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Imamura K, Akagi KI, Miyanoiri Y, Tsujimoto H, Hirokawa T, Ashida H, Murakami K, Inoue A, Suno R, Ikegami T, Sekiyama N, Iwata S, Kobayashi T, Tochio H. Interaction modes of human orexin 2 receptor with selective and nonselective antagonists studied by NMR spectroscopy. Structure 2024; 32:352-361.e5. [PMID: 38194963 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Orexin neuropeptides have many physiological roles in the sleep-wake cycle, feeding behavior, reward demands, and stress responses by activating cognitive receptors, the orexin receptors (OX1R and OX2R), distributed in the brain. There are only subtle differences between OX1R and OX2R in the orthosteric site, which has hindered the rational development of subtype-selective antagonists. In this study, we utilized solution-state NMR to capture the structural plasticity of OX2R labeled with 13CH3-ε-methionine in complex with antagonists. Mutations in the orthosteric site allosterically affected the intracellular tip of TM6. Ligand exchange experiments with the subtype-selective EMPA and the nonselective suvorexant identified three methionine residues that were substantially perturbed. The NMR spectra suggested that the suvorexant-bound state exhibited more structural plasticity than the EMPA-bound state, which has not been foreseen from the close similarity of their crystal structures, providing insights into dynamic features to be considered in understanding the ligand recognition mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Imamura
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Akagi
- Section of Laboratory Equipment, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health, and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyanoiri
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsujimoto
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Hirokawa
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hideo Ashida
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kaori Murakami
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryoji Suno
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikegami
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Naotaka Sekiyama
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- Department of Cell Biology and Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hidehito Tochio
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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2
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Kron JOZJ, Keenan RJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH. Orexin Receptor Antagonism: Normalizing Sleep Architecture in Old Age and Disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:359-386. [PMID: 37708433 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-040323-031929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is essential for human well-being, yet the quality and quantity of sleep reduce as age advances. Older persons (>65 years old) are more at risk of disorders accompanied and/or exacerbated by poor sleep. Furthermore, evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between disrupted sleep and Alzheimer's disease (AD) or related dementias. Orexin/hypocretin neuropeptides stabilize wakefulness, and several orexin receptor antagonists (ORAs) are approved for the treatment of insomnia in adults. Dysregulation of the orexin system occurs in aging and AD, positioning ORAs as advantageous for these populations. Indeed, several clinical studies indicate that ORAs are efficacious hypnotics in older persons and dementia patients and, as in adults, are generally well tolerated. ORAs are likely to be more effective when administered early in sleep/wake dysregulation to reestablish good sleep/wake-related behaviors and reduce the accumulation of dementia-associated proteinopathic substrates. Improving sleep in aging and dementia represents a tremendous opportunity to benefit patients, caregivers, and health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrah O-Z J Kron
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Ryan J Keenan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia;
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3
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Keenan RJ, Daykin H, Metha J, Cornthwaite-Duncan L, Wright DK, Clarke K, Oberrauch S, Brian M, Stephenson S, Nowell CJ, Allocca G, Barnham KJ, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH. Orexin 2 receptor antagonism sex-dependently improves sleep/wakefulness and cognitive performance in tau transgenic mice. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:87-106. [PMID: 37553894 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tau pathology contributes to a bidirectional relationship between sleep disruption and neurodegenerative disease. Tau transgenic rTg4510 mice model tauopathy symptoms, including sleep/wake disturbances, which manifest as marked hyperarousal. This phenotype can be prevented by early transgene suppression; however, whether hyperarousal can be rescued after onset is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Three 8-week experiments were conducted with wild-type and rTg4510 mice after age of onset of hyperarousal (4.5 months): (1) Tau transgene suppression with doxycycline (200 ppm); (2) inactive phase rapid eye movement (REM) sleep enhancement with the dual orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant (50 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ); or (3) Active phase non-NREM (NREM) and REM sleep enhancement using the selective orexin 2 (OX2 ) receptor antagonist MK-1064 (40 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ). Sleep was assessed using polysomnography, cognition using the Barnes maze, and tau pathology using immunoblotting and/or immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS Tau transgene suppression improved tauopathy and hippocampal-dependent spatial memory, but did not modify hyperarousal. Pharmacological rescue of REM sleep deficits did not improve spatial memory or tau pathology. In contrast, normalising hyperarousal by increasing both NREM and REM sleep via OX2 receptor antagonism restored spatial memory, independently of tauopathy, but only in male rTg4510 mice. OX2 receptor antagonism induced only short-lived hypnotic responses in female rTg4510 mice and did not improve spatial memory, indicating a tau- and sex-dependent disruption of OX2 receptor signalling. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Pharmacologically reducing hyperarousal corrects tau-induced sleep/wake and cognitive deficits. Tauopathy causes sex-dependent disruptions of OX2 receptor signalling/function, which may have implications for choice of hypnotic therapeutics in tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Keenan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather Daykin
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy Metha
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Finance, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda Cornthwaite-Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kyra Clarke
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara Oberrauch
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maddison Brian
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Stephenson
- Bruce Lefroy Centre, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giancarlo Allocca
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Somnivore Inc. Ltd Pty, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Bonifazi A, Del Bello F, Giorgioni G, Piergentili A, Saab E, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Quaglia W. Targeting orexin receptors: Recent advances in the development of subtype selective or dual ligands for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1607-1667. [PMID: 37036052 DOI: 10.1002/med.21959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Orexin-A and orexin-B, also named hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, are two hypothalamic neuropeptides highly conserved across mammalian species. Their effects are mediated by two distinct G protein-coupled receptors, namely orexin receptor type 1 (OX1-R) and type 2 (OX2-R), which share 64% amino acid identity. Given the wide expression of OX-Rs in different central nervous system and peripheral areas and the several pathophysiological functions in which they are involved, including sleep-wake cycle regulation (mainly mediated by OX2-R), emotion, panic-like behaviors, anxiety/stress, food intake, and energy homeostasis (mainly mediated by OX1-R), both subtypes represent targets of interest for many structure-activity relationship (SAR) campaigns carried out by pharmaceutical companies and academies. However, before 2017 the research was predominantly directed towards dual-orexin ligands, and limited chemotypes were investigated. Analytical characterizations, including resolved structures for both OX1-R and OX2-R in complex with agonists and antagonists, have improved the understanding of the molecular basis of receptor recognition and are assets for medicinal chemists in the design of subtype-selective ligands. This review is focused on the medicinal chemistry aspects of small molecules acting as dual or subtype selective OX1-R/OX2-R agonists and antagonists belonging to different chemotypes and developed in the last years, including radiolabeled OX-R ligands for molecular imaging. Moreover, the pharmacological effects of the most studied ligands in different neuropsychiatric diseases, such as sleep, mood, substance use, and eating disorders, as well as pain, have been discussed. Poly-pharmacology applications and multitarget ligands have also been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianfabio Giorgioni
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Elizabeth Saab
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Luca Botticelli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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5
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Schneeberger M, Brice NL, Pellegrino K, Parolari L, Shaked JT, Page KJ, Marchildon F, Barrows DW, Carroll TS, Topilko T, Mulligan VM, Newman R, Doyle K, Bürli R, Barker DF, Glen A, Ortuño MJ, Nectow AR, Renier N, Cohen P, Carlton M, Heintz N, Friedman JM. Pharmacological targeting of glutamatergic neurons within the brainstem for weight reduction. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1495-1513. [PMID: 36411386 PMCID: PMC9684079 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Food intake and body weight are tightly regulated by neurons within specific brain regions, including the brainstem, where acute activation of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) glutamatergic neurons expressing the glutamate transporter Vglut3 (DRNVglut3) drive a robust suppression of food intake and enhance locomotion. Activating Vglut3 neurons in DRN suppresses food intake and increases locomotion, suggesting that modulating the activity of these neurons might alter body weight. Here, we show that DRNVglut3 neurons project to the lateral hypothalamus (LHA), a canonical feeding center that also reduces food intake. Moreover, chronic DRNVglut3 activation reduces weight in both leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and leptin-resistant diet-induced obese (DIO) male mice. Molecular profiling revealed that the orexin 1 receptor (Hcrtr1) is highly enriched in DRN Vglut3 neurons, with limited expression elsewhere in the brain. Finally, an orally bioavailable, highly selective Hcrtr1 antagonist (CVN45502) significantly reduces feeding and body weight in DIO. Hcrtr1 is also co-expressed with Vglut3 in the human DRN, suggesting that there might be a similar effect in human. These results identify a potential therapy for obesity by targeting DRNVglut3 neurons while also establishing a general strategy for developing drugs for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Control of Homeostasis, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Wu Tsai Institute for Brain and Cognition, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Kyle Pellegrino
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Parolari
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan T Shaked
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - François Marchildon
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas W Barrows
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Topilko
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, INSERM, CNRS, Hopital de la Pitié Salpétière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander R Nectow
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Renier
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, INSERM, CNRS, Hopital de la Pitié Salpétière, Paris, France
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review recent evidence on the use of orexin receptor antagonists (ORAs) for treating insomnia. We evaluate studies on five dual ORAs and one selective ORA. RECENT FINDINGS Research on suvorexant in recent years gradually focus on comorbid insomnia, while lemborexant and daridorexant were still being validated in primary insomnia. Almorexant is now mainly used as a commercial specific inhibitor of the orexin system in animal studies due to safety issues. Although filorexant has also shown a certain sleep-promoting effect, there are few clinical or experimental studies on sleep-related aspects of filorexant in recent years. As for selective ORAs, orexin receptor 2 antagonist seltorexant still has not yet reached phase 3. High-quality clinical trials in insomnia populations are needed which directly compare authorized ORAs and investigate non-approved ORAs, the use of ORAs in comorbid insomnia, and the orexin signaling system pathophysiology in insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain, Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhouqing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain, Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain, Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain, Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu Province, Suzhou, 215006, China
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7
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Abstract
The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two neuropeptides produced exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus. They act on two specific receptors that are widely distributed across the brain and involved in a myriad of neurophysiological functions that include sleep, arousal, feeding, reward, fear, anxiety and cognition. Hcrt cell loss in humans leads to narcolepsy with cataplexy (narcolepsy type 1), a disorder characterized by intrusions of sleep into wakefulness, demonstrating that the Hcrt system is nonredundant and essential for sleep/wake stability. The causal link between Hcrts and arousal/wakefulness stabilisation has led to the development of a new class of drugs, Hcrt receptor antagonists to treat insomnia, based on the assumption that blocking orexin-induced arousal will facilitate sleep. This has been clinically validated: currently, two Hcrt receptor antagonists are approved to treat insomnia (suvorexant and lemborexant), with a New Drug Application recently submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration for a third drug (daridorexant). Other therapeutic applications under investigation include reduction of cravings in substance-use disorders and prevention of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, given the apparent bidirectional relationship between poor sleep and worsening of the disease. Circuit neuroscience findings suggest that the Hcrt system is a hub that integrates diverse inputs modulating arousal (e.g., circadian rhythms, metabolic status, positive and negative emotions) and conveys this information to multiple output regions. This neuronal architecture explains the wealth of physiological functions associated with Hcrts and highlights the potential of the Hcrt system as a therapeutic target for a number of disorders. We discuss present and future possible applications of drugs targeting the Hcrt system for the treatment of circuit-related neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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8
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Dale NC, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH, Pfleger KDG, Johnstone EKM. Orexin Signaling: A Complex, Multifaceted Process. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:812359. [PMID: 35496914 PMCID: PMC9044999 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.812359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin system comprises two G protein-coupled receptors, OX1 and OX2 receptors (OX1R and OX2R, respectively), along with two endogenous agonists cleaved from a common precursor (prepro-orexin), orexin-A (OX-A) and orexin-B (OX-B). For the receptors, a complex array of signaling behaviors has been reported. In particular, it becomes obvious that orexin receptor coupling is very diverse and can be tissue-, cell- and context-dependent. Here, the early signal transduction interactions of the orexin receptors will be discussed in depth, with particular emphasis on the direct G protein interactions of each receptor. In doing so, it is evident that ligands, additional receptor-protein interactions and cellular environment all play important roles in the G protein coupling profiles of the orexin receptors. This has potential implications for our understanding of the orexin system’s function in vivo in both central and peripheral environments, as well as the development of novel agonists, antagonists and possibly allosteric modulators targeting the orexin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Dale
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Laura H. Jacobson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kevin D. G. Pfleger,
| | - Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone,
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9
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Pittaras E, Colas D, Chuluun B, Allocca G, Heller C. Enhancing sleep after training improves memory in Down syndrome model mice. Sleep 2021; 45:6383427. [PMID: 34618890 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. DS is associated with cognitive disabilities, for which there are no drug therapies. In spite of significant behavioral and pharmacological efforts to treat cognitive disabilities, new and continued efforts are still necessary. Over sixty percent of children with DS are reported to have sleep apnea that disrupt normal sleep. Normal and adequate sleep is necessary to maintain optimal cognitive functions. Therefore, we asked whether improved quality and/or quantity of sleep could improve cognitive capacities of people with DS. To investigate this possibility, we used the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS and applied two methods for enhancing their sleep following training on mouse memory tasks. A behavioral method was to impose sleep deprivation prior to training resulting in sleep rebound following the training. A pharmacologic method, hypocretin receptor 2 antagonist, was used immediately after the training to enhance subsequent sleep knowing that hypocretin is involved in the maintenance of wake. Our behavioral method resulted in a sleep reorganization that decreased wake and increased REM sleep following the training associated with an improvement of recognition memory and spatial memory in the DS model mice. Our pharmacologic approach decreased wake and increased NREM sleep and was associated with improvement only in the spatial memory task. These results show that enhancing sleep after the training in a memory task improves memory consolidation in a mouse model of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pittaras
- Stanford University, Department: Biology, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - B Chuluun
- Stanford University, Department: Biology, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - G Allocca
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia and Somnivore Pty. Ltd., Bacchus Marsh, VIC, Australia
| | - C Heller
- Stanford University, Department: Biology, Stanford, CA, USA
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10
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At the intersection of sleep deficiency and opioid use: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Transl Res 2021; 234:58-73. [PMID: 33711513 PMCID: PMC8217216 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the ongoing opioid epidemic, innovative scientific perspectives and approaches are urgently needed to reduce the unprecedented personal and societal burdens of nonmedical and recreational opioid use. One promising opportunity is to focus on the relationship between sleep deficiency and opioid use. In this review, we examine empirical evidence: (1) at the interface of sleep deficiency and opioid use, including hypothesized bidirectional associations between sleep efficiency and opioid abstinence; (2) as to whether normalization of sleep deficiency might directly or indirectly improve opioid abstinence (and vice versa); and (3) regarding mechanisms that could link improvements in sleep to opioid abstinence. Based on available data, we identify candidate sleep-restorative therapeutic approaches that should be examined in rigorous clinical trials.
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Muehlan C, Vaillant C, Zenklusen I, Kraehenbuehl S, Dingemanse J. Clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of orexin receptor antagonists for the treatment of insomnia disorders. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1063-1078. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1817380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Muehlan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Vaillant
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Zenklusen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Kraehenbuehl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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12
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Salvadore G, Bonaventure P, Shekhar A, Johnson PL, Lord B, Shireman BT, Lebold TP, Nepomuceno D, Dugovic C, Brooks S, Zuiker R, Bleys C, Tatikola K, Remmerie B, Jacobs GE, Schruers K, Moyer J, Nash A, Van Nueten LGM, Drevets WC. Translational evaluation of novel selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist JNJ-61393215 in an experimental model for panic in rodents and humans. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:308. [PMID: 32895369 PMCID: PMC7477545 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-00937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin neurons originating in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamic area project to anxiety- and panic-associated neural circuitry, and are highly reactive to anxiogenic stimuli. Preclinical evidence suggests that the orexin system, and particularly the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R), may be involved in the pathophysiology of panic and anxiety. Selective OX1R antagonists thus may constitute a potential new treatment strategy for panic- and anxiety-related disorders. Here, we characterized a novel selective OX1R antagonist, JNJ-61393215, and determined its affinity and potency for human and rat OX1R in vitro. We also evaluated the safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of JNJ-61393215 in first-in-human single- and multiple-ascending dose studies conducted. Finally, the potential anxiolytic effects of JNJ-61393215 were evaluated both in rats and in healthy men using 35% CO2 inhalation challenge to induce panic symptoms. In the rat CO2 model of panic anxiety, JNJ-61393215 demonstrated dose-dependent attenuation of CO2-induced panic-like behavior without altering baseline locomotor or autonomic activity, and had minimal effect on spontaneous sleep. In phase-1 human studies, JNJ-61393215 at 90 mg demonstrated significant reduction (P < 0.02) in CO2-induced fear and anxiety symptoms that were comparable to those obtained using alprazolam. The most frequently reported adverse events were somnolence and headache, and all events were mild in severity. These results support the safety, tolerability, and anxiolytic effects of JNJ-61393215, and validate CO2 exposure as a translational cross-species experimental model to evaluate the therapeutic potential of novel anxiolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Salvadore
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ USA
| | | | - Anantha Shekhar
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Departments of Psychiatry, and Pharmacology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Philip L. Johnson
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Brian Lord
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Brock T. Shireman
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Terry P. Lebold
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Diane Nepomuceno
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Christine Dugovic
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Sander Brooks
- grid.418011.d0000 0004 0646 7664Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Zuiker
- grid.418011.d0000 0004 0646 7664Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Bleys
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kanaka Tatikola
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Bart Remmerie
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gabriel E. Jacobs
- grid.418011.d0000 0004 0646 7664Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Schruers
- grid.5012.60000 0001 0481 6099Research School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - John Moyer
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Abigail Nash
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Titusville, NJ USA
| | - Luc G. M. Van Nueten
- grid.419619.20000 0004 0623 0341Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wayne C. Drevets
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, CA USA
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Amodeo LR, Wills DN, Sanchez-Alavez M, Ehlers CL. Effects of an Orexin-2 Receptor Antagonist on Sleep and Event-Related Oscillations in Female Rats Exposed to Chronic Intermittent Ethanol During Adolescence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1378-1388. [PMID: 32424852 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is on the rise among women in the United States which is especially concerning since women who drink have a higher risk of alcohol-related problems. Orexin (hypocretin) receptor antagonists may have some therapeutic value for alcohol-induced insomnia; however, the use of this class of drugs following female adolescent binge drinking is limited. The current study will address whether adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) in female rats can result in lasting changes in sleep pathology and whether orexin-targeted treatment can alleviate these deficits. METHODS Following a 5-week AIE vapor model, young adult rats were evaluated on waking event-related oscillations (EROs) and EEG sleep. Subsequently, AIE rats were treated with orexin receptor 2 (OX2 R) antagonist (MK-1064; 10, 20mg/kg) to test for modifications in sleep pathology and waking ERO. RESULTS Female AIE rats exhibited lasting changes in sleep compared to controls. This was demonstrated by increased fragmentation of slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep, as well as reductions in delta and theta power during SWS. There was no impact of AIE on waking EROs. Acute MK-1064 hastened SWS onset and increased the number of SWS episodes, without increasing sleep fragmentation in AIE and controls. While treatment with MK-1064 did not impact sleep EEG spectra, waking ERO energy was increased in delta, theta, and beta frequency bands. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that AIE can produce lasting changes in sleep in female rats, highly similar to what we previously found in males. Additionally, while the OX2 R antagonist promoted sleep in both alcohol-exposed and unexposed rats, it did not reverse most of the alcohol-induced disruptions in sleep. Thus, OX2 R antagonism may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of insomnia, but not the specific signs of alcohol-induced insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie R Amodeo
- From the, Department of Psychology, (LRA), California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California
| | - Derek N Wills
- Department of Neuroscience, (DNW, MS-A, CLE), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- Department of Neuroscience, (DNW, MS-A, CLE), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neuroscience, (DNW, MS-A, CLE), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Maehara S, Yuge N, Higashi C, Ota T, Furukawa J, Takeuchi T. Pharmacological characterization of a novel potent, selective, and orally active orexin 2 receptor antagonist, SDM-878. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2020; 40:182-189. [PMID: 32337858 PMCID: PMC7722660 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Recently, we identified a novel orexin 2 (OX2) receptor antagonist, SDM‐878 (2‐(3‐(2‐(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)nicotinoyl)‐3,8‐diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan‐8‐yl)‐3‐methoxyisonicotinonitrile). The purpose of the present study is to characterize the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects of SDM‐878. Methods The in vitro potency and selectivity of SDM‐878 were examined in CHO cells that exhibit stable expression of human orexin 1 (OX1), human orexin 2 (OX2), rat OX1, and rat OX2receptors. Then, the plasma half‐life, oral bioavailability, and brain penetration of SDM‐878 were examined in rats. The in vivo effect of SDM‐878 in rats was tested using electroencephalography (EEG). The target engagement of SDM‐878 in the rat brain was examined using the antagonistic effect against hyperlocomotion caused by the intracerebroventricular administration of the OX2 receptor agonist, ADL‐OXB ([Ala11, d‐Leu15]‐orexin B). Results SDM‐878 showed potent inhibitory activities for human and rat OX2 receptors with IC values of 10.6 and 8.8 nM, respectively, and approximately 1000‐fold selectivity against the OX1receptor. In rat studies, SDM‐878 exhibited a relatively short half‐life in plasma, oral bioavailability, and good brain penetration. These data indicate that SDM‐878 is a potent, selective, orally active, and brain‐penetrable OX2receptor antagonist. In behavioral studies using rats, SDM‐878 (100 mg/kg) antagonized hyperlocomotion caused by intracerebroventricular administration of ADL‐OXB. SDM‐878 exhibited a potent sleep‐promoting effect at the same dose (100 mg/kg) in a rat EEG study. Conclusion Our results suggest that SDM‐878 is likely to be a good pharmacological tool for investigating the role of the OX2receptor and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of insomnia. We identified a novel potent, selective, orally active, and brain‐penetrable orexin 2 receptor antagonist, SDM‐878. SDM‐878 exhibited a potent sleep‐promoting effect in rats and may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of insomnia.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Maehara
- Biology Laboratory, Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Natsuko Yuge
- Biology Laboratory, Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Chika Higashi
- Biology Laboratory, Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Takumi Ota
- Biology Laboratory, Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Junji Furukawa
- Biology Laboratory, Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Takashi Takeuchi
- Biology Laboratory, Discovery Research, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
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15
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Beuckmann CT, Ueno T, Nakagawa M, Suzuki M, Akasofu S. Preclinical in vivo characterization of lemborexant (E2006), a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist for sleep/wake regulation. Sleep 2020; 42:5421821. [PMID: 30923834 PMCID: PMC6559177 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives To present results from in vivo studies underlying the preclinical development of lemborexant (E2006), a novel dual orexin (hypocretin) receptor antagonist for sleep/wake regulation. Methods Rodent (wild-type rats and wild-type and orexin neuron-deficient [orexin/ataxin-3 Tg/+] mice) studies were performed to evaluate the effects of single-dose oral lemborexant (1–300 mg/kg) on orexin-induced increases in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), locomotor activity, vigilance state measures (wakefulness, nonrapid eye movement [non-REM] sleep, rapid eye movement [REM] sleep), ethanol-induced anesthesia, and motor coordination, and the effects of multiple-dose oral lemborexant (30 mg/kg) on vigilance state measures. Active comparators were almorexant and zolpidem. Pharmacokinetics were assessed after single-dose lemborexant in mice and rats. Results Lemborexant prevented the orexin-promoted increase in ACTH in rats, therefore demonstrating inhibition of the orexin signaling pathway. Furthermore, lemborexant promoted sleep in wild-type mice and rats. Lemborexant promoted REM and non-REM sleep at an equal rate (there was no change in the REM sleep ratio). In contrast, zolpidem reduced REM sleep. The sleep-promoting effect of lemborexant was mediated via the orexin-peptide signaling pathway as demonstrated by a lack of sleep promotion in orexin neuron-deficient mice. Chronic dosing was not associated with a change in effect size or sleep architecture immediately postdosing. Lemborexant did not increase the sedative effects of ethanol or impair motor coordination, showing good safety margin in animals. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data for mice and rats were well aligned. Conclusions These findings supported further clinical evaluation (ongoing at this time) of lemborexant as a potential candidate for treating insomnia and other sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakagawa
- Neurology Business Group, Discovery, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Michiyuki Suzuki
- Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs Department, Marketing Authorization Group, EA Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Akasofu
- Neurology Business Group, Discovery, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
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16
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Sanchez-Alavez M, Benedict J, Wills DN, Ehlers CL. Effect of suvorexant on event-related oscillations and EEG sleep in rats exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol vapor and protracted withdrawal. Sleep 2020; 42:5304584. [PMID: 30715515 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Insomnia is a prominent complaint in patients with alcohol use disorders (AUD). However, despite the importance of sleep in the maintenance of sobriety, treatment options for sleep disturbance associated with a history of AUD are currently limited. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that suvorexant, a dual Hct/OX receptor antagonist, normalizes sleep in patients with primary insomnia; yet, its potential for the treatment of sleep pathology associated with AUD has not been investigated in either preclinical or clinical studies. METHODS This study employed a model whereby ethanol vapor exposure or control conditions were administered for 8 weeks to adult rats. Waking event-related oscillations (EROs) and EEG sleep were evaluated at baseline before exposure and again following 24 hr of withdrawal from the exposure. Subsequently, the ability of vehicle (VEH) and two doses (10, 30 mg/kg IP) of suvorexant to modify EROs, sleep, and the sleep EEG was investigated. RESULTS After 24 hr following EtOH withdrawal, the ethanol-treated group had increases in waking ERO θ and β activity, more fragmented sleep (shorter duration and increased frequency of slow wave (SW) and rapid eye movement [REM] sleep episodes), and increased θ and β power in REM and SW sleep. Suvorexant induced a dose-dependent decrease in the latency to REM and SW sleep onsets but also produced REM and SW sleep fragmentation and increased β energy in waking EROs when compared with VEH. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these studies suggest that suvorexant has overall sleep-promoting effects, but it may exacerbate some aspects of sleep and EEG pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Benedict
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Derek N Wills
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Cindy L Ehlers
- Department of Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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17
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Han Y, Yuan K, Zheng Y, Lu L. Orexin Receptor Antagonists as Emerging Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:432-448. [PMID: 31782044 PMCID: PMC7142186 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins comprise two neuropeptides produced by orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and are released by extensive projections of these neurons throughout the central nervous system. Orexins bind and activate their associated G protein-coupled orexin type 1 receptors (OX1Rs) and OX2Rs and act on numerous physiological processes, such as sleep-wake regulation, feeding, reward, emotion, and motivation. Research on the development of orexin receptor antagonists has dramatically increased with the approval of suvorexant for the treatment of primary insomnia. In the present review, we discuss recent findings on the involvement of the orexin system in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, including sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, and drug addiction. We discuss the actions of orexin receptor antagonists, including selective OX1R antagonists (SORA1s), selective OX2R antagonists (SORA2s), and dual OX1/2R antagonists (DORAs), in the treatment of these disorders based on both preclinical and clinical evidence. SORA2s and DORAs have more pronounced efficacy in the treatment of sleep disorders, whereas SORA1s may be promising for the treatment of anxiety and drug addiction. We also discuss potential challenges and opportunities for the application of orexin receptor antagonists to clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- National Institute of Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongbo Zheng
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Lu
- National Institute of Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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18
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Rappas M, Ali AAE, Bennett KA, Brown JD, Bucknell SJ, Congreve M, Cooke RM, Cseke G, de Graaf C, Doré AS, Errey JC, Jazayeri A, Marshall FH, Mason JS, Mould R, Patel JC, Tehan BG, Weir M, Christopher JA. Comparison of Orexin 1 and Orexin 2 Ligand Binding Modes Using X-ray Crystallography and Computational Analysis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1528-1543. [PMID: 31860301 PMCID: PMC7050010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The orexin system, which consists of the two G protein-coupled receptors OX1 and OX2, activated by the neuropeptides OX-A and OX-B, is firmly established as a key regulator of behavioral arousal, sleep, and wakefulness and has been an area of intense research effort over the past two decades. X-ray structures of the receptors in complex with 10 new antagonist ligands from diverse chemotypes are presented, which complement the existing structural information for the system and highlight the critical importance of lipophilic hotspots and water molecules for these peptidergic GPCR targets. Learnings from the structural information regarding the utility of pharmacophore models and how selectivity between OX1 and OX2 can be achieved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Rappas
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Ammar A. E. Ali
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Kirstie A. Bennett
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Jason D. Brown
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Sarah J. Bucknell
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Miles Congreve
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Robert M. Cooke
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Gabriella Cseke
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | - Andrew S. Doré
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan S. Mason
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | | | - Jayesh C. Patel
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
| | | | - Malcolm Weir
- Sosei Heptares, Steinmetz Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6DG, U.K.
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19
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Hoyer D, Allen A, Jacobson LH. Hypnotics with novel modes of action. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:244-249. [PMID: 31756268 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insomnia and, more generally, lack of sleep are on the rise. Traditionally treated by classical hypnotics, such as benzodiazepines and Z drugs, which both act on the GABAA receptor, and other modalities, including nondrug therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, there is a range of new hypnotics which are being developed or have recently received market approval. Suvorexant and the like target the orexin/hypocretin system: they should have less side effects in terms of drug-drug interactions with e.g. alcohol, less memory impairment and dependence potential compared to classical hypnotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Allen
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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20
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Gamble MC, Katsuki F, McCoy JG, Strecker RE, McKenna JT. The dual orexinergic receptor antagonist DORA-22 improves the sleep disruption and memory impairment produced by a rodent insomnia model. Sleep 2019; 43:5583907. [PMID: 31595304 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInsomnia-related sleep disruption can contribute to impaired learning and memory. Treatment of insomnia should ideally improve the sleep profile while minimally affecting mnemonic function, yet many hypnotic drugs (e.g. benzodiazepines) are known to impair memory. Here, we used a rat model of insomnia to determine whether the novel hypnotic drug DORA-22, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, improves mild stress-induced insomnia with minimal effect on memory. Animals were first trained to remember the location of a hidden platform (acquisition) in the Morris Water Maze and then administered DORA-22 (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg doses) or vehicle control. Animals were then subjected to a rodent insomnia model involving two exposures to dirty cages over a 6-hr time period (at time points 0 and 3 hr), followed immediately by a probe trial in which memory of the water maze platform location was evaluated. DORA-22 treatment improved the insomnia-related sleep disruption—wake was attenuated and NREM sleep was normalized. REM sleep amounts were enhanced compared with vehicle treatment for one dose (30 mg/kg). In the first hour of insomnia model exposure, DORA-22 promoted the number and average duration of NREM sleep spindles, which have been previously proposed to play a role in memory consolidation (all doses). Water maze measures revealed probe trial performance improvement for select doses of DORA-22, including increased time spent in the platform quadrant (10 and 30 mg/kg) and time spent in platform location and number of platform crossings (10 mg/kg only). In conclusion, DORA-22 treatment improved insomnia-related sleep disruption and memory consolidation deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie C Gamble
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
| | - Fumi Katsuki
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - John G McCoy
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Neuroscience Program, Stonehill College, Easton, MA
| | - Robert E Strecker
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
| | - James Timothy McKenna
- Boston VA Research Institute, Inc., Jamaica Plain, MA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA
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The selective orexin-2 antagonist seltorexant (JNJ-42847922/MIN-202) shows antidepressant and sleep-promoting effects in patients with major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:216. [PMID: 31481683 PMCID: PMC6722075 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive arousal has a role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Seltorexant (JNJ-42847922/MIN-202) is a selective antagonist of the human orexin-2 receptor (OX2R) that may normalize excessive arousal and thereby attenuate depressive symptoms. In this study, the effects of night-time arousal suppression on depressive symptoms were investigated. 47 MDD patients with a total Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) score of ≥30 at screening were included in a randomized, double-blind, diphenhydramine-, and placebo-controlled multicentre study. Symptoms of depression were rated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS17). Effects on sleep were evaluated by polysomnography and by the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ). To investigate the safety and tolerability of seltorexant, vital signs, suicidal ideation and adverse events were monitored. At baseline the severity of depressive symptoms correlated with sleep efficiency (SE), wake after sleep onset (WASO), duration of stage 2 sleep, and ruminations. Ten days of treatment with seltorexant (and not diphenhydramine) resulted in a significant improvement of core depressive symptoms compared to placebo; the antidepressant efficacy of seltorexant was maintained with continued treatment up to 28 days. Compared to placebo, the antidepressant efficacy of seltorexant coincided with an overall increase in (left posterior) EEG power and a relative increase in delta- and decrease in theta-, alpha- and beta power during stage 2 sleep. Treatment with seltorexant was associated with mild, self-limiting adverse drug reactions. Seltorexant affected core symptoms of depression in the absence of overt changes in the hypnogram; in contrast, diphenhydramine was not efficacious.
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22
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Sleep in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of polysomnographic findings. Sleep Med Rev 2019; 48:101210. [PMID: 31518950 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Polysomnographic studies have been performed to examine sleep abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but clear associations between PTSD and sleep disturbances have not been established. A systematic review of the evidence examining the polysomnographic changes in PTSD patients compared with controls was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, All EBM databases, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases. Meta-analysis was undertaken where possible. The searches identified 34 studies, 31 of which were appropriate for meta-analysis. Pooled results indicated decreased total sleep time, slow wave sleep and sleep efficiency, and increased wake time after sleep onset in PTSD patients compared with healthy controls. PTSD severity was associated with decreased sleep efficiency and slow wave sleep percentage. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage was significantly decreased in PTSD patients compared with controls in studies including participants with mean age below 30 y, but not in studies with other mean age groups (30-40 y and >40 y). Our study shows that polysomnographic abnormalities are present in PTSD. Sex, age, PTSD severity, type of controls, medication status, adaptation night, polysomnographic scoring rules and study location are several of the demographic, clinical and methodological factors that contribute to heterogeneity between studies.
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The effect of treating obstructive sleep apnea with continuous positive airway pressure on posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis with hypothetical model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Couvineau A, Voisin T, Nicole P, Gratio V, Abad C, Tan YV. Orexins as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:709. [PMID: 31695678 PMCID: PMC6817618 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexins [orexin-A (OXA) and orexin-B (OXB)] are two isoforms of neuropeptides produced by the hypothalamus. The main biological actions of orexins, focused on the central nervous system, are to control the sleep/wake process, appetite and feeding, energy homeostasis, drug addiction, and cognitive processes. These effects are mediated by two G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes named OX1R and OX2R. In accordance with the synergic and dynamic relationship between the nervous and immune systems, orexins also have neuroprotective and immuno-regulatory (i.e., anti-inflammatory) properties. The present review gathers recent data demonstrating that orexins may have a therapeutic potential in several pathologies with an immune component including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, narcolepsy, obesity, intestinal bowel diseases, septic shock, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Couvineau
- INSERM UMR1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Team “From Inflammation to Cancer in Digestive Diseases” Labeled by “la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, University of Paris, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Alain Couvineau
| | - Thierry Voisin
- INSERM UMR1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Team “From Inflammation to Cancer in Digestive Diseases” Labeled by “la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Nicole
- INSERM UMR1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Team “From Inflammation to Cancer in Digestive Diseases” Labeled by “la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Gratio
- INSERM UMR1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Team “From Inflammation to Cancer in Digestive Diseases” Labeled by “la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catalina Abad
- University of Rouen Normandy, INSERM U1234 PANTHER, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Yossan-Var Tan
- University of Rouen Normandy, INSERM U1234 PANTHER, IRIB, Rouen, France
- Yossan-Var Tan
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25
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Hypocretin and the Regulation of Sleep-Wake Transitions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813743-7.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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van der Ark PD, Golor G, van Nueten L, Nandy P, de Boer P. Multiple daytime administration of the selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist JNJ-42847922 induces somnolence in healthy subjects without residual central effects. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:1330-1340. [PMID: 30182786 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118791521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and general safety and tolerability of JNJ-42847922, a selective orexin-2 receptor antagonist, were assessed in healthy subjects. METHODS Five consecutive cohorts of healthy subjects were enrolled and received doses of 5-60 mg orally once daily over 10 days of JNJ-42847922 ( n=6) or placebo ( n=2). Concentrations of drug in plasma and urine were measured over 24 h after dosing on Days 1, 5 and 10. Observed- and self-reported somnolence was used to evaluate the principal pharmacodynamic effect of JNJ-42847922. A test battery to assess vigilance state, sedation and alertness was assessed at 4, 6 and 8 h after dosing. Safety assessments included recording of adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiograms, clinical laboratory assessments and suicidality per Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. RESULTS JNJ-42847922 was rapidly absorbed after the morning dose administration. The median tmax ranged from 0.5-1.5 h and mean t1/2 values from 2-3 h. At JNJ-42847922 dose levels ⩾20 mg, mean Cmax and mean area under the curve, values increased less than dose proportionally. At doses ⩾20 mg, JNJ-42847922 consistently induced somnolence on all study days. At four hours post-dose administration, dose levels >5 mg JNJ-42847922 were identified as sedating by the Addiction Research Center Inventory-49. Except for a mild decrease in attention (Bond and Lader Visual Analogue Scale Factor 1) at dose levels >10 mg at four hours post-dose, no clinically relevant changes in other central measures have been observed. JNJ-42847922 was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D van der Ark
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Luc van Nueten
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Partha Nandy
- 3 Department of Global Clinical Pharmacology, Janssen Research and Development US, Raritan, NJ, USA
| | - Peter de Boer
- 1 Department of Experimental Medicine Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Orexin as a modulator of fear-related behavior: Hypothalamic control of noradrenaline circuit. Brain Res 2018; 1731:146037. [PMID: 30481504 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fear is an important physiological function for survival. It appears when animals or humans are confronted with an environmental threat. The amygdala has been shown to play a highly important role in emergence of fear. Hypothalamic orexin neurons are activated by fearful stimuli to evoke a 'defense reaction' with an increase in arousal level and sympathetic outflow to deal with the imminent danger. However, how this system contributes to the emergence of fear-related behavior is not well understood. Orexin neurons in the hypothalamus send excitatory innervations to noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (NALC) which express orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) and send projections to the lateral amygdala (LA). Inhibition of this di-synaptic orexin → NALC → LA pathway by pharmacological or opto/chemogenetic methods reduces cue-induced fear expression. Excitatory manipulation of this pathway induces freezing, a fear-related behavior that only occurs when the environment contains some elements suggestive of danger. Although, fear memory helps animals respond to a context or cue previously paired with an aversive stimulus, fear-related behavior is sometimes evoked even in a distinct context containing some similar elements, which is known as fear generalization. Our recent observation suggests that the orexin → NALC → LA pathway might contribute to this response. This review focuses on recent advances regarding the role of hypothalamic orexin neurons in behavioral fear expression. We also discuss the potential effectiveness of orexin receptor antagonists for treating excessive fear response or overgeneralization seen in anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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28
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Li SB, Nevárez N, Giardino WJ, de Lecea L. Optical probing of orexin/hypocretin receptor antagonists. Sleep 2018; 41:5060288. [PMID: 30060151 PMCID: PMC6454482 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives The present study investigated the function of Hypocretin (Hcrt or Orexin/OX) receptor antagonists in sleep modulation and memory function with optical methods in transgenic mice. Methods We used Hcrt-IRES-Cre knock-in mice and AAV vectors expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) to render Hcrt neurons sensitive to blue light stimulation. We optogenetically stimulated Hcrt neurons and measured latencies to wakefulness in the presence or absence of OX1/2R antagonists and Zolpidem. We also examined endogenous Hcrt neuronal activity with fiber photometry. Changes in memory after optogenetic sleep disruption were evaluated by the novel object recognition test (NOR) and compared for groups treated with vehicle, OX1/2R antagonists, or Zolpidem. We also analyzed electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra of wakefulness, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep following the injections of vehicle, OX1/2R antagonists, and Zolpidem in young adult mice. Results Acute optogenetic stimulation of Hcrt neurons at different frequencies resulted in wakefulness. Treatment with dual OX1/2R antagonists (DORAs) DORA12 and MK6096, as well as selective OX2R antagonist MK1064 and Zolpidem, but not selective OX1R antagonist 1SORA1, significantly reduced the bout length of optogenetic stimulation-evoked wakefulness episode. Fiber photometry recordings of GCaMP6f signals showed that Hcrt neurons are active during wakefulness, even in the presence of OXR antagonists. Treatment with dual OX1/2R antagonists improved memory function despite optogenetic sleep fragmentation caused impaired memory function in a NOR test. Conclusions Our results show DORAs and selective OX2R antagonists stabilize sleep and improve sleep-dependent cognitive processes even when challenged by optogenetic stimulation mimicking highly arousing stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Natalie Nevárez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - William J Giardino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Perrey DA, Zhang Y. Therapeutics development for addiction: Orexin-1 receptor antagonists. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145922. [PMID: 30148984 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The orexin system includes the neuropeptides orexin A and B and the cognate receptors of orexin-1 (OX1) and -2 (OX2) and has been indicated in a number of important physiological processes. It is generally accepted that the OX1 receptor is mainly involved in motivation and reward and the OX2 receptor in the modulation of sleep/wake cycle and energy homeostasis. A variety of OX1 selective antagonists (1-SORAs) have been disclosed in the literature and some of them have been evaluated as potential therapeutics for addiction treatment. In this review we summarize all OX1 antagonists reported thus far based on their core structure. Several dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) and OX2 selective antagonist (2-SORAs) have also been recently evaluated in reward and addiction models. While DORAs may seem pharmacologically advantageous for alcohol addiction given the recent findings on the OX2 receptor in reward and alcohol consumption, 1-SORAs are the better options for other drugs of addiction such as cocaine due to the absence of the sedative effects inherently associated with dual antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Perrey
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Janto K, Prichard JR, Pusalavidyasagar S. An Update on Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonists and Their Potential Role in Insomnia Therapeutics. J Clin Sleep Med 2018; 14:1399-1408. [PMID: 30092886 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.7282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Current pharmacological options for the treatment of insomnia insufficiently meet the needs of all insomnia patients. Approved treatments are not consistently effective in improving sleep onset and sleep maintenance, while also having complicated safety profiles. These limitations highlight the unmet need for additional medications and treatment strategies. Initial research suggests that the dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) may offer an additional pharmaceutical option to treat insomnia in some patients. METHODS We reviewed the existing literature on dual orexin receptor antagonists in PubMed databases using the search terms "orexin receptor antagonist," "almorexant" "filorexant," "lembroexant" and "suvorexant"; searches were limited to English language primary research articles, clinical trials, and reviews. RESULTS Targeting the orexin receptor system for treatment of insomnia offers an additional and alternative pharmacological approach to more common gamma aminobutyric acid agonist sedative hypnotic treatment. Effectiveness is not well established in the current literature; however, the literature does suggest efficacy. Preclinical reports also suggest the potential for treatment in individuals with comorbid Alzheimer disease and insomnia. CONCLUSIONS DORAs offer an additional treatment option for insomnia. More clinical trials are needed to robustly evaluate their safety and effectiveness in several subclasses of individuals with insomnia. Given the published literature, head-to-head comparisons to existing treatment for insomnia are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Janto
- Department of Psychology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | | | - Snigdha Pusalavidyasagar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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31
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Hypocretin receptor 1 involvement in cocaine-associated behavior: Therapeutic potential and novel mechanistic insights. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145894. [PMID: 30071195 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the hypocretin/orexin system has been identified as a critical modulator of behavior. Through interactions with dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area, this system is poised to regulate motivation for drug rewards by impacting dopamine neurotransmission in target structures including the nucleus accumbens. Across numerous experiments, we and others have identified a critical influence of hypocretin receptor 1 in mediating the behavioral and physiological effects of cocaine which positions this receptor as a potential target for the treatment of cocaine addiction. Here we discuss evidence for hypocretin receptor 1 involvement in driving cocaine-associated behavior and how hypocretin receptor 1 in the ventral tegmental area are critical for supporting dopamine neuron activity and dopamine neurotransmission. We then present new data supporting the novel hypothesis that in addition to exerting acute actions on dopamine systems, pharmacological hypocretin manipulations also produce lasting adaptations to dopamine terminals that impact sensitivity to cocaine, and ultimately, future behavior.
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De Boer P, Drevets WC, Rofael H, van der Ark P, Kent JM, Kezic I, Parapatics S, Dorffner G, van Gerven J, Beneš H, Keicher C, Jahn H, Seiden DJ, Luthringer R. A randomized Phase 2 study to evaluate the orexin-2 receptor antagonist seltorexant in individuals with insomnia without psychiatric comorbidity. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:668-677. [PMID: 29848147 DOI: 10.1177/0269881118773745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seltorexant is a potent and selective antagonist of the orexin-2 receptor that is being developed for the treatment of insomnia and major depressive disorder. AIMS The primary objective was to investigate the effect of seltorexant on sleep efficiency after single and multiple dose administration in subjects with insomnia disorder without psychiatric comorbidity. Secondary objectives included evaluation of total sleep time, latency to persistent sleep, and wake after sleep onset. Subjects received 40 mg of seltorexant for five days during Period 1 and placebo during Period 2 or vice versa in this randomized, two-way crossover study. Objective sleep parameters were evaluated by polysomnography over 8 h on Day 1/2 (single dose) and on Day 5/6 (multiple doses). Subjective sleep parameters were assessed by questionnaires. RESULTS Twenty-seven subjects completed the study. The mean changes in sleep efficiency (% (SD)) of seltorexant from placebo at Day 1/2 were 5.8 (9.2), and 7.9 (9.8) at Day 5/6 ( p < 0.001 at both time points); in total sleep time (min (SD)) 27.7 (44.3) and 37.9 (47.1), respectively; in latency to persistent sleep (min (SD)) -18.8 (21.3) and -29.9 (27.7), respectively; and in wake after sleep onset (min (SD)) -11.1 (36.4) and -11.3 (46.5). The most common adverse events were headache and somnolence. CONCLUSIONS Sleep efficiency was increased with seltorexant treatment compared with placebo. Treatment with seltorexant resulted in a prolonged total sleep time, shorter latency to persistent sleep and wake after sleep onset. There were no unexpected safety findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter De Boer
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wayne C Drevets
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - Hany Rofael
- 3 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - Peter van der Ark
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Justine M Kent
- 4 Department of Clinical Research, Psychiatry, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Skillman, NJ, USA
| | - Iva Kezic
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Georg Dorffner
- 5 The Siesta Group, Schlafanalyse GmbH, Vienna, Austria.,6 The Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Austria
| | - Joop van Gerven
- 7 Center for Human Drug Research, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Heike Beneš
- 8 Department of Early Development, Neuroscience, Somni Bene GmbH, Schwerin and Rostock University Medical Center, Schwerin, Germany
| | - Christian Keicher
- 9 Clinical Pharmacology, Charité Research Organization GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Jahn
- 10 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
The discovery of the orexin system represents the single major progress in the sleep field of the last three to four decades. The two orexin peptides and their two receptors play a major role in arousal and sleep/wake cycles. Defects in the orexin system lead to narcolepsy with cataplexy in humans and dogs and can be experimentally reproduced in rodents. At least six orexin receptor antagonists have reached Phase II or Phase III clinical trials in insomnia, five of which are dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) that target both OX1 and OX2 receptors (OX2Rs). All clinically tested DORAs induce and maintain sleep: suvorexant, recently registered in the USA and Japan for insomnia, represents the first hypnotic principle that acts in a completely different manner from the current standard medications. It is clear, however, that in the clinic, all DORAs promote sleep primarily by increasing rapid eye movement (REM) and are almost devoid of effects on slow-wave (SWS) sleep. At present, there is no consensus on whether the sole promotion of REM sleep has a negative impact in patients suffering from insomnia. However, sleep onset REM (SOREM), which has been documented with DORAs, is clearly an undesirable effect, especially for narcoleptic patients and also in fragile populations (e.g. elderly patients) where REM-associated loss of muscle tone may promote an elevated risk of falls. Debate thus remains as to the ideal orexin agent to achieve a balanced increase in REM and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Here, we review the evidence that an OX2R antagonist should be at least equivalent, or perhaps superior, to a DORA for the treatment of insomnia. An OX2R antagonist may produce more balanced sleep than a DORA. Rodent sleep experiments show that the OX2R is the primary target of orexin receptor antagonists in sleep modulation. Furthermore, an OX2R antagonist should, in theory, have a lower narcoleptic/cataplexic potential. In the clinic, the situation remains equivocal, since OX2R antagonists are in early stages: MK-1064 has completed Phase I, and MIN202 is currently in clinical Phase II/III trials. However, data from insomnia patients have not yet been released. Promotional material suggests that balanced sleep is indeed induced by MIN-202, whereas in volunteers MK-1064 has been reported to act similarly to DORAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Jacobson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sui Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sanjida Mir
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Treiber A, de Kanter R, Roch C, Gatfield J, Boss C, von Raumer M, Schindelholz B, Muehlan C, van Gerven J, Jenck F. The Use of Physiology-Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling in the Discovery of the Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist ACT-541468. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:489-503. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.241596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Bonaventure P, Dugovic C, Shireman B, Preville C, Yun S, Lord B, Nepomuceno D, Wennerholm M, Lovenberg T, Carruthers N, Fitz SD, Shekhar A, Johnson PL. Evaluation of JNJ-54717793 a Novel Brain Penetrant Selective Orexin 1 Receptor Antagonist in Two Rat Models of Panic Attack Provocation. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:357. [PMID: 28649201 PMCID: PMC5465257 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin neurons originating in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamic area are highly reactive to anxiogenic stimuli and have strong projections to anxiety and panic-associated circuitry. Recent studies support a role for the orexin system and in particular the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) in coordinating an integrative stress response. However, no selective OX1R antagonist has been systematically tested in two preclinical models of using panicogenic stimuli that induce panic attack in the majority of people with panic disorder, namely an acute hypercapnia-panic provocation model and a model involving chronic inhibition of GABA synthesis in the perifornical hypothalamic area followed by intravenous sodium lactate infusion. Here we report on a novel brain penetrant, selective and high affinity OX1R antagonist JNJ-54717793 (1S,2R,4R)-7-([(3-fluoro-2-pyrimidin-2-ylphenyl)carbonyl]-N-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazin-2-yl]-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine). JNJ-54717793 is a high affinity/potent OX1R antagonist and has an excellent selectivity profile including 50 fold versus the OX2R. Ex vivo receptor binding studies demonstrated that after oral administration JNJ-54717793 crossed the blood brain barrier and occupied OX1Rs in the rat brain. While JNJ-54717793 had minimal effect on spontaneous sleep in rats and in wild-type mice, its administration in OX2R knockout mice, selectively promoted rapid eye movement sleep, demonstrating target engagement and specific OX1R blockade. JNJ-54717793 attenuated CO2 and sodium lactate induced panic-like behaviors and cardiovascular responses without altering baseline locomotor or autonomic activity. These data confirm that selective OX1R antagonism may represent a novel approach of treating anxiety disorders, with no apparent sedative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brock Shireman
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Cathy Preville
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San DiegoCA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephanie D. Fitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
| | - Philip L. Johnson
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, IndianapolisIN, United States
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Yun S, Wennerholm M, Shelton JE, Bonaventure P, Letavic MA, Shireman BT, Lovenberg TW, Dugovic C. Selective Inhibition of Orexin-2 Receptors Prevents Stress-Induced ACTH Release in Mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:83. [PMID: 28533747 PMCID: PMC5420581 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins peptides exert a prominent role in arousal-related processes including stress responding, by activating orexin-1 (OX1R) and orexin-2 (OX2R) receptors located widely throughout the brain. Stress or orexin administration stimulates hyperarousal, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone release, and selective OX1R blockade can attenuate several stress-induced behavioral and cardiovascular responses but not the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. As opposed to OX1R, OX2R are preferentially expressed in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus which is involved in the HPA axis regulation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a psychological stress elicited by cage exchange (CE) on ACTH release in two murine models (genetic and pharmacological) of selective OX2R inhibition. CE-induced stress produced a significant increase in ACTH serum levels. Mice lacking the OX2R exhibited a blunted stress response. Stress-induced ACTH release was absent in mice pre-treated with the selective OX2R antagonist JNJ-42847922 (30 mg/kg po), whereas pre-treatment with the dual OX1/2R antagonist SB-649868 (30 mg/kg po) only partially attenuated the increase of ACTH. To assess whether the intrinsic and distinct sleep-promoting properties of each antagonist could account for the differential stress response, a separate group of mice implanted with electrodes for standard sleep recording were orally dosed with JNJ-42847922 or SB-649868 during the light phase. While both compounds reduced the latency to non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep without affecting its duration, a prevalent REM-sleep promoting effect was observed only in mice treated with the dual OX1/2R antagonist. These data indicate that in a psychological stress model, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of OX2R markedly attenuated stress-induced ACTH secretion, as a separately mediated effect from the NREM sleep induction of OX2R antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Yun
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C.San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Wennerholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C.San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan E Shelton
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C.San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pascal Bonaventure
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C.San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Letavic
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C.San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brock T Shireman
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C.San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Timothy W Lovenberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C.San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine Dugovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C.San Diego, CA, USA
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Mieda M. The roles of orexins in sleep/wake regulation. Neurosci Res 2017; 118:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gotter AL, Forman MS, Harrell CM, Stevens J, Svetnik V, Yee KL, Li X, Roecker AJ, Fox SV, Tannenbaum PL, Garson SL, Lepeleire ID, Calder N, Rosen L, Struyk A, Coleman PJ, Herring WJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonism is Sufficient to Promote NREM and REM Sleep from Mouse to Man. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27147. [PMID: 27256922 PMCID: PMC4891657 DOI: 10.1038/srep27147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin neuropeptides regulate sleep/wake through orexin receptors (OX1R, OX2R); OX2R is the predominant mediator of arousal promotion. The potential for single OX2R antagonism to effectively promote sleep has yet to be demonstrated in humans. MK-1064 is an OX2R-single antagonist. Preclinically, MK-1064 promotes sleep and increases both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep in rats at OX2R occupancies higher than the range observed for dual orexin receptor antagonists. Similar to dual antagonists, MK-1064 increases NREM and REM sleep in dogs without inducing cataplexy. Two Phase I studies in healthy human subjects evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and sleep-promoting effects of MK-1064, and demonstrated dose-dependent increases in subjective somnolence (via Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and Visual Analogue Scale measures) and sleep (via polysomnography), including increased REM and NREM sleep. Thus, selective OX2R antagonism is sufficient to promote REM and NREM sleep across species, similarly to that seen with dual orexin receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark S. Forman
- Department of Translational Medicine, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of in vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Vladimir Svetnik
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Ka Lai Yee
- Department of Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony J. Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Steven V. Fox
- Department of in vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Susan L. Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Inge De Lepeleire
- Department of Translational Medicine, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Calder
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Laura Rosen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Arie Struyk
- Department of Translational Medicine, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Paul J. Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - W. Joseph Herring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - John J. Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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Abstract
The orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors are two G protein-coupled receptors that bind the neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B. Dual antagonism of the receptors by small molecules is clinically efficacious in the treatment of insomnia, where the most advanced molecule suvorexant has recently been approved. The scope of this article is to review the small molecule orexin receptor antagonist patent literature between January 2012 and January 2014.
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Roecker AJ, Cox CD, Coleman PJ. Orexin Receptor Antagonists: New Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Insomnia. J Med Chem 2015; 59:504-30. [PMID: 26317591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, the orexin system, composed of two G-protein coupled receptors, orexins 1 and 2, and two neuropeptide agonists, orexins A and B, has captured the attention of the scientific community as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity, anxiety, and sleep/wake disorders. Genetic evidence in rodents, dogs, and humans was revealed between 1999 and 2000, demonstrating a causal link between dysfunction or deletion of the orexin system and narcolepsy, a disorder characterized by hypersomnolence during normal wakefulness. These findings encouraged efforts to discover agonists to treat narcolepsy and, alternatively, antagonists to treat insomnia. This perspective will focus on the discovery and development of structurally diverse orexin antagonists suitable for preclinical pharmacology studies and human clinical trials. The work described herein culminated in the 2014 FDA approval of suvorexant as a first-in-class dual orexin receptor antagonist for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories , P.O. Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP14-2, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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Johnson PL, Federici LM, Fitz SD, Renger JJ, Shireman B, Winrow CJ, Bonaventure P, Shekhar A. OREXIN 1 AND 2 RECEPTOR INVOLVEMENT IN CO2 -INDUCED PANIC-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIOR AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSES. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32:671-83. [PMID: 26332431 PMCID: PMC4729192 DOI: 10.1002/da.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropeptides orexin A and B play a role in reward and feeding and are critical for arousal. However, it was not initially appreciated that most prepro-orexin synthesizing neurons are almost exclusively concentrated in the perifornical hypothalamus, which when stimulated elicits panic-associated behavior and cardiovascular responses in rodents and self-reported "panic attacks" and "fear of dying" in humans. More recent studies support a role for the orexin system in coordinating an integrative stress response. For instance, orexin neurons are highly reactive to anxiogenic stimuli, are hyperactive in anxiety pathology, and have strong projections to anxiety and panic-associated circuitry. Although the two cognate orexin receptors are colocalized in many brain regions, the orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) most robustly maps to the histaminergic wake-promoting region, while the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) distribution is more exclusive and dense in anxiety and panic circuitry regions, such as the locus ceruleus. Overall, this suggests that OX1Rs play a critical role in mobilizing anxiety and panic responses. METHODS Here, we used a CO2 -panic provocation model to screen a dual OX1/2R antagonist (DORA-12) to globally inhibit orexin activity, then a highly selective OX1R antagonist (SORA1, Compound 56) or OX2R antagonist (SORA2, JnJ10397049) to assess OX1R and OX2R involvement. RESULTS All compounds except the SORA2 attenuated CO2 -induced anxiety-like behaviors, and all but the SORA2 and DORA attenuated CO2 -induced cardiovascular responses. CONCLUSIONS SORA1s may represent a novel method of treating anxiety disorders, with no apparent sedative effects that were present with a benzodiazepine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Johnson
- Departments of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Medical Neuroscience Program, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lauren M Federici
- Departments of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Medical Neuroscience Program, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephanie D Fitz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Brock Shireman
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Anantha Shekhar
- Departments of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Medical Neuroscience Program, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Dong Y, Li M, Wang S, Dong Y, Zhao H, Dai Z. Xingshentongqiao decoction mediates proliferation, apoptosis, orexin-A receptor and orexin-B receptor messenger ribonucleic acid expression and represses mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:98-104. [PMID: 25563321 PMCID: PMC4837828 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.147826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypocretin (HCRT) signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of narcolepsy and can be significantly influenced by Chinese herbal therapy. Our previous study showed that xingshentongqiao decoction (XSTQ) is clinically effective for the treatment of narcolepsy. To determine whether XSTQ improves narcolepsy by modulating HCRT signaling, we investigated its effects on SH-SY5Y cell proliferation, apoptosis, and HCRT receptor 1/2 (orexin receptor 1 [OX1R] and orexin receptor 2 [OX2R]) expression. The signaling pathways involved in these processes were also assessed. METHODS The effects of XSTQ on proliferation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells were assessed using cell counting kit-8 and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate assays. OX1R and OX2R expression was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Western blotting for mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation was performed to further assess the signaling mechanism of XSTQ. RESULTS XSTQ reduced the proliferation and induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. This effect was accompanied by the upregulation of OX1R and OX2R expression and the reduced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) 1/2, p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). CONCLUSIONS XSTQ inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. XSTQ also promotes OX1R and OX2R expression. These effects are associated with the repression of the Erk1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK signaling pathways. These results define a molecular mechanism for XSTQ in regulating HCRT and MAPK activation, which may explain its ability to treat narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaojie Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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44
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Recent trends in orexin research—2010 to 2015. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2875-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Bonaventure P, Shelton J, Yun S, Nepomuceno D, Sutton S, Aluisio L, Fraser I, Lord B, Shoblock J, Welty N, Chaplan SR, Aguilar Z, Halter R, Ndifor A, Koudriakova T, Rizzolio M, Letavic M, Carruthers NI, Lovenberg T, Dugovic C. Characterization of JNJ-42847922, a Selective Orexin-2 Receptor Antagonist, as a Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Insomnia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:471-82. [PMID: 26177655 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.225466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists have been shown to promote sleep in various species, including humans. Emerging research indicates that selective orexin-2 receptor (OX2R) antagonists may offer specificity and a more adequate sleep profile by preserving normal sleep architecture. Here, we characterized JNJ-42847922 ([5-(4,6-dimethyl-pyrimidin-2-yl)-hexahydro-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2-yl]-(2-fluoro-6-[1,2,3]triazol-2-yl-phenyl)-methanone), a high-affinity/potent OX2R antagonist. JNJ-42847922 had an approximate 2-log selectivity ratio versus the human orexin-1 receptor. Ex vivo receptor binding studies demonstrated that JNJ-42847922 quickly occupied OX2R binding sites in the rat brain after oral administration and rapidly cleared from the brain. In rats, single oral administration of JNJ-42847922 (3-30 mg/kg) during the light phase dose dependently reduced the latency to non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and prolonged NREM sleep time in the first 2 hours, whereas REM sleep was minimally affected. The reduced sleep onset and increased sleep duration were maintained upon 7-day repeated dosing (30 mg/kg) with JNJ-42847922, then all sleep parameters returned to baseline levels following discontinuation. Although the compound promoted sleep in wild-type mice, it had no effect in OX2R knockout mice, consistent with a specific OX2R-mediated sleep response. JNJ-42847922 did not increase dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens or produce place preference in mice after subchronic conditioning, indicating that the compound lacks intrinsic motivational properties in contrast to zolpidem. In a single ascending dose study conducted in healthy subjects, JNJ-42847922 increased somnolence and displayed a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile for a sedative/hypnotic, thus emerging as a promising candidate for further clinical development for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | | | - Steven Sutton
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | - Leah Aluisio
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | - Ian Fraser
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | - James Shoblock
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | - Natalie Welty
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Robin Halter
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
| | - Anthony Ndifor
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California
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Letavic MA, Bonaventure P, Carruthers NI, Dugovic C, Koudriakova T, Lord B, Lovenberg TW, Ly KS, Mani NS, Nepomuceno D, Pippel DJ, Rizzolio M, Shelton JE, Shah CR, Shireman BT, Young LK, Yun S. Novel Octahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles Are Selective Orexin-2 Antagonists: SAR Leading to a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5620-36. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Letavic
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pascal Bonaventure
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicholas I. Carruthers
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christine Dugovic
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tatiana Koudriakova
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Timothy W. Lovenberg
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kiev S. Ly
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Neelakandha S. Mani
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Diane Nepomuceno
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Pippel
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michele Rizzolio
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Shelton
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chandra R. Shah
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brock T. Shireman
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lana K. Young
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Brodnik ZD, Bernstein DL, Prince CD, España RA. Hypocretin receptor 1 blockade preferentially reduces high effort responding for cocaine without promoting sleep. Behav Brain Res 2015; 291:377-384. [PMID: 26049058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that blockade of the hypocretin receptor 1 may act as a useful pharmacotherapy for cocaine abuse. Here we investigated the extent to which various doses of a hypocretin receptor 1 antagonist, SB-334867, affect cocaine self-administration at varying doses of cocaine and across a range of effort requirements, and tested if these SB-334867 doses produce sedative effects. First, we trained animals to self-administer one of three doses of cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule, and then tested the effects of three doses of SB-334867. Responding for cocaine was then analyzed to segregate features of relatively high and low effort requirements across the progressive ratio session. In another set of experiments, we tested potential sleep-promoting effects of the same doses of SB-334867. Our data indicate that blockade of hypocretin receptor 1 preferentially reduces high effort responding for cocaine at levels that do not promote sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Brodnik
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David L Bernstein
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Courtney D Prince
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rodrigo A España
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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48
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Bonaventure P, Yun S, Johnson PL, Shekhar A, Fitz SD, Shireman BT, Lebold TP, Nepomuceno D, Lord B, Wennerholm M, Shelton J, Carruthers N, Lovenberg T, Dugovic C. A selective orexin-1 receptor antagonist attenuates stress-induced hyperarousal without hypnotic effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 352:590-601. [PMID: 25583879 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.220392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins (OXs) are peptides produced by perifornical (PeF) and lateral hypothalamic neurons that exert a prominent role in arousal-related processes, including stress. A critical role for the orexin-1 receptor (OX1R) in complex emotional behavior is emerging, such as overactivation of the OX1R pathway being associated with panic or anxiety states. Here we characterize a brain-penetrant, selective, and high-affinity OX1R antagonist, compound 56 [N-({3-[(3-ethoxy-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbonyl]-3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-4-yl}methyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amine]. Ex vivo receptor binding studies demonstrated that, after subcutaneous administration, compound 56 crossed the blood-brain barrier and occupied OX1Rs in the rat brain at lower doses than standard OX1R antagonists GSK-1059865 [5-bromo-N-({1-[(3-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-5-methylpiperidin-2-yl}methyl)pyridin-2-amine], SB-334867 [1-(2-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5-naphthyridin-4-yl)urea], and SB-408124 [1-(6,8-difluoro-2-methylquinolin-4-yl)-3-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]urea]. Although compound 56 did not alter spontaneous sleep in rats and in wild-type mice, its administration in orexin-2 receptor knockout mice selectively promoted rapid eye movement sleep, demonstrating target engagement and specific OX1R blockade. In a rat model of psychological stress induced by cage exchange, the OX1R antagonist prevented the prolongation of sleep onset without affecting sleep duration. In a rat model of panic vulnerability (involving disinhibition of the PeF OX region) to threatening internal state changes (i.e., intravenous sodium lactate infusion), compound 56 attenuated sodium lactate-induced panic-like behaviors and cardiovascular responses without altering baseline locomotor or autonomic activity. In conclusion, OX1R antagonism represents a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders associated with stress or hyperarousal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bonaventure
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Sujin Yun
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Philip L Johnson
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Anantha Shekhar
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Stephanie D Fitz
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Brock T Shireman
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Terry P Lebold
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Diane Nepomuceno
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Brian Lord
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Michelle Wennerholm
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Jonathan Shelton
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Nicholas Carruthers
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Timothy Lovenberg
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
| | - Christine Dugovic
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California (P.B., S.Y., B.T.S., T.P.L., D.N., B.L., M.W., J.S., N.C., T.L., C.D.); and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana (P.L.J., A.S., S.D.F.)
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49
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Williams JT, Gatfield J, Roch C, Treiber A, Jenck F, Bolli MH, Brotschi C, Sifferlen T, Heidmann B, Boss C. Discovery and optimisation of 1-acyl-2-benzylpyrrolidines as potent dual orexin receptor antagonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of our lead compound1into thein vivoactive, competitive, dual orexin receptor antagonist27, is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Gatfield
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | | | - Francois Jenck
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | - Martin H. Bolli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | | | | | - Bibia Heidmann
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
| | - Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery Chemistry
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Switzerland
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50
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Christopher JA, Aves SJ, Brown J, Errey JC, Klair SS, Langmead CJ, Mace OJ, Mould R, Patel JC, Tehan BG, Zhukov A, Marshall FH, Congreve M. Discovery of HTL6641, a dual orexin receptor antagonist with differentiated pharmacodynamic properties. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of potent, selective, and orally efficacious dual antagonists of the orexin receptors is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Brown
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd
- Welwyn Garden City
- U.K
| | | | - Suki S. Klair
- Labstract Ltd
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst
- Stevenage
- U.K
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