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Isaev NK, Genrikhs EE, Stelmashook EV. Methylene blue and its potential in the treatment of traumatic brain injury, brain ischemia, and Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2024; 0:revneuro-2024-0007. [PMID: 38530227 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and brain ischemia/reperfusion cause neurodegenerative processes that can continue after the acute stage with the development of severe brain atrophy with dementia. In this case, the long-term neurodegeneration of the brain is similar to the neurodegeneration characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is associated with the accumulation of beta amyloid and tau protein. In the pathogenesis of AD as well as in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and TBI oxidative stress, progressive inflammation, glial activation, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and excessive activation of autophagy are involved, which implies the presence of many targets that can be affected by neuroprotectors. That is, multivariate cascades of nerve tissue damage represent many potential targets for therapeutic interventions. One of such substances that can be used in multi-purpose therapeutic strategies is methylene blue (MB). This drug can have an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect, activate autophagy, inhibit the aggregation of proteins with an irregular shape, inhibit NO synthase, and bypass impaired electron transfer in the respiratory chain of mitochondria. MB is a well-described treatment for methemoglobinemia, malaria, and encephalopathy caused by ifosfamide. In recent years, this drug has attracted great interest as a potential treatment for a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including the effects of TBI, ischemia, and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay K Isaev
- 64935 M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991, Moscow, Russia
- Research Center of Neurology, 125367, Moscow, Russia
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Liu Y, Zhao Z, Guo J, Ma Y, Li J, Ji H, Chen Z, Zheng J. Anacardic acid improves neurological deficits in traumatic brain injury by anti-ferroptosis and anti-inflammation. Exp Neurol 2023; 370:114568. [PMID: 37820939 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important cause of disability and death. TBI leads to multiple forms of nerve cell death including ferroptosis due to iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Anacardic acid (AA) is a natural component extracted from cashew nut shells, which has been reported to have neuroprotective effects in traumatic brain injury. We investigated whether AA has an anti-ferroptosis effect in TBI. METHODS We used the Feeney free-fall impact method to construct a TBI model to investigate the effect of AA on ferroptosis caused by TBI, in which Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a ferroptosis inhibitor, served as a positive control group. We first identified the therapeutic effect of AA on TBI through modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and determined the appropriate concentration. Secondly, we investigated the effect of AA on the expression level of the key protein of ferroptosis by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Then the effect of AA on nerve tissue injury and nerve function improvement was verified. Finally, enzym-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to verify that AA could reduce inflammation after TBI. RESULTS We found the intensely inhibitory effect of AA on ferroptosis, which is in parallel with the results obtained after Fer-1 treatment. In addition, AA and Fer-1 mitigated TBI-mediated tissue defects, destruction of the blood-brain barrier, and neurodegeneration. Novel object recognition (NOR), mNSS and water maze test showed that AA could significantly reduce the impairment of neural function and behavioral cognitive ability caused by TBI. Finally, we also demonstrated that AA has not only an anti-ferroptosis effect, but also an anti-inflammation effect. CONCLUSIONS AA can reduce the neurological impairment and behavioral cognitive impairment caused by TBI through the dual effect of anti-ferroptosis and anti-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223022, China; Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Zongren Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223022, China
| | - Jianqiang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223022, China; Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yuanhao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223022, China; Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223022, China
| | - Huanhuan Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223022, China
| | - Zhongjun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223022, China
| | - Jinyu Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223022, China.
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Gao Y, Jiang Z, Xu B, Mo R, Li S, Jiang Y, Zhao D, Cao W, Chen B, Tian M, Tan Q. Evaluation of topical methylene blue nanoemulsion for wound healing in diabetic mice. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1462-1473. [PMID: 37691404 PMCID: PMC10496548 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2254341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetic wounds (DW) are a complication of diabetes and slow wound healing is the main manifestation. Methylene blue (MB) has been shown to exhibit therapeutic effects on diabetes-related diseases. OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms of action of MB-nanoemulsion (NE) in the treatment of DW. MATERIALS AND METHODS The concentration of MB-NE used in the in vivo and in vitro experiments was 0.1 mg/mL. Streptozocin-induced diabetic mice were used as models. The mice were separated into nondiabetic, diabetic, MB-NE treated, and NE-treated groups. Intervention of high glucose-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells using MB-NE. The mechanism by which MB-NE promotes DW healing is investigated by combining histological analysis, immunofluorescence analysis, TUNEL and ROS assays and western blotting. RESULTS In diabetic mice, the MB-NE accelerated DW healing (p < 0.05), promoted the expression of endothelial cell markers (α-SMA, CD31 and VEGF) (p < 0.05), and reduced TUNEL levels. In vitro, MB accelerated the migration rate of cells (p < 0.05); promoted the expression of CD31, VEGF, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 (p < 0.05) and decreased the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins cleaved caspase-3 and Bax (p < 0.05). MB upregulated the expression of Nrf2, catalase, HO-1 and SOD2 (p < 0.05). In addition, MB reduced the immunofluorescence intensity of TUNEL and ROS in cells and reduced apoptosis. The therapeutic effect of MB was attenuated after treatment with an Nrf2 inhibitor (ML385). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study provides a foundation for the application of MB-NE in the treatment of DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhounan Jiang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Hubei Xiangyang Central Hospital, Xiangyang, China
| | - Ran Mo
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyan Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanan Jiang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Demei Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangbin Cao
- Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Plant Resources and Chemistry, Nanjing Research Institute for Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Tan
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Dong W, Gong F, Zhao Y, Bai H, Yang R. Ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in acute central nervous system injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1228968. [PMID: 37622048 PMCID: PMC10445767 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1228968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injuries (ACNSI), encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI), non-traumatic brain injury like stroke and encephalomeningitis, as well as spinal cord injuries, are linked to significant rates of disability and mortality globally. Nevertheless, effective and feasible treatment plans are still to be formulated. There are primary and secondary injuries occurred after ACNSI. Most ACNSIs exhibit comparable secondary injuries, which offer numerous potential therapeutic targets for enhancing clinical outcomes. Ferroptosis, a newly discovered form of cell death, is characterized as a lipid peroxidation process that is dependent on iron and oxidative conditions, which is also indispensable to mitochondria. Ferroptosis play a vital role in many neuropathological pathways, and ACNSIs may induce mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby indicating the essentiality of the mitochondrial connection to ferroptosis in ACNSIs. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the involvement of mitochondria in the occurrence of ferroptosis as a secondary injuries of ACNSIs. In recent studies, anti-ferroptosis agents such as the ferroptosis inhibitor Ferrostain-1 and iron chelation therapy have shown potential in ameliorating the deleterious effects of ferroptosis in cases of traumatic ACNSI. The importance of this evidence is extremely significant in relation to the research and control of ACNSIs. Therefore, our review aims to provide researchers focusing on enhancing the therapeutic outcomes of ACNSIs with valuable insights by summarizing the physiopathological mechanisms of ACNSIs and exploring the correlation between ferroptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ACNSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanghe Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hongmin Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
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Willis JA, Cheburkanov V, Yakovlev VV. High-Dose Photodynamic Therapy Increases Tau Protein Signals in Drosophila. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2023; 29:7201108. [PMID: 38327699 PMCID: PMC10846862 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2023.3270403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid-Detection and imaging of amyloid-β plaques (Aβ) has been a focus in the field of neurodegeneration (ND) due to the high correlation with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Here, a novel approach is being proposed and developed to induce and assess those diseases. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is applied to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model of systemic oxidative stress to induce rapid Aβ accumulation. Excised brains are evaluated by Brillouin-Raman spectroscopy and microscopy with UV surface emissions (MUSE) to interrogate physical property changes due to fixation and high-dose PDT. MUSE reveals reasonable autofluorescence in the spectral range of Aβ, particularly for females, with increased signal once stained. A presence of significant mechanical changes in fresh brains treated with PDT compared to healthy controls is revealed using Brillouin spectroscopy. Aβ plaque presence was confirmed with confocal analysis, with female PDT flies yielding nearly four-fold the mean intensity of controls, thus marking PDT as a potential neurodegenerative disease model. MUSE may serve as a viable early screening method for Aβ presence and quantification in a research setting. This reduces the time for sample preparation and drastically decreases the cost of Aβ quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace A. Willis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at Texas A&M University, TX 77840, USA
| | | | - Vladislav V. Yakovlev
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics at Texas A&M University, TX 77840, USA
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Allen J, Pham L, Bond ST, O’Brien WT, Spitz G, Shultz SR, Drew BG, Wright DK, McDonald SJ. Acute effects of single and repeated mild traumatic brain injury on levels of neurometabolites, lipids, and mitochondrial function in male rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1208697. [PMID: 37456524 PMCID: PMC10338885 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1208697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are the most common form of acquired brain injury. Symptoms of mTBI are thought to be associated with a neuropathological cascade, potentially involving the dysregulation of neurometabolites, lipids, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Such alterations may play a role in the period of enhanced vulnerability that occurs after mTBI, such that a second mTBI will exacerbate neuropathology. However, it is unclear whether mTBI-induced alterations in neurometabolites and lipids that are involved in energy metabolism and other important cellular functions are exacerbated by repeat mTBI, and if such alterations are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods In this experiment, using a well-established awake-closed head injury (ACHI) paradigm to model mTBI, male rats were subjected to a single injury, or five injuries delivered 1 day apart, and injuries were confirmed with a beam-walk task and a video observation protocol. Abundance of several neurometabolites was evaluated 24 h post-final injury in the ipsilateral and contralateral hippocampus using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), and mitochondrial bioenergetics were evaluated 30 h post-final injury, or at 24 h in place of 1H-MRS, in the rostral half of the ipsilateral hippocampus. Lipidomic evaluations were conducted in the ipsilateral hippocampus and cortex. Results We found that behavioral deficits in the beam task persisted 1- and 4 h after the final injury in rats that received repetitive mTBIs, and this was paralleled by an increase and decrease in hippocampal glutamine and glucose, respectively, whereas a single mTBI had no effect on sensorimotor and metabolic measurements. No group differences were observed in lipid levels and mitochondrial bioenergetics in the hippocampus, although some lipids were altered in the cortex after repeated mTBI. Discussion The decrease in performance in sensorimotor tests and the presence of more neurometabolic and lipidomic abnormalities, after repeated but not singular mTBI, indicates that multiple concussions in short succession can have cumulative effects. Further preclinical research efforts are required to understand the underlying mechanisms that drive these alterations to establish biomarkers and inform treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise Pham
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon T. Bond
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William T. O’Brien
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gershon Spitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandy R. Shultz
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Health Sciences, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian G. Drew
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David K. Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stuart J. McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Neuroprotective effects of methylene blue in streptozotocin-induced model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2023; 1805:148290. [PMID: 36804486 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) can be used as a multidirectional neuroprotector to stop the development of multiple cascades of neuron damage during neurodegenerative processes. This study assesses a protective effect of MB, using an experimental simulation of sporadic Alzheimer's disease by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (STZ) in rats. It was found that a STZ-induced impairment of memory can be partially mitigated with intravenous injections of MB after the administration of STZ. The treatment of animals with MB prevented the STZ-induced increase in the number and density of microglial and GFAP-positive cells in the brain cortex. In addition, it was shown that the expression of the LC3B protein, an indicator of autophagy, increases in the hippocampus of animals treated with STZ. In the hippocampus of animals treated with MB, an increase in the expression of the LC3B protein was prevented. Using the Griess reaction assay and immunocytochemical study was found that MB reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced NO-production and the expression of iNOS in cultured neurons. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that MB has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects and is able to prevent autophagy. These effects have important therapeutic implications, so MB could potentially play a role in the treatment of neurodegenerative processes.
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de Ávila Narciso Gomes R, Marmolejo-Garza A, Haan FJ, García TM, Chen T, Mauthe M, Moreira Franco Parisotto YE, Murakami MM, Marie SKN, Baptista MS, Dolga AM, Trombetta-Lima M. Mitochondrial dysfunction mediates neuronal cell response to DMMB photodynamic therapy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119429. [PMID: 36608805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a process in which a photosensitizer (PS) is exposed to specific wavelengths and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) which act within nanometers. The low invasive nature and directed cytotoxicity of this approach render it attractive to the treatment of different conditions, including the ones that affect the central nervous system (CNS). The effect of PDT on healthy neurons is one main concern over its use in the CNS, since neuronal-like cells were shown to be particularly sensitive to certain PSs. Among available PSs, 1,9-dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) stands out as being resistant to reduction to its inactive leuco form and by being able to produce high levels of singlet‑oxygen. In this study, we aimed to investigate DMMB photodamage mechanisms in the hippocampal cell line HT22. Our results demonstrate that DMMB-PDT decrease in cell viability was linked with an increase in cell death and overall ROS production. Besides, it resulted in a significant increase in mitochondrial ROS production and decreased mitochondria membrane potential. Furthermore, DMMB-PDT significantly increased the presence of acidic autolysosomes, which was accompanied by an increase in ATG1 and ATG8 homologue GaBarap1 expression, and decreased DRAM1 expression. Taken together our results indicated that mitochondrial and autophagic dysfunction underlie DMMB-PDT cytotoxicity in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael de Ávila Narciso Gomes
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Chemistry Institute, Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Marmolejo-Garza
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Floris-Jan Haan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Teresa Mitchell García
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tingting Chen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Mario Minor Murakami
- Medical School, Neurology Department, University of São Paulo (USP), 01246903 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício S Baptista
- Chemistry Institute, Biochemistry Department, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marina Trombetta-Lima
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Section Molecular Neurobiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
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He C, Xu Y, Sun J, Li L, Zhang JH, Wang Y. Autophagy and Apoptosis in Acute Brain Injuries: From Mechanism to Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:234-257. [PMID: 35579958 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular mechanisms behind brain injuries, which are severe clinical situations with increasing incidences worldwide. To search for more and better treatments for brain injuries, it is essential to deepen the understanding of autophagy, apoptosis, and their interactions in brain injuries. This article first analyzes how autophagy and apoptosis participate in the pathogenetic processes of brain injuries respectively and mutually, then summarizes some promising treatments targeting autophagy and apoptosis to show the potential clinical applications in personalized medicine and precision medicine in the future. Recent Advances: Most current studies suggest that apoptosis is detrimental to brain recovery. Several studies indicate that autophagy can cause unnecessary death of neurons after brain injuries, while others show that autophagy is beneficial for acute brain injuries (ABIs) by facilitating the removal of damaged proteins and organelles. Whether autophagy is beneficial or detrimental in ABIs depends on many factors, and the results from different research groups are diverse or even controversial, making this topic more appealing to be explored further. Critical Issues: Neuronal autophagy and apoptosis are two primary pathological processes in ABIs. How they interact with each other and how their regulations affect the outcome and prognosis of brain injuries remain uncertain, making these answers more critical. Future Directions: Insights into the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis and the accurate regulations of their balance in ABIs may promote personalized and precise treatments in the field of brain injuries. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 234-257.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyu He
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Layla Li
- Faculty of Medicine, International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical and Public Health School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Hakiminia B, Alikiaii B, Khorvash F, Mousavi S. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: From mechanistic view to targeted therapeutic opportunities. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2022; 36:612-662. [PMID: 35118714 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of permanent physical and cognitive disabilities. TBI pathology results from primary insults and a multi-mechanistic biochemical process, termed as secondary brain injury. Currently, there are no pharmacological agents for definitive treatment of patients with TBI. This article is presented with the purpose of reviewing molecular mechanisms of TBI pathology, as well as potential strategies and agents against pathological pathways. In this review article, materials were obtained by searching PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This search was considered without time limitation. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are two key mediators of the secondary injury cascade in TBI pathology. TBI-induced oxidative damage results in the structural and functional impairments of cellular and subcellular components, such as mitochondria. Impairments of mitochondrial electron transfer chain and mitochondrial membrane potential result in a vicious cycle of free radical formation and cell apoptosis. The results of some preclinical and clinical studies, evaluating mitochondria-targeted therapies, such as mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and compounds with pleiotropic effects after TBI, are promising. As a proposed strategy in recent years, mitochondria-targeted multipotential therapy is a new hope, waiting to be confirmed. Moreover, based on the available findings, biologics, such as stem cell-based therapy and transplantation of mitochondria are novel potential strategies for the treatment of TBI; however, more studies are needed to clearly confirm the safety and efficacy of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hakiminia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Babak Alikiaii
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fariborz Khorvash
- Department of Neurology, Alzahra Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sarah Mousavi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Blood-Brain Barrier Overview: Structural and Functional Correlation. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:6564585. [PMID: 34912450 PMCID: PMC8668349 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6564585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a semipermeable and extremely selective system in the central nervous system of most vertebrates, that separates blood from the brain's extracellular fluid. It plays a vital role in regulating the transport of necessary materials for brain function, furthermore, protecting it from foreign substances in the blood that could damage it. In this review, we searched in Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, and Saudi Digital Library for the various cells and components that support the development and function of this barrier, as well as the different pathways to transport the various molecules between blood and the brain. We also discussed the aspects that lead to BBB dysfunction and its neuropathological consequences, with the identification of some of the most important biomarkers that might be used as a biomarker to predict the BBB disturbances. This comprehensive overview of BBB will pave the way for future studies to focus on developing more specific targeting systems in material delivery as a future approach that assists in combinatorial therapy or nanotherapy to destroy or modify this barrier in pathological conditions such as brain tumors and brain stem cell carcinomas.
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Ahluwalia M, Kumar M, Ahluwalia P, Rahimi S, Vender JR, Raju RP, Hess DC, Baban B, Vale FL, Dhandapani KM, Vaibhav K. Rescuing mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and intracerebral hemorrhages - A potential therapeutic approach. Neurochem Int 2021; 150:105192. [PMID: 34560175 PMCID: PMC8542401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles responsible for cellular energy production. Besides, regulating energy homeostasis, mitochondria are responsible for calcium homeostasis, signal transmission, and the fate of cellular survival in case of injury and pathologies. Accumulating reports have suggested multiple roles of mitochondria in neuropathologies, neurodegeneration, and immune activation under physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which occurs at the initial phase of brain injury, involves oxidative stress, inflammation, deficits in mitochondrial bioenergetics, biogenesis, transport, and autophagy. Thus, development of targeted therapeutics to protect mitochondria may improve functional outcomes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). In this review, we summarize mitochondrial dysfunction related to TBI and ICH, including the mechanisms involved, and discuss therapeutic approaches with special emphasis on past and current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Ahluwalia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Scott Rahimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Raghavan P Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David C Hess
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Fernando L Vale
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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13
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Mei Z, Hong Y, Yang H, Sheng Q, Situ B. Huperzine A protects against traumatic brain injury through anti-oxidative effects via the Nrf2-ARE pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:1455-1461. [PMID: 35096305 PMCID: PMC8769513 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.58169.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prominent health problem worldwide and it may lead to cognitive dysfunction, disability, and even death. To date, there is no effective treatment for TBI. Our previous study showed that Huperzine A (HupA) improved cognitive function in a mouse model of TBI. However, the detailed mechanism of HupA remains unaddressed. In this study, we investigated the possible mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of HupA. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups as sham, injured with vehicle treatment, and injured with HupA treatment groups. The Morris water maze task was used to evaluate the impairment of special learning and memory. Brain edema was as-sessed by measuring the wet weight to dry weight ratio. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were measured for oxidative stress. Protein expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygen-ase-1(HO-1), and synaptophysin were detected by Western blot. The brain sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) for histology study. RESULTS We found that HupA therapy improved histology and cognitive functional outcomes after TBI. HupA reduced brain edema in TBI mice. furthermore, HupA inhibited ox-idative stress. HupA promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nu-clear translocation and activated Nrf2 after TBI. CONCLUSION HupA protects against TBI through antioxidative effects via the Nrf2-ARE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guang-zhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, P.R. China
| | - Ye Hong
- Guangzhou Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, P.R. China
| | - Haiyi Yang
- Guangzhou Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, P.R. China
| | - Qiongyu Sheng
- Guangzhou Medical University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, P.R. China
| | - Bing Situ
- Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, P.R. China,Corresponding author: Bing Situ, Master, Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510150, P.R. China. Tel: +86 20 81292050;
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14
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Pang J, Wu Y, Peng J, Yang P, Chen L, Jiang Y. Association of Pericyte Loss With Microthrombosis After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in ApoE-Deficient Mice. Front Neurol 2021; 12:726520. [PMID: 34566870 PMCID: PMC8460864 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.726520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The occurrence of microthrombosis contributes to not only delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), but also early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. However, the underlying mechanism is not completely investigated. In the current study, we explored the underlying mechanism of microthrombosis in EBI stage after SAH in ApoE-deficient mice. Methods: Experimental SAH was established by endovascular perforation in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice and wild type (WT) mice. Neurobehavioral, molecular biological and histopathological methods were used to assess the relationship between pericytes loss, neurobehavioral performance, and microthrombosis. Results: We found that the number of microthrombi was significantly increased and peaked 48 h after SAH in WT mice. The increased microthrombosis was related to the decreased effective microcirculation perfusion area and EBI severity. ApoE-deficient mice showed more extensive microthrombosis than that of WT mice 48 h after SAH, which was thereby associated with greater neurobehavioral deficits. Immunohistochemical staining showed that microthrombi were predominantly located in microvessels where pericytes coverage was absent. Mechanistically, ApoE deficiency caused more extensive CypA-NF-κB-MMP-9 pathway activation than that observed in WT mice, which thereby led to more degradation of N-cadherin, and subsequently more pericytes loss. Thereafter, the major adhesion molecule that promoting microthrombi formation in microvessels, P-selectin, was considerably increased in WT mice and increased to a greater extent in the ApoE-deficient mice. Conclusion: Taken together, these data suggest that pericytes loss is associated with EBI after SAH through promoting microthrombosis. Therapies that target ApoE to reduce microthrombosis may be a promising strategy for SAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Luzhou, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, Luzhou, China
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15
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Islam Y, Leach AG, Smith J, Pluchino S, Coxon CR, Sivakumaran M, Downing J, Fatokun AA, Teixidò M, Ehtezazi T. Physiological and Pathological Factors Affecting Drug Delivery to the Brain by Nanoparticles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2002085. [PMID: 34105297 PMCID: PMC8188209 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of neurological/neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease is known to be increasing due to an aging population and is anticipated to further grow in the decades ahead. The treatment of brain diseases is challenging partly due to the inaccessibility of therapeutic agents to the brain. An increasingly important observation is that the physiology of the brain alters during many brain diseases, and aging adds even more to the complexity of the disease. There is a notion that the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) increases with aging or disease, however, the body has a defense mechanism that still retains the separation of the brain from harmful chemicals in the blood. This makes drug delivery to the diseased brain, even more challenging and complex task. Here, the physiological changes to the diseased brain and aged brain are covered in the context of drug delivery to the brain using nanoparticles. Also, recent and novel approaches are discussed for the delivery of therapeutic agents to the diseased brain using nanoparticle based or magnetic resonance imaging guided systems. Furthermore, the complement activation, toxicity, and immunogenicity of brain targeting nanoparticles as well as novel in vitro BBB models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamir Islam
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Andrew G. Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
- Division of Pharmacy and OptometryThe University of ManchesterStopford Building, Oxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Jayden Smith
- Cambridge Innovation Technologies Consulting (CITC) LimitedSt. John's Innovation CentreCowley RoadCambridgeCB4 0WSUK
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesClifford Allbutt Building – Cambridge Biosciences Campus and NIHR Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeHills RoadCambridgeCB2 0HAUK
| | - Christopher R. Coxon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityWilliam Perkin BuildingEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Muttuswamy Sivakumaran
- Department of HaematologyPeterborough City HospitalEdith Cavell CampusBretton Gate PeterboroughPeterboroughPE3 9GZUK
| | - James Downing
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Amos A. Fatokun
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
| | - Meritxell Teixidò
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Baldiri Reixac 10Barcelona08028Spain
| | - Touraj Ehtezazi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityByrom StreetLiverpoolL3 3AFUK
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Huang P, Wu SP, Wang N, Seto S, Chang D. Hydroxysafflor yellow A alleviates cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by suppressing apoptosis via mitochondrial permeability transition pore. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153532. [PMID: 33735723 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are key cellular organelles that are essential for cell fate decisions. Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) has displayed an impressively essential role in protection of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, the mitochondrial effect of HSYA on Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (BMECs) under I/R remains to be largely unclear. PURPOSE To evaluate the protective effects of HSYA-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) on cerebral I/R injury and its mechanism. METHODS Cerebral I/R injury was established by the model of Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Furthermore, to further clarify the relevant mechanism of HSYA's effects on mPTP, inhibition of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) with U0126 and transfect with Cyclophilin D (CypD) SiRNA to reversely verified whether the protective effects of HSYA were exerted by regulating the Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/ERK/CypD pathway. RESULTS HSYA treatment significantly increased BMECs viability, decreased the generation of ROS, opening of mPTP and translocation of cytochrome c after OGD/R. In addition to inhibited CypD, HSYA potentiated MEK and increased phosphorylation of ERK expression in BMECs, inhibited apoptosis mediated by mitochondrial. Notably, HSYA also significantly ameliorated neurological deficits and decreased the infarct volume in rats. CONCLUSION HSYA reduced the CytC export from mitochondrial by inhibited the open of mPTP via MEK/ERK/CypD pathway, contributing to the protection of I/R. Thus, our study not only revealed novel mechanisms of HSYA for its anti-I/R function, but also provided a template for the design of novel mPTP inhibitor for the treatment of various mPTP-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Si-Peng Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ning Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Saiwang Seto
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dennis Chang
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University; Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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17
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Pierre K, Dyson K, Dagra A, Williams E, Porche K, Lucke-Wold B. Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: Update on Current Clinical Diagnosis and Management. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040415. [PMID: 33921385 PMCID: PMC8069746 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is a disease afflicting individuals exposed to repetitive neurotrauma. Unfortunately, diagnosis is made by postmortem pathologic analysis, and treatment options are primarily symptomatic. In this clinical update, we review clinical and pathologic diagnostic criteria and recommended symptomatic treatments. We also review animal models and recent discoveries from pre-clinical studies. Furthermore, we highlight the recent advances in diagnosis using diffusor tensor imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and the fluid biomarkers t-tau, sTREM2, CCL11, NFL, and GFAP. We also provide an update on emerging pharmaceutical treatments, including immunotherapies and those that target tau acetylation, tau phosphorylation, and inflammation. Lastly, we highlight the current literature gaps and guide future directions to further improve clinical diagnosis and management of patients suffering from this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Pierre
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.P.); (K.D.); (A.D.); (E.W.)
| | - Kyle Dyson
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.P.); (K.D.); (A.D.); (E.W.)
| | - Abeer Dagra
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.P.); (K.D.); (A.D.); (E.W.)
| | - Eric Williams
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (K.P.); (K.D.); (A.D.); (E.W.)
| | - Ken Porche
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA;
- Correspondence:
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18
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Gureev AP, Syromyatnikov MY, Ignatyeva DA, Valuyskikh VV, Solodskikh SA, Panevina AV, Gryaznova MV, Kokina AV, Popov VN. Effect of long-term methylene blue treatment on the composition of mouse gut microbiome and its relationship with the cognitive abilities of mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241784. [PMID: 33206681 PMCID: PMC7673545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, methylene blue (MB) has attracted considerable interest as a potential drug for the treatment of methemoglobinemia and neurodegenerative diseases. MB is active against microorganisms from various taxonomic groups. However, no studies have yet been conducted on the effect of MB on the intestinal microbiome of model animals. The aim of this work was to study the effect of different concentrations of MB on the mouse gut microbiome and its relationship with the cognitive abilities of mice. We showed that a low MB concentration (15 mg/kg/day) did not cause significant changes in the microbiome composition. The Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio decreased relative to the control on the 2nd and 3rd weeks. A slight decrease in the levels Actinobacteria was detected on the 3rd week of the experiment. Changes in the content of Delta, Gamma, and Epsilonproteobacteria have been also observed. We did not find significant alterations in the composition of intestinal microbiome, which could be an indication of the development of dysbiosis or other gut dysfunction. At the same time, a high concentration of MB (50 mg/kg/day) led to pronounced changes, primarily an increase in the levels of Delta, Gamma and Epsilonproteobacteria. Over 4 weeks of therapy, the treatment with high MB concentration has led to an increase in the median content of Proteobacteria to 7.49% vs. 1.61% in the control group. Finally, we found that MB at a concentration of 15 mg/kg/day improved the cognitive abilities of mice, while negative correlation between the content of Deferribacteres and cognitive parameters was revealed. Our data expand the understanding of the relationship between MB, cognitive abilities, and gut microbiome in respect to the antibacterial properties of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem P. Gureev
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu. Syromyatnikov
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Innovative Recombinant Proteomics, All-Russian Veterinary Research Institute of Pathology, Pharmacology and Therapy, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Daria A. Ignatyeva
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Valeria V. Valuyskikh
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Solodskikh
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Anna V. Panevina
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Maria V. Gryaznova
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Kokina
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Vasily N. Popov
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
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Xiong J, Gao Y, Li X, Li K, Li Q, Shen J, Han Z, Zhang J. Losartan Treatment Could Improve the Outcome of TBI Mice. Front Neurol 2020; 11:992. [PMID: 33178092 PMCID: PMC7593661 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury frequently leads to serious mortality and physical disability, yet effective treatments remains insufficient. TBI always leads to a series of secondary brain injuries including neuronal apoptosis, continuous inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Sartans that block angiotensin II type 1 receptors are strongly neuroprotective, neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory. However, whether losartan, a FDA-approved and widely used drug for regulating blood pressure, is beneficial for improving the prognosis of TBI need more evidence. Through a controlled cortical impact injury mice model, we confirmed that losartan treatment could ameliorate CCI-induced secondary brain injury. We found that losartan treatment decreased brain lesion volume, neuronal apoptosis and ER stress protein ATF4 and eIF2α. Moreover, our results showed that losartan also improved neurological and motor function. It is worth pointing out that losartan increased the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and alleviated brain edema and blood brain barrier leakage. Additionally, losartan inhibited pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α and improve anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. Taken together, our data demonstrated that losartan could improve the prognosis of TBI and may be a promising therapeutic method for mitigating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yalong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenying Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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20
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Kempuraj D, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Raikwar SP, Zaheer SA, Iyer SS, Govindarajan R, Nattanmai Chandrasekaran P, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Acute Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Neuroinflammatory Response and Neurovascular Disorders in the Brain. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:359-368. [PMID: 32955722 PMCID: PMC7502806 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, psychological disorders, increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and microvascular damage in the brain. Inflammatory mediators secreted from activated glial cells, neurons, and mast cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of TBI through secondary brain damage. Abnormalities or damage to the neurovascular unit is the indication of secondary injuries in the brain after TBI. However, the precise mechanisms of molecular and ultrastructural neurovascular alterations involved in the pathogenesis of acute TBI are not yet clearly understood. Moreover, currently, there are no precision-targeted effective treatment options to prevent the sequelae of TBI. In this study, mice were subjected to closed head weight-drop-induced acute TBI and evaluated neuroinflammatory and neurovascular alterations in the brain by immunofluorescence staining or quantitation by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure. Mast cell stabilizer drug cromolyn was administered to inhibit the neuroinflammatory response of TBI. Results indicate decreased level of pericyte marker platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta (PDGFR-β) and BBB-associated tight junction proteins junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the brains 7 days after weight-drop-induced acute TBI as compared with the brains from sham control mice indicating acute TBI-associated BBB/tight junction protein disruption. Further, the administration of cromolyn drug significantly inhibited acute TBI-associated decrease of PDGFR-β, JAM-A, and ZO-1 in the brain. These findings suggest that acute TBI causes BBB/tight junction damage and that cromolyn administration could protect this acute TBI-induced brain damage as well as its long-time consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,The Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Huang Q, Wang X, Lin X, Zhang J, You X, Shao A. The Role of Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction after Ischemic Stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110647. [PMID: 32858500 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability, demanding an ever-increasing need to find treatment. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are nonselective Ca2+-permeable channels, among which TRPC, TRPM, and TRPV are widely expressed in the brain. Dysfunction of the blood brain barrier (BBB) is a core feature of stroke and is associated with severity of injury. As studies have shown, TRP channels influence various neuronal functions by regulating the BBB. Here, we briefly review the role of TRP channel in the BBB dysfunction after stroke, and explore the therapeutic potential of TRP-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Huang
- Department of Echocardiography, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianyi Lin
- Department of anesthesiology, Sir run run shaw hospital, school of medicine, zhejiang university, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Brain Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong You
- Department of Echocardiography, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Yang L, Youngblood H, Wu C, Zhang Q. Mitochondria as a target for neuroprotection: role of methylene blue and photobiomodulation. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:19. [PMID: 32475349 PMCID: PMC7262767 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the formation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, which are important factors contributing to the development of brain disease. Ample evidence suggests mitochondria are a promising target for neuroprotection. Recently, methods targeting mitochondria have been considered as potential approaches for treatment of brain disease through the inhibition of inflammation and oxidative injury. This review will discuss two widely studied approaches for the improvement of brain mitochondrial respiration, methylene blue (MB) and photobiomodulation (PBM). MB is a widely studied drug with potential beneficial effects in animal models of brain disease, as well as limited human studies. Similarly, PBM is a non-invasive treatment that promotes energy production and reduces both oxidative stress and inflammation, and has garnered increasing attention in recent years. MB and PBM have similar beneficial effects on mitochondrial function, oxidative damage, inflammation, and subsequent behavioral symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying the energy enhancing, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of MB and PBM differ. This review will focus on mitochondrial dysfunction in several different brain diseases and the pathological improvements following MB and PBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hannah Youngblood
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Chongyun Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Quanguang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Liu D, Du D. Mulberry Fruit Extract Alleviates Cognitive Impairment by Promoting the Clearance of Amyloid-β and Inhibiting Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2009-2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The Delayed Neuroprotective Effect of Methylene Blue in Experimental Rat Brain Trauma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050377. [PMID: 32370131 PMCID: PMC7278725 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), an increase in dysfunction of the limbs contralateral to injury focus was observed. Using different behavioral tests, we found that a single intravenous injection of methylene blue (MB, 1 mg/kg) 30 min after the injury reduced the impairment of the motor functions of the limbs from 7 to 120 days after TBI. Administration of methylene blue 30 min after the injury and then monthly (six injections in total) was the most effective both in terms of preservation of limb function and duration of therapeutic action. This therapeutic effect was clearly manifested from the seventh day and continued until the end of the experiment-by the 180th day after TBI. MB is known to possess antioxidant properties; it has a protective effect against TBI by promoting autophagy and minimizing lesion volume in the first two weeks after TBI. Studies of the brains on the 180th day after TBI demonstrated that the monthly treatment of animals with MB statistically significantly prevented an increase in the density of microglial cells in the ipsilateral hemisphere and a decrease in the thickness of the corpus callosum in the contralateral hemisphere in comparison with untreated animals. However, on the 180th day after TBI, the magnetic resonance imaging scan of the animal brains did not show a significant reduction in the volume of the lesion in MB-treated animals. These findings are important for understanding the development of the long-term effects of TBI and expand the required therapeutic window for targeted neuroprotective interventions.
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