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Lin D, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhang H, Gao C, Lu F, Li M, Chen D, Lin Z, Yang B. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides GL-PPSQ 2 alleviate intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibiting cytotoxic neutrophil extracellular traps. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125370. [PMID: 37330081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptides (GLPP) are the main effective ingredients from G. lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory activities. We extracted and characterized a novel GLPP, named GL-PPSQ2, which were found to have 18 amino acids and 48 proteins, connected by O-glycosidic bonds. The monosaccharide composition of GL-PPSQ2 was determined to be composed of fucose, mannose, galactose and glucose with a molar ratio of 1: 1.45:2.37:16.46. By using asymmetric field-flow separation technique, GL-PPSQ2 were found to have a highly branched structure. Moreover, in an intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) mouse model, GL-PPSQ2 significantly increased the survival rate and alleviated intestinal mucosal hemorrhage, pulmonary permeability, and pulmonary edema. Meanwhile, GL-PPSQ2 significantly promoted intestinal tight junction, decreased inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis in the ileum and lung. Analysis with Gene Expression Omnibus series indicates that neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation plays an important role in intestinal I/R injury. GL-PPSQ2 remarkedly inhibited NETs-related protein myeloperoxidase (MPO) and citrulline-Histone H3 (citH3) expression. GL-PPSQ2 could alleviate intestinal I/R and its induced lung injury via inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular apoptosis, and cytotoxic NETs formation. This study proves that GL-PPSQ2 is a novel drug candidate for preventing and treating intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Saizhen Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Feng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dilong Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Zhanxi Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.
| | - Baoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China.
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Cumulative lifetime stressor exposure assessed by the STRAIN predicts economic ambiguity aversion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1686. [PMID: 35354811 PMCID: PMC8967930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28530-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty is inherent in most decisions humans make. Economists distinguish between two types of decision-making under non-certain conditions: those involving risk (i.e., known outcome probabilities) and those that involve ambiguity (i.e., unknown outcome probabilities). Prior research has identified individual differences that explain risk preferences, but little is known about factors associated with ambiguity aversion. Here, we hypothesized that cumulative exposure to major psychosocial stressors over the lifespan might be one factor that predicts individuals’ ambiguity aversion. Across two studies (Study 1: n = 58, Mage = 25.7; Study 2: n = 188, Mage = 39.81), we used a comprehensive lifetime stressor exposure inventory (i.e., the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults, or STRAIN) and a standard economic approach to quantify risk and ambiguity preferences. Greater lifetime stressor exposure as measured by the STRAIN, particularly in early life, was associated with higher aversion to ambiguity but not risk preferences. Uncertainty is a factor in most decisions. Here the authors quantify tolerance for two forms of economic uncertainty—risk and ambiguity—and show that greater lifetime stressor exposure (as assessed by a comprehensive lifetime stressor exposure inventory) was associated with higher aversion to decisions involving ambiguity, but not risk.
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Raio CM, Harp NR, Brown CC, Neta M. Reappraisal-but not Suppression-Tendencies Determine Negativity Bias After Laboratory and Real-World Stress Exposure. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2021; 2:455-467. [PMID: 34704072 PMCID: PMC8531907 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00059-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Higher reactivity to stress exposure is associated with an increased tendency to appraise ambiguous stimuli as negative. However, it remains unknown whether tendencies to use emotion regulation strategies—such as cognitive reappraisal, which involves altering the meaning or relevance of affective stimuli—can shape individual differences regarding how stress affects perceptions of ambiguity. Here, we examined whether increased reappraisal use is one factor that can determine whether stress exposure induces increased negativity bias. In Study 1, healthy participants (n = 43) rated the valence of emotionally ambiguous (surprised) faces before and after an acute stress or control manipulation and reported reappraisal habits. Increased negativity ratings were milder for stressed individuals that reported more habitual reappraisal use. In Study 2 (n = 97), we extended this investigation to real-world perceived stress before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that reappraisal tendency moderates the relationship between perceived stress and increased negativity bias. Collectively, these findings suggest that the propensity to reappraise determines negativity bias when evaluating ambiguity under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace M. Raio
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Nicholas R. Harp
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Catherine C. Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Maital Neta
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
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4
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Marxen M, Jacob MJ, Hellrung L, Riedel P, Smolka MN. Questioning the role of amygdala and insula in an attentional capture by emotional stimuli task. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1257-1267. [PMID: 33216427 PMCID: PMC7927307 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our senses are constantly monitoring the environment for emotionally salient stimuli that are potentially relevant for survival. Because of our limited cognitive resources, emotionally salient distractors prolong reaction times (RTs) as compared to neutral distractors. In addition, many studies have reported fMRI blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) activation of both the amygdala and the anterior insula for similar valence contrasts. However, a direct correlation of trail-by-trial BOLD activity with RTs has not been shown, yet, which would be a crucial piece of evidence to relate the two observations. To investigate the role of the above two regions in the context of emotional distractor effects, we study here the correlation between BOLD activity and RTs for a simple attentional capture by emotional stimuli (ACES) choice reaction time task using a general linear subject-level model with a parametric RT regressor. We found significant regression coefficients in the anterior insula, supplementary motor cortex, medial precentral regions, sensory-motor areas and others, but not in the amygdala, despite activation of both insula and amygdala in the traditional valence contrast across trials (i.e., negative vs. neutral pictures). In addition, we found that subjects that exhibit a stronger RT distractor effect across trials also show a stronger BOLD valence contrast in the right anterior insula but not in the amygdala. Our results indicate that the current neuroimaging-based evidence for the involvement of the amygdala in RT slowing is limited. We advocate that models of emotional capture should incorporate both the amygdala and the anterior insula as separate entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marxen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Mark J. Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Lydia Hellrung
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
- Department of EconomicsUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Philipp Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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5
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Neta M, Brock RL. Social connectedness and negative affect uniquely explain individual differences in response to emotional ambiguity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3870. [PMID: 33594094 PMCID: PMC7886913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Negativity bias is not only central to mood and anxiety disorders, but can powerfully impact our decision-making across domains (e.g., financial, medical, social). This project builds on previous work examining negativity bias using dual-valence ambiguity. Specifically, although some facial expressions have a relatively clear negative (angry) or positive valence (happy), surprised expressions are interpreted negatively by some and positively by others, providing insight into one's valence bias. Here, we examine putative sources of variability that distinguish individuals with a more negative versus positive valence bias using structural equation modeling. Our model reveals that one's propensity toward negativity (operationalized as temperamental negative affect and internalizing symptomology) predicts valence bias particularly in older adulthood when a more positive bias is generally expected. Further, variability in social connectedness (a propensity to seek out social connections, use those connections to regulate one's own emotions, and be empathic) emerges as a notable and unique predictor of valence bias, likely because these traits help to override an initial, default negativity. We argue that this task represents an important approach to examining variability in affective bias, and can be specifically useful across the lifespan and in populations with internalizing disorders or even subclinical symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maital Neta
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Brock
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, USA
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Li Y, Richardson RM, Ghuman AS. Posterior Fusiform and Midfusiform Contribute to Distinct Stages of Facial Expression Processing. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:3209-3219. [PMID: 30124788 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the fusiform is well-established as a key node in the face perception network, its role in facial expression processing remains unclear, due to competing models and discrepant findings. To help resolve this debate, we recorded from 17 subjects with intracranial electrodes implanted in face sensitive patches of the fusiform. Multivariate classification analysis showed that facial expression information is represented in fusiform activity and in the same regions that represent identity, though with a smaller effect size. Examination of the spatiotemporal dynamics revealed a functional distinction between posterior fusiform and midfusiform expression coding, with posterior fusiform showing an early peak of facial expression sensitivity at around 180 ms after subjects viewed a face and midfusiform showing a later and extended peak between 230 and 460 ms. These results support the hypothesis that the fusiform plays a role in facial expression perception and highlight a qualitative functional distinction between processing in posterior fusiform and midfusiform, with each contributing to temporally segregated stages of expression perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Li
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Program in Neural Computation and Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R Mark Richardson
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Avniel Singh Ghuman
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Program in Neural Computation and Machine Learning, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Lee TH, Perino MT, McElwain NL, Telzer EH. Perceiving facial affective ambiguity: A behavioral and neural comparison of adolescents and adults. Emotion 2020; 20:501-506. [PMID: 30628818 PMCID: PMC6620165 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined perceptual differences between adults and youth in perceiving ambiguous facial expressions. We estimated individuals' internal representation for facial expressions and compared it between age groups (adolescents: N = 108, Mage = 13.04 years, 43.52% female; adults: N = 81, Mage = 31.54, 65.43% female). We found that adolescents' perceptual representation for facial emotion is broader than that of adults', such that adolescents experience more difficulty in identifying subtle configurational differences of facial expressions. At the neural level, perceptual uncertainty in face-selective regions (e.g., fusiform face area, occipital face area) were significantly higher for adolescents than for adults, suggesting that adolescents' brains more similarly represent lower intensity emotional faces than do adults'. Our results provide evidence for age-related differences concerning psychophysical differences in perceptual representation of emotional faces at the neural and behavioral level. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael T. Perino
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
| | - Nancy L. McElwain
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, UIUC
| | - Eva H. Telzer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Petro NM, Tong TT, Henley DJ, Neta M. Individual differences in valence bias: fMRI evidence of the initial negativity hypothesis. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2018; 13:687-698. [PMID: 29931375 PMCID: PMC6121148 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions offer an ecologically valid model for examining individual differences in affective decision-making. They convey an emotional signal from a social agent and provide important predictive information about one's environment (presence of potential rewards or threats). Although some expressions provide clear predictive information (angry, happy), others (surprised) are ambiguous in that they predict both positive and negative outcomes. Thus, surprised faces can delineate an individual's valence bias, or the tendency to interpret ambiguity as positive or negative. Our initial negativity hypothesis suggests that the initial response to ambiguity is negative, and that positivity relies on emotion regulation. We tested this hypothesis by comparing brain activity during explicit emotion regulation (reappraisal) and while freely viewing facial expressions, and measuring the relationship between brain activity and valence bias. Brain regions recruited during reappraisal showed greater activity for surprise in individuals with an increasingly positive valence bias. Additionally, we linked amygdala activity with an initial negativity, revealing a pattern similarity in individuals with negative bias between viewing surprised faces and maintaining negativity. Finally, these individuals failed to show normal habituation to clear negativity. These results support the initial negativity hypothesis, and are consistent with emotion research in both children and adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Petro
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Tien T Tong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel J Henley
- Department of Advertising and Public Relations, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Maital Neta
- Center for Brain, Biology, and Behavior, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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9
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Cortisol responses enhance negative valence perception for ambiguous facial expressions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15107. [PMID: 29118319 PMCID: PMC5678141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure elicits a prolonged neuroendocrine response, marked by cortisol release, which can influence important forms of affective decision-making. Identifying how stress reactivity shapes subjective biases in decisions about emotional ambiguity (i.e., valence bias) provides insight into the role stress plays in basic affective processing for healthy and clinical populations alike. Here, we sought to examine how stress reactivity affects valence decisions about emotional ambiguity. Given that stress prioritizes automatic emotional processing which, in the context of valence bias, is associated with increased negativity, we tested how individual differences in acute stress responses influence valence bias and how this decision process evolves over time. Participants provided baseline ratings of clear (happy, angry) and ambiguous (surprised) facial expressions, then re-rated similar stimuli after undergoing an acute stress or control manipulation a week later; salivary cortisol was measured throughout to assay stress reactivity. Elevations in cortisol were associated with more negative ratings of surprised faces, and with more direct response trajectories toward negative ratings (i.e., less response competition). These effects were selectively driven by the stress group, evidencing that increased stress reactivity is associated with a stronger negativity bias during ambiguous affective decision-making.
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10
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Concussion is defined as a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain. Although the cumulative and long-term effects of multiple concussions are now well documented on cognitive and motor function, little is known about their effects on emotion recognition. Recent studies have suggested that concussion can result in emotional sequelae, particularly in females and multi-concussed athletes. The objective of this study was to investigate sex-related differences in emotion recognition in asymptomatic male and female multi-concussed athletes. METHODS We tested 28 control athletes (15 males) and 22 multi-concussed athletes (10 males) more than a year since the last concussion. Participants completed the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, a neuropsychological test battery and a morphed emotion recognition task. Pictures of a male face expressing basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) morphed with another emotion were randomly presented. After each face presentation, participants were asked to indicate the emotion expressed by the face. RESULTS Results revealed significant sex by group interactions in accuracy and intensity threshold for negative emotions, together with significant main effects of emotion and group. CONCLUSIONS Male concussed athletes were significantly impaired in recognizing negative emotions and needed more emotional intensity to correctly identify these emotions, compared to same-sex controls. In contrast, female concussed athletes performed similarly to same-sex controls. These findings suggest that sex significantly modulates concussion effects on emotional facial expression recognition. (JINS, 2017, 23, 65-77).
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Bourne VJ, Vladeanu M. Depression or anxiety: which is best able to predict patterns of lateralisation for the processing of emotional faces? Cogn Emot 2016; 31:201-208. [PMID: 26418267 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1089841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that both anxiety and depression are associated with strength of lateralisation for the processing of emotive faces, although these clinical measures have always been considered in separate studies. In the present study, we measure depression and anxiety, within the same non-clinical sample, and consider whether these variables can predict strength of lateralisation, measured using the chimeric faces test. There are two key findings from this study. First, for females only, anxiety is negatively associated with right hemispheric superiority for processing of negative emotional expressions. Second, there was only one finding for depression, showing a relationship with strength of lateralisation for the processing of fearful faces that differed according to sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Bourne
- a Department of Psychology , Royal Holloway, University of London , Surrey , UK
| | - Matei Vladeanu
- b Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience , King's College, University of London , London , UK
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Visser RM, Haver P, Zwitser RJ, Scholte HS, Kindt M. First Steps in Using Multi-Voxel Pattern Analysis to Disentangle Neural Processes Underlying Generalization of Spider Fear. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:222. [PMID: 27303278 PMCID: PMC4882315 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A core symptom of anxiety disorders is the tendency to interpret ambiguous information as threatening. Using electroencephalography and blood oxygenation level dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI), several studies have begun to elucidate brain processes involved in fear-related perceptual biases, but thus far mainly found evidence for general hypervigilance in high fearful individuals. Recently, multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) has become popular for decoding cognitive states from distributed patterns of neural activation. Here, we used this technique to assess whether biased fear generalization, characteristic of clinical fear, is already present during the initial perception and categorization of a stimulus, or emerges during the subsequent interpretation of a stimulus. Individuals with low spider fear (n = 20) and high spider fear (n = 18) underwent functional MRI scanning while viewing series of schematic flowers morphing to spiders. In line with previous studies, individuals with high fear of spiders were behaviorally more likely to classify ambiguous morphs as spiders than individuals with low fear of spiders. Univariate analyses of BOLD-MRI data revealed stronger activation toward spider pictures in high fearful individuals compared to low fearful individuals in numerous areas. Yet, neither average activation, nor support vector machine classification (i.e., a form of MVPA) matched the behavioral results – i.e., a biased response toward ambiguous stimuli – in any of the regions of interest. This may point to limitations of the current design, and to challenges associated with classifying emotional and neutral stimuli in groups that differ in their judgment of emotionality. Improvements for future research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M Visser
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pia Haver
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert J Zwitser
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - H Steven Scholte
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Brain and Cognition, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merel Kindt
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
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Achaibou A, Loth E, Bishop SJ. Distinct frontal and amygdala correlates of change detection for facial identity and expression. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:225-33. [PMID: 26245835 PMCID: PMC4733333 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of 'top-down' frontal attentional mechanisms is held to support detection of changes in task-relevant stimuli. Fluctuations in intrinsic frontal activity have been shown to impact task performance more generally. Meanwhile, the amygdala has been implicated in 'bottom-up' attentional capture by threat. Here, 22 adult human participants took part in a functional magnetic resonance change detection study aimed at investigating the correlates of successful (vs failed) detection of changes in facial identity vs expression. For identity changes, we expected prefrontal recruitment to differentiate 'hit' from 'miss' trials, in line with previous reports. Meanwhile, we postulated that a different mechanism would support detection of emotionally salient changes. Specifically, elevated amygdala activation was predicted to be associated with successful detection of threat-related changes in expression, over-riding the influence of fluctuations in top-down attention. Our findings revealed that fusiform activity tracked change detection across conditions. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortical activity was uniquely linked to detection of changes in identity not expression, and amygdala activity to detection of changes from neutral to fearful expressions. These results are consistent with distinct mechanisms supporting detection of changes in face identity vs expression, the former potentially reflecting top-down attention, the latter bottom-up attentional capture by stimulus emotional salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Achaibou
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA and
| | - Eva Loth
- Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sonia J Bishop
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, UC Berkeley, CA 94720, USA and
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