1
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Aygün N, Vuong C, Krupa O, Mory J, Le BD, Valone JM, Liang D, Shafie B, Zhang P, Salinda A, Wen C, Gandal MJ, Love MI, de la Torre-Ubieta L, Stein JL. Genetics of cell-type-specific post-transcriptional gene regulation during human neurogenesis. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:1877-1898. [PMID: 39168119 PMCID: PMC11393701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The function of some genetic variants associated with brain-relevant traits has been explained through colocalization with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) conducted in bulk postmortem adult brain tissue. However, many brain-trait associated loci have unknown cellular or molecular function. These genetic variants may exert context-specific function on different molecular phenotypes including post-transcriptional changes. Here, we identified genetic regulation of RNA editing and alternative polyadenylation (APA) within a cell-type-specific population of human neural progenitors and neurons. More RNA editing and isoforms utilizing longer polyadenylation sequences were observed in neurons, likely due to higher expression of genes encoding the proteins mediating these post-transcriptional events. We also detected hundreds of cell-type-specific editing quantitative trait loci (edQTLs) and alternative polyadenylation QTLs (apaQTLs). We found colocalizations of a neuron edQTL in CCDC88A with educational attainment and a progenitor apaQTL in EP300 with schizophrenia, suggesting that genetically mediated post-transcriptional regulation during brain development leads to differences in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nil Aygün
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Celine Vuong
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Oleh Krupa
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jessica Mory
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brandon D Le
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jordan M Valone
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Beck Shafie
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Angelo Salinda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cindy Wen
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael J Gandal
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael I Love
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Luis de la Torre-Ubieta
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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2
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Liu X, Xie H, Liu W, Zuo J, Li S, Tian Y, Zhao J, Bai M, Li J, Bao L, Han J, Zhang ZC. Dynamic regulation of alternative polyadenylation by PQBP1 during neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114525. [PMID: 39037895 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a critical post-transcriptional process that generates mRNA isoforms with distinct 3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs), thereby regulating mRNA localization, stability, and translational efficiency. Cell-type-specific APA extensively shapes the diversity of the cellular transcriptome, particularly during cell fate transition. Despite its recognized significance, the precise regulatory mechanisms governing cell-type-specific APA remain unclear. In this study, we uncover PQBP1 as an emerging APA regulator that actively maintains cell-specific APA profiles in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and delicately manages the equilibrium between NPC proliferation and differentiation. Multi-omics analysis shows that PQBP1 directly interacts with the upstream UGUA elements, impeding the recruitment of the CFIm complex and influencing polyadenylation site selection within genes associated with the cell cycle. Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanism by which PQBP1 orchestrates dynamic APA changes during neurogenesis, providing valuable insights into the precise regulation of cell-type-specific APA and the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hao Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jian Zuo
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Song Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yao Tian
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | | | - Meizhu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.
| | - Zi Chao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Basic Medicine Research and Innovation Center of Ministry of Education, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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3
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Gallicchio L, Matias NR, Morales-Polanco F, Nava I, Stern S, Zeng Y, Fuller MT. A developmental mechanism to regulate alternative polyadenylation in an adult stem cell lineage. Genes Dev 2024; 38:655-674. [PMID: 39111825 PMCID: PMC11368245 DOI: 10.1101/gad.351649.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) often results in production of mRNA isoforms with either longer or shorter 3' UTRs from the same genetic locus, potentially impacting mRNA translation, localization, and stability. Developmentally regulated APA can thus make major contributions to cell type-specific gene expression programs as cells differentiate. During Drosophila spermatogenesis, ∼500 genes undergo APA when proliferating spermatogonia differentiate into spermatocytes, producing transcripts with shortened 3' UTRs, leading to profound stage-specific changes in the proteins expressed. The molecular mechanisms that specify usage of upstream polyadenylation sites in spermatocytes are thus key to understanding the changes in cell state. Here, we show that upregulation of PCF11 and Cbc, the two components of cleavage factor II (CFII), orchestrates APA during Drosophila spermatogenesis. Knockdown of PCF11 or cbc in spermatocytes caused dysregulation of APA, with many transcripts normally cleaved at a proximal site in spermatocytes now cleaved at their distal site, as in spermatogonia. Forced overexpression of CFII components in spermatogonia switched cleavage of some transcripts to the proximal site normally used in spermatocytes. Our findings reveal a developmental mechanism where changes in expression of specific cleavage factors can direct cell type-specific APA at selected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gallicchio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94035, USA
| | - Neuza R Matias
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94035, USA
| | - Fabián Morales-Polanco
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, California 94035, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94035, USA
| | - Iliana Nava
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94035, USA
| | - Sarah Stern
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94035, USA
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94035, USA
| | - Margaret T Fuller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94035, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94035, USA
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4
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He Y, Johnston APR, Pouton CW. Therapeutic applications of cell engineering using mRNA technology. Trends Biotechnol 2024:S0167-7799(24)00191-4. [PMID: 39153909 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Engineering and reprogramming cells has significant therapeutic potential to treat a wide range of diseases, by replacing missing or defective proteins, to provide transcription factors (TFs) to reprogram cell phenotypes, or to provide enzymes such as RNA-guided Cas9 derivatives for CRISPR-based cell engineering. While viral vector-mediated gene transfer has played an important role in this field, the use of mRNA avoids safety concerns associated with the integration of DNA into the host cell genome, making mRNA particularly attractive for in vivo applications. Widespread application of mRNA for cell engineering is limited by its instability in the biological environment and challenges involved in the delivery of mRNA to its target site. In this review, we examine challenges that must be overcome to develop effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia He
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Angus P R Johnston
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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5
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Gallicchio L, Matias NR, Morales-Polanco F, Nava I, Stern S, Zeng Y, Fuller MT. A Developmental Mechanism to Regulate Alternative Polyadenylation in an Adult Stem Cell Lineage. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585561. [PMID: 38562704 PMCID: PMC10983978 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Alternative Cleavage and Polyadenylation (APA) often results in production of mRNA isoforms with either longer or shorter 3'UTRs from the same genetic locus, potentially impacting mRNA translation, localization and stability. Developmentally regulated APA can thus make major contributions to cell-type-specific gene expression programs as cells differentiate. During Drosophila spermatogenesis, approximately 500 genes undergo APA when proliferating spermatogonia differentiate into spermatocytes, producing transcripts with shortened 3' UTRs, leading to profound stage-specific changes in the proteins expressed. The molecular mechanisms that specify usage of upstream polyadenylation sites in spermatocytes are thus key to understanding the changes in cell state. Here, we show that upregulation of PCF11 and Cbc, the two components of Cleavage Factor II (CFII), orchestrates APA during Drosophila spermatogenesis. Knock down of PCF11 or cbc in spermatocytes caused dysregulation of APA, with many transcripts normally cleaved at a proximal site in spermatocytes now cleaved at their distal site, as in spermatogonia. Forced overexpression of CFII components in spermatogonia switched cleavage of some transcripts to the proximal site normally used in spermatocytes. Our findings reveal a developmental mechanism where changes in expression of specific cleavage factors can direct cell-type-specific APA at selected genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Gallicchio
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford USA
| | - Neuza R. Matias
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford USA
| | - Fabian Morales-Polanco
- Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Iliana Nava
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford USA
| | - Sarah Stern
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford USA
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Margaret T. Fuller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, USA
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6
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Seyres D, Gorka O, Schmidt R, Marone R, Zavolan M, Jeker LT. T helper cells exhibit a dynamic and reversible 3'-UTR landscape. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 30:418-434. [PMID: 38302256 PMCID: PMC10946431 DOI: 10.1261/rna.079897.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
3' untranslated regions (3' UTRs) are critical elements of messenger RNAs, as they contain binding sites for RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and microRNAs that affect various aspects of the RNA life cycle including transcript stability and cellular localization. In response to T cell receptor activation, T cells undergo massive expansion during the effector phase of the immune response and dynamically modify their 3' UTRs. Whether this serves to directly regulate the abundance of specific mRNAs or is a secondary effect of proliferation remains unclear. To study 3'-UTR dynamics in T helper cells, we investigated division-dependent alternative polyadenylation (APA). In addition, we generated 3' end UTR sequencing data from naive, activated, memory, and regulatory CD4+ T cells. 3'-UTR length changes were estimated using a nonnegative matrix factorization approach and were compared with those inferred from long-read PacBio sequencing. We found that APA events were transient and reverted after effector phase expansion. Using an orthogonal bulk RNA-seq data set, we did not find evidence of APA association with differential gene expression or transcript usage, indicating that APA has only a marginal effect on transcript abundance. 3'-UTR sequence analysis revealed conserved binding sites for T cell-relevant microRNAs and RBPs in the alternative 3' UTRs. These results indicate that poly(A) site usage could play an important role in the control of cell fate decisions and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Seyres
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Basel University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Gorka
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Basel University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Romina Marone
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Basel University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mihaela Zavolan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lukas T Jeker
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, Basel University Hospital, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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7
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Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Schirò G, Di Liegro I. Role of Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Learning and Memory in Mammals. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:337. [PMID: 38540396 PMCID: PMC10970538 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
After many decades, during which most molecular studies on the regulation of gene expression focused on transcriptional events, it was realized that post-transcriptional control was equally important in order to determine where and when specific proteins were to be synthesized. Translational regulation is of the most importance in the brain, where all the steps of mRNA maturation, transport to different regions of the cells and actual expression, in response to specific signals, constitute the molecular basis for neuronal plasticity and, as a consequence, for structural stabilization/modification of synapses; notably, these latter events are fundamental for the highest brain functions, such as learning and memory, and are characterized by long-term potentiation (LTP) of specific synapses. Here, we will discuss the molecular bases of these fundamental events by considering both the role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and the effects of non-coding RNAs involved in controlling splicing, editing, stability and translation of mRNAs. Importantly, it has also been found that dysregulation of mRNA metabolism/localization is involved in many pathological conditions, arising either during brain development or in the adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC), Foundation Institute “G. Giglio”, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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8
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Lee S, Aubee JI, Lai EC. Regulation of alternative splicing and polyadenylation in neurons. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302000. [PMID: 37793776 PMCID: PMC10551640 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-type-specific gene expression is a fundamental feature of multicellular organisms and is achieved by combinations of regulatory strategies. Although cell-restricted transcription is perhaps the most widely studied mechanism, co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes are also central to the spatiotemporal control of gene functions. One general category of expression control involves the generation of multiple transcript isoforms from an individual gene, whose balance and cell specificity are frequently tightly regulated via diverse strategies. The nervous system makes particularly extensive use of cell-specific isoforms, specializing the neural function of genes that are expressed more broadly. Here, we review regulatory strategies and RNA-binding proteins that direct neural-specific isoform processing. These include various classes of alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation events, both of which broadly diversify the neural transcriptome. Importantly, global alterations of splicing and alternative polyadenylation are characteristic of many neural pathologies, and recent genetic studies demonstrate how misregulation of individual neural isoforms can directly cause mutant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjae Lee
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph I Aubee
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric C Lai
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Mulligan MR, Bicknell LS. The molecular genetics of nELAVL in brain development and disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2023; 31:1209-1217. [PMID: 37697079 PMCID: PMC10620143 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic development requires tight control of gene expression levels, activity, and localisation. This control is coordinated by multiple levels of regulation on DNA, RNA and protein. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are recognised as key regulators of post-transcriptional gene regulation, where their binding controls splicing, polyadenylation, nuclear export, mRNA stability, translation rate and decay. In brain development, the ELAVL family of RNA binding proteins undertake essential functions across spatiotemporal windows to help regulate and specify transcriptomic programmes for cell specialisation. Despite their recognised importance in neural tissues, their molecular roles and connections to pathology are less explored. Here we provide an overview of the neuronal ELAVL family, noting commonalities and differences amongst different species, their molecular characteristics, and roles in the cell. We bring together the available molecular genetics evidence to link different ELAVL proteins to phenotypes and disease, in both the brain and beyond, including ELAVL2, which is the least studied ELAVL family member. We find that ELAVL-related pathology shares a common neurological theme, but different ELAVL proteins are more strongly connected to different phenotypes, reflecting their specialised expression across time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan R Mulligan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Louise S Bicknell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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10
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Kiltschewskij DJ, Harrison PF, Fitzsimmons C, Beilharz T, Cairns M. Extension of mRNA poly(A) tails and 3'UTRs during neuronal differentiation exhibits variable association with post-transcriptional dynamics. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:8181-8198. [PMID: 37293985 PMCID: PMC10450200 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of neural progenitor cells into mature neuronal phenotypes relies on extensive temporospatial coordination of mRNA expression to support the development of functional brain circuitry. Cleavage and polyadenylation of mRNA has tremendous regulatory capacity through the alteration of mRNA stability and modulation of microRNA (miRNA) function, however the extent of utilization in neuronal development is currently unclear. Here, we employed poly(A) tail sequencing, mRNA sequencing, ribosome profiling and small RNA sequencing to explore the functional relationship between mRNA abundance, translation, poly(A) tail length, alternative polyadenylation (APA) and miRNA expression in an in vitro model of neuronal differentiation. Differential analysis revealed a strong bias towards poly(A) tail and 3'UTR lengthening during differentiation, both of which were positively correlated with changes in mRNA abundance, but not translation. Globally, changes in miRNA expression were predominantly associated with mRNA abundance and translation, however several miRNA-mRNA pairings with potential to regulate poly(A) tail length were identified. Furthermore, 3'UTR lengthening was observed to significantly increase the inclusion of non-conserved miRNA binding sites, potentially enhancing the regulatory capacity of these molecules in mature neuronal cells. Together, our findings suggest poly(A) tail length and APA function as part of a rich post-transcriptional regulatory matrix during neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Kiltschewskij
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Paul F Harrison
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Chantel Fitzsimmons
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
| | - Traude H Beilharz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
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11
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Cao J, Kuyumcu-Martinez MN. Alternative polyadenylation regulation in cardiac development and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:1324-1335. [PMID: 36657944 PMCID: PMC10262186 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs is a necessary step for gene expression and function. Majority of human genes exhibit multiple polyadenylation sites, which can be alternatively used to generate different mRNA isoforms from a single gene. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) of pre-mRNAs is important for the proteome and transcriptome landscape. APA is tightly regulated during development and contributes to tissue-specific gene regulation. Mis-regulation of APA is linked to a wide range of pathological conditions. APA-mediated gene regulation in the heart is emerging as a new area of research. Here, we will discuss the impact of APA on gene regulation during heart development and in cardiovascular diseases. First, we will briefly review how APA impacts gene regulation and discuss molecular mechanisms that control APA. Then, we will address APA regulation during heart development and its dysregulation in cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we will discuss pre-mRNA targeting strategies to correct aberrant APA patterns of essential genes for the treatment or prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The RNA field is blooming due to advancements in RNA-based technologies. RNA-based vaccines and therapies are becoming the new line of effective and safe approaches for the treatment and prevention of human diseases. Overall, this review will be influential for understanding gene regulation at the RNA level via APA in the heart and will help design RNA-based tools for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Muge N Kuyumcu-Martinez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77573, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77573, USA
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12
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Hilgers V. Regulation of neuronal RNA signatures by ELAV/Hu proteins. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1733. [PMID: 35429136 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-binding proteins encoded by the highly conserved elav/Hu gene family, found in all metazoans, regulate the expression of a wide range of genes, at both the co-transcriptional and posttranscriptional level. Nervous-system-specific ELAV/Hu proteins are prominent for their essential role in neuron differentiation, and mutations have been associated with human neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Drosophila ELAV, the founding member of the protein family, mediates the synthesis of neuronal RNA signatures by promoting alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation of hundreds of genes. The recent identification of ELAV's direct RNA targets revealed the protein's central role in shaping the neuronal transcriptome, and highlighted the importance of neuronal transcript signatures for neuron maintenance and organism survival. Animals have evolved multiple cellular mechanisms to ensure robustness of ELAV/Hu function. In Drosophila, elav autoregulates in a 3'UTR-dependent manner to maintain optimal protein levels. A complete absence of ELAV causes the activation and nuclear localization of the normally cytoplasmic paralogue FNE, in a process termed EXon-Activated functional Rescue (EXAR). Other species, including mammals, seem to utilize different strategies, such as protein redundancy, to maintain ELAV protein function and effectively safeguard the identity of the neuronal transcriptome. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > 3' End Processing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Hilgers
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Yu T, Xu X, Mao H, Han X, Liu Y, Zhang H, Lai J, Gu J, Xia M, Hu C, Li D. Fenpropathrin exposure induces neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1539-1554. [PMID: 36266516 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fenpropathrin has been a commonly used insecticide to control agricultural and household insects over a few decades. Up to now, fenpropathrin residue in soil and water has been often determined due to its widespread use, which poses serious threat to environment and aquatic organisms. The potential of fenpropathrin to affect aquatic lives is still poorly understood. In this study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo as an experimental model system to evaluate the toxicity of fenpropathrin to the development of zebrafish nervous system. Zebrafish embryos were separately exposed to fenpropathrin at the dose of 0.016 mg/L, 0.032 mg/L, 0.064 mg/L, starting at 6 h post-fertilizationhpf (hpf) up to 96 hpf. The results showed that fenpropathrin exposure gives rise to physiological, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental impairments in zebrafish embryos, including enhanced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, abnormal swimming behavior, karyopyknosis in brain cells, increased intercellular space, and uneven migration of neuron in brain area. In addition, the expressions of genes concerning neurodevelopment and neurotransmitter system were inhibited following fenpropathrin exposure. We also found that fenpropathrin exposure distinctly induced oxidative stress by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibiting the production of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Expectedly, some apoptosis-associated genes were induced and the apoptosis appeared in the brain and heart cells of zebrafish embryos. Moreover, fenpropathrin exposure also inhibited the expressions of genes in Nrf2 signaling pathway, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and SOD. In summary, the results of this study indicate that oxidative stress-triggered apoptosis may be an underlying fundamental of fenpropathrin-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiling Mao
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yulong Liu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingli Lai
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianfeng Gu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mengling Xia
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China
| | - Dongming Li
- School of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, Jiangxi, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Fuzhou, 344000, Jiangxi, China.
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14
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Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Schirò G, Di Liegro I. RNA-Binding Proteins as Epigenetic Regulators of Brain Functions and Their Involvement in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314622. [PMID: 36498959 PMCID: PMC9739182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A central aspect of nervous system development and function is the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA fate, which implies time- and site-dependent translation, in response to cues originating from cell-to-cell crosstalk. Such events are fundamental for the establishment of brain cell asymmetry, as well as of long-lasting modifications of synapses (long-term potentiation: LTP), responsible for learning, memory, and higher cognitive functions. Post-transcriptional regulation is in turn dependent on RNA-binding proteins that, by recognizing and binding brief RNA sequences, base modifications, or secondary/tertiary structures, are able to control maturation, localization, stability, and translation of the transcripts. Notably, most RBPs contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that are thought to be involved in the formation of membrane-less structures, probably due to liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Such structures are evidenced as a variety of granules that contain proteins and different classes of RNAs. The other side of the peculiar properties of IDRs is, however, that, under altered cellular conditions, they are also prone to form aggregates, as observed in neurodegeneration. Interestingly, RBPs, as part of both normal and aggregated complexes, are also able to enter extracellular vesicles (EVs), and in doing so, they can also reach cells other than those that produced them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata) (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica Avanzata) (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-091-238-97 (ext. 415/446)
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15
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Carrasco J, Mateos F, Hilgers V. A critical developmental window for ELAV/Hu-dependent mRNA signatures at the onset of neuronal differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111542. [PMID: 36288718 PMCID: PMC9631114 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-type-specific gene regulatory programs are essential for cell differentiation and function. In animal neurons, the highly conserved ELAV/Hu family of proteins promotes alternative splicing and polyadenylation of mRNA precursors to create unique neuronal transcript isoforms. Here, we assess transcriptome profiles and neurogenesis success in Drosophila models engineered to express differing levels of ELAV activity in the course of development. We show that the ELAV-mediated establishment of a subset of neuronal mRNA isoforms at the onset of neuron differentiation constitutes a developmental bottleneck that cannot be overcome later by the nuclear activation of the paralog found in neurons (FNE). Loss of ELAV function outside of that critical time window results in neurological defects. We find that FNE, when activated early enough, can restore ELAV-dependent neuronal mRNA isoforms and fully rescue development. Our findings demonstrate the essential role of robust cellular strategies to maintain ELAV activity and intact neuronal signatures in neurogenesis and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Carrasco
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Mateos
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valérie Hilgers
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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16
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Jia ZL, Zhu CY, Rajendran RS, Xia Q, Liu KC, Zhang Y. Impact of airborne total suspended particles (TSP) and fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 )-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1585-1602. [PMID: 35315093 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Airborne total suspended particles (TSP) and particulate matter (PM2.5 ) threaten global health and their potential impact on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are extensively studied. Recent studies attest premature deaths, low birth weight, and congenital anomalies in the fetus of pregnant women exposed to air pollution. In this regard, only few studies have explored the effects of TSP and PM2.5 on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular development. As both TSP and PM2.5 differ in size and composition, this study is attempted to assess the variability in toxicity effects between TSP and PM2.5 on the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems and the underlying mechanisms in a zebrafish model. To explore the potential toxic effects of TSP and PM2.5 , zebrafish embryos/larvae were exposed to 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/ml of TSP and PM2.5 from 24 to 120 hpf (hours post-fertilization). Both TSP and PM2.5 exposure increased the rate of mortality, malformations, and oxidative stress, whereas locomotor behavior, heart rate, blood flow velocity, development of cardiovasculature and neurovasculature, and dopaminergic neurons were reduced. The expression of genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), Wnt signaling, and central nervous system (CNS) development were altered in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This study provides evidence for acute exposure to TSP and PM2.5 -induced cardiovascular and neurodevelopmental toxicity, attributed to enhanced oxidative stress and aberrant gene expression. Comparatively, the effects of PM2.5 were more pronounced than TSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Li Jia
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,School of life sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Cheng-Yue Zhu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - R Samuel Rajendran
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ke-Chun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong Province, China.,Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening of Shandong Province, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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17
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Wei L, Lai EC. Regulation of the Alternative Neural Transcriptome by ELAV/Hu RNA Binding Proteins. Front Genet 2022; 13:848626. [PMID: 35281806 PMCID: PMC8904962 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.848626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of alternative polyadenylation (APA) generates multiple 3' UTR isoforms for a given locus, which can alter regulatory capacity and on occasion change coding potential. APA was initially characterized for a few genes, but in the past decade, has been found to be the rule for metazoan genes. While numerous differences in APA profiles have been catalogued across genetic conditions, perturbations, and diseases, our knowledge of APA mechanisms and biology is far from complete. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the role of the conserved ELAV/Hu family of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in generating the broad landscape of lengthened 3' UTRs that is characteristic of neurons. We relate this to their established roles in alternative splicing, and summarize ongoing directions that will further elucidate the molecular strategies for neural APA, the in vivo functions of ELAV/Hu RBPs, and the phenotypic consequences of these regulatory paradigms in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wei
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Eric C. Lai
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Salamon I, Rasin MR. Evolution of the Neocortex Through RNA-Binding Proteins and Post-transcriptional Regulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:803107. [PMID: 35082597 PMCID: PMC8784817 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.803107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neocortex is undoubtedly considered a supreme accomplishment in mammalian evolution. It features a prenatally established six-layered structure which remains plastic to the myriad of changes throughout an organism’s lifetime. A fundamental feature of neocortical evolution and development is the abundance and diversity of the progenitor cell population and their neuronal and glial progeny. These evolutionary upgrades are partially enabled due to the progenitors’ higher proliferative capacity, compartmentalization of proliferative regions, and specification of neuronal temporal identities. The driving force of these processes may be explained by temporal molecular patterning, by which progenitors have intrinsic capacity to change their competence as neocortical neurogenesis proceeds. Thus, neurogenesis can be conceptualized along two timescales of progenitors’ capacity to (1) self-renew or differentiate into basal progenitors (BPs) or neurons or (2) specify their fate into distinct neuronal and glial subtypes which participate in the formation of six-layers. Neocortical development then proceeds through sequential phases of proliferation, differentiation, neuronal migration, and maturation. Temporal molecular patterning, therefore, relies on the precise regulation of spatiotemporal gene expression. An extensive transcriptional regulatory network is accompanied by post-transcriptional regulation that is frequently mediated by the regulatory interplay between RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs exhibit important roles in every step of mRNA life cycle in any system, from splicing, polyadenylation, editing, transport, stability, localization, to translation (protein synthesis). Here, we underscore the importance of RBP functions at multiple time-restricted steps of early neurogenesis, starting from the cell fate transition of transcriptionally primed cortical progenitors. A particular emphasis will be placed on RBPs with mostly conserved but also divergent evolutionary functions in neural progenitors across different species. RBPs, when considered in the context of the fascinating process of neocortical development, deserve to be main protagonists in the story of the evolution and development of the neocortex.
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19
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Landínez-Macías M, Urwyler O. The Fine Art of Writing a Message: RNA Metabolism in the Shaping and Remodeling of the Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:755686. [PMID: 34916907 PMCID: PMC8670310 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.755686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal morphogenesis, integration into circuits, and remodeling of synaptic connections occur in temporally and spatially defined steps. Accordingly, the expression of proteins and specific protein isoforms that contribute to these processes must be controlled quantitatively in time and space. A wide variety of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, which act on pre-mRNA and mRNA molecules contribute to this control. They are thereby critically involved in physiological and pathophysiological nervous system development, function, and maintenance. Here, we review recent findings on how mRNA metabolism contributes to neuronal development, from neural stem cell maintenance to synapse specification, with a particular focus on axon growth, guidance, branching, and synapse formation. We emphasize the role of RNA-binding proteins, and highlight their emerging roles in the poorly understood molecular processes of RNA editing, alternative polyadenylation, and temporal control of splicing, while also discussing alternative splicing, RNA localization, and local translation. We illustrate with the example of the evolutionary conserved Musashi protein family how individual RNA-binding proteins are, on the one hand, acting in different processes of RNA metabolism, and, on the other hand, impacting multiple steps in neuronal development and circuit formation. Finally, we provide links to diseases that have been associated with the malfunction of RNA-binding proteins and disrupted post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Landínez-Macías
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Urwyler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Huo XX, Wang SJ, Song H, Li MD, Yu H, Wang M, Gong HX, Qiu XT, Zhu YF, Zhang JY. Roles of Major RNA Adenosine Modifications in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:779779. [PMID: 34899345 PMCID: PMC8657411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.779779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer malignancy worldwide and is known to have poor prognosis. The pathogenesis behind the development of HNSCC is not fully understood. Modifications on RNA are involved in many pathophysiological processes, such as tumor development and inflammation. Adenosine-related RNA modifications have shown to be linked to cancer and may play a role in cancer occurrence and development. To date, there are at least 170 different chemical RNA modifications that modify coding and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These modifications affect RNA stability and transcription efficiency. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of the four major RNA adenosine modifications (N6-Methyladenosine, N1-Methyladenosine, Alternative Polyadenylation Modification and A-to-I RNA editing) and their potential molecular mechanisms related to HNSCC development and progression. We also touch on how these RNA modifications affect treatment of HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing Huo
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Shu-Jie Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hang Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ming-de Li
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Yu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hong-Xiao Gong
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Qiu
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yong-Fu Zhu
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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RNA Modifications and RNA Metabolism in Neurological Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111870. [PMID: 34769301 PMCID: PMC8584444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and molecular complexity of the mammalian nervous system relies substantially on the dynamic nature and spatiotemporal patterning of gene expression. These features of gene expression are achieved in part through mechanisms involving various epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and non-coding RNA activity, amongst others. In concert, another regulatory layer by which RNA bases and sugar residues are chemically modified enhances neuronal transcriptome complexity. Similar RNA modifications in other systems collectively constitute the cellular epitranscriptome that integrates and impacts various physiological processes. The epitranscriptome is dynamic and is reshaped constantly to regulate vital processes such as development, differentiation and stress responses. Perturbations of the epitranscriptome can lead to various pathogenic conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular abnormalities and neurological diseases. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled us to identify and locate modified bases/sugars on different RNA species. These RNA modifications modulate the stability, transport and, most importantly, translation of RNA. In this review, we discuss the formation and functions of some frequently observed RNA modifications—including methylations of adenine and cytosine bases, and isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine—at various layers of RNA metabolism, together with their contributions to abnormal physiological conditions that can lead to various neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders.
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22
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Yang X, Tong Y, Liu G, Yuan J, Yang Y. scAPAatlas: an atlas of alternative polyadenylation across cell types in human and mouse. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D356-D364. [PMID: 34643729 PMCID: PMC8728290 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) has been widely recognized as a crucial step during the post-transcriptional regulation of eukaryotic genes. Recent studies have demonstrated that APA exerts key regulatory roles in many biological processes and often occurs in a tissue- and cell-type-specific manner. However, to our knowledge, there is no database incorporating information about APA at the cell-type level. Single-cell RNA-seq is a rapidly evolving and powerful tool that enable APA analysis at the cell-type level. Here, we present a comprehensive resource, scAPAatlas (http://www.bioailab.com:3838/scAPAatlas), for exploring APA across different cell types, and interpreting potential biological functions. Based on the curated scRNA-seq data from 24 human and 25 mouse normal tissues, we systematically identified cell-type-specific APA events for different cell types and examined the correlations between APA and gene expression level. We also estimated the crosstalk between cell-type-specific APA events and microRNAs or RNA-binding proteins. A user-friendly web interface has been constructed to support browsing, searching and visualizing multi-layer information of cell-type-specific APA events. Overall, scAPAatlas, incorporating a rich resource for exploration of APA at the cell-type level, will greatly help researchers chart cell type with APA and elucidate the biological functions of APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yang Tong
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Gerui Liu
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jiapei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Dharmalingam P, Mahalingam R, Yalamanchili HK, Weng T, Karmouty-Quintana H, Guha A, A Thandavarayan R. Emerging roles of alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) in human disease. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:149-160. [PMID: 34378793 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the messenger RNA (mRNA) maturation process, the 3'-end of pre-mRNA is cleaved and a poly(A) sequence is added, this is an important determinant of mRNA stability and its cellular functions. More than 60%-70% of human genes have three or more polyadenylation (APA) sites and can be cleaved at different sites, generating mRNA transcripts of varying lengths. This phenomenon is termed as alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA) and it plays role in key biological processes like gene regulation, cell proliferation, senescence, and also in various human diseases. Loss of regulatory microRNA binding sites and interactions with RNA-binding proteins leading to APA are largely investigated in human diseases. However, the functions of the core APA machinery and related factors during disease conditions remain largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the roles of polyadenylation machinery in relation to brain disease, cardiac failure, pulmonary fibrosis, cancer, infectious conditions, and other human diseases. Collectively, we believe this review will be a useful avenue for understanding the emerging role of APA in the pathobiology of various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Dharmalingam
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Rajasekaran Mahalingam
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hari Krishna Yalamanchili
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics - Neurology, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology & Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ashrith Guha
- Department of Cardiology, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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24
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Yang Y, Paul A, Bach TN, Huang ZJ, Zhang MQ. Single-cell alternative polyadenylation analysis delineates GABAergic neuron types. BMC Biol 2021; 19:144. [PMID: 34301239 PMCID: PMC8299648 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is emerging as an important mechanism in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression across eukaryotic species. Recent studies have shown that APA plays key roles in biological processes, such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Single-cell RNA-seq technologies are widely used in gene expression heterogeneity studies; however, systematic studies of APA at the single-cell level are still lacking. Results Here, we described a novel computational framework, SAPAS, that utilizes 3′-tag-based scRNA-seq data to identify novel poly(A) sites and quantify APA at the single-cell level. Applying SAPAS to the scRNA-seq data of phenotype characterized GABAergic interneurons, we identified cell type-specific APA events for different GABAergic neuron types. Genes with cell type-specific APA events are enriched for synaptic architecture and communications. In further, we observed a strong enrichment of heritability for several psychiatric disorders and brain traits in altered 3′ UTRs and coding sequences of cell type-specific APA events. Finally, by exploring the modalities of APA, we discovered that the bimodal APA pattern of Pak3 could classify chandelier cells into different subpopulations that are from different laminar positions. Conclusions We established a method to characterize APA at the single-cell level. When applied to a scRNA-seq dataset of GABAergic interneurons, the single-cell APA analysis not only identified cell type-specific APA events but also revealed that the modality of APA could classify cell subpopulations. Thus, SAPAS will expand our understanding of cellular heterogeneity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01076-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Present Address: Department of Pharmacology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Anirban Paul
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Harbor, Cold Spring, NY, 11724, USA.,Deparment of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen Bach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Z Josh Huang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Harbor, Cold Spring, NY, 11724, USA.,Deparment of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael Q Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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25
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Goering R, Engel KL, Gillen AE, Fong N, Bentley DL, Taliaferro JM. LABRAT reveals association of alternative polyadenylation with transcript localization, RNA binding protein expression, transcription speed, and cancer survival. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:476. [PMID: 34174817 PMCID: PMC8234626 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sequence content of the 3' UTRs of many mRNA transcripts is regulated through alternative polyadenylation (APA). The study of this process using RNAseq data, though, has been historically challenging. RESULTS To combat this problem, we developed LABRAT, an APA isoform quantification method. LABRAT takes advantage of newly developed transcriptome quantification techniques to accurately determine relative APA site usage and how it varies across conditions. Using LABRAT, we found consistent relationships between gene-distal APA and subcellular RNA localization in multiple cell types. We also observed connections between transcription speed and APA site choice as well as tumor-specific transcriptome-wide shifts in APA isoform abundance in hundreds of patient-derived tumor samples that were associated with patient prognosis. We investigated the effects of APA on transcript expression and found a weak overall relationship, although many individual genes showed strong correlations between relative APA isoform abundance and overall gene expression. We interrogated the roles of 191 RNA-binding proteins in the regulation of APA isoforms, finding that dozens promote broad, directional shifts in relative APA isoform abundance both in vitro and in patient-derived samples. Finally, we find that APA site shifts in the two classes of APA, tandem UTRs and alternative last exons, are strongly correlated across many contexts, suggesting that they are coregulated. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that LABRAT has the ability to accurately quantify APA isoform ratios from RNAseq data across a variety of sample types. Further, LABRAT is able to derive biologically meaningful insights that connect APA isoform regulation to cellular and molecular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeann Goering
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Krysta L Engel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Austin E Gillen
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nova Fong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David L Bentley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Matthew Taliaferro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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26
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Sommerkamp P, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Trumpp A. Alternative Polyadenylation in Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Differentiation. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:660-672. [PMID: 33985920 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular function is shaped by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, including alternative polyadenylation (APA). By directly controlling 3'- untranslated region (UTR) length and the selection of the last exon, APA regulates up to 70% of all cellular transcripts influencing RNA stability, output, and protein isoform expression. Cell-state-dependent 3'-UTR shortening has been identified as a hallmark of cellular proliferation. Hence, quiescent/dormant stem cells are characterized by long 3'-UTRs, whereas proliferative stem/progenitor cells exhibit 3'-UTR shortening. Here, the latest studies analyzing the role of APA in regulating stem cell state, self-renewal, differentiation, and metabolism are reviewed. The new role of APA in controlling stem cell fate opens novel potential therapeutic avenues in the field of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Sommerkamp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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27
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Carrasco J, Rauer M, Hummel B, Grzejda D, Alfonso-Gonzalez C, Lee Y, Wang Q, Puchalska M, Mittler G, Hilgers V. ELAV and FNE Determine Neuronal Transcript Signatures through EXon-Activated Rescue. Mol Cell 2020; 80:156-163.e6. [PMID: 33007255 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The production of alternative RNA variants contributes to the tissue-specific regulation of gene expression. In the animal nervous system, a systematic shift toward distal sites of transcription termination produces transcript signatures that are crucial for neuron development and function. Here, we report that, in Drosophila, the highly conserved protein ELAV globally regulates all sites of neuronal 3' end processing and directly binds to proximal polyadenylation sites of target mRNAs in vivo. We uncover an endogenous strategy of functional gene rescue that safeguards neuronal RNA signatures in an ELAV loss-of-function context. When not directly repressed by ELAV, the transcript encoding the ELAV paralog FNE acquires a mini-exon, generating a new protein able to translocate to the nucleus and rescue ELAV-mediated alternative polyadenylation and alternative splicing. We propose that exon-activated functional rescue is a more widespread mechanism that ensures robustness of processes regulated by a hierarchy, rather than redundancy, of effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Carrasco
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rauer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Hummel
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominika Grzejda
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Carlos Alfonso-Gonzalez
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwig University, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Immunology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yeon Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Monika Puchalska
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Mittler
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valérie Hilgers
- Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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28
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Schieweck R, Ninkovic J, Kiebler MA. RNA-binding proteins balance brain function in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:1309-1370. [PMID: 33000986 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional gene expression including splicing, RNA transport, translation, and RNA decay provides an important regulatory layer in many if not all molecular pathways. Research in the last decades has positioned RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) right in the center of posttranscriptional gene regulation. Here, we propose interdependent networks of RBPs to regulate complex pathways within the central nervous system (CNS). These are involved in multiple aspects of neuronal development and functioning, including higher cognition. Therefore, it is not sufficient to unravel the individual contribution of a single RBP and its consequences but rather to study and understand the tight interplay between different RBPs. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the field of RBP biology and discuss the complex interplay between different RBPs. Second, we emphasize the underlying dynamics within an RBP network and how this might regulate key processes such as neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, and synaptic plasticity. Importantly, we envision that dysfunction of specific RBPs could lead to perturbation within the RBP network. This would have direct and indirect (compensatory) effects in mRNA binding and translational control leading to global changes in cellular expression programs in general and in synaptic plasticity in particular. Therefore, we focus on RBP dysfunction and how this might cause neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Based on recent findings, we propose that alterations in the entire regulatory RBP network might account for phenotypic dysfunctions observed in complex diseases including neurodegeneration, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico Schieweck
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jovica Ninkovic
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael A Kiebler
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Department for Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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29
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Habowski AN, Flesher JL, Bates JM, Tsai CF, Martin K, Zhao R, Ganesan AK, Edwards RA, Shi T, Wiley HS, Shi Y, Hertel KJ, Waterman ML. Transcriptomic and proteomic signatures of stemness and differentiation in the colon crypt. Commun Biol 2020; 3:453. [PMID: 32814826 PMCID: PMC7438495 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells are non-quiescent, dividing epithelial cells that rapidly differentiate into progenitor cells of the absorptive and secretory cell lineages. The kinetics of this process is rapid such that the epithelium is replaced weekly. To determine how the transcriptome and proteome keep pace with rapid differentiation, we developed a new cell sorting method to purify mouse colon epithelial cells. Here we show that alternative mRNA splicing and polyadenylation dominate changes in the transcriptome as stem cells differentiate into progenitors. In contrast, as progenitors differentiate into mature cell types, changes in mRNA levels dominate the transcriptome. RNA processing targets regulators of cell cycle, RNA, cell adhesion, SUMOylation, and Wnt and Notch signaling. Additionally, global proteome profiling detected >2,800 proteins and revealed RNA:protein patterns of abundance and correlation. Paired together, these data highlight new potentials for autocrine and feedback regulation and provide new insights into cell state transitions in the crypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Habowski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jessica L Flesher
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bates
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Kendall Martin
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Anand K Ganesan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Robert A Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - H Steven Wiley
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Yongsheng Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Klemens J Hertel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marian L Waterman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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30
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Kaczmarek Michaels K, Mohd Mostafa S, Ruiz Capella J, Moore CL. Regulation of alternative polyadenylation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by histone H3K4 and H3K36 methyltransferases. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:5407-5425. [PMID: 32356874 PMCID: PMC7261179 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjusting DNA structure via epigenetic modifications, and altering polyadenylation (pA) sites at which precursor mRNA is cleaved and polyadenylated, allows cells to quickly respond to environmental stress. Since polyadenylation occurs co-transcriptionally, and specific patterns of nucleosome positioning and chromatin modifications correlate with pA site usage, epigenetic factors potentially affect alternative polyadenylation (APA). We report that the histone H3K4 methyltransferase Set1, and the histone H3K36 methyltransferase Set2, control choice of pA site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a powerful model for studying evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic processes. Deletion of SET1 or SET2 causes an increase in serine-2 phosphorylation within the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and in the recruitment of the cleavage/polyadenylation complex, both of which could cause the observed switch in pA site usage. Chemical inhibition of TOR signaling, which causes nutritional stress, results in Set1- and Set2-dependent APA. In addition, Set1 and Set2 decrease efficiency of using single pA sites, and control nucleosome occupancy around pA sites. Overall, our study suggests that the methyltransferases Set1 and Set2 regulate APA induced by nutritional stress, affect the RNAP II C-terminal domain phosphorylation at Ser2, and control recruitment of the 3′ end processing machinery to the vicinity of pA sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczmarek Michaels
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Salwa Mohd Mostafa
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.,Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Julia Ruiz Capella
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - Claire L Moore
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.,Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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31
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Emerging Roles for 3' UTRs in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103413. [PMID: 32408514 PMCID: PMC7279237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3′ untranslated regions (3′ UTRs) of mRNAs serve as hubs for post-transcriptional control as the targets of microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Sequences in 3′ UTRs confer alterations in mRNA stability, direct mRNA localization to subcellular regions, and impart translational control. Thousands of mRNAs are localized to subcellular compartments in neurons—including axons, dendrites, and synapses—where they are thought to undergo local translation. Despite an established role for 3′ UTR sequences in imparting mRNA localization in neurons, the specific RNA sequences and structural features at play remain poorly understood. The nervous system selectively expresses longer 3′ UTR isoforms via alternative polyadenylation (APA). The regulation of APA in neurons and the neuronal functions of longer 3′ UTR mRNA isoforms are starting to be uncovered. Surprising roles for 3′ UTRs are emerging beyond the regulation of protein synthesis and include roles as RBP delivery scaffolds and regulators of alternative splicing. Evidence is also emerging that 3′ UTRs can be cleaved, leading to stable, isolated 3′ UTR fragments which are of unknown function. Mutations in 3′ UTRs are implicated in several neurological disorders—more studies are needed to uncover how these mutations impact gene regulation and what is their relationship to disease severity.
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32
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Loeliger BW, Hanu C, Panyutin IV, Maass-Moreno R, Wakim P, Pritchard WF, Neumann RD, Panyutin IG. Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Transcriptome during Neural Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Radiat Res 2020; 193:460-470. [PMID: 32216708 DOI: 10.1667/rr15535.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic brain development is highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, detailed information on the mechanisms of this sensitivity is not available due to limited experimental data. In this study, differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to neural lineages was used as a model for early embryonic brain development to assess the effect of exposure to low (17 mGy) and high (572 mGy) doses of radiation on gene expression. Transcriptomes were assessed using RNA sequencing during neural differentiation at three time points in control and irradiated samples. The first time point was when the cells were still pluripotent (day 0), the second time point was during the stage of embryoid body formation (day 6), and the third and final time point was during the stage of neural rosette formation (day 10). Analysis of the transcriptomes revealed neurodifferentiation in both the control and irradiated cells. Low-dose irradiation did not result in changes in gene expression at any of the time points, whereas high-dose irradiation resulted in downregulation of some major neurodifferentiation markers on days 6 and 10. Gene ontology analysis showed that pathways related to nervous system development, neurogenesis and generation of neurons were among the most affected. Expression of such key regulators of neuronal development as NEUROG1, ARX, ASCL1, RFX4 and INSM1 was reduced more than twofold. In conclusion, exposure to a 17 mGy low dose of radiation was well tolerated by hESCs while exposure to 572 mGy significantly affected their genetic reprogramming into neuronal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul Wakim
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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33
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Navarro E, Mallén A, Cruzado JM, Torras J, Hueso M. Unveiling ncRNA regulatory axes in atherosclerosis progression. Clin Transl Med 2020; 9:5. [PMID: 32009226 PMCID: PMC6995802 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-020-0256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Completion of the human genome sequencing project highlighted the richness of the cellular RNA world, and opened the door to the discovery of a plethora of short and long non-coding RNAs (the dark transcriptome) with regulatory or structural potential, which shifted the balance of pathological gene alterations from coding to non-coding RNAs. Thus, disease risk assessment currently has to also evaluate the expression of new RNAs such as small micro RNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), retrogressed elements, 3'UTRs of mRNAs, etc. We are interested in the pathogenic mechanisms of atherosclerosis (ATH) progression in patients suffering Chronic Kidney Disease, and in this review, we will focus in the role of the dark transcriptome (non-coding RNAs) in ATH progression. We will focus in miRNAs and in the formation of regulatory axes or networks with their mRNA targets and with the lncRNAs that function as miRNA sponges or competitive inhibitors of miRNA activity. In this sense, we will pay special attention to retrogressed genomic elements, such as processed pseudogenes and Alu repeated elements, that have been recently seen to also function as miRNA sponges, as well as to the use or miRNA derivatives in gene silencing, anti-ATH therapies. Along the review, we will discuss technical developments associated to research in lncRNAs, from sequencing technologies to databases, repositories and algorithms to predict miRNA targets, as well as new approaches to miRNA function, such as integrative or enrichment analysis and their potential to unveil RNA regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Navarro
- Independent Researcher, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), C/Feixa Llarga, s/n; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Adrian Mallén
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), C/Feixa Llarga, s/n; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Cruzado
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), C/Feixa Llarga, s/n; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Torras
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), C/Feixa Llarga, s/n; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Hueso
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge and Bellvitge Research Institute (IDIBELL), C/Feixa Llarga, s/n; L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.
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Vapor Cannabis Exposure Promotes Genetic Plasticity in the Rat Hypothalamus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16866. [PMID: 31728018 PMCID: PMC6856070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cannabis use promotes appetite. However, how cannabis interacts with the brain’s appetite center, the hypothalamus, to stimulate feeding behavior is unknown. A growing body of evidence indicates that the hypothalamic transcriptome programs energy balance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that cannabis targets alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites within hypothalamic transcripts to regulate transcriptomic function. To do this, we used a novel cannabis vapor exposure model to characterize feeding in adult male Long Evans rats and aligned this behavioral response with APA events using a Whole Transcriptome Termini Sequencing (WTTS-Seq) approach as well as functional RNA abundance measurements with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions. We found that vapor cannabis exposure promoted food intake in free-feeding and behaviorally sated rats, validating the appetite stimulating properties of cannabis. Our WTTS-Seq analysis mapped 59 unique cannabis-induced hypothalamic APAs that occurred primarily within exons on transcripts that regulate synaptic function, excitatory synaptic transmission, and dopamine signaling. Importantly, APA insertions regulated RNA abundance of Slc6a3, the dopamine transporter, suggesting a novel genetic link for cannabis regulation of brain monoamine function. Collectively, these novel data indicate that a single cannabis exposure rapidly targets a key RNA processing mechanism linked to brain transcriptome function.
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