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Veeravalli KK. Implications of MMP-12 in the pathophysiology of ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2024; 9:97-107. [PMID: 37336584 PMCID: PMC11103161 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2023-002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the emerging role of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) in ischaemic stroke (IS). MMP-12 expression in the brain increases dramatically in animal models of IS, and its suppression reduces brain damage and promotes neurological, sensorimotor and cognitive functional outcomes. Thus, MMP-12 could represent a potential target for the management of IS. This article provides an overview of MMP-12 upregulation in the brain following IS, its deleterious role in the post-stroke pathogenesis (blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammation, apoptosis and demyelination), possible molecular interactions and mechanistic insights, its involvement in post-ischaemic functional deficits and recovery as well as the limitations, perspectives, challenges and future directions for further research. Prior to testing any MMP-12-targeted therapy in patients with acute IS, additional research is needed to establish the effectiveness of MMP-12 suppression against IS in older animals and in animals with comorbidities. This article also examines the clinical implications of suppressing MMP-12 alone or in combination with MMP-9 for extending the currently limited tissue plasminogen activator therapy time window. Targeting of MMP-12 is expected to have a profound influence on the therapeutic management of IS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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2
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Challa SR, Nalamolu KR, Fornal CA, Baker IM, Mohandass A, Mada SR, Wang BC, Pinson DM, Lahoti S, Klopfenstein JD, Veeravalli KK. The paradox of tPA in ischemic stroke: tPA knockdown following recanalization improves functional and histological outcomes. Exp Neurol 2024; 374:114727. [PMID: 38360257 PMCID: PMC10986679 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is upregulated in the brain after an acute ischemic stroke (AIS). While mixed results were observed in genetic models, the pharmacological inhibition of endogenous tPA showed beneficial effects. Treatment with exogenous recombinant tPA exacerbated brain damage in rodent models of stroke. Despite the detrimental effects of tPA in ischemic stroke, recombinant tPA is administered to AIS patients to recanalize the occluded blood vessels because the benefits of its administration outweigh the risks associated with tPA upregulation and increased activity. We hypothesized that tPA knockdown following recanalization would ameliorate sensorimotor deficits and reduce brain injury. Young male and female rats (2-3 months old) were subjected to transient focal cerebral ischemia by occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Shortly after reperfusion, rats from appropriate cohorts were administered a nanoparticle formulation containing tPA shRNA or control shRNA plasmids (1 mg/kg) intravenously via the tail vein. Infarct volume during acute and chronic phases, expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 1, 3, and 9, enlargement of cerebral ventricle volume, and white matter damage were all reduced by shRNA-mediated gene silencing of tPA following reperfusion. Additionally, recovery of somatosensory and motor functions was improved. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that reducing endogenous tPA following recanalization improves functional outcomes and reduces post-stroke brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Reddy Challa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Pharmacology, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, AP, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Nalamolu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Casimir A Fornal
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Isidra M Baker
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Adithya Mohandass
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Sahil Reddy Mada
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Billy C Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, OSF HealthCare Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - David M Pinson
- Department of Health Sciences Education and Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Sourabh Lahoti
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Illinois Neurological Institute, OSF HealthCare Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Klopfenstein
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Illinois Neurological Institute, OSF HealthCare Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.
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3
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Zou X, Wang L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Ma J, Chen L, Li Y, Yao TX, Zhou H, Wu L, Tang Q, Ma S, Zhang X, Tang R, Yi Y, Liu R, Zeng Y, Zhang L. Promising therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke identified from plasma and cerebrospinal fluid proteomes: a multicenter Mendelian randomization study. Int J Surg 2024; 110:766-776. [PMID: 38016292 PMCID: PMC10871597 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) is more common every year, the condition is serious, and have a poor prognosis. New, efficient, and safe therapeutic targets are desperately needed as early treatment especially prevention and reperfusion is the key to lowering the occurrence of poorer prognosis. Generally circulating proteins are attractive therapeutic targets, this study aims to identify potential pharmacological targets among plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins for the prevention and treatment of IS using a multicenter Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS First, the genetic instruments of 734 plasma and 151 CSF proteins were assessed for causative connections with IS from MEGASTROKE consortium by MR to identify prospective therapeutic targets. Then, for additional validation, plasma proteins from the deCODE consortium and the Fenland consortium, as well as IS GWAS data from the FinnGen cohort, the ISGC consortium and UK biobank, were employed. A thorough evaluation of the aforementioned possible pharmacological targets was carried out using meta-analysis. The robustness of MR results was then confirmed through sensitivity analysis using several techniques, such as bidirectional MR analysis, Steiger filtering, and Bayesian colocalization. Finally, methods like Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Networking were utilized to investigate the relationship between putative drug targets and therapeutic agents. RESULTS The authors discovered three proteins that may function as promising therapeutic targets for IS and meet the Bonferroni correction ( P <0.05/885=5.65×10 -5 ). Prekallikrein (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.27-0.63, P =3.61×10 -5 ), a protein found in CSF, has a 10-fold protective impact in IS, while the plasma proteins SWAP70 (OR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.80-0.91, P =1.64×10 -6 ) and MMP-12 (OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.89-0.95, P =4.49×10 -6 ) of each SD play a protective role in IS. Prekallikrein, MMP-12, SWAP70 was replicated in the FinnGen cohort and ISGC database. MMP-12 (OR=0.93, 95% CI: 0.91-0.94, P <0.001), SWAP70 (OR=0.92, 95% CI: 0.90-0.94, P <0.001), and prekallikrein (OR=0.53, 95% CI: 0.33-0.72, P <0.001) may all be viable targets for IS, according to the combined meta-analysis results. Additionally, no evidence of reverse causality was identified, and Bayesian colocalization revealed MMP-12 (PPH 4 =0.995), SWAP70 (PPH 4 =0.987), and prekallikrein (PPH 4 =0.894) shared the same variant with IS, supporting the robustness of the aforementioned causation. Prekallikrein and MMP-12 were associated with the target protein of the current treatment of IS. Among them, Lanadelumab, a new drug whose target protein is a prekallikrein, may be a promising new drug for the treatment of IS. CONCLUSION The prekallikrein, MMP-12, and SWAP70 are causally associated with the risk of IS. Moreover, MMP-12 and prekallikrein may be treated as promising therapeutic targets for medical intervention of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelun Zou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Leiyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sai Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Junyi Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Tian-Xing Yao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Huifang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Lianxu Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Qiaoling Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Xiangbin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Rongmei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Yexiang Yi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Ran Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Geriatrics, Second Xiangya Hospital
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
- Human Brain Disease Biological Resources Platform of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital
- Multi-Modal Monitoring Technology for Severe Cerebrovascular Disease of Human Engineering Research Center, Xiangya Hospital
- Brain Health Center of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan
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Ruscu M, Capitanescu B, Rupek P, Dandekar T, Radu E, Hermann DM, Popa-Wagner A. The post-stroke young adult brain has limited capacity to re-express the gene expression patterns seen during early postnatal brain development. Brain Pathol 2024:e13232. [PMID: 38198833 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The developmental origins of the brain's response to injury can play an important role in recovery after a brain lesion. In this study, we investigated whether the ischemic young adult brain can re-express brain plasticity genes that were active during early postnatal development. Differentially expressed genes in the cortex of juvenile post-natal day 3 and the peri-infarcted cortical areas of young, 3-month-old post-stroke rats were identified using fixed-effects modeling within an empirical Bayes framework through condition-specific comparison. To further analyze potential biological processes, upregulated and downregulated genes were assessed for enrichment using GSEA software. The genes showing the highest expression changes were subsequently verified through RT-PCR. Our findings indicate that the adult brain partially recapitulates the gene expression profile observed in the juvenile brain but fails to upregulate many genes and pathways necessary for brain plasticity. Of the upregulated genes in post-stroke brains, specific roles have not been assigned to Apobec1, Cenpf, Ect2, Folr2, Glipr1, Myo1f, and Pttg1. New genes that failed to upregulate in the adult post-stroke brain include Bex4, Cd24, Klhl1/Mrp2, Trim67, and St8sia2. Among the upregulated pathways, the largest change was observed in the KEGG pathway "One carbon pool of folate," which is necessary for cellular proliferation, followed by the KEGG pathway "Antifolate resistance," whose genes mainly encode the family of ABC transporters responsible for the efflux of drugs that have entered the brain. We also noted three less-described downregulated KEGG pathways in experimental models: glycolipid biosynthesis, oxytocin, and cortisol pathways, which could be relevant as therapeutic targets. The limited brain plasticity of the adult brain is illustrated through molecular and histological analysis of the axonal growth factor, KIF4. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that further research is needed to decipher the complex genetic mechanisms that prevent the re-expression of brain plasticity-associated genes in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Ruscu
- Vascular Neurology and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Paul Rupek
- Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Chair of Bioinformatics, University of Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Eugen Radu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Vascular Neurology and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Vascular Neurology and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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Babenko VA, Fedulova KS, Silachev DN, Rahimi-Moghaddam P, Kalyuzhnaya YN, Demyanenko SV, Plotnikov EY. The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Hemorrhagic Transformation in the Treatment of Stroke with Tissue Plasminogen Activator. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1175. [PMID: 37511788 PMCID: PMC10381732 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide. The only approved treatment for ischemic stroke is thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), though this approach often leads to a severe complication: hemorrhagic transformation (HT). The pathophysiology of HT in response to tPA is complex and not fully understood. However, numerous scientific findings suggest that the enzymatic activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in brain tissue play a crucial role. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge of the functioning of various MMPs at different stages of ischemic stroke development and their association with HT. We also discuss the mechanisms that underlie the effect of tPA on MMPs as the main cause of the adverse effects of thrombolytic therapy. Finally, we describe recent research that aimed to develop new strategies to modulate MMP activity to improve the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. The ultimate goal is to provide more targeted and personalized treatment options for patients with ischemic stroke to minimize complications and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Babenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia S Fedulova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis N Silachev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Parvaneh Rahimi-Moghaddam
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Yulia N Kalyuzhnaya
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Demyanenko
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Egor Y Plotnikov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Arutyunov A, Klein RS. Microglia at the scene of the crime: what their transcriptomics reveal about brain health. Curr Opin Neurol 2023; 36:207-213. [PMID: 37078646 PMCID: PMC10867866 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Microglia, which arise from primitive myeloid precursors that enter the central nervous system (CNS) during early development, are the first responders to any perturbance of homeostasis. Although their activation has become synonymous with neurologic disease, it remains unclear whether microglial responses are the cause of or response to neuropathology. Here, we review new insights in the roles of microglia during CNS health and disease, including preclinical studies that transcriptionally profile microglia to define their functional states. RECENT FINDINGS Converging evidence suggests that innate immune activation of microglia is associated with overlapping alterations in their gene expression profiles regardless of the trigger. Thus, recent studies examining neuroprotective microglial responses during infections and aging mirror those observed during chronic neurologic diseases, including neurodegeneration and stroke. Many of these insights derive from studies of microglial transcriptomes and function in preclinical models, some of which have been validated in human samples. During immune activation, microglia dismantle their homeostatic functions and transition into subsets capable of antigen presentation, phagocytosis of debris, and management of lipid homeostasis. These subsets can be identified during both normal and aberrant microglial responses, the latter of which may persist long-term. The loss of neuroprotective microglia, which maintain a variety of essential CNS functions, may therefore, in part, underlie the development of neurodegenerative diseases. SUMMARY Microglia exhibit a high level of plasticity, transforming into numerous subsets as they respond to innate immune triggers. Chronic loss of microglial homeostatic functions may underlie the development of diseases with pathological forgetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Arutyunov
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases
- Departments of Medicine
| | - Robyn S. Klein
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases
- Departments of Medicine
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology
- Departments of Neurosciences
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Kowalczyk M, Panasiuk-Kowalczyk A, Stadnik A, Guz M, Cybulski M, Jeleniewicz W, Stepulak A, Kwiatosz-Muc M. Dexmedetomidine Increases MMP-12 and MBP Concentrations after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery with Extracorporeal Circulation Anaesthesia without Impacting Cognitive Function: A Randomised Control Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16512. [PMID: 36554397 PMCID: PMC9778911 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative neurological deficits remain a concern for patients undergoing cardiac surgeries. Even minor injuries can lead to neurocognitive decline (i.e., postoperative cognitive dysfunction). Dexmedetomidine may be beneficial given its reported neuroprotective effect. We aimed to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine on brain injury during cardiac surgery anaesthesia. This prospective observational study analysed data for 46 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery with extracorporeal circulation between August 2018 and March 2019. The patients were divided into two groups: control (CON) with typical anaesthesia and dexmedetomidine (DEX) with dexmedetomidine infusion. Concentrations of the biomarkers matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) and myelin basic protein (MBP) were measured preoperatively and at 24 and 72 h postoperatively. Cognitive evaluations were performed preoperatively, at discharge, and 3 months after discharge using Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination version III (ACE-III). The primary endpoint was the ACE-III score at discharge. Increased MMP-12 and MBP concentrations were observed in the DEX group 24 and 72 h postoperatively. No significant differences in ACE-III scores were observed between the groups at discharge; however, the values were increased when compared with initial values after 3 months (p = 0.000). The current results indicate that the administration of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to anaesthesia can increase MMP-12 and MBP levels without effects on neurocognitive outcomes at discharge and 3 months postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kowalczyk
- 1st Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Panasiuk-Kowalczyk
- 1st Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Stadnik
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Guz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Cybulski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Witold Jeleniewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stepulak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kwiatosz-Muc
- 1st Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
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8
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Challa SR, Nalamolu KR, Fornal CA, Mohandass A, Mussman JP, Schaibley C, Kashyap A, Sama V, Wang BC, Klopfenstein JD, Pinson DM, Kunamneni A, Veeravalli KK. The interplay between MMP-12 and t-PA in the brain after ischemic stroke. Neurochem Int 2022; 161:105436. [PMID: 36283468 PMCID: PMC9898869 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) expression is known to increase following transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Previously, we reported downregulation of t-PA upon suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), following transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. We now present data on the temporal expression of t-PA in the brain after transient ischemia, as well as the interaction between MMP-12 and t-PA, two proteases associated with the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and ischemic brain damage. We hypothesized that there might be reciprocal interactions between MMP-12 and t-PA in the brain after ischemic stroke. This hypothesis was tested using shRNA-mediated gene silencing and computational modeling. Suppression of t-PA following transient ischemia and reperfusion in rats attenuated MMP-12 expression in the brain. The overall effect of t-PA shRNA administration was to attenuate the degradation of BBB tight junction protein claudin-5, diminish BBB disruption, and reduce neuroinflammation by decreasing the expression of the microglia/macrophage pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype (CD68, iNOS, IL-1β, and TNFα). Reduced BBB disruption and subsequent lack of infiltration of macrophages (the main source of MMP-12 in the ischemic brain) could account for the decrease in MMP-12 expression after t-PA suppression. Computational modeling of in silico protein-protein interactions indicated that MMP-12 and t-PA may interact physically. Overall, our findings demonstrate that MMP-12 and t-PA interact directly or indirectly at multiple levels in the brain following an ischemic stroke. The present findings could be useful in the development of new pharmacotherapies for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Reddy Challa
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Pharmacology, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Nalamolu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Casimir A Fornal
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Adithya Mohandass
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Justin P Mussman
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Claire Schaibley
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Aanan Kashyap
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Vinay Sama
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Billy C Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Children's Hospital of Illinois, OSF HealthCare Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Klopfenstein
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Illinois Neurological Institute, OSF HealthCare Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA
| | - David M Pinson
- Department of Health Sciences Education and Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - Krishna Kumar Veeravalli
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.
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