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Garruti G, Baj J, Cignarelli A, Perrini S, Giorgino F. Hepatokines, bile acids and ketone bodies are novel Hormones regulating energy homeostasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1154561. [PMID: 37274345 PMCID: PMC10236950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1154561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current views show that an impaired balance partly explains the fat accumulation leading to obesity. Fetal malnutrition and early exposure to endocrine-disrupting compounds also contribute to obesity and impaired insulin secretion and/or sensitivity. The liver plays a major role in systemic glucose homeostasis through hepatokines secreted by hepatocytes. Hepatokines influence metabolism through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling and mediate the crosstalk between the liver, non-hepatic target tissues, and the brain. The liver also synthetizes bile acids (BAs) from cholesterol and secretes them into the bile. After food consumption, BAs mediate the digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and lipids in the duodenum. In recent studies, BAs act not simply as fat emulsifiers but represent endocrine molecules regulating key metabolic pathways. The liver is also the main site of the production of ketone bodies (KBs). In prolonged fasting, the brain utilizes KBs as an alternative to CHO. In the last few years, the ketogenic diet (KD) became a promising dietary intervention. Studies on subjects undergoing KD show that KBs are important mediators of inflammation and oxidative stress. The present review will focus on the role played by hepatokines, BAs, and KBs in obesity, and diabetes prevention and management and analyze the positive effects of BAs, KD, and hepatokine receptor analogs, which might justify their use as new therapeutic approaches for metabolic and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Garruti
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Angelo Cignarelli
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastio Perrini
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giorgino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Qi Y, Huang Y, Dong Y, Zhang W, Xia F, Bai H, Stevanovic ZD, Li H, Shi L. Effective Improvement of the Oxidative Stability of Acer truncatum Bunge Seed Oil, a New Woody Oil Food Resource, by Rosemary Extract. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040889. [PMID: 37107264 PMCID: PMC10135269 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acer truncatum Bunge is a versatile, oil-producing, woody tree natively and widely distributed in northern China. In 2011, The People’s Republic of China’s Ministry of Health certified Acer truncatum seed oil (Aoil) as a new food resource. Unsaturated fatty acids account for up to 92% of the entire Aoil. When Aoil is processed or stored, it can easily oxidize. In this study, the effects of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract on the oxidation stability of Aoil were analysed from multiple angles. The results of radical scavenging ability, malondialdehyde, and free fatty acid reveal that rosemary crude extract (RCE), rosmarinic acid (RA), and carnosic acid (CA) can significantly inhibit the oxidation of Aoil, and CA has the best oxidative stability for Aoil among the tested components of the crude rosemary. The delayed oxidation ability of CA for Aoil was slightly weaker than that of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), but stronger than that of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol (α-T), which was confirmed by microstructures, kinematic viscosity, Aoil weight change, and functional group. Additionally, CA-enriched Aoil had the smallest content of volatile lipid oxidation products. Moreover, lecithin-CA particles were added to enhance the oxidative stability of Aoil. These findings show that CA is a potent antioxidant, capable of successfully preventing Aoil oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yeqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanmei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zora Dajic Stevanovic
- Department of Agrobotany, University of Belgrade Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Zemun, Serbia
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
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Dong R, Wang Z, Zhao Q, Yan Y, Jiang Q. Molecular characterization and immune functions of lipasin in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Involvement in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α secretion. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108549. [PMID: 36646336 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipasin, the product of the angiopoietin-like 8 (angptl8) gene, is known as a critical regulator of plasma lipid metabolism. However, its immune function in vertebrates is currently poorly understood. By 5'/3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we established the structural identity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) angptl8. The transcripts of tilapia angptl8 were widely expressed in various tissues, with the highest levels in the liver. Following lipopolysaccharide in vivo challenges, time-dependent angptl8 gene expression was observed in the head kidney and liver. On the basis of the sequence obtained, we produced recombinant lipasin that inhibited lipoprotein lipase activity. Treatment of head kidney leukocytes with lipasin stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion and gene expression. In addition, lipasin-induced TNF-α secretion could be prevented by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Furthermore, lipasin enhanced the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα and promoted translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to the nucleus. Collectively, the current findings suggested that lipasin was involved in the immune response of Nile tilapia and stimulated TNF-α secretion by activating the NF-κB pathway in tilapia head kidney leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zixi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yisha Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Carbinatti T, Régnier M, Parlati L, Benhamed F, Postic C. New insights into the inter-organ crosstalk mediated by ChREBP. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1095440. [PMID: 36923222 PMCID: PMC10008936 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1095440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) is a glucose responsive transcription factor recognized by its critical role in the transcriptional control of glycolysis and de novo lipogenesis. Substantial advances in the field have revealed novel ChREBP functions. Indeed, due to its actions in different tissues, ChREBP modulates the inter-organ communication through secretion of peptides and lipid factors, ensuring metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of these orchestrated interactions is associated with development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we recapitulate the current knowledge about ChREBP-mediated inter-organ crosstalk through secreted factors and its physiological implications. As the liver is considered a crucial endocrine organ, we will focus in this review on the role of ChREBP-regulated hepatokines. Lastly, we will discuss the involvement of ChREBP in the progression of metabolic pathologies, as well as how the impairment of ChREBP-dependent signaling factors contributes to the onset of such diseases.
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Kambe Y, Nguyen TT, Yasaka T, Nguyen TT, Sameshima Y, Hashiguchi K, Shintani N, Hashimoto H, Kurihara T, Miyata A. The Pivotal Role of Neuropeptide Crosstalk from Ventromedial-PACAP to Dorsomedial-Galanin in the Appetite Regulation in the Mouse Hypothalamus. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:171-182. [PMID: 36251233 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) enhances feeding during the dark cycle and after fasting, and inhibits feeding during the light cycle. On the other hand, galanin is highly expressed in the hypothalamus and has been reported to be involved in feeding regulation. In this study, we investigated the involvement of the VMH-PACAP to the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH)-galanin signaling in the regulation of feeding. Galanin expression in the hypothalamus was significantly increased with fasting, but this increment was canceled in PACAP-knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, overexpression of PACAP in the VMH increased the expression of galanin, while knockdown (KD) of PACAP in the VMH decreased the expression of galanin, indicating that the expression of galanin in the hypothalamus might be regulated by PACAP in the VMH. Therefore, we expressed the synaptophysin-EGFP fusion protein (SypEGFP) in PACAP neurons in the VMH and visualized the neural projection to the hypothalamic region where galanin was highly expressed. A strong synaptophysin-EGFP signal was observed in the DMH, indicating that PACAP-expressing cells of the VMH projected to the DMH. Furthermore, galanin immunostaining in the DMH showed that galanin expression was weak in PACAP-KO mice. When galanin in the DMH was knocked down, food intake during the dark cycle and after fasting was decreased, and food intake during the light cycle was increased, as in PACAP-KO mice. These results indicated that galanin in the DMH may regulate the feeding downstream of PACAP in the VMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Thanh Trung Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yasaka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health and Welfare, Shimamicho 1398, Kita-ku, Niigata, 950-3198, Japan
| | - Thu Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshimune Sameshima
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashiguchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Norihito Shintani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University, 25-1 Shichibancho, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 640-8156, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University and Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurihara
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Atsuro Miyata
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka 8-35-1, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
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Xu F, Tian D, Shi X, Sun K, Chen Y. Analysis of the Expression and Prognostic Potential of a Novel Metabolic Regulator ANGPTL8/Betatrophin in Human Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:1609914. [PMID: 34646087 PMCID: PMC8502826 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.1609914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) family members, except for the novel atypical member ANGPTL8/betatrophin, have been reported to participate in angiogenesis, inflammation and cancer. ANGPTL8/betatrophin is a metabolic regulator that is involved in lipid metabolism and glucose homeostasis. However, little is known about the expression and prognostic value of ANGPTL8/betatrophin in human cancers. In this study, we first conducted detailed analyses of ANGPTL8/betatrophin expression in cancer/normal samples via the Human Protein Atlas (HPA), Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA), DriverDBv3, ENCORI and UALCAN databases. ANGPTL8/betatrophin showed high tissue specificity (enriched in the liver) and cell-type specificity (enriched in HepG2 and MCF7 cell lines). More than one databases demonstrated that the gene expression of ANGPTL8/betatrophin was significantly lower in cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), and significantly higher in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) compared with that in normal samples. However, the protein expression of ANGPTL8/betatrophin displayed opposite results in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)/KIRC. Based on the expression profiles, the prognostic value was evaluated with the GEPIA, DriverDBv3, Kaplan Meier plotter and ENCORI databases. Two or more databases demonstrated that ANGPTL8/betatrophin significantly affected the survival of KIRC, uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PCPG) and sarcoma (SARC); patients with PCPG and SARC may benifit from high ANGPTL8/betatrophin expression while high ANGPTL8/betatrophin expression was associated with poor prognosis in KIRC and UCEC. Functional analyses with the GeneMANIA, Metascape and STRING databases suggested that ANGPTL8/betatrophin was mainly involved in lipid homeostasis, especially triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism; glucose homeostasis, especially insulin resistance; AMPK signaling pathway; PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; PPAR signaling pathway; mTOR signaling pathway; HIF-1 signaling pathway; autophagy; regulation of inflammatory response. ANGPTL8/betatrophin may be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target, thus providing evidence to support further exploration of its role in defined human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Xu
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zheng Zhou, China
| | - Dandan Tian
- Department of Hypertension, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zheng Zhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zheng Zhou, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zheng Zhou, China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Hematology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital and Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zheng Zhou, China
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Abstract
ANGPTL8 is an important cytokine, which is significantly increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and metabolic syndrome. Many studies have shown that ANGPTL8 can be used as a bio-marker of these metabolic disorders related diseases, and the baseline ANGPTL8 level has also been found to be positively correlated with retinopathy and all-cause mortality in patients with T2DM. This may be related to the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity and the reduction of circulating triglyceride (TG) clearance by ANGPTL8. Consistently, inhibition of ANGPTL8 seems to prevent or improve atherosclerosis. However, it is puzzling that ANGPTL8 seems to have a directing function for TG uptake in peripheral tissues; that is, ANGPTL8 specifically enhances the reserve and buffering function of white adipose tissue, which may alleviate the ectopic lipid accumulation to a certain extent. Furthermore, ANGPTL8 can improve insulin sensitivity and inhibit hepatic glucose production. These contradictory results lead to different opinions on the role of ANGPTL8 in metabolic disorders. In this paper, the correlation between ANGPTL8 and metabolic diseases, the regulation of ANGPTL8 and the physiological role of ANGPTL8 in the process of glucose and lipid metabolism were summarized, and the physiological/pathological significance of ANGPTL8 in the process of metabolic disorder was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqiang He
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, 438 Jiefang Road, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Jensen-Cody SO, Potthoff MJ. Hepatokines and metabolism: Deciphering communication from the liver. Mol Metab 2020; 44:101138. [PMID: 33285302 PMCID: PMC7788242 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The liver is a key regulator of systemic energy homeostasis and can sense and respond to nutrient excess and deficiency through crosstalk with multiple tissues. Regulation of systemic energy homeostasis by the liver is mediated in part through regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of either process may result in metabolic dysfunction and contribute to the development of insulin resistance or fatty liver disease. Scope of review The liver has recently been recognized as an endocrine organ that secretes hepatokines, which are liver-derived factors that can signal to and communicate with distant tissues. Dysregulation of liver-centered inter-organ pathways may contribute to improper regulation of energy homeostasis and ultimately metabolic dysfunction. Deciphering the mechanisms that regulate hepatokine expression and communication with distant tissues is essential for understanding inter-organ communication and for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic dysfunction. Major conclusions In this review, we discuss liver-centric regulation of energy homeostasis through hepatokine secretion. We highlight key hepatokines and their roles in metabolic control, examine the molecular mechanisms of each hepatokine, and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets for metabolic disease. We also discuss important areas of future studies that may contribute to understanding hepatokine signaling under healthy and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O Jensen-Cody
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Zhang C, Yuan J, Lin Q, Li M, Wang L, Wang R, Chen X, Jiang Z, Zhu K, Chang X, Wang B, Dong J. Ghrelin in the lateral parabrachial nucleus influences the excitability of glucosensing neurons, increases food intake and body weight. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:1168-1177. [PMID: 33112816 PMCID: PMC7774750 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake, body weight and energy metabolism. However, these effects of ghrelin in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) are unexplored. C57BL/6J mice and GHSR-/- mice were implanted with cannula above the right LPBN and ghrelin was microinjected via the cannula to investigate effect of ghrelin in the LPBN. In vivo electrophysiological technique was used to record LPBN glucose-sensitive neurons to explore potential udnderlying mechanisms. Microinjection of ghrelin in LPBN significantly increased food intake in the first 3 h, while such effect was blocked by [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 and abolished in GHSR-/- mice. LPBN ghrelin microinjection also significantly increased the firing rate of glucose-excited (GE) neurons and decreased the firing rate of glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons. Additionally, LPBN ghrelin microinjection also significantly increased c-fos expression. Chronic ghrelin administration in the LPBN resulted in significantly increased body weight gain. Meanwhile, no significant changes were observed in both mRNA and protein expression levels of UCP-1 in BAT. These results demonstrated that microinjection of ghrelin in LPBN could increase food intake through the interaction with growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) in C57BL/6J mice, and its chronic administration could also increase body weight gain. These effects might be associated with altered firing rate in the GE and GI neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caishun Zhang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Manwen Li
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liuxin Wang
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Department, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhengyao Jiang
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Intensive Care Unit Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Institute of Acupuncture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Medical Microbiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Wang or J Dong: or
| | - Jing Dong
- Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to B Wang or J Dong: or
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10
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Abu-Farha M, Ghosh A, Al-Khairi I, Madiraju SRM, Abubaker J, Prentki M. The multi-faces of Angptl8 in health and disease: Novel functions beyond lipoprotein lipase modulation. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101067. [PMID: 33011191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL) family members, mainly ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8, are physiological inhibitors of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and play a critical role in lipoprotein and triglyceride metabolism in response to nutritional cues. ANGPTL8 has been described by different names in various studies and has been ascribed various functions at the systemic and cellular levels. Circulating ANGPTL8 originates mainly from the liver and to a smaller extent from adipose tissues. In the blood, ANGPTL8 forms a complex with ANGPTL3 or ANGPTL4 to inhibit LPL in fed or fasted conditions, respectively. Evidence is emerging for additional intracellular and receptor-mediated functions of ANGPTL8, with implications in NFκB mediated inflammation, autophagy, adipogenesis, intra-cellular lipolysis and regulation of circadian clock. Elevated levels of plasma ANGPTL8 are associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension and NAFLD/NASH, even though the precise relationship is not known. Whether ANGPTL8 has direct pathogenic role in these diseases, remains to be explored. In this review, we develop a balanced view on the proposed association of this protein in the regulation of several pathophysiological processes. We also discuss the well-established functions of ANGPTL8 in lipoprotein metabolism in conjunction with the emerging novel extracellular and intracellular roles of ANGPTL8 and the implicated metabolic and signalling pathways. Understanding the diverse functions of ANGPTL8 in various tissues and metabolic states should unveil new opportunities of therapeutic intervention for cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Irina Al-Khairi
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - S R Murthy Madiraju
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait..
| | - Marc Prentki
- Departments of Nutrition, Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Song L, Yuan J, Liu Y, Zhang D, Zhang C, Lin Q, Li M, Su K, Li Y, Gao G, Ma R, Dong J. Ghrelin system is involved in improvements in glucose metabolism mediated by hyperbaric oxygen treatment in a streptozotocin‑induced type 1 diabetes mouse model. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3767-3776. [PMID: 32901885 PMCID: PMC7533472 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disorder for which the only effective therapy is insulin replacement. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy has demonstrated potential in improving hyperglycemia and as a treatment option for T1DM. Ghrelin and HBO have been previously reported to exert proliferative, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects in pancreatic cells. The present study investigated the mechanism underlying HBO- and ghrelin system-mediated regulation of glucose metabolism. Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ; 150 mg/kg) to induce T1DM before the diabetic mice were randomly assigned into the T1DM and T1DM + HBO groups. Mice in the T1DM + HBO group received HBO (1 h; 100% oxygen; 2 atmospheres absolute) daily for 2 weeks. Significantly lower blood glucose levels and food intake were observed in mice in the T1DM + HBO group. Following HBO treatment, islet β-cell area were increased whereas those of α-cell were decreased in the pancreas. In addition, greater hepatic glycogen storage in liver was observed, which coincided with higher pancreatic glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) expression levels and reduced hepatic GLUT2 membrane trafficking. There were also substantially higher total plasma ghrelin concentrations and gastric ghrelin-O-acyl transferase (GOAT) expression levels in mice in the T1DM + HBO group. HBO treatment also abolished reductions in pancreatic GOAT expression levels in T1DM mice. Additionally, hepatic growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1a levels were found to be lower in mice in the T1DM + HBO group compared with those in the T1DM group. These results suggest that HBO administration improved glucose metabolism in a STZ-induced T1DM mouse model. The underlying mechanism involves improved insulin-release, glucose-sensing and regulation of hepatic glycogen storage, an observation that was also likely dependent on the ghrelin signalling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Song
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Caishun Zhang
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Manwen Li
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Kaizhen Su
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yanrun Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Guangkai Gao
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, Shandong 266072, P.R. China
| | - Ruixia Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266005, P.R. China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Special Medicine, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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12
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Li J, Li L, Guo D, Li S, Zeng Y, Liu C, Fu R, Huang M, Xie W. Triglyceride metabolism and angiopoietin-like proteins in lipoprotein lipase regulation. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 503:19-34. [PMID: 31923423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for a series of diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) family, especially ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8, which regulate lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, play pivotal roles in triglyceride (TG) metabolism and related diseases/complications. There are many transcriptional and post-transcriptional factors that participate in physiological and pathological regulation of ANGPTLs to affect triglyceride metabolism. This review is intended to focus on the similarity and difference in the expression, structural features, regulation profile of the three ANGPTLs and inhibitory models for LPL. Description of the regulatory factors of ANGPTLs and the properties in regulating the lipid metabolism involved in the underlying mechanisms in pathological effects on diseases will provide potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of dyslipidemia related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; 2016 Class of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - DongMing Guo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - SuYun Li
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - YuXin Zeng
- 2018 Class of Excellent Doctor, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - ChuHao Liu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; 2016 Class of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ru Fu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; 2016 Class of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - MengQian Huang
- 2015 Class of Clinical Medicine, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Wei Xie
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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13
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Liu Y, Zhang D, Yuan J, Song L, Zhang C, Lin Q, Li M, Sheng Z, Ma Z, Lv F, Gao G, Dong J. Hyperbaric Oxygen Ameliorates Insulin Sensitivity by Increasing GLUT4 Expression in Skeletal Muscle and Stimulating UCP1 in Brown Adipose Tissue in T2DM Mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 32082261 PMCID: PMC7005601 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy is a treatment modality useful for diseases. Hypoxia could stimulate the induction of insulin resistance. Therefore, we sought to determine whether hyperbaric oxygen would ameliorate insulin sensitivity by promoting glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression in muscle and by stimulating UCP1 in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in a streptozocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mouse model. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated three times with low-dose of streptozocin (60 mg/kg, i.p.) and were fed with high-fat diets (HFD) to establish the T2DM model. HBO was administered daily as 100% oxygen at 2.0 atmosphere absolute (ATA) for 1 h for a week. We found that HBO significantly reduced blood glucose levels and attenuated insulin resistance in T2DM mice. HBO modulated food intake by influencing the activity of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-positive neurons in the arcuate nucleus (Arc). HBO treatment increased GLUT4 amount and level of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in muscles of T2DM mice whereas this treatment stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK in muscles of both T2DM and HFD mice. The morphological staining of BAT and the increased expression of uncoupling of protein 1 (UCP1) demonstrated the promotion of metabolism after HBO treatment. These findings suggest that HBO ameliorates insulin sensitivity of T2DM mice by stimulating the Akt signaling pathway and by promoting GLUT4 expression in muscle, and by increasing UCP1 expression in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Department of Special Medicine, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Special Medicine, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junhua Yuan
- Department of Special Medicine, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limin Song
- Department of Special Medicine, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Caishun Zhang
- Department of Special Medicine, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Special Medicine, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Manwen Li
- Department of Special Medicine, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi Sheng
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhengye Ma
- Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengyuan Lv
- Department of Special Medicine, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangkai Gao
- Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, No. 971 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Special Medicine, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Dong
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14
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Guo C, Zhao Z, Deng X, Chen Z, Tu Z, Yuan G. Regulation of angiopoietin-like protein 8 expression under different nutritional and metabolic status. Endocr J 2019; 66:1039-1046. [PMID: 31631098 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej19-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8), a member of the angiopoietin-like protein family, is involved in glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy homeostasis and believed to be associated with T2DM. Expression levels of ANGPTL8 are often significantly altered in metabolic diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diabetes mellitus. Studies have shown that ANGPTL8, together with other members of this protein family, such as angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) and angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4), regulates the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), thereby participating in the regulation of triglyceride related lipoproteins (TRLs). In addition, members of the angiopoietin-like protein family are varyingly expressed among different tissues and respond differently under diverse nutritional and metabolic status. These findings may provide new options for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, metabolic syndromes and other diseases. In this review, the interaction between ANGPTL8 and ANGPTL3 or ANGPTL4, and the differential expression of ANGPTL8 responding to different nutritional and metabolic status during the regulation of LPL activity were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
| | - Zian Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Zhigang Tu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, China
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15
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Zhang D, Yu YJ, Xu FS, Yuan JH, Wang R, Zhang CS, Wang LX, Liu Y, Song LM, Liu JL, Dong J. Recombinant betatrophin (Angptl‑8/lipasin) ameliorates streptozotocin‑induced hyperglycemia and β‑cell destruction in neonatal rats. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:4523-4532. [PMID: 31702044 PMCID: PMC6797976 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Betatrophin [also known as lipasin, angiopoietin‑like 8 (ANGPTL8), refeeding induced in fat and liver (RIFL), or hepatocellular carcinoma‑associated gene TD26], a 22‑kDa protein in the angiopoietin‑like family, is a liver‑derived hormone that promotes pancreatic β‑cell proliferation and lipid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of recombinant betatrophin on β‑cell regeneration in a neonatal streptozotocin (STZ)‑induced diabetic rat model. One‑day‑old Wistar rats were injected with STZ (100 mg/kg), followed by intraperitoneal administration of betatrophin to the STZ‑injected rats for 6 days. Plasma glucose and body weight were monitored. On days 4 and 7, expression levels of pancreatic duodenal homeobox gene‑1 (PDX‑1), the Bax/B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2) ratio and plasma insulin were assessed, and the β‑cell proliferation rate was determined. Pancreatic islet area and number were determined at 10 weeks. It was found that betatrophin treatment alleviated STZ‑induced hyperglycemia, elevated pancreatic expression levels of Bcl‑2, PDX‑1, plasma insulin levels and the β‑cell proliferation rate on days 4 and 7. Long‑term betatrophin treatment improved glucose tolerance, associated with improved plasma insulin levels and β‑cell mass. These results suggest that early administration of betatrophin promotes β‑cell proliferation in STZ‑induced diabetic neonates and prevents the development of diabetes in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Juan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Jiaozuo City, Jiaozuo, Henan 454150, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Sen Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Yuan
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Shun Zhang
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Liu-Xin Wang
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Li-Min Song
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Li Liu
- Fraser Laboratories for Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Jing Dong
- Special Medicine Department, Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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