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Khantan M, Lim J, Napoli A, Obeid I, Serruya MD. Virtual white matter: a novel system for cross-dish neural interaction and modulation. J Neural Eng 2025; 22:036013. [PMID: 40328274 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/add49c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025]
Abstract
Objective. Biological neural networks (BNNs) are characterized by complex interregional connectivity, allowing for seamless communication between different brain regions.In vitromodels traditionally consist of single-dish neural cultures that cannot recapitulate the dynamics of interregional interactions and little effort has been made to interconnect multiple BNNs to process information through a hybrid interconnection of the biological and digital systems.Approach. We introduce virtual white matter (VWM), a novel platform enabling real-time functional digital connectivity between neural cultures in separate microelectrode array dishes. By detecting neural activity in one dish and providing precisely timed electrical stimulation to another, VWM recreates bidirectional inter-regional neural communication. The study introduces the conceptual framework, technical implementation, and proof-of-concept validation of the VWM system.Main Results.VWM represents a significant advancementin vitromodeling and data processing by enabling controlled interactions between heterogeneous neural cultures, such as different brain regions or cell types. The platform successfully enables the investigation of dynamic network behaviors and integration with both biological and artificial neural networks.Significance. VWM will push forward biocomputing, wetware computing, and organic intelligence by establishing a reliable form of interconnection between these systems. Furthermore, VWM has the potential to be applied in fields like therapeutic interventions that use directed neural plasticity to promote recovery from brain injury or disease responses. VWM enables complexin vitromodels to be built with the same neural connectivity as in the human brain. VWM is versatile, placing it at the core of a transformational tool for experimental neuroscience, biocomputing, and translational research to bridge biological and digital systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Khantan
- Raphael Center for Neurorestoration, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19121, United States of America
| | - James Lim
- Raphael Center for Neurorestoration, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Alessandro Napoli
- Raphael Center for Neurorestoration, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Iyad Obeid
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19121, United States of America
| | - Mijail Demian Serruya
- Raphael Center for Neurorestoration, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
- Neurodelphus, LLC, Philadelphia, PA 19066, United States of America
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2
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Jiao P, Jia Q, Li S, Shan J, Xu W, Wang Y, Liu Y, Wang M, Song Y, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Wang M, Cai X. Distinct Neural Activities in Hippocampal Subregions Revealed Using a High-Performance Wireless Microsystem with PtNPs/PEDOT:PSS-Enhanced Microelectrode Arrays. BIOSENSORS 2025; 15:262. [PMID: 40277574 PMCID: PMC12026308 DOI: 10.3390/bios15040262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Wireless microsystems for neural signal recording have emerged as a solution to overcome the limitations of tethered systems, which restrict the mobility of subjects and introduce noise interference. However, existing microsystems often face data throughput, signal processing, and long-distance wireless transmission challenges. This study presents a high-performance wireless microsystem capable of 32-channel, 30 kHz real-time recording, featuring Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based signal processing to reduce transmission load. The microsystem is integrated with platinum nanoparticles/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate-enhanced microelectrode arrays for improved signal quality. A custom NeuroWireless platform was developed for seamless data reception and storage. Experimental validation in rats demonstrated the microsystem's ability to detect spikes and local field potentials from the hippocampal CA1 and CA2 subregions. Comparative analysis of the neural signals revealed distinct activity patterns between these subregions. The wireless microsystem achieves high accuracy and throughput over distances up to 30 m, demonstrating its resilience and potential for neuroscience research. This work provides a compact, adaptable solution for multi-channel neural signal detection and offers a foundation for future applications in brain-computer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianli Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingchuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Yanbing Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (P.J.); (Q.J.); (S.L.); (J.S.); (W.X.); (Y.W.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (Y.S.)
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Jin W, Zhu X, Qian L, Wu C, Yang F, Zhan D, Kang Z, Luo K, Meng D, Xu G. Electroencephalogram-based adaptive closed-loop brain-computer interface in neurorehabilitation: a review. Front Comput Neurosci 2024; 18:1431815. [PMID: 39371523 PMCID: PMC11449715 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2024.1431815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) represent a groundbreaking approach to enabling direct communication for individuals with severe motor impairments, circumventing traditional neural and muscular pathways. Among the diverse array of BCI technologies, electroencephalogram (EEG)-based systems are particularly favored due to their non-invasive nature, user-friendly operation, and cost-effectiveness. Recent advancements have facilitated the development of adaptive bidirectional closed-loop BCIs, which dynamically adjust to users' brain activity, thereby enhancing responsiveness and efficacy in neurorehabilitation. These systems support real-time modulation and continuous feedback, fostering personalized therapeutic interventions that align with users' neural and behavioral responses. By incorporating machine learning algorithms, these BCIs optimize user interaction and promote recovery outcomes through mechanisms of activity-dependent neuroplasticity. This paper reviews the current landscape of EEG-based adaptive bidirectional closed-loop BCIs, examining their applications in the recovery of motor and sensory functions, as well as the challenges encountered in practical implementation. The findings underscore the potential of these technologies to significantly enhance patients' quality of life and social interaction, while also identifying critical areas for future research aimed at improving system adaptability and performance. As advancements in artificial intelligence continue, the evolution of sophisticated BCI systems holds promise for transforming neurorehabilitation and expanding applications across various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Jiaxing TCM Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - XinXin Zhu
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Jiaxing TCM Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Lifeng Qian
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Jiaxing TCM Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Cunshu Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Jiaxing TCM Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Daowei Zhan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Jiaxing TCM Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zhaoyin Kang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Jiaxing TCM Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Kaitao Luo
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Affiliated Jiaxing TCM Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Dianhuai Meng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangxu Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Chen Y, Wang F, Li T, Zhao L, Gong A, Nan W, Ding P, Fu Y. Considerations and discussions on the clear definition and definite scope of brain-computer interfaces. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1449208. [PMID: 39161655 PMCID: PMC11330831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1449208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a revolutionizing human-computer interaction with potential applications in both medical and non-medical fields, emerging as a cutting-edge and trending research direction. Increasing numbers of groups are engaging in BCI research and development. However, in recent years, there has been some confusion regarding BCI, including misleading and hyped propaganda about BCI, and even non-BCI technologies being labeled as BCI. Therefore, a clear definition and a definite scope for BCI are thoroughly considered and discussed in the paper, based on the existing definitions of BCI, including the six key or essential components of BCI. In the review, different from previous definitions of BCI, BCI paradigms and neural coding are explicitly included in the clear definition of BCI provided, and the BCI user (the brain) is clearly identified as a key component of the BCI system. Different people may have different viewpoints on the definition and scope of BCI, as well as some related issues, which are discussed in the article. This review argues that a clear definition and definite scope of BCI will benefit future research and commercial applications. It is hoped that this review will reduce some of the confusion surrounding BCI and promote sustainable development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Chen
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tianwen Li
- Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Anmin Gong
- School of Information Engineering, Chinese People’s Armed Police Force Engineering University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenya Nan
- School of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Ding
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunfa Fu
- Faculty of Information Engineering and Automation, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain-Computer Intelligence Integration Group, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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5
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Kurata-Sato I, Mughrabi IT, Rana M, Gerber M, Al-Abed Y, Sherry B, Zanos S, Diamond B. Vagus nerve stimulation modulates distinct acetylcholine receptors on B cells and limits the germinal center response. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3760. [PMID: 38669336 PMCID: PMC11051663 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholine is produced in the spleen in response to vagus nerve activation; however, the effects on antibody production have been largely unexplored. Here, we use a chronic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) mouse model to study the effect of VNS on T-dependent B cell responses. We observed lower titers of high-affinity IgG and fewer antigen-specific germinal center (GC) B cells. GC B cells from chronic VNS mice exhibited altered mRNA and protein expression suggesting increased apoptosis and impaired plasma cell differentiation. Follicular dendritic cell (FDC) cluster dispersal and altered gene expression suggested poor function. The absence of acetylcholine-producing CD4+ T cells diminished these alterations. In vitro studies revealed that α7 and α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) directly regulated B cell production of TNF, a cytokine crucial to FDC clustering. α4 nAChR inhibited coligation of CD19 to the B cell receptor, presumably decreasing B cell survival. Thus, VNS-induced GC impairment can be attributed to distinct effects of nAChRs on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kurata-Sato
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Ibrahim T. Mughrabi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Minakshi Rana
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Michael Gerber
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Sherry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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6
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Yun R, Rembado I, Perlmutter SI, Rao RPN, Fetz EE. Local field potentials and single unit dynamics in motor cortex of unconstrained macaques during different behavioral states. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1273627. [PMID: 38075283 PMCID: PMC10702227 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1273627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Different sleep stages have been shown to be vital for a variety of brain functions, including learning, memory, and skill consolidation. However, our understanding of neural dynamics during sleep and the role of prominent LFP frequency bands remain incomplete. To elucidate such dynamics and differences between behavioral states we collected multichannel LFP and spike data in primary motor cortex of unconstrained macaques for up to 24 h using a head-fixed brain-computer interface (Neurochip3). Each 8-s bin of time was classified into awake-moving (Move), awake-resting (Rest), REM sleep (REM), or non-REM sleep (NREM) by using dimensionality reduction and clustering on the average spectral density and the acceleration of the head. LFP power showed high delta during NREM, high theta during REM, and high beta when the animal was awake. Cross-frequency phase-amplitude coupling typically showed higher coupling during NREM between all pairs of frequency bands. Two notable exceptions were high delta-high gamma and theta-high gamma coupling during Move, and high theta-beta coupling during REM. Single units showed decreased firing rate during NREM, though with increased short ISIs compared to other states. Spike-LFP synchrony showed high delta synchrony during Move, and higher coupling with all other frequency bands during NREM. These results altogether reveal potential roles and functions of different LFP bands that have previously been unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richy Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Irene Rembado
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Steve I. Perlmutter
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Rajesh P. N. Rao
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Eberhard E. Fetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Center for Neurotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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7
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Qi Y, Chen J, Wang Y. Neuromorphic computing facilitates deep brain-machine fusion for high-performance neuroprosthesis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1153985. [PMID: 37250394 PMCID: PMC10213428 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1153985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-machine interfaces (BMI) have developed rapidly in recent years, but still face critical issues such as accuracy and stability. Ideally, a BMI system would be an implantable neuroprosthesis that would be tightly connected and integrated into the brain. However, the heterogeneity of brains and machines hinders deep fusion between the two. Neuromorphic computing models, which mimic the structure and mechanism of biological nervous systems, present a promising approach to developing high-performance neuroprosthesis. The biologically plausible property of neuromorphic models enables homogeneous information representation and computation in the form of discrete spikes between the brain and the machine, promoting deep brain-machine fusion and bringing new breakthroughs for high-performance and long-term usable BMI systems. Furthermore, neuromorphic models can be computed at ultra-low energy costs and thus are suitable for brain-implantable neuroprosthesis devices. The intersection of neuromorphic computing and BMI has great potential to lead the development of reliable, low-power implantable BMI devices and advance the development and application of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qi
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Wang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yun R, Mishler JH, Perlmutter SI, Rao RPN, Fetz EE. Responses of Cortical Neurons to Intracortical Microstimulation in Awake Primates. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0336-22.2023. [PMID: 37037604 PMCID: PMC10135083 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0336-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is commonly used in many experimental and clinical paradigms; however, its effects on the activation of neurons are still not completely understood. To document the responses of cortical neurons in awake nonhuman primates to stimulation, we recorded single-unit activity while delivering single-pulse stimulation via Utah arrays implanted in primary motor cortex (M1) of three macaque monkeys. Stimuli between 5 and 50 μA delivered to single channels reliably evoked spikes in neurons recorded throughout the array with delays of up to 12 ms. ICMS pulses also induced a period of inhibition lasting up to 150 ms that typically followed the initial excitatory response. Higher current amplitudes led to a greater probability of evoking a spike and extended the duration of inhibition. The likelihood of evoking a spike in a neuron was dependent on the spontaneous firing rate as well as the delay between its most recent spike time and stimulus onset. Tonic repetitive stimulation between 2 and 20 Hz often modulated both the probability of evoking spikes and the duration of inhibition; high-frequency stimulation was more likely to change both responses. On a trial-by-trial basis, whether a stimulus evoked a spike did not affect the subsequent inhibitory response; however, their changes over time were often positively or negatively correlated. Our results document the complex dynamics of cortical neural responses to electrical stimulation that need to be considered when using ICMS for scientific and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richy Yun
- Departments of Bioengineering
- Center for Neurotechnology
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jonathan H Mishler
- Departments of Bioengineering
- Center for Neurotechnology
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Steve I Perlmutter
- Physiology and Biophysics
- Center for Neurotechnology
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Rajesh P N Rao
- Allen School for Computer Science and Engineering
- Center for Neurotechnology
| | - Eberhard E Fetz
- Departments of Bioengineering
- Physiology and Biophysics
- Center for Neurotechnology
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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9
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Bergeron D, Iorio-Morin C, Bonizzato M, Lajoie G, Orr Gaucher N, Racine É, Weil AG. Use of Invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces in Pediatric Neurosurgery: Technical and Ethical Considerations. J Child Neurol 2023; 38:223-238. [PMID: 37116888 PMCID: PMC10226009 DOI: 10.1177/08830738231167736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Invasive brain-computer interfaces hold promise to alleviate disabilities in individuals with neurologic injury, with fully implantable brain-computer interface systems expected to reach the clinic in the upcoming decade. Children with severe neurologic disabilities, like quadriplegic cerebral palsy or cervical spine trauma, could benefit from this technology. However, they have been excluded from clinical trials of intracortical brain-computer interface to date. In this manuscript, we discuss the ethical considerations related to the use of invasive brain-computer interface in children with severe neurologic disabilities. We first review the technical hardware and software considerations for the application of intracortical brain-computer interface in children. We then discuss ethical issues related to motor brain-computer interface use in pediatric neurosurgery. Finally, based on the input of a multidisciplinary panel of experts in fields related to brain-computer interface (functional and restorative neurosurgery, pediatric neurosurgery, mathematics and artificial intelligence research, neuroengineering, pediatric ethics, and pragmatic ethics), we then formulate initial recommendations regarding the clinical use of invasive brain-computer interfaces in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bergeron
- Division of Neurosurgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Marco Bonizzato
- Electrical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Neuroscience Department and Centre
interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l’apprentissage (CIRCA), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Lajoie
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Mila - Québec AI Institute, Montréal,
Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Orr Gaucher
- Department of Pediatric Emergency
Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Bureau de l’Éthique clinique, Faculté
de médecine de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Racine
- Pragmatic Research Unit, Institute de
Recherche Clinique de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Department
of Social and Preventative Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexander G. Weil
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department
of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine (CHUSJ), Département de
Pédiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Brain and Development Research Axis,
CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Kennedy P, Cervantes AJ. Recruitment and Differential Firing Patterns of Single Units During Conditioning to a Tone in a Mute Locked-In Human. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:864983. [PMID: 36211127 PMCID: PMC9532552 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.864983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single units that are not related to the desired task can become related to the task by conditioning their firing rates. We theorized that, during conditioning of firing rates to a tone, (a) unrelated single units would be recruited to the task; (b) the recruitment would depend on the phase of the task; (c) tones of different frequencies would produce different patterns of single unit recruitment. In our mute locked-in participant, we conditioned single units using tones of different frequencies emitted from a tone generator. The conditioning task had three phases: Listen to the tone for 20 s, then silently sing the tone for 10 s, with a prior control period of resting for 10 s. Twenty single units were recorded simultaneously while feedback of one of the twenty single units was made audible to the mute locked-in participant. The results indicate that (a) some of the non-audible single units were recruited during conditioning, (b) some were recruited differentially depending on the phase of the paradigm (listen, rest, or silent sing), and (c) single unit firing patterns were specific for different tone frequencies such that the tone could be recognized from the pattern of single unit firings. These data are important when conditioning single unit firings in brain-computer interfacing tasks because they provide evidence that increased numbers of previously unrelated single units can be incorporated into the task. This incorporation expands the bandwidth of the recorded single unit population and thus enhances the brain-computer interface. This is the first report of conditioning of single unit firings in a human participant with a brain to computer implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kennedy
- Neural Signals, Inc., Duluth, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Philip Kennedy,
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Farkhondeh Tale Navi F, Heysieattalab S, Ramanathan DS, Raoufy MR, Nazari MA. Closed-loop Modulation of the Self-regulating Brain: A Review on Approaches, Emerging Paradigms, and Experimental Designs. Neuroscience 2022; 483:104-126. [PMID: 34902494 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Closed-loop approaches, setups, and experimental designs have been applied within the field of neuroscience to enhance the understanding of basic neurophysiology principles (closed-loop neuroscience; CLNS) and to develop improved procedures for modulating brain circuits and networks for clinical purposes (closed-loop neuromodulation; CLNM). The contents of this review are thus arranged into the following sections. First, we describe basic research findings that have been made using CLNS. Next, we provide an overview of the application, rationale, and therapeutic aspects of CLNM for clinical purposes. Finally, we summarize methodological concerns and critics in clinical practice of neurofeedback and novel applications of closed-loop perspective and techniques to improve and optimize its experiments. Moreover, we outline the theoretical explanations and experimental ideas to test animal models of neurofeedback and discuss technical issues and challenges associated with implementing closed-loop systems. We hope this review is helpful for both basic neuroscientists and clinical/ translationally-oriented scientists interested in applying closed-loop methods to improve mental health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Farkhondeh Tale Navi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soomaayeh Heysieattalab
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Malone IG, Kelly MN, Nosacka RL, Nash MA, Yue S, Xue W, Otto KJ, Dale EA. Closed-Loop, Cervical, Epidural Stimulation Elicits Respiratory Neuroplasticity after Spinal Cord Injury in Freely Behaving Rats. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0426-21.2021. [PMID: 35058311 PMCID: PMC8856702 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0426-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half of all spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are cervical, which can lead to paralysis and respiratory compromise, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Effective treatments to restore breathing after severe upper cervical injury are lacking; thus, it is imperative to develop therapies to address this. Epidural stimulation has successfully restored motor function after SCI for stepping, standing, reaching, grasping, and postural control. We hypothesized that closed-loop stimulation triggered via healthy hemidiaphragm EMG activity has the potential to elicit functional neuroplasticity in spinal respiratory pathways after cervical SCI (cSCI). To test this, we delivered closed-loop, electrical, epidural stimulation (CLES) at the level of the phrenic motor nucleus (C4) for 3 d after C2 hemisection (C2HS) in freely behaving rats. A 2 × 2 Latin Square experimental design incorporated two treatments, C2HS injury and CLES therapy resulting in four groups of adult, female Sprague Dawley rats: C2HS + CLES (n = 8), C2HS (n = 6), intact + CLES (n = 6), intact (n = 6). In stimulated groups, CLES was delivered for 12-20 h/d for 3 d. After C2HS, 3 d of CLES robustly facilitated the slope of stimulus-response curves of ipsilesional spinal motor evoked potentials (sMEPs) versus nonstimulated controls. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of CLES eliciting respiratory neuroplasticity after C2HS in freely behaving animals. These findings suggest CLES as a promising future therapy to address respiratory deficiency associated with cSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Malone
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Mia N Kelly
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Rachel L Nosacka
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Marissa A Nash
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Sijia Yue
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Wei Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Kevin J Otto
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Erica A Dale
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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