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Adler LA, Anbarasan D, Leon T, Sardoff T, Descorbeth O, Cho D, Stern Y, Kraft O, Hendler T, Marmar CR. Pilot Study of Prism EFP NeuroFeedback in Adult ADHD. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:905-912. [PMID: 38152997 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231215283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A pilot study to preliminarily examine the effects of Prism EFP NeuroFeedback (NF) in adult ADHD. METHOD Prism EFP NF is a form of NF specifically designed to target emotional dysregulation (ED) through down regulation of amygdala activity. Prism EFP NF has been shown to improve other disorders with significant ED. Nine participants with adult ADHD received an open trial of Prism EFP NF consisting of fifteen sessions over 8 weeks; all completed at least 5 weeks of treatment with seven completing all 8 weeks. Outcomes were assessed by change in ADHD symptoms from baseline to End of Treatment. RESULTS About two-third reduction was seen in total DSM ADHD symptom scores (primary outcome measure) with improvement observed in all other clinical measures. No significant adverse events were seen. CONCLUSION This preliminary trial found substantial effects of Prism EFP NF on ADHD/ED symptoms and global impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Terry Leon
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Dayeon Cho
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Talma Hendler
- GrayMatters Health, Haifa, Israel
- Tel Aviv University, Israel
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2
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Wang X, Zhou X, Li J, Gong Y, Feng Z. A feasibility study of goal-directed network-based real-time fMRI neurofeedback for anhedonic depression. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1253727. [PMID: 38125285 PMCID: PMC10732355 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1253727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhedonia is a hallmark symptom of depression that often lacks adequate interventions. The translational gap remains in clinical treatments based on neural substrates of anhedonia. Our pilot study found that depressed individuals depended less on goal-directed (GD) reward learning (RL), with reduced reward prediction error (RPE) BOLD signal. Previous studies have found that anhedonia is related to abnormal activities and/or functional connectivities of the central executive network (CEN) and salience network (SN), both of which belong to the goal-directed system. In addition, it was found that real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback (NF) could improve the balance between CEN and SN in healthy individuals. Therefore, we speculate that rt-fMRI NF of the CEN and SN associated with the GD system may improve depressive and/or anhedonic symptoms. Therefore, this study (1) will examine individuals with anhedonic depression using GD-RL behavioral task, combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging and computational modeling to explore the role of CEN/SN deficits in anhedonic depression; and (2) will utilize network-based rt-fMRI NF to investigate whether it is feasible to regulate the differential signals of brain CEN/SN of GD system through rt-fMRI NF to alleviate depressive and/or anhedonic symptoms. This study highlights the need to elucidate the intervention effects of rt-fMRI NF and the underlying computational network neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Chongqing City Mental Health Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yushun Gong
- Department of Medical Equipment and Metrology, College of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengzhi Feng
- School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Fede SJ, Kisner MA, Dean SF, Kerich M, Roopchansingh V, Diazgranados N, Momenan R. Selecting an optimal real-time fMRI neurofeedback method for alcohol craving control training. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14367. [PMID: 37326428 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback (rt-fMRI-NF) is a technique in which information about an individual's neural state is given back to them, typically to enable and reinforce neuromodulation. Its clinical potential has been demonstrated in several applications, but lack of evidence on optimal parameters limits clinical utility of the technique. This study aimed to identify optimal parameters for rt-fMRI-NF-aided craving regulation training in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Adults with AUD (n = 30) participated in a single-session study of four runs of rt-fMRI-NF where they downregulated "craving-related" brain activity. They received one of three types of neurofeedback: multi-region of interest (ROI), support vector machine with continuous feedback (cSVM), and support vector machine with intermittent feedback (iSVM). Performance was assessed on the success rate, change in neural downregulation, and change in self-reported craving for alcohol. Participants had more successful trials in run 4 versus 1, as well as improved downregulation of the insula, anterior cingulate, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Greater downregulation of the latter two regions predicted greater reduction in craving. iSVM performed significantly worse than the other two methods. Downregulation of the striatum and dlPFC, enabled by ROI but not cSVM neurofeedback, was correlated with a greater reduction in craving. rt-fMRI-NF training for downregulation of alcohol craving in individuals with AUD shows potential for clinical use, though this pilot study should be followed with a larger randomized-control trial before clinical meaningfulness can be established. Preliminary results suggest an advantage of multi-ROI over SVM and intermittent feedback approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Fede
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Mallory A Kisner
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah F Dean
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike Kerich
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vinai Roopchansingh
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy Diazgranados
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Reza Momenan
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Dehghani A, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Hossein-Zadeh GA. Neural modulation enhancement using connectivity-based EEG neurofeedback with simultaneous fMRI for emotion regulation. Neuroimage 2023; 279:120320. [PMID: 37586444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Emotion regulation plays a key role in human behavior and overall well-being. Neurofeedback is a non-invasive self-brain training technique used for emotion regulation to enhance brain function and treatment of mental disorders through behavioral changes. Previous neurofeedback research often focused on using activity from a single brain region as measured by fMRI or power from one or two EEG electrodes. In a new study, we employed connectivity-based EEG neurofeedback through recalling positive autobiographical memories and simultaneous fMRI to upregulate positive emotion. In our novel approach, the feedback was determined by the coherence of EEG electrodes rather than the power of one or two electrodes. We compared the efficiency of this connectivity-based neurofeedback to traditional activity-based neurofeedback through multiple experiments. The results showed that connectivity-based neurofeedback effectively improved BOLD signal change and connectivity in key emotion regulation regions such as the amygdala, thalamus, and insula, and increased EEG frontal asymmetry, which is a biomarker for emotion regulation and treatment of mental disorders such as PTSD, anxiety, and depression and coherence among EEG channels. The psychometric evaluations conducted both before and after the neurofeedback experiments revealed that participants demonstrated improvements in enhancing positive emotions and reducing negative emotions when utilizing connectivity-based neurofeedback, as compared to traditional activity-based and sham neurofeedback approaches. These findings suggest that connectivity-based neurofeedback may be a superior method for regulating emotions and could be a useful alternative therapy for mental disorders, providing individuals with greater control over their brain and mental functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Dehghani
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran; Departments of Radiology and Research Administration, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gholam-Ali Hossein-Zadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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5
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Sergiou CS, Tatti E, Romanella SM, Santarnecchi E, Weidema AD, Rassin EG, Franken IH, van Dongen JD. The effect of HD-tDCS on brain oscillations and frontal synchronicity during resting-state EEG in violent offenders with a substance dependence. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100374. [PMID: 36875007 PMCID: PMC9982047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Violence is a major problem in our society and therefore research into the neural underpinnings of aggression has grown exponentially. Although in the past decade the biological underpinnings of aggressive behavior have been examined, research on neural oscillations in violent offenders during resting-state electroencephalography (rsEEG) remains scarce. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) on frontal theta, alpha and beta frequency power, asymmetrical frontal activity, and frontal synchronicity in violent offenders. Fifty male violent forensic patients diagnosed with a substance dependence were included in a double-blind sham-controlled randomized study. The patients received 20 minutes of HD-tDCS two times a day on five consecutive days. Before and after the intervention, the patients underwent a rsEEG task. Results showed no effect of HD-tDCS on the power in the different frequency bands. Also, no increase in asymmetrical activity was found. However, we found increased synchronicity in frontal regions in the alpha and beta frequency bands indicating enhanced connectivity in frontal brain regions as a result of the HD-tDCS-intervention. This study has enhanced our understanding of the neural underpinnings of aggression and violence, pointing to the importance of alpha and beta frequency bands and their connectivity in frontal brain regions. Although future studies should further investigate the complex neural underpinnings of aggression in different populations and using whole-brain connectivity, it can be suggested with caution, that HD-tDCS could be an innovative method to regain frontal synchronicity in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen S. Sergiou
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisa Tatti
- City College of New York (CUNY) School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sara M. Romanella
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alix D. Weidema
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric G.C Rassin
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ingmar H.A. Franken
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josanne D.M. van Dongen
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Marxen M, Graff JE, Riedel P, Smolka MN. Observing cognitive processes in time through functional MRI model comparison. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:1359-1370. [PMID: 36288248 PMCID: PMC9921218 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal specificity of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is limited by a sluggish and locally variable hemodynamic response trailing the neural activity by seconds. Here, we demonstrate for an attention capture paradigm that it is, never the less, possible to extract information about the relative timing of regional brain activity during cognitive processes on the scale of 100 ms by comparing alternative signal models representing early versus late activation. We demonstrate that model selection is not driven by confounding regional differences in hemodynamic delay. We show, including replication, that the activity in the dorsal anterior insula is an early signal predictive of behavioral performance, while amygdala and ventral anterior insula signals are not. This specific finding provides new insights into how the brain assigns salience to stimuli and emphasizes the role of the dorsal anterior insula in this context. The general analytic approach, named "Cognitive Timing through Model Comparison" (CTMC), offers an exciting and novel method to identify functional brain subunits and their causal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marxen
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna E Graff
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Philipp Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Dehghani A, Soltanian-Zadeh H, Hossein-Zadeh GA. Probing fMRI brain connectivity and activity changes during emotion regulation by EEG neurofeedback. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 16:988890. [PMID: 36684847 PMCID: PMC9853008 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.988890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of several emotion regulation studies using neurofeedback, interactions among a small number of regions were evaluated, and therefore, further investigation is needed to understand the interactions of the brain regions involved in emotion regulation. We implemented electroencephalography (EEG) neurofeedback with simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a modified happiness-inducing task through autobiographical memories to upregulate positive emotion. Then, an explorative analysis of whole brain regions was done to understand the effect of neurofeedback on brain activity and the interaction of whole brain regions involved in emotion regulation. The participants in the control and experimental groups were asked to do emotion regulation while viewing positive images of autobiographical memories and getting sham or real (based on alpha asymmetry) EEG neurofeedback, respectively. The proposed multimodal approach quantified the effects of EEG neurofeedback in changing EEG alpha power, fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activity of prefrontal, occipital, parietal, and limbic regions (up to 1.9% increase), and functional connectivity in/between prefrontal, parietal, limbic system, and insula in the experimental group. New connectivity links were identified by comparing the brain functional connectivity between experimental conditions (Upregulation and View blocks) and also by comparing the brain connectivity of the experimental and control groups. Psychometric assessments confirmed significant changes in positive and negative mood states in the experimental group by neurofeedback. Based on the exploratory analysis of activity and connectivity among all brain regions involved in emotion regions, we found significant BOLD and functional connectivity increases due to EEG neurofeedback in the experimental group, but no learning effect was observed in the control group. The results reveal several new connections among brain regions as a result of EEG neurofeedback which can be justified according to emotion regulation models and the role of those regions in emotion regulation and recalling positive autobiographical memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Dehghani
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States,*Correspondence: Amin Dehghani, ,
| | - Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,Medical Image Analysis Lab, Department of Radiology and Research Administration, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States,School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam-Ali Hossein-Zadeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,School of Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
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8
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Tonnaer F, van Zutphen L, Raine A, Cima M. Amygdala connectivity and aggression. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 197:87-106. [PMID: 37633721 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821375-9.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurobiological models propose that reactive aggression is predicated on impairments in amygdala-prefrontal connectivity that subserves moral decision-making and emotion regulation. The amygdala is a key component within this neural network that modulates reactive aggression. We provide a review of amygdala dysfunctional brain networks leading to reactive aggressive behavior. We elaborate on key concepts, focusing on moral decision-making and emotion regulation in a developmental context, and brain network connectivity factors relating to amygdala (dys)function-factors which we suggest predispose to reactive aggression. We additionally discuss insights into the latest treatment interventions, providing the utilization of the scientific findings for practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Tonnaer
- Department of Research, Ventio Crime Prevention Science Institute, Rijckholt, The Netherlands
| | - Linda van Zutphen
- Department of Conditions for LifeLong Learning, Educational Sciences, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Raine
- Department of Criminology, Richard Perry University, Berkeley, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maaike Cima
- Department of Research, Ventio Crime Prevention Science Institute, Rijckholt, The Netherlands; Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Research, VIGO Groep, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Caria A, Grecucci A. Neuroanatomical predictors of real‐time
fMRI
‐based anterior insula regulation. A supervised machine learning study. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14237. [PMID: 36523140 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence showed that learned control of metabolic activity in selected brain regions can support emotion regulation. Notably, a number of studies demonstrated that neurofeedback-based regulation of fMRI activity in several emotion-related areas leads to modifications of emotional behavior along with changes of neural activity in local and distributed networks, in both healthy individuals and individuals with emotional disorders. However, the current understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying self-regulation of the emotional brain, as well as their relationship with other emotion regulation strategies, is still limited. In this study, we attempted to delineate neuroanatomical regions mediating real-time fMRI-based emotion regulation by exploring whole brain GM and WM features predictive of self-regulation of anterior insula (AI) activity, a neuromodulation procedure that can successfully support emotional brain regulation in healthy individuals and patients. To this aim, we employed a multivariate kernel ridge regression model to assess brain volumetric features, at regional and network level, predictive of real-time fMRI-based AI regulation. Our results showed that several GM regions including fronto-occipital and medial temporal areas and the basal ganglia as well as WM regions including the fronto-occipital fasciculus, tapetum and fornix significantly predicted learned AI regulation. Remarkably, we observed a substantial contribution of the cerebellum in relation to both the most effective regulation run and average neurofeedback performance. Overall, our findings highlighted specific neurostructural features contributing to individual differences of AI-guided emotion regulation. Notably, such neuroanatomical topography partially overlaps with the neurofunctional network associated with cognitive emotion regulation strategies, suggesting common neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caria
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento Rovereto Italy
| | - Alessandro Grecucci
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science University of Trento Rovereto Italy
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10
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Goldway N, Jalon I, Keynan JN, Hellrung L, Horstmann A, Paret C, Hendler T. Feasibility and utility of amygdala neurofeedback. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 138:104694. [PMID: 35623447 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Amygdala NeuroFeedback (NF) have the potential of being a valuable non-invasive intervention tool in many psychiatric disporders. However, the feasibility and best practices of this method have not been systematically examined. The current article presents a review of amygdala-NF studies, an analytic summary of study design parameters, and examination of brain mechanisms related to successful amygdala-NF performance. A meta-analysis of 33 publications showed that real amygdala-NF facilitates learned modulation compared to control conditions. In addition, while variability in study dsign parameters is high, these design choices are implicitly organized by the targeted valence domain (positive or negative). However, in most cases the neuro-behavioral effects of targeting such domains were not directly assessed. Lastly, re-analyzing six data sets of amygdala-fMRI-NF revealed that successful amygdala down-modulation is coupled with deactivation of the posterior insula and nodes in the Default-Mode-Network. Our findings suggest that amygdala self-modulation can be acquired using NF. Yet, additional controlled studies, relevant behavioral tasks before and after NF intervention, and neural 'target engagement' measures are critically needed to establish efficacy and specificity. In addition, the fMRI analysis presented here suggest that common accounts regarding the brain network involved in amygdala NF might reflect unsuccessful modulation attempts rather than successful modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Goldway
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Itamar Jalon
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv, Israel; School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jackob N Keynan
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lydia Hellrung
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christian Paret
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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11
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Riha C, Güntensperger D, Kleinjung T, Meyer M. Recovering Hidden Responder Groups in Individuals Receiving Neurofeedback for Tinnitus. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:867704. [PMID: 35812211 PMCID: PMC9261875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.867704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread understanding that chronic tinnitus is a heterogeneous phenomenon with various neural oscillatory profiles has spurred investigations into individualized approaches in its treatment. Neurofeedback, as a non-invasive tool for altering neural activity, has become increasingly popular in the personalized treatment of a wide range of neuropsychological disorders. Despite the success of neurofeedback on the group level, the variability in the treatment efficacy on the individual level is high, and evidence from recent studies shows that only a small number of people can effectively modulate the desired aspects of neural activity. To reveal who may be more suitable, and hence benefit most from neurofeedback treatment, we classified individuals into unobserved subgroups with similar oscillatory trajectories during the treatment and investigated how subgroup membership was predicted by a series of characteristics. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify distinct latent subgroups with similar oscillatory trajectories among 50 individuals suffering from chronic subjective tinnitus (38 male, 12 female, mean age = 47.1 ± 12.84) across 15 neurofeedback training sessions. Further, the impact of characteristics and how they predicted the affiliation in the identified subgroups was evaluated by including measures of demographics, tinnitus-specific (Tinnitus Handicap Inventory) and depression variables, as well as subjective quality of life subscales (World Health Organization—Quality of Life Questionnaire), and health-related quality of life subscales (Short Form-36) in a logistic regression analysis. A latent class model could be fitted to the longitudinal data with a high probability of correctly classifying distinct oscillatory patterns into 3 different groups: non-responder (80%), responder (16%), and decliner (4%). Further, our results show that the health-related wellbeing subscale of the Short Form-36 questionnaire was differentially associated with the groups. However, due to the small sample size in the Responder group, we are not able to provide sufficient evidence for a distinct responder profile. Nevertheless, the identification of oscillatory change-rate differences across distinct groups of individuals provides the groundwork from which to tease apart the complex and heterogeneous oscillatory processes underlying tinnitus and the attempts to modify these through neurofeedback. While more research is needed, our results and the analytical approach presented may bring clarity to contradictory past findings in the field of tinnitus research, and eventually influence clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Riha
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Research Priority Program “ESIT—European School of Interdisciplinary Tinnitus Research,” Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Constanze Riha, , orcid.org/0000-0002-6006-7018
| | | | - Tobias Kleinjung
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Meyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program “Dynamics of Healthy Aging,” University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Lubianiker N, Paret C, Dayan P, Hendler T. Neurofeedback through the lens of reinforcement learning. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:579-593. [PMID: 35550813 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of experimental and clinical practice, the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying neurofeedback (NF) training remain obscure. NF is a unique form of reinforcement learning (RL) task, during which participants are provided with rewarding feedback regarding desired changes in neural patterns. However, key RL considerations - including choices during practice, prediction errors, credit-assignment problems, or the exploration-exploitation tradeoff - have infrequently been considered in the context of NF. We offer an RL-based framework for NF, describing different internal states, actions, and rewards in common NF protocols, thus fashioning new proposals for characterizing, predicting, and hastening the course of learning. In this way we hope to advance current understanding of neural regulation via NF, and ultimately to promote its effectiveness, personalization, and clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Lubianiker
- School of Psychological Sciences, Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Christian Paret
- School of Psychological Sciences, Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Dayan
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Talma Hendler
- School of Psychological Sciences, Gershon H. Gordon Faculty of Social Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol school of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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13
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Heunis S, Breeuwer M, Caballero-Gaudes C, Hellrung L, Huijbers W, Jansen JF, Lamerichs R, Zinger S, Aldenkamp AP. The effects of multi-echo fMRI combination and rapid T 2*-mapping on offline and real-time BOLD sensitivity. Neuroimage 2021; 238:118244. [PMID: 34116148 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of strategies are used to combine multi-echo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, yet recent literature lacks a systematic comparison of the available options. Here we compare six different approaches derived from multi-echo data and evaluate their influences on BOLD sensitivity for offline and in particular real-time use cases: a single-echo time series (based on Echo 2), the real-time T2*-mapped time series (T2*FIT) and four combined time series (T2*-weighted, tSNR-weighted, TE-weighted, and a new combination scheme termed T2*FIT-weighted). We compare the influences of these six multi-echo derived time series on BOLD sensitivity using a healthy participant dataset (N = 28) with four task-based fMRI runs and two resting state runs. We show that the T2*FIT-weighted combination yields the largest increase in temporal signal-to-noise ratio across task and resting state runs. We demonstrate additionally for all tasks that the T2*FIT time series consistently yields the largest offline effect size measures and real-time region-of-interest based functional contrasts and temporal contrast-to-noise ratios. These improvements show the promising utility of multi-echo fMRI for studies employing real-time paradigms, while further work is advised to mitigate the decreased tSNR of the T2*FIT time series. We recommend the use and continued exploration of T2*FIT for offline task-based and real-time region-based fMRI analysis. Supporting information includes: a data repository (https://dataverse.nl/dataverse/rt-me-fmri), an interactive web-based application to explore the data (https://rt-me-fmri.herokuapp.com/), and further materials and code for reproducibility (https://github.com/jsheunis/rt-me-fMRI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Heunis
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychology, Education and Child studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Breeuwer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Philips Healthcare, Best, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lydia Hellrung
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Willem Huijbers
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Philips Research, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jacobus Fa Jansen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rolf Lamerichs
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands; Philips Research, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Svitlana Zinger
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands
| | - Albert P Aldenkamp
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; Department of Research and Development, Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, the Netherlands; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Neuropsychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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14
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Haugg A, Renz FM, Nicholson AA, Lor C, Götzendorfer SJ, Sladky R, Skouras S, McDonald A, Craddock C, Hellrung L, Kirschner M, Herdener M, Koush Y, Papoutsi M, Keynan J, Hendler T, Cohen Kadosh K, Zich C, Kohl SH, Hallschmid M, MacInnes J, Adcock RA, Dickerson KC, Chen NK, Young K, Bodurka J, Marxen M, Yao S, Becker B, Auer T, Schweizer R, Pamplona G, Lanius RA, Emmert K, Haller S, Van De Ville D, Kim DY, Lee JH, Marins T, Megumi F, Sorger B, Kamp T, Liew SL, Veit R, Spetter M, Weiskopf N, Scharnowski F, Steyrl D. Predictors of real-time fMRI neurofeedback performance and improvement - A machine learning mega-analysis. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118207. [PMID: 34048901 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback is an increasingly popular neuroimaging technique that allows an individual to gain control over his/her own brain signals, which can lead to improvements in behavior in healthy participants as well as to improvements of clinical symptoms in patient populations. However, a considerably large ratio of participants undergoing neurofeedback training do not learn to control their own brain signals and, consequently, do not benefit from neurofeedback interventions, which limits clinical efficacy of neurofeedback interventions. As neurofeedback success varies between studies and participants, it is important to identify factors that might influence neurofeedback success. Here, for the first time, we employed a big data machine learning approach to investigate the influence of 20 different design-specific (e.g. activity vs. connectivity feedback), region of interest-specific (e.g. cortical vs. subcortical) and subject-specific factors (e.g. age) on neurofeedback performance and improvement in 608 participants from 28 independent experiments. With a classification accuracy of 60% (considerably different from chance level), we identified two factors that significantly influenced neurofeedback performance: Both the inclusion of a pre-training no-feedback run before neurofeedback training and neurofeedback training of patients as compared to healthy participants were associated with better neurofeedback performance. The positive effect of pre-training no-feedback runs on neurofeedback performance might be due to the familiarization of participants with the neurofeedback setup and the mental imagery task before neurofeedback training runs. Better performance of patients as compared to healthy participants might be driven by higher motivation of patients, higher ranges for the regulation of dysfunctional brain signals, or a more extensive piloting of clinical experimental paradigms. Due to the large heterogeneity of our dataset, these findings likely generalize across neurofeedback studies, thus providing guidance for designing more efficient neurofeedback studies specifically for improving clinical neurofeedback-based interventions. To facilitate the development of data-driven recommendations for specific design details and subpopulations the field would benefit from stronger engagement in open science research practices and data sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Haugg
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabian M Renz
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Cindy Lor
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ronald Sladky
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stavros Skouras
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Amalia McDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, United States
| | - Cameron Craddock
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, United States
| | - Lydia Hellrung
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Kirschner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - Marcus Herdener
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yury Koush
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, United States
| | - Marina Papoutsi
- UCL Huntington's Disease Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; IXICO plc, United Kingdom
| | - Jackob Keynan
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Talma Hendler
- Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - Catharina Zich
- Nuffiled Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon H Kohl
- JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging (INM-11), Jülich Research Centre, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany
| | - Jeff MacInnes
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, United States
| | - R Alison Adcock
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, United States
| | - Kathryn C Dickerson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, United States
| | - Nan-Kuei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Kymberly Young
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, United States; Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michael Marxen
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Shuxia Yao
- Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- Clinical Hospital of the Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Tibor Auer
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gustavo Pamplona
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne and Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Switzerland
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten Emmert
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Germany
| | - Sven Haller
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole polytechnique féderale de Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dong-Youl Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Korea
| | - Theo Marins
- D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Brazil
| | | | - Bettina Sorger
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Tabea Kamp
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ralf Veit
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Germany; High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Germany
| | - Maartje Spetter
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaus Weiskopf
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Germany; Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - David Steyrl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
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15
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The Current Evidence Levels for Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Interventions in Treating Depression: A Narrative Review. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8878857. [PMID: 33613671 PMCID: PMC7878101 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8878857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is aimed at showing the current level of evidence for the usage of biofeedback and neurofeedback to treat depression along with a detailed review of the studies in the field and a discussion of rationale for utilizing each protocol. La Vaque et al. criteria endorsed by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback and International Society for Neuroregulation & Research were accepted as a means of study evaluation. Heart rate variability (HRV) biofeedback was found to be moderately supportable as a treatment of MDD while outcome measure was a subjective questionnaire like Beck Depression Inventory (level 3/5, “probably efficacious”). Electroencephalographic (EEG) neurofeedback protocols, namely, alpha-theta, alpha, and sensorimotor rhythm upregulation, all qualify for level 2/5, “possibly efficacious.” Frontal alpha asymmetry protocol also received limited evidence of effect in depression (level 2/5, “possibly efficacious”). Finally, the two most influential real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback protocols targeting the amygdala and the frontal cortices both demonstrate some effectiveness, though lack replications (level 2/5, “possibly efficacious”). Thus, neurofeedback specifically targeting depression is moderately supported by existing studies (all fit level 2/5, “possibly efficacious”). The greatest complication preventing certain protocols from reaching higher evidence levels is a relatively high number of uncontrolled studies and an absence of accurate replications arising from the heterogeneity in protocol details, course lengths, measures of improvement, control conditions, and sample characteristics.
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16
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Marxen M, Jacob MJ, Hellrung L, Riedel P, Smolka MN. Questioning the role of amygdala and insula in an attentional capture by emotional stimuli task. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 42:1257-1267. [PMID: 33216427 PMCID: PMC7927307 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our senses are constantly monitoring the environment for emotionally salient stimuli that are potentially relevant for survival. Because of our limited cognitive resources, emotionally salient distractors prolong reaction times (RTs) as compared to neutral distractors. In addition, many studies have reported fMRI blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) activation of both the amygdala and the anterior insula for similar valence contrasts. However, a direct correlation of trail‐by‐trial BOLD activity with RTs has not been shown, yet, which would be a crucial piece of evidence to relate the two observations. To investigate the role of the above two regions in the context of emotional distractor effects, we study here the correlation between BOLD activity and RTs for a simple attentional capture by emotional stimuli (ACES) choice reaction time task using a general linear subject‐level model with a parametric RT regressor. We found significant regression coefficients in the anterior insula, supplementary motor cortex, medial precentral regions, sensory‐motor areas and others, but not in the amygdala, despite activation of both insula and amygdala in the traditional valence contrast across trials (i.e., negative vs. neutral pictures). In addition, we found that subjects that exhibit a stronger RT distractor effect across trials also show a stronger BOLD valence contrast in the right anterior insula but not in the amygdala. Our results indicate that the current neuroimaging‐based evidence for the involvement of the amygdala in RT slowing is limited. We advocate that models of emotional capture should incorporate both the amygdala and the anterior insula as separate entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marxen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark J Jacob
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lydia Hellrung
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Riedel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Pamplona GS, Heldner J, Langner R, Koush Y, Michels L, Ionta S, Scharnowski F, Salmon CE. Network-based fMRI-neurofeedback training of sustained attention. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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18
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Heunis S, Lamerichs R, Zinger S, Caballero‐Gaudes C, Jansen JFA, Aldenkamp B, Breeuwer M. Quality and denoising in real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback: A methods review. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3439-3467. [PMID: 32333624 PMCID: PMC7375116 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback training using real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI-NF) allows subjects voluntary control of localised and distributed brain activity. It has sparked increased interest as a promising non-invasive treatment option in neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive disorders, although its efficacy and clinical significance are yet to be determined. In this work, we present the first extensive review of acquisition, processing and quality control methods available to improve the quality of the neurofeedback signal. Furthermore, we investigate the state of denoising and quality control practices in 128 recently published rtfMRI-NF studies. We found: (a) that less than a third of the studies reported implementing standard real-time fMRI denoising steps, (b) significant room for improvement with regards to methods reporting and (c) the need for methodological studies quantifying and comparing the contribution of denoising steps to the neurofeedback signal quality. Advances in rtfMRI-NF research depend on reproducibility of methods and results. Notably, a systematic effort is needed to build up evidence that disentangles the various mechanisms influencing neurofeedback effects. To this end, we recommend that future rtfMRI-NF studies: (a) report implementation of a set of standard real-time fMRI denoising steps according to a proposed COBIDAS-style checklist (https://osf.io/kjwhf/), (b) ensure the quality of the neurofeedback signal by calculating and reporting community-informed quality metrics and applying offline control checks and (c) strive to adopt transparent principles in the form of methods and data sharing and support of open-source rtfMRI-NF software. Code and data for reproducibility, as well as an interactive environment to explore the study data, can be accessed at https://github.com/jsheunis/quality-and-denoising-in-rtfmri-nf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Heunis
- Department of Electrical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Research and DevelopmentEpilepsy Centre KempenhaegheHeezeThe Netherlands
| | - Rolf Lamerichs
- Department of Electrical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Research and DevelopmentEpilepsy Centre KempenhaegheHeezeThe Netherlands
- Philips ResearchEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Svitlana Zinger
- Department of Electrical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Research and DevelopmentEpilepsy Centre KempenhaegheHeezeThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jacobus F. A. Jansen
- Department of Electrical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Department of RadiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert Aldenkamp
- Department of Electrical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Research and DevelopmentEpilepsy Centre KempenhaegheHeezeThe Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and NeuroscienceMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and NeuropsychologyGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
- Department of NeurologyMaastricht University Medical CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Breeuwer
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Philips HealthcareBestThe Netherlands
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19
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Ros T, Enriquez-Geppert S, Zotev V, Young KD, Wood G, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Wan F, Vuilleumier P, Vialatte F, Van De Ville D, Todder D, Surmeli T, Sulzer JS, Strehl U, Sterman MB, Steiner NJ, Sorger B, Soekadar SR, Sitaram R, Sherlin LH, Schönenberg M, Scharnowski F, Schabus M, Rubia K, Rosa A, Reiner M, Pineda JA, Paret C, Ossadtchi A, Nicholson AA, Nan W, Minguez J, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Mehler DMA, Lührs M, Lubar J, Lotte F, Linden DEJ, Lewis-Peacock JA, Lebedev MA, Lanius RA, Kübler A, Kranczioch C, Koush Y, Konicar L, Kohl SH, Kober SE, Klados MA, Jeunet C, Janssen TWP, Huster RJ, Hoedlmoser K, Hirshberg LM, Heunis S, Hendler T, Hampson M, Guggisberg AG, Guggenberger R, Gruzelier JH, Göbel RW, Gninenko N, Gharabaghi A, Frewen P, Fovet T, Fernández T, Escolano C, Ehlis AC, Drechsler R, Christopher deCharms R, Debener S, De Ridder D, Davelaar EJ, Congedo M, Cavazza M, Breteler MHM, Brandeis D, Bodurka J, Birbaumer N, Bazanova OM, Barth B, Bamidis PD, Auer T, Arns M, Thibault RT. Consensus on the reporting and experimental design of clinical and cognitive-behavioural neurofeedback studies (CRED-nf checklist). Brain 2020; 143:1674-1685. [PMID: 32176800 PMCID: PMC7296848 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofeedback has begun to attract the attention and scrutiny of the scientific and medical mainstream. Here, neurofeedback researchers present a consensus-derived checklist that aims to improve the reporting and experimental design standards in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ros
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Geneva; Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Enriquez-Geppert
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vadim Zotev
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kymberly D Young
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Guilherme Wood
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | | | | | - Dimitri Van De Ville
- Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Todder
- Faculty of Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Israel Ministry of Health, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tanju Surmeli
- Living Health Center for Research and Education, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - James S Sulzer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ute Strehl
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maurice Barry Sterman
- Neurobiology and Biobehavioral Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Naomi J Steiner
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bettina Sorger
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Surjo R Soekadar
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Center (NWFZ), Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (CCM), Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ranganatha Sitaram
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Frank Scharnowski
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Schabus
- University of Salzburg, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Miriam Reiner
- Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jaime A Pineda
- Cognitive Science Department, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christian Paret
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Alexei Ossadtchi
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrew A Nicholson
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wenya Nan
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - David M A Mehler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Lührs
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joel Lubar
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Fabien Lotte
- Inria Bordeaux Sud-Ouest/LaBRI University of Bordeaux - CNRS-Bordeaux INP, Bordeaux, France
| | - David E J Linden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mikhail A Lebedev
- Center for Bioelectric Interfaces of the Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Information and Internet Technologies of Digital Health Institute; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Duke Center for Neuroengineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea Kübler
- Department of Psychology I, Psychological Intervention, Behavior Analysis and Regulation of Behavior, University of Würzburg
| | - Cornelia Kranczioch
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenberg, Germany
| | - Yury Koush
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lilian Konicar
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon H Kohl
- JARA-Institute Molecular neuroscience and neuroimaging (INM-11), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Manousos A Klados
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Camille Jeunet
- CLLE Lab, CNRS, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - T W P Janssen
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rene J Huster
- Multimodal imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Olso, Norway
| | - Kerstin Hoedlmoser
- University of Salzburg, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Stephan Heunis
- Electrical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michelle Hampson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adrian G Guggisberg
- Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert Guggenberger
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - John H Gruzelier
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rainer W Göbel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Gninenko
- Institute of Bioengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL); Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alireza Gharabaghi
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Frewen
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Fovet
- Univ. Lille, INSERM U1172, CHU LILLE, Centre Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Thalía Fernández
- UNAM Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | | | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renate Drechsler
- Department of Child and Adolescent, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefan Debener
- Neuropsychology Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oldenburg, Oldenberg, Germany
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Eddy J Davelaar
- Department of Psychological Sciences Birkbeck, University of London, Bloomsbury, London, UK
| | - Marco Congedo
- GIPSA-lab, CNRS, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble-INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Cavazza
- School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Marinus H M Breteler
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Clinical Psychology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent, Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olga M Bazanova
- State Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Beatrix Barth
- Psychophysiology and Optical Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Tibor Auer
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Martijn Arns
- Brainclinics Foundation, Research Institute Brainclinics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert T Thibault
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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20
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Caria A. Mesocorticolimbic Interactions Mediate fMRI-Guided Regulation of Self-Generated Affective States. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040223. [PMID: 32276411 PMCID: PMC7226604 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the generation and regulation of affective responses is associated with activity of large brain networks that also include phylogenetically older regions in the brainstem. Mesencephalic regions not only control autonomic responses but also participate in the modulation of autonomic, emotional, and motivational responses. The specific contribution of the midbrain to emotion regulation in humans remains elusive. Neuroimaging studies grounding on appraisal models of emotion emphasize a major role of prefrontal cortex in modulating emotion-related cortical and subcortical regions but usually neglect the contribution of the midbrain and other brainstem regions. Here, the role of mesolimbic and mesocortical networks in core affect generation and regulation was explored during emotion regulation guided by real-time fMRI feedback of the anterior insula activity. The fMRI and functional connectivity analysis revealed that the upper midbrain significantly contributes to emotion regulation in humans. Moreover, differential functional interactions between the dopaminergic mesocorticolimbic system and frontoparietal networks mediate up and down emotion regulatory processes. Finally, these findings further indicate the potential of real-time fMRI feedback approach in guiding core affect regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caria
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Corso Bettini 33, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
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21
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Nicholson AA, Ros T, Jetly R, Lanius RA. Regulating posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with neurofeedback: Regaining control of the mind. JOURNAL OF MILITARY, VETERAN AND FAMILY HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.3138/jmvfh.2019-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurofeedback is emerging as a psychophysiological treatment where self-regulation is achieved through online feedback of neural states. Novel personalized medicine approaches are particularly important for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as symptom presentation of the disorder, as well as responses to treatment, are highly heterogeneous. Learning to achieve control of specific neural substrates through neurofeedback has been shown to display therapeutic evidence in patients with a wide variety of psychiatric disorders, including PTSD. This article outlines the neural mechanisms underlying neurofeedback and examines converging evidence for the efficacy of neurofeedback as an adjunctive treatment for PTSD via both electroencephalography (EEG) and real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) modalities. Further, implications for the treatment of PTSD via neurofeedback in the military member and Veteran population is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Nicholson
- Department of Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Neurology and Imaging of Cognition Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Department of National Defence, Government of Canada, Ottawa
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario
| | - Tomas Ros
- Department of Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Neurology and Imaging of Cognition Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Department of National Defence, Government of Canada, Ottawa
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario
| | - Rakesh Jetly
- Department of Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Neurology and Imaging of Cognition Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Department of National Defence, Government of Canada, Ottawa
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario
| | - Ruth A. Lanius
- Department of Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Neurology and Imaging of Cognition Lab, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Canadian Forces Health Services Group, Department of National Defence, Government of Canada, Ottawa
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario
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22
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Fede SJ, Dean SF, Manuweera T, Momenan R. A Guide to Literature Informed Decisions in the Design of Real Time fMRI Neurofeedback Studies: A Systematic Review. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:60. [PMID: 32161529 PMCID: PMC7052377 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although biofeedback using electrophysiology has been explored extensively, the approach of using neurofeedback corresponding to hemodynamic response is a relatively young field. Real time functional magnetic resonance imaging-based neurofeedback (rt-fMRI-NF) uses sensory feedback to operantly reinforce patterns of neural response. It can be used, for example, to alter visual perception, increase brain connectivity, and reduce depression symptoms. Within recent years, interest in rt-fMRI-NF in both research and clinical contexts has expanded considerably. As such, building a consensus regarding best practices is of great value. Objective: This systematic review is designed to describe and evaluate the variations in methodology used in previous rt-fMRI-NF studies to provide recommendations for rt-fMRI-NF study designs that are mostly likely to elicit reproducible and consistent effects of neurofeedback. Methods: We conducted a database search for fMRI neurofeedback papers published prior to September 26th, 2019. Of 558 studies identified, 146 met criteria for inclusion. The following information was collected from each study: sample size and type, task used, neurofeedback calculation, regulation procedure, feedback, whether feedback was explicitly related to changing brain activity, feedback timing, control group for active neurofeedback, how many runs and sessions of neurofeedback, if a follow-up was conducted, and the results of neurofeedback training. Results: rt-fMRI-NF is typically upregulation practice based on hemodynamic response from a specific region of the brain presented using a continually updating thermometer display. Most rt-fMRI-NF studies are conducted in healthy samples and half evaluate its effect on immediate changes in behavior or affect. The most popular control group method is to provide sham signal from another region; however, many studies do not compare use a comparison group. Conclusions: We make several suggestions for designs of future rt-fMRI-NF studies. Researchers should use feedback calculation methods that consider neural response across regions (i.e., SVM or connectivity), which should be conveyed as intermittent, auditory feedback. Participants should be given explicit instructions and should be assessed on individual differences. Future rt-fMRI-NF studies should use clinical samples; effectiveness of rt-fMRI-NF should be evaluated on clinical/behavioral outcomes at follow-up time points in comparison to both a sham and no feedback control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Fede
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarah F Dean
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Thushini Manuweera
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Reza Momenan
- Clinical NeuroImaging Research Core, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Siep N, Tonnaer F, van de Ven V, Arntz A, Raine A, Cima M. Anger provocation increases limbic and decreases medial prefrontal cortex connectivity with the left amygdala in reactive aggressive violent offenders. Brain Imaging Behav 2020; 13:1311-1323. [PMID: 30145716 PMCID: PMC6732149 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9945-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological models propose reactive aggression as a failure in emotion regulation, caused by an imbalance between prefrontal cortical control and excessive bottom-up signals of negative affect by limbic regions, including the amygdala. Therefore, we hypothesize a negative correlation between PFC and amygdala activity (pre/post resting-state scans) in violent offenders. In this study resting-state fMRI was administered before and after an emotion (anger and happiness) provocation or engagement task within 18 male violent offenders scoring high on reactive aggression, and 18 male non-offender controls. Research in emotional pre/post resting-state showed altered connectivity by task performance. Therefore, bilateral amygdala region of interest (ROI) whole brain functional connectivity analysis tested dynamic change differences between pre and post resting-state connectivity between groups. Self-reported anger showed a positive significant relationship with medial prefrontal cortex activity in the pre-task scan and significantly increased during the emotion task in both the violent and control group. Imaging results showed a significant decrease in amygdala – medial prefrontal functional connectivity in the violent offenders and an increase in the non-offender controls after the emotion task. The opposite pattern was found for amygdala connectivity with the (para) limbic regions: violent offenders showed increased connectivity and non-offender controls showed decreased connectivity. The present results indicate that reactive aggression might stem from a focus on emotion processing, as indicated by an increase in limbic functional connectivity. The combination of a focus on emotion, along with a lack of medial prefrontal cortex regulation, has the potential to grow out of control e.g. in reactive aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Siep
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Franca Tonnaer
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Research, Forensic Psychiatric Centre de Rooyse Wissel, Venray, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent van de Ven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA USA
| | - Maaike Cima
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Conrisq Group, Juvenile Youth Institutions (YouthCarePLUS), BJ Brabant, OGH Zetten & Pactum, Zetten, The Netherlands
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24
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Current progress in real-time functional magnetic resonance-based neurofeedback: Methodological challenges and achievements. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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25
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Linhartová P, Látalová A, Kóša B, Kašpárek T, Schmahl C, Paret C. fMRI neurofeedback in emotion regulation: A literature review. Neuroimage 2019; 193:75-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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26
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Lubianiker N, Goldway N, Fruchtman-Steinbok T, Paret C, Keynan JN, Singer N, Cohen A, Kadosh KC, Linden DEJ, Hendler T. Process-based framework for precise neuromodulation. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 3:436-445. [DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0573-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Barreiros AR, Almeida I, Baía BC, Castelo-Branco M. Amygdala Modulation During Emotion Regulation Training With fMRI-Based Neurofeedback. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:89. [PMID: 30971906 PMCID: PMC6444080 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Available evidence suggests that individuals can enhance their ability to modulate brain activity in target regions, within the Emotion Regulation network, using fMRI-based neurofeedback. However, there is no systematic review that investigates the effectiveness of this method on amygdala modulation, a core region within this network. The major goal of this study was to systematically review and analyze the effects of real-time fMRI-Neurofeedback concerning the neuromodulation of the amygdala during Emotion Regulation training. A search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct, and Web of Science with the following key terms: ≪(“neurofeedback” or “neuro feedback” or “neuro-feedback”) and (“emotion regulation”) and (fMRI OR “functional magnetic resonance”),≫ and afterwards two additional searches were performed, replacing the term “emotion regulation” for “amygdala” and “neurofeedback” for “feedback.” Of the 531 identified articles, only 19 articles reported results of amygdala modulation during Emotional Regulation training through rtfMRI-NF, using healthy participants or patients, in original research articles. The results, systematically reviewed here, provide evidence for amygdala's modulation during rtfMRI-NF training, although studies' heterogeneity precluded a quantitative meta-analysis—the included studies relied on different outcome measures to infer the success of neurofeedback intervention. Thus, a qualitative analysis was done instead. We identified critical features influencing inference on the quality of the intervention as: the inclusion of a Practice Run, a Transfer Run and a Control Group in the protocol, and to choose adequate Emotion Regulation strategies—in particular, the effective recall of autobiographic memories. Surprisingly, the Regulated vs. Control Condition was lacking in most of the studies, precluding valid inference of amygdala neuromodulation within Session. The best controlled studies nevertheless showed positive effects. The type of stimulus/interface did not seem critical for amygdala modulation. We also identified potential effects of lateralization of amygdala responses following Up- or Down-Regulation, and the impact of fMRI parameters for data acquisition and analysis. Despite qualitative evidence for amygdala modulation during rtfMRI-NF, there are still important limitations in the design of a clear conceptual framework of NF-training research. Future studies should focus on more homogeneous guidelines concerning design, protocol structure and, particularly, harmonized outcome measures to provide quantitative estimates of neuromodulatory effects in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Barreiros
- CIBIT, ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health-and CNC.IBILI-Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Almeida
- CIBIT, ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health-and CNC.IBILI-Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Correia Baía
- CIBIT, ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health-and CNC.IBILI-Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- CIBIT, ICNAS-Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health-and CNC.IBILI-Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
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28
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Keynan JN, Cohen A, Jackont G, Green N, Goldway N, Davidov A, Meir-Hasson Y, Raz G, Intrator N, Fruchter E, Ginat K, Laska E, Cavazza M, Hendler T. Electrical fingerprint of the amygdala guides neurofeedback training for stress resilience. Nat Hum Behav 2018; 3:63-73. [PMID: 30932053 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-018-0484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) has revived the translational perspective of neurofeedback (NF)1. Particularly for stress management, targeting deeply located limbic areas involved in stress processing2 has paved new paths for brain-guided interventions. However, the high cost and immobility of fMRI constitute a challenging drawback for the scalability (accessibility and cost-effectiveness) of the approach, particularly for clinical purposes3. The current study aimed to overcome the limited applicability of rt-fMRI by using an electroencephalography (EEG) model endowed with improved spatial resolution, derived from simultaneous EEG-fMRI, to target amygdala activity (termed amygdala electrical fingerprint (Amyg-EFP))4-6. Healthy individuals (n = 180) undergoing a stressful military training programme were randomly assigned to six Amyg-EFP-NF sessions or one of two controls (control-EEG-NF or NoNF), taking place at the military training base. The results demonstrated specificity of NF learning to the targeted Amyg-EFP signal, which led to reduced alexithymia and faster emotional Stroop, indicating better stress coping following Amyg-EFP-NF relative to controls. Neural target engagement was demonstrated in a follow-up fMRI-NF, showing greater amygdala blood-oxygen-level-dependent downregulation and amygdala-ventromedial prefrontal cortex functional connectivity following Amyg-EFP-NF relative to NoNF. Together, these results demonstrate limbic specificity and efficacy of Amyg-EFP-NF during a stressful period, pointing to a scalable non-pharmacological yet neuroscience-based training to prevent stress-induced psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackob N Keynan
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Avihay Cohen
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gilan Jackont
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nili Green
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Goldway
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Gal Raz
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Steve Tisch School of Film and Television, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Nathan Intrator
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eyal Fruchter
- The Mental Health Department, Medical Corps, IDF, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Keren Ginat
- The Mental Health Department, Medical Corps, IDF, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eugene Laska
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Cavazza
- School of Engineering and Digital Arts, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol Brain Institute, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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29
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Paret C, Zähringer J, Ruf M, Gerchen MF, Mall S, Hendler T, Schmahl C, Ende G. Monitoring and control of amygdala neurofeedback involves distributed information processing in the human brain. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:3018-3031. [PMID: 29602255 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces provide conscious access to neural activity by means of brain-derived feedback ("neurofeedback"). An individual's abilities to monitor and control feedback are two necessary processes for effective neurofeedback therapy, yet their underlying functional neuroanatomy is still being debated. In this study, healthy subjects received visual feedback from their amygdala response to negative pictures. Activation and functional connectivity were analyzed to disentangle the role of brain regions in different processes. Feedback monitoring was mapped to the thalamus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), ventral striatum (VS), and rostral PFC. The VS responded to feedback corresponding to instructions while rPFC activity differentiated between conditions and predicted amygdala regulation. Control involved the lateral PFC, anterior cingulate, and insula. Monitoring and control activity overlapped in the VS and thalamus. Extending current neural models of neurofeedback, this study introduces monitoring and control of feedback as anatomically dissociated processes, and suggests their important role in voluntary neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Paret
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Zähringer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruf
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Fungisai Gerchen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany and Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Mall
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Talma Hendler
- Sagol Center for Brain Function, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sagol School of Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Christian Schmahl
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ende
- Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Hellrung L, Dietrich A, Hollmann M, Pleger B, Kalberlah C, Roggenhofer E, Villringer A, Horstmann A. Intermittent compared to continuous real-time fMRI neurofeedback boosts control over amygdala activation. Neuroimage 2017; 166:198-208. [PMID: 29100939 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time fMRI neurofeedback is a feasible tool to learn the volitional regulation of brain activity. So far, most studies provide continuous feedback information that is presented upon every volume acquisition. Although this maximizes the temporal resolution of feedback information, it may be accompanied by some disadvantages. Participants can be distracted from the regulation task due to (1) the intrinsic delay of the hemodynamic response and associated feedback and (2) limited cognitive resources available to simultaneously evaluate feedback information and stay engaged with the task. Here, we systematically investigate differences between groups presented with different variants of feedback (continuous vs. intermittent) and a control group receiving no feedback on their ability to regulate amygdala activity using positive memories and feelings. In contrast to the feedback groups, no learning effect was observed in the group without any feedback presentation. The group receiving intermittent feedback exhibited better amygdala regulation performance when compared with the group receiving continuous feedback. Behavioural measurements show that these effects were reflected in differences in task engagement. Overall, we not only demonstrate that the presentation of feedback is a prerequisite to learn volitional control of amygdala activity but also that intermittent feedback is superior to continuous feedback presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Hellrung
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Maurice Hollmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Burkhard Pleger
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Kalberlah
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Roggenhofer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Neuroscience Clinique's, University Hospital Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Clinics for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany; Mind and Brain Institute, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-University and Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
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Bassett DS, Khambhati AN. A network engineering perspective on probing and perturbing cognition with neurofeedback. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1396:126-143. [PMID: 28445589 PMCID: PMC5446287 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Network science and engineering provide a flexible and generalizable tool set to describe and manipulate complex systems characterized by heterogeneous interaction patterns among component parts. While classically applied to social systems, these tools have recently proven to be particularly useful in the study of the brain. In this review, we describe the nascent use of these tools to understand human cognition, and we discuss their utility in informing the meaningful and predictable perturbation of cognition in combination with the emerging capabilities of neurofeedback. To blend these disparate strands of research, we build on emerging conceptualizations of how the brain functions (as a complex network) and how we can develop and target interventions or modulations (as a form of network control). We close with an outline of current frontiers that bridge neurofeedback, connectomics, and network control theory to better understand human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Bassett
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Department of Electrical and Systems EngineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Ankit N. Khambhati
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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Arns M, Batail JM, Bioulac S, Congedo M, Daudet C, Drapier D, Fovet T, Jardri R, Le-Van-Quyen M, Lotte F, Mehler D, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Purper-Ouakil D, Vialatte F. Neurofeedback: One of today's techniques in psychiatry? Encephale 2017; 43:135-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Riedel P, Jacob MJ, Müller DK, Vetter NC, Smolka MN, Marxen M. Amygdala fMRI Signal as a Predictor of Reaction Time. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:516. [PMID: 27790108 PMCID: PMC5061816 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction times (RTs) are a valuable measure for assessing cognitive processes. However, RTs are susceptible to confounds and therefore variable. Exposure to threat, for example, speeds up or slows down responses. Distinct task types to some extent account for differential effects of threat on RTs. But also do inter-individual differences like trait anxiety. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we investigated whether activation within the amygdala, a brain region closely linked to the processing of threat, may also function as a predictor of RTs, similar to trait anxiety scores. After threat conditioning by means of aversive electric shocks, 45 participants performed a choice RT task during alternating 30 s blocks in the presence of the threat conditioned stimulus [CS+] or of the safe control stimulus [CS-]. Trait anxiety was assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and participants were median split into a high- and a low-anxiety subgroup. We tested three hypotheses: (1) RTs will be faster during the exposure to threat compared to the safe condition in individuals with high trait anxiety. (2) The amygdala fMRI signal will be higher in the threat condition compared to the safe condition. (3) Amygdala fMRI signal prior to a RT trial will be correlated with the corresponding RT. We found that, the high-anxious subgroup showed faster responses in the threat condition compared to the safe condition, while the low-anxious subgroup showed no significant difference in RTs in the threat condition compared to the safe condition. Though the fMRI analysis did not reveal an effect of condition on amygdala activity, we found a trial-by-trial correlation between blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal within the right amygdala prior to the CRT task and the subsequent RT. Taken together, the results of this study showed that exposure to threat modulates task performance. This modulation is influenced by personality trait. Additionally and most importantly, activation in the amygdala predicts behavior in a simple task that is performed during the exposure to threat. This finding is in line with "attentional capture by threat"-a model that includes the amygdala as a key brain region for the process that causes the response slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Riedel
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Mark J Jacob
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Dirk K Müller
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Nora C Vetter
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael N Smolka
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Marxen
- Section of Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden Dresden, Germany
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