. We conclude that CB1 directly regulates GABAergic processes in the glomerular layer to control GABA release and, in turn, regulates mitral cell activity with potential effects on olfactory threshold and behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cannabinoid signaling with cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) is involved in the regulation of glomerular activity in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). We detected endocannabinoids in the mouse MOB. CB1 was present in periglomerular processes of a GAD65-positive subpopulation of interneurons. CB1 agonists activated mitral cells. CB1 directly regulates GABAergic processes to control GABA release and, in turn, regulates mitral cell activity with potential effects on olfactory threshold and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Sherry Shu-Jung Hu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Heather B Bradshaw
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Liqin Sun
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ken Mackie
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Alex Straiker
- The Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
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Greer JB, Magnuson JT, Hester K, Giroux M, Pope C, Anderson T, Liu J, Dang V, Denslow ND, Schlenk D. Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Cholinesterase and Serine Lipase Activities and Lipid Metabolism in Brains of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Toxicol Sci 2019; 172:146-154. [PMID: 31359069 PMCID: PMC6813751 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide that elicits acute toxicity through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to acetylcholine accumulation and prolonged stimulation of cholinergic receptors throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Previous studies have indicated that neurodevelopment may also be impaired through alternative pathways, including reduction of cAMP catalyzed downstream events. The upstream initiating events that underlie non-cholinergic neurological actions of chlorpyrifos and other organophosphorus compounds remain unclear. To investigate the potential role of disruption of fatty acid signaling as a mechanism of toxicity, lipid metabolism and fatty acid profiles were examined to identify alterations that may play a critical role in upstream signaling in the CNS. Juvenile rainbow trout were treated for 7 days with nominal chlorpyrifos concentrations previously reported to diminish olfactory responses (10, 20, and 40 μg/L). While lethality was noted higher doses, measured chlorpyrifos concentrations of 1.38 μg/L (nominal concentration 10 μg/L) significantly reduced the activity of AChE and two serine lipases, monoacylglycerol lipase and fatty acid amide hydrolase in the brain. Reductions in lysophosphatidylethanolamines (16:0; 18:0, 18:1, and 22:6) derived from the phosphatidylethanolamines and free fatty acids (Palmitic acid16:0; Linolenic acid18:3; Eicosadienoic acid 20:2; Arachidonic acid 20:4; and Docosahexaenoic acid 22:6) were also noted, suggesting that chlorpyrifos inhibited the metabolism of selected phospholipid signaling precursors at sublethal concentrations. These results indicate that in addition to AChE inhibition, environmentally relevant chlorpyrifos exposure alters serine lipase activity and lipid metabolites in the trout brain, which may compromise neuronal signaling and impact neurobehavioral responses in aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Greer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2460A Geology, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - J T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2460A Geology, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - K Hester
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - M Giroux
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2460A Geology, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - C Pope
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - T Anderson
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - J Liu
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences and Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Oklahoma State University, 264 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - V Dang
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, 2187 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - N D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, PO Box 110885, 2187 Mowry Rd., Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - D Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 2460A Geology, Riverside, CA, United States.,Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Terral G, Busquets-Garcia A, Varilh M, Achicallende S, Cannich A, Bellocchio L, Bonilla-Del Río I, Massa F, Puente N, Soria-Gomez E, Grandes P, Ferreira G, Marsicano G. CB1 Receptors in the Anterior Piriform Cortex Control Odor Preference Memory. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2455-2464.e5. [PMID: 31327715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The retrieval of odor-related memories shapes animal behavior. The anterior piriform cortex (aPC) is the largest part of the olfactory cortex, and it plays important roles in olfactory processing and memory. However, it is still unclear whether specific cellular mechanisms in the aPC control olfactory memory, depending on the appetitive or aversive nature of the stimuli involved. Cannabinoid-type 1 (CB1) receptors are present in the aPC (aPC-CB1), but their potential impact on olfactory memory was never explored. Here, we used a combination of behavioral, genetic, anatomical, and electrophysiological approaches to characterize the functions of aPC-CB1 receptors in the regulation of appetitive and aversive olfactory memory. Pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of aPC-CB1 receptors specifically impaired the retrieval of conditioned odor preference (COP). Interestingly, expression of conditioned odor aversion (COA) was unaffected by local CB1 receptor blockade, indicating that the role of aPC endocannabinoid signaling is selective for retrieval of appetitive memory. Anatomical investigations revealed that CB1 receptors are highly expressed on aPC GABAergic interneurons, and ex vivo electrophysiological recordings showed that their pharmacological activation reduces miniature inhibitory post-synaptic currents (mIPSCs) onto aPC semilunar (SL), but not pyramidal principal neurons. COP retrieval, but not COA, was associated with a specific CB1-receptor-dependent decrease of mIPSCs in SL cells. Altogether, these data indicate that aPC-CB1 receptor-dependent mechanisms physiologically control the retrieval of olfactory memory, depending on odor valence and engaging modulation of local inhibitory transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Terral
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnau Busquets-Garcia
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marjorie Varilh
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Svein Achicallende
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Astrid Cannich
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Itziar Bonilla-Del Río
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Federico Massa
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nagore Puente
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Edgar Soria-Gomez
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro Grandes
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s\n, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France; INRA, Bordeaux INP, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Giovanni Marsicano
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France; University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Mondino A, Cavelli M, González J, Santana N, Castro-Zaballa S, Mechoso B, Bracesco N, Fernandez S, Garcia-Carnelli C, Castro MJ, Umpierrez E, Murillo-Rodriguez E, Torterolo P, Falconi A. Acute effect of vaporized Cannabis on sleep and electrocortical activity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 179:113-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Harvey JD, Heinbockel T. Neuromodulation of Synaptic Transmission in the Main Olfactory Bulb. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15102194. [PMID: 30297631 PMCID: PMC6210923 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A major step in our understanding of brain function is to determine how neural circuits are altered in their function by signaling molecules or neuromodulators. Neuromodulation is the neurochemical process that modifies the computations performed by a neuron or network based on changing the functional needs or behavioral state of the subject. These modulations have the effect of altering the responsivity to synaptic inputs. Early sensory processing areas, such as the main olfactory bulb, provide an accessible window for investigating how neuromodulation regulates the functional states of neural networks and influences how we process sensory information. Olfaction is an attractive model system in this regard because of its relative simplicity and because it links primary olfactory sensory neurons to higher olfactory and associational networks. Likewise, centrifugal fibers from higher order brain centers target neurons in the main olfactory bulb to regulate synaptic processing. The neuromodulatory systems that provide regulatory inputs and play important roles in olfactory sensory processing and behaviors include the endocannabinoid system, the dopaminergic system, the cholinergic system, the noradrenergic system and the serotonergic system. Here, we present a brief survey of neuromodulation of olfactory signals in the main olfactory bulb with an emphasis on the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Harvey
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street, NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Thomas Heinbockel
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street, NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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