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Rodrigues DT, Padilha HA, Soares ATG, de Souza MEO, Guerra MT, Ávila DS. The Caenorhabditis elegans neuroendocrine system and their modulators: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112191. [PMID: 38382589 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
In this review we seek to systematically bring what has been published in the literature about the nervous system, endocrine system, neuroendocrine relationships, neuroendocrine modulations and endocrine disruptors in the alternative model Caenorhabditis elegans. The serotonergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitters are related to the modulation of the neuroendocrine axis, leading to the activation or inhibition of several processes that occur in the worm through distinct and interconnected pathways. Furthermore, this review addresses the gut-neuronal axis as it has been revealed in recent years that gut microbiota impacts on neuronal functions. This review also approaches xenobiotics that can positively or negatively impact the neuroendocrine system in C. elegans as in mammals, which allows the application of this nematode to screen new drugs and to identify toxicants that are endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Teixeira Rodrigues
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences- Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Graduation Program in Biological Sciences- Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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2
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Qi Y, Lee NJ, Ip CK, Enriquez R, Tasan R, Zhang L, Herzog H. Agrp-negative arcuate NPY neurons drive feeding under positive energy balance via altering leptin responsiveness in POMC neurons. Cell Metab 2023:S1550-4131(23)00177-8. [PMID: 37201523 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) is known as one of the most critical regulators of feeding. However, how NPY promotes feeding under obese conditions is unclear. Here, we show that positive energy balance, induced by high-fat diet (HFD) or in genetically obese leptin-receptor-deficient mice, leads to elevated Npy2r expression especially on proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, which also alters leptin responsiveness. Circuit mapping identified a subset of ARC agouti-related peptide (Agrp)-negative NPY neurons that control these Npy2r expressing POMC neurons. Chemogenetic activation of this newly discovered circuitry strongly drives feeding, while optogenetic inhibition reduces feeding. Consistent with that, lack of Npy2r on POMC neurons leads to reduced food intake and fat mass. This suggests that under energy surplus conditions, when ARC NPY levels generally drop, high-affinity NPY2R on POMC neurons is still able to drive food intake and enhance obesity development via NPY released predominantly from Agrp-negative NPY neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicola J Lee
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chi Kin Ip
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ronaldo Enriquez
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ramon Tasan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lei Zhang
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Herbert Herzog
- Neuroscience Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Athira A, Dondorp D, Rudolf J, Peytral O, Chatzigeorgiou M. Comprehensive analysis of locomotion dynamics in the protochordate Ciona intestinalis reveals how neuromodulators flexibly shape its behavioral repertoire. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001744. [PMID: 35925898 PMCID: PMC9352054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate nervous systems can generate a remarkable diversity of behaviors. However, our understanding of how behaviors may have evolved in the chordate lineage is limited by the lack of neuroethological studies leveraging our closest invertebrate relatives. Here, we combine high-throughput video acquisition with pharmacological perturbations of bioamine signaling to systematically reveal the global structure of the motor behavioral repertoire in the Ciona intestinalis larvae. Most of Ciona’s postural variance can be captured by 6 basic shapes, which we term “eigencionas.” Motif analysis of postural time series revealed numerous stereotyped behavioral maneuvers including “startle-like” and “beat-and-glide.” Employing computational modeling of swimming dynamics and spatiotemporal embedding of postural features revealed that behavioral differences are generated at the levels of motor modules and the transitions between, which may in part be modulated by bioamines. Finally, we show that flexible motor module usage gives rise to diverse behaviors in response to different light stimuli. Vertebrate nervous systems can generate a remarkable diversity of behaviors, but how did these evolve in the chordate lineage? A study of the protochordate Ciona intestinalis reveals novel insights into how a simple chordate brain uses neuromodulators to control its behavioral repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Athira
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Dondorp
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jerneja Rudolf
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Olivia Peytral
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marios Chatzigeorgiou
- Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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4
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Watts AG, Kanoski SE, Sanchez-Watts G, Langhans W. The physiological control of eating: signals, neurons, and networks. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:689-813. [PMID: 34486393 PMCID: PMC8759974 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 30 yr, investigating the physiology of eating behaviors has generated a truly vast literature. This is fueled in part by a dramatic increase in obesity and its comorbidities that has coincided with an ever increasing sophistication of genetically based manipulations. These techniques have produced results with a remarkable degree of cell specificity, particularly at the cell signaling level, and have played a lead role in advancing the field. However, putting these findings into a brain-wide context that connects physiological signals and neurons to behavior and somatic physiology requires a thorough consideration of neuronal connections: a field that has also seen an extraordinary technological revolution. Our goal is to present a comprehensive and balanced assessment of how physiological signals associated with energy homeostasis interact at many brain levels to control eating behaviors. A major theme is that these signals engage sets of interacting neural networks throughout the brain that are defined by specific neural connections. We begin by discussing some fundamental concepts, including ones that still engender vigorous debate, that provide the necessary frameworks for understanding how the brain controls meal initiation and termination. These include key word definitions, ATP availability as the pivotal regulated variable in energy homeostasis, neuropeptide signaling, homeostatic and hedonic eating, and meal structure. Within this context, we discuss network models of how key regions in the endbrain (or telencephalon), hypothalamus, hindbrain, medulla, vagus nerve, and spinal cord work together with the gastrointestinal tract to enable the complex motor events that permit animals to eat in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule-Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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5
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Zhang C, Lin Y, Wu Q, Yan C, Wong MW, Zeng F, Zhu P, Bowes K, Lee K, Zhang X, Song Z, Lin S, Shi Y. Arcuate NPY is involved in salt‐induced hypertension via modulation of paraventricular vasopressin and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2574-2588. [PMID: 35312067 PMCID: PMC9544553 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic high salt intake is one of the leading causes of hypertension. Salt activates the release of the key neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus such as vasopressin to increase blood pressure, and neuropepetide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the modulation of vasopressin levels. NPY in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) is best known for its control in appetite and energy homeostasis, but it is unclear whether it is also involved in the development of salt‐induced hypertension. Here, we demonstrate that wild‐type mice given 2% NaCl salt water for 8 weeks developed hypertension which was associated with marked downregulation of NPY expression in the hypothalamic Arc as demonstrated in NPY‐GFP reporter mice as well as by in situ hybridization analysis. Furthermore, salt intake activates neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) where mRNA expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vasopressin was found to be upregulated, leading to elevated serum vasopressin levels. This finding suggests an inverse correlation between the Arc NPY level and expression of vasopressin and BDNF in the PVN. Specific restoration of NPY by injecting AAV‐Cre recombinase into the Arc only of the NPY‐targeted mutant mice carrying a loxP‐flanked STOP cassette reversed effects of salt intake on vasopressin and BDNF expression, leading to a normalization of salt‐dependent blood pressure. In summary, our study uncovers an important Arc NPY‐originated neuronal circuitry that could sense and respond to peripheral electrolyte signals and thereby regulate hypertension via vasopressin and BDNF in the PVN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen‐Liang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing China
| | - Yi‐Zhang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing China
| | - Qi Wu
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University Quanzhou China
| | - Chenxu Yan
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University Quanzhou China
| | - Matthew Wai‐Kin Wong
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing China
| | - Kelsey Bowes
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kailun Lee
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Zhi‐Yuan Song
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing China
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) Chongqing China
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- The Second Affiliated Hospital Fujian Medical University Quanzhou China
| | - Yan‐Chuan Shi
- Group of Neuroendocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Division Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School UNSW Sydney Sydney New South Wales Australia
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6
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Amatya R, Min KA, Shin MC. A review of glucoregulatory hormones potentially applicable to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: mechanism and brain delivery. J Pharm Investig . [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Dias IC, Gutierrez-Castellanos N, Ferreira L, Lima SQ. The Structural and Electrophysiological Properties of Progesterone Receptor-Expressing Neurons Vary along the Anterior-Posterior Axis of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus and Undergo Local Changes across the Reproductive Cycle. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO. [PMID: 33879568 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0049-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormone levels continuously fluctuate across the reproductive cycle, changing the activity of neuronal circuits to coordinate female behavior and reproductive capacity. The ventrolateral division of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl) contains neurons expressing receptors for sex hormones and its function is intimately linked to female sexual receptivity. However, recent findings suggest that the VMHvl is functionally heterogeneous. Here, we used whole recordings and intracellular labeling to characterize the electrophysiological and morphologic properties of individual VMHvl neurons in naturally cycling females and report the existence of multiple electrophysiological phenotypes within the VMHvl. We found that the properties of progesterone receptor expressing (PR+) neurons, but not PR– neurons, depended systematically on the neuron’s location along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis of the VMHvl and the phase within the reproductive cycle. Prominent among this, the resting membrane potential of anterior PR+ neurons decreased during the receptive phase, while the excitability of medial PR+ neurons increased during the non-receptive phase. During the receptive phase of the cycle, posterior PR+ neurons simultaneously showed an increase in dendritic complexity and a decrease in spine density. These findings reveal an extensive diversity of local rules driving structural and physiological changes in response to fluctuating levels of sex hormones, supporting the anatomic and functional subdivision of the VMHvl and its possible role in the orchestration of different aspects of female socio-sexual behavior.
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8
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Yu SC, Liewald JF, Shao J, Steuer Costa W, Gottschalk A. Synapsin Is Required for Dense Core Vesicle Capture and cAMP-Dependent Neuropeptide Release. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4187-201. [PMID: 33820857 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2631-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Release of neuropeptides from dense core vesicles (DCVs) is essential for neuromodulation. Compared with the release of small neurotransmitters, much less is known about the mechanisms and proteins contributing to neuropeptide release. By optogenetics, behavioral analysis, electrophysiology, electron microscopy, and live imaging, we show that synapsin SNN-1 is required for cAMP-dependent neuropeptide release in Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodite cholinergic motor neurons. In synapsin mutants, behaviors induced by the photoactivated adenylyl cyclase bPAC, which we previously showed to depend on ACh and neuropeptides (Steuer Costa et al., 2017), are altered as in animals with reduced cAMP. Synapsin mutants have slight alterations in synaptic vesicle (SV) distribution; however, a defect in SV mobilization was apparent after channelrhodopsin-based photostimulation. DCVs were largely affected in snn-1 mutants: DCVs were ∼30% reduced in synaptic terminals, and their contents not released following bPAC stimulation. Imaging axonal DCV trafficking, also in genome-engineered mutants in the serine-9 protein kinase A phosphorylation site, showed that synapsin captures DCVs at synapses, making them available for release. SNN-1 colocalized with immobile, captured DCVs. In synapsin deletion mutants, DCVs were more mobile and less likely to be caught at release sites, and in nonphosphorylatable SNN-1B(S9A) mutants, DCVs traffic less and accumulate, likely by enhanced SNN-1 dependent tethering. Our work establishes synapsin as a key mediator of neuropeptide release.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Little is known about mechanisms that regulate how neuropeptide-containing dense core vesicles (DCVs) traffic along the axon, how neuropeptide release is orchestrated, and where it occurs. We found that one of the longest known synaptic proteins, required for the regulation of synaptic vesicles and their storage in nerve terminals, synapsin, is also essential for neuropeptide release. By electrophysiology, imaging, and electron microscopy in Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that synapsin regulates this process by tethering the DCVs to the cytoskeleton in axonal regions where neuropeptides are to be released. Without synapsin, DCVs cannot be captured at the release sites and, consequently, cannot fuse with the membrane, and neuropeptides are not released. We suggest that synapsin fulfills this role also in vertebrates, including humans.
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9
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Mickelsen LE, Flynn WF, Springer K, Wilson L, Beltrami EJ, Bolisetty M, Robson P, Jackson AC. Cellular taxonomy and spatial organization of the murine ventral posterior hypothalamus. eLife 2020; 9:58901. [PMID: 33119507 PMCID: PMC7595735 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventral posterior hypothalamus (VPH) is an anatomically complex brain region implicated in arousal, reproduction, energy balance, and memory processing. However, neuronal cell type diversity within the VPH is poorly understood, an impediment to deconstructing the roles of distinct VPH circuits in physiology and behavior. To address this question, we employed a droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach to systematically classify molecularly distinct cell populations in the mouse VPH. Analysis of >16,000 single cells revealed 20 neuronal and 18 non-neuronal cell populations, defined by suites of discriminatory markers. We validated differentially expressed genes in selected neuronal populations through fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Focusing on the mammillary bodies (MB), we discovered transcriptionally-distinct clusters that exhibit neuroanatomical parcellation within MB subdivisions and topographic projections to the thalamus. This single-cell transcriptomic atlas of VPH cell types provides a resource for interrogating the circuit-level mechanisms underlying the diverse functions of VPH circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Mickelsen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Storrs, United States
| | - William F Flynn
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, United States
| | - Kristen Springer
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Lydia Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Eric J Beltrami
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States
| | - Mohan Bolisetty
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, United States
| | - Paul Robson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, United States.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, United States
| | - Alexander C Jackson
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, United States.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Storrs, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, United States
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Xu S, Yang H, Menon V, Lemire AL, Wang L, Henry FE, Turaga SC, Sternson SM. Behavioral state coding by molecularly defined paraventricular
hypothalamic cell type ensembles. Science 2020; 370:370/6514/eabb2494. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brains encode behaviors using neurons amenable to systematic
classification by gene expression. The contribution of molecular identity to
neural coding is not understood because of the challenges involved with
measuring neural dynamics and molecular information from the same cells. We
developed CaRMA (calcium and RNA multiplexed activity) imaging based on
recording in vivo single-neuron calcium dynamics followed by gene expression
analysis. We simultaneously monitored activity in hundreds of neurons in
mouse paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH). Combinations of cell-type marker
genes had predictive power for neuronal responses across 11 behavioral
states. The PVH uses combinatorial assemblies of molecularly defined neuron
populations for grouped-ensemble coding of survival behaviors. The
neuropeptide receptor neuropeptide Y receptor type 1 (Npy1r) amalgamated
multiple cell types with similar responses. Our results show that
molecularly defined neurons are important processing units for brain
function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjin Xu
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Vilas Menon
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Andrew L. Lemire
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Fredrick E. Henry
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Srinivas C. Turaga
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Scott M. Sternson
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
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Abstract
Gonadal hormones contribute to the sexual differentiation of brain and behavior throughout the lifespan, from initial neural patterning to "activation" of adult circuits. Sexual behavior is an ideal system in which to investigate the mechanisms underlying hormonal activation of neural circuits. Sexual behavior is a hormonally regulated, innate social behavior found across species. Although both sexes seek out and engage in sexual behavior, the specific actions involved in mating are sexually dimorphic. Thus, the neural circuits mediating sexual motivation and behavior in males and females are overlapping yet distinct. Furthermore, sexual behavior is strongly dependent on circulating gonadal hormones in both sexes. There has been significant recent progress on elucidating how gonadal hormones modulate physiological properties within sexual behavior circuits with consequences for behavior. Therefore, in this mini-review we review the neural circuits of male and female sexual motivation and behavior, from initial sensory detection of pheromones to the extended amygdala and on to medial hypothalamic nuclei and reward systems. We also discuss how gonadal hormones impact the physiology and functioning of each node within these circuits. By better understanding the myriad of ways in which gonadal hormones impact sexual behavior circuits, we can gain a richer and more complete appreciation for the neural substrates of complex behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Jennings
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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12
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Abstract
Migraine is the most common disabling primary headache globally. Attacks typically present with unilateral throbbing headache and associated symptoms including, nausea, multisensory hypersensitivity, and marked fatigue. In this article, the authors address the underlying neuroanatomical basis for migraine-related headache, associated symptomatology, and discuss key clinical and preclinical findings that indicate that migraine likely results from dysfunctional homeostatic mechanisms. Whereby, abnormal central nervous system responses to extrinsic and intrinsic cues may lead to increased attack susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Goadsby
- Headache Group, Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK.
| | - Philip R Holland
- Headache Group, Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
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13
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Chevrier A, Schachar RJ. BOLD differences normally attributed to inhibitory control predict symptoms, not task-directed inhibitory control in ADHD. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:8. [PMID: 32085698 PMCID: PMC7035717 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Altered brain activity that has been observed in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) while performing cognitive control tasks like the stop signal task (SST) has generally been interpreted as reflecting either weak (under-active) or compensatory (over-active) versions of the same functions as in healthy controls. If so, then regional activities that correlate with the efficiency of inhibitory control (i.e. stop signal reaction time, SSRT) in healthy subjects should also correlate with SSRT in ADHD. Here we test the alternate hypothesis that BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) differences might instead reflect the redirection of neural processing resources normally used for task-directed inhibitory control, towards actively managing symptomatic behaviour. If so, then activities that correlate with SSRT in TD should instead correlate with inattentive and hyperactive symptoms in ADHD. Methods We used fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) in 14 typically developing (TD) and 14 ADHD adolescents performing the SST, and in a replication sample of 14 healthy adults. First, we identified significant group BOLD differences during all phases of activity in the SST (i.e. warning, response, reactive inhibition, error detection and post-error slowing). Next, we correlated these phases of activity with SSRT in TD and with SSRT, inattentive and hyperactive symptom scores in ADHD. We then identified whole brain significant correlations in regions of significant group difference in activity. Results Only three regions of significant group difference were correlated with SSRT in TD and replication groups (left and right inferior frontal gyri (IFG) during error detection and hypothalamus during post-error slowing). Consistent with regions of altered activity managing symptomatic behaviour instead of task-directed behaviour, left IFG correlated with greater inattentive score, right IFG correlated with lower hyperactive score and hypothalamus correlated with greater inattentive score and oppositely correlated with SSRT compared to TD. Conclusions Stimuli that elicit task-directed integration of neural processing in healthy subjects instead appear to be directing integrated function towards managing symptomatic behaviour in ADHD. The ability of the current approach to determine whether altered neural activities reflect comparable functions in ADHD and control groups has broad implications for the development and monitoring of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Chevrier
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Russell J Schachar
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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Armstrong LE, Kavouras SA. Thirst and Drinking Paradigms: Evolution from Single Factor Effects to Brainwide Dynamic Networks. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122864. [PMID: 31766680 PMCID: PMC6950074 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The motivation to seek and consume water is an essential component of human fluid–electrolyte homeostasis, optimal function, and health. This review describes the evolution of concepts regarding thirst and drinking behavior, made possible by magnetic resonance imaging, animal models, and novel laboratory techniques. The earliest thirst paradigms focused on single factors such as dry mouth and loss of water from tissues. By the end of the 19th century, physiologists proposed a thirst center in the brain that was verified in animals 60 years later. During the early- and mid-1900s, the influences of gastric distention, neuroendocrine responses, circulatory properties (i.e., blood pressure, volume, concentration), and the distinct effects of intracellular dehydration and extracellular hypovolemia were recognized. The majority of these studies relied on animal models and laboratory methods such as microinjection or lesioning/oblation of specific brain loci. Following a quarter century (1994–2019) of human brain imaging, current research focuses on networks of networks, with thirst and satiety conceived as hemispheric waves of neuronal activations that traverse the brain in milliseconds. Novel technologies such as chemogenetics, optogenetics, and neuropixel microelectrode arrays reveal the dynamic complexity of human thirst, as well as the roles of motivation and learning in drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence E. Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1110, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Stavros A. Kavouras
- Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, Hydration Science Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
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15
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Lizarbe B, Fernández-Pérez A, Caz V, Largo C, Vallejo M, López-Larrubia P, Cerdán S. Systemic Glucose Administration Alters Water Diffusion and Microvascular Blood Flow in Mouse Hypothalamic Nuclei - An fMRI Study. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:921. [PMID: 31551685 PMCID: PMC6733885 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is the principal regulator of global energy balance, enclosing additionally essential neuronal centers for glucose-sensing and osmoregulation. Disturbances in these tightly regulated neuronal networks are thought to underlie the development of severe pandemic syndromes, including obesity and diabetes. In this work, we investigate in vivo the response of individual hypothalamic nuclei to the i.p. administration of glucose or vehicle solutions, using two groups of adult male C57BL6/J fasted mice and a combination of non-invasive T2∗-weighted and diffusion-weighted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) approaches. MRI parameters were assessed in both groups of animals before, during and in a post-stimulus phase, following the administration of glucose or vehicle solutions. Hypothalamic nuclei depicted different patterns of activation characterized by: (i) generalized glucose-induced increases of neuronal activation and perfusion-markers in the lateral hypothalamus, arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, (ii) cellular shrinking events and decreases in microvascular blood flow in the dorsomedial, ventromedial and lateral hypothalamus, following the administration of vehicle solutions and (iii) increased neuronal activity markers and decreased microperfusion parameters in the ARC nuclei of vehicle-administered animals. Immunohistochemical studies performed after the post-stimulus phase confirmed the presence of c-Fos immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) from both animal groups, with significantly higher numbers in the glucose-treated animals. Together, our results reveal that fMRI methods are able to detect in vivo diverse patterns of glucose or vehicle-induced effects in the different hypothalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Lizarbe
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Caz
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz - IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Largo
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz - IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (Ciberdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Cerdán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Iyer M, Essner RA, Klingenberg B, Carter ME. Identification of discrete, intermingled hypocretin neuronal populations. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2937-2954. [PMID: 30019757 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area that express hypocretin (Hcrt) neuropeptides help regulate many behaviors including wakefulness and reward seeking. These neurons project throughout the brain, including to neural populations that regulate wakefulness, such as the locus coeruleus (LC) and tuberomammilary nucleus (TMN), as well as to populations that regulate reward, such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). To address the roles of Hcrt neurons in seemingly disparate behaviors, it has been proposed that Hcrt neurons can be anatomically subdivided into at least two distinct subpopulations: a "medial group" that projects to the LC and TMN, and a "lateral group" that projects to the NAc and VTA. Here, we use a dual retrograde tracer strategy to test the hypotheses that Hcrt neurons can be classified based on their downstream projections and medial/lateral location within the hypothalamus. We found that individual Hcrt neurons were significantly more likely to project to both the LC and TMN or to both the VTA and NAc than would be predicted by chance. In contrast, we found that Hcrt neurons that projected to the LC or TMN were mostly distinct from Hcrt neurons that projected to the VTA or NAc. Interestingly, these two populations of Hcrt neurons are intermingled within the hypothalamus and cannot be classified into medial or lateral groups. These results suggest that Hcrt neurons can be distinguished based on their downstream projections but are intermingled within the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Iyer
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel A Essner
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Bernhard Klingenberg
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew E Carter
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts.,Program in Neuroscience, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
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17
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Mravec B, Horvathova L, Cernackova A. Hypothalamic Inflammation at a Crossroad of Somatic Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 39:11-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Abstract
The hypocretin/orexin (ORX) system has been repeatedly demonstrated to regulate motivation for drugs of abuse, including alcohol. In particular, ORX seems to be critically involved in highly motivated behaviors, as is observed in high-seeking individuals in a population, in the seeking of highly palatable substances, and in models of dependence. It seems logical that this system could be considered as a potential target for treatment for addiction, particularly alcohol addiction, as ORX pharmacological manipulations significantly reduce drinking. However, the ORX system also plays a role in a wide range of other behaviors, emotions, and physiological functions and is disrupted in a number of non-dependence-associated disorders. It is therefore important to consider how the ORX system might be optimally targeted for potential treatment for alcohol use disorders either in combination with or separate from its role in other functions or diseases. This review will focus on the role of ORX in alcohol-associated behaviors and whether and how this system could be targeted to treat alcohol use disorders while avoiding impacts on other ORX-relevant functions. A brief overview of the ORX system will be followed by a discussion of some of the factors that makes it particularly intriguing as a target for alcohol addiction treatment, a consideration of some potential challenges associated with targeting this system and, finally, some future directions to optimize new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 528 Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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19
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Han Y, Xia G, Wu Q. Functional Interrogation of the AgRP Neural Circuits in Control of Appetite, Body Weight, and Behaviors. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018; 1090:1-16. [PMID: 30390282 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurons expressing agouti-related protein (AgRP), the so-called hunger neurons, protect mammals from starvation by promoting food-seeking behaviors (Trends Neurosci 36:504-512, 2013). Now an increasing amount of evidence show that these hunger-sensing neurons not only motivate animals to forage and ingest food but also help conserve energy by inhibiting innate processes that demand large amounts of energy such as growth, reproduction, and stress response. It has further been perceived that AgRP neurons transmit signals with negative valence to reward and cognitive centers so as to engage the motivational behavior toward seeking and obtaining foods (Physiol Behav 190:34-42, 2017). Recent advancement in genome editing and neurotechniques unleashed an escalated research of uniquely defined neuronal populations and neural circuits underlying the behavioral regulation of body weight and food responses (Nat Biotechnol 32:347-355, 2014; Proc Natl Acad Sci 113, 2016). In this chapter we will review literatures describing the functional organization of the AgRP circuit and its correlative signaling components that influence ingestive, foraging, motivational, and cognitive responses, a framework that reshaped our thinking toward the new hope and challenges in treatment of obesity and eating disorders.
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20
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Roman CW, Sloat SR, Palmiter RD. A tale of two circuits: CCK NTS neuron stimulation controls appetite and induces opposing motivational states by projections to distinct brain regions. Neuroscience 2017; 358:316-324. [PMID: 28684275 PMCID: PMC5875425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract (CCKNTS) of the mouse are responsive to satiety signals and their chemogenetic activation suppresses appetite. Optogenetic activation of CCKNTS axon terminals within either the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is sufficient to suppress feeding. An interesting dichotomy has been revealed when assessing the motivational valence of these two circuits. Activating CCKNTS cell bodies is aversive as demonstrated by conditioned taste aversion and place-preference assays. Activation of the CCKNTS→PBN pathway is also aversive; however, stimulating the CCKNTS→PVH pathway is appetitive when assayed using a real-time, place-preference task. Thus, these two projections from CCKNTS neurons reduce food intake through opposite motivational states; one pathway signals positive valence (CCKNTS→PVH) and the other signals negative valence (CCKNTS→PBN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn W Roman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Stephanie R Sloat
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
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21
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Catalani E, De Palma C, Perrotta C, Cervia D. Current Evidence for a Role of Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Autophagy. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:5856071. [PMID: 28593174 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5856071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides drive a wide diversity of biological actions and mediate multiple regulatory functions involving all organ systems. They modulate intercellular signalling in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as the cross talk among nervous and endocrine systems. Indeed, neuropeptides can function as peptide hormones regulating physiological homeostasis (e.g., cognition, blood pressure, feeding behaviour, water balance, glucose metabolism, pain, and response to stress), neuroprotection, and immunomodulation. We aim here to describe the recent advances on the role exerted by neuropeptides in the control of autophagy and its molecular mechanisms since increasing evidence indicates that dysregulation of autophagic process is related to different pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and cancer.
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22
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Abstract
Animals adjust their behavioral priorities according to momentary needs and prior experience. We show that Caenorhabditis elegans changes how it processes sensory information according to the oxygen environment it experienced recently. C. elegans acclimated to 7% O2 are aroused by CO2 and repelled by pheromones that attract animals acclimated to 21% O2 This behavioral plasticity arises from prolonged activity differences in a circuit that continuously signals O2 levels. A sustained change in the activity of O2-sensing neurons reprograms the properties of their postsynaptic partners, the RMG hub interneurons. RMG is gap-junctionally coupled to the ASK and ADL pheromone sensors that respectively drive pheromone attraction and repulsion. Prior O2 experience has opposite effects on the pheromone responsiveness of these neurons. These circuit changes provide a physiological correlate of altered pheromone valence. Our results suggest C. elegans stores a memory of recent O2 experience in the RMG circuit and illustrate how a circuit is flexibly sculpted to guide behavioral decisions in a context-dependent manner.
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23
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Abstract
The nature and neural implementation of emotions is the subject of vigorous debate. Here, we use Bayesian decision theory to address key complexities in this field and conceptualize emotions in terms of their relationship to survival-relevant behavioural choices. Decision theory indicates which behaviours are optimal in a given situation; however, the calculations required are radically intractable. We therefore conjecture that the brain uses a range of pre-programmed algorithms that provide approximate solutions. These solutions seem to produce specific behavioural manifestations of emotions and can also be associated with core affective dimensions. We identify principles according to which these algorithms are implemented in the brain and illustrate our approach by considering decision making in the face of proximal threat.
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24
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Lim MA, Chitturi J, Laskova V, Meng J, Findeis D, Wiekenberg A, Mulcahy B, Luo L, Li Y, Lu Y, Hung W, Qu Y, Ho CY, Holmyard D, Ji N, McWhirter R, Samuel AD, Miller DM, Schnabel R, Calarco JA, Zhen M. Neuroendocrine modulation sustains the C. elegans forward motor state. eLife 2016; 5:19887. [PMID: 27855782 PMCID: PMC5120884 DOI: 10.7554/elife.19887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromodulators shape neural circuit dynamics. Combining electron microscopy, genetics, transcriptome profiling, calcium imaging, and optogenetics, we discovered a peptidergic neuron that modulates C. elegans motor circuit dynamics. The Six/SO-family homeobox transcription factor UNC-39 governs lineage-specific neurogenesis to give rise to a neuron RID. RID bears the anatomic hallmarks of a specialized endocrine neuron: it harbors near-exclusive dense core vesicles that cluster periodically along the axon, and expresses multiple neuropeptides, including the FMRF-amide-related FLP-14. RID activity increases during forward movement. Ablating RID reduces the sustainability of forward movement, a phenotype partially recapitulated by removing FLP-14. Optogenetic depolarization of RID prolongs forward movement, an effect reduced in the absence of FLP-14. Together, these results establish the role of a neuroendocrine cell RID in sustaining a specific behavioral state in C. elegans. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.19887.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Lim
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jyothsna Chitturi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Valeriya Laskova
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jun Meng
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daniel Findeis
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig Carolo Wilhelmina, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anne Wiekenberg
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig Carolo Wilhelmina, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ben Mulcahy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Linjiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Ministry of Education, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yangning Lu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wesley Hung
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yixin Qu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chi-Yip Ho
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Douglas Holmyard
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ni Ji
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rebecca McWhirter
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Aravinthan Dt Samuel
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - David M Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Ralf Schnabel
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig Carolo Wilhelmina, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - John A Calarco
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mei Zhen
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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