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Silverstein BH, Parkar A, Groenhout T, Fracz Z, Fryzel AM, Fields CW, Nelson A, Liu T, Vanini G, Mashour GA, Pal D. Effect of prolonged sedation with dexmedetomidine, midazolam, propofol, and sevoflurane on sleep homeostasis in rats. Br J Anaesth 2024; 132:1248-1259. [PMID: 38071152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disruption is a common occurrence during medical care and is detrimental to patient recovery. Long-term sedation in the critical care setting is a modifiable factor that affects sleep, but the impact of different sedative-hypnotics on sleep homeostasis is not clear. METHODS We conducted a systematic comparison of the effects of prolonged sedation (8 h) with i.v. and inhalational agents on sleep homeostasis. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats (n=10) received dexmedetomidine or midazolam on separate days. Another group (n=9) received propofol or sevoflurane on separate days. A third group (n=12) received coadministration of dexmedetomidine and sevoflurane. Wakefulness (wake), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were quantified during the 48-h post-sedation period, during which we also assessed wake-associated neural dynamics using two electroencephalographic measures: theta-high gamma phase-amplitude coupling and high gamma weighted phase-lag index. RESULTS Dexmedetomidine-, midazolam-, or propofol-induced sedation increased wake and decreased SWS and REM sleep (P<0.0001) during the 48-h post-sedation period. Sevoflurane produced no change in SWS, decreased wake for 3 h, and increased REM sleep for 6 h (P<0.02) post-sedation. Coadministration of dexmedetomidine and sevoflurane induced no change in wake (P>0.05), increased SWS for 3 h, and decreased REM sleep for 9 h (P<0.02) post-sedation. Dexmedetomidine, midazolam, and coadministration of dexmedetomidine with sevoflurane reduced wake-associated phase-amplitude coupling (P≤0.01). All sedatives except sevoflurane decreased wake-associated high gamma weighted phase-lag index (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In contrast to i.v. drugs, prolonged sevoflurane sedation produced minimal changes in sleep homeostasis and neural dynamics. Further studies are warranted to assess inhalational agents for long-term sedation and sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Silverstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anjum Parkar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Trent Groenhout
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zuzanna Fracz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anna M Fryzel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Amanda Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tiecheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Giancarlo Vanini
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - George A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dinesh Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Liu J, Zhang W, Hu S, Wu C, Dong K, Wei Q, Wang G, Fang J, Zhang D, Lan M, Zhang F, Sun H. Analysis of Amplitude Modulation of EEG Based on Holo-Hilbert Spectrum Analysis During General Anesthesia. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2024; 71:1607-1616. [PMID: 38285584 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3345942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to investigate the relationship between amplitude modulation (AM) of EEG and anesthesia depth during general anesthesia. METHODS In this study, Holo-Hilbert spectrum analysis (HHSA) was used to decompose the multichannel EEG signals of 15 patients to obtain the spatial distribution of AM in the brain. Subsequently, HHSA was applied to the prefrontal EEG (Fp1) obtained during general anesthesia surgery in 15 and 34 patients, and the α-θ and α-δ regions of feature (ROFs) were defined in Holo-Hilbert spectrum (HHS) and three features were derived to quantify AM in ROFs. RESULTS During anesthetized phase, an anteriorization of the spatial distribution of AMs of α-carrier in brain was observed, as well as AMs of α-θ and α-δ in the EEG of Fp1. The total power ([Formula: see text]), mean carrier frequency ([Formula: see text]) and mean amplitude frequency ([Formula: see text]) of AMs changed during different anesthesia states. CONCLUSION HHSA can effectively analyze the cross-frequency coupling of EEG during anesthesia and the AM features may be applied to anesthesia monitoring. SIGNIFICANCE The study provides a new perspective for the characterization of brain states during general anesthesia, which is of great significance for exploring new features of anesthesia monitoring.
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Silverstein BH, Kolbman N, Nelson A, Liu T, Guzzo P, Gilligan J, Lee U, Mashour GA, Vanini G, Pal D. Psilocybin induces dose-dependent changes in functional network organization in rat cortex. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.09.579718. [PMID: 38405722 PMCID: PMC10888735 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.579718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Psilocybin produces an altered state of consciousness in humans and is associated with complex spatiotemporal changes in brain networks. Given the emphasis on rodent models for mechanistic studies, there is a need for characterization of the effect of psilocybin on brain-wide network dynamics. Previous rodent studies of psychedelics, using electroencephalogram, have primarily been done with sparse electrode arrays that offered limited spatial resolution precluding network level analysis, and have been restricted to lower gamma frequencies. Therefore, in the study, we used electroencephalographic recordings from 27 sites (electrodes) across rat cortex (n=6 male, 6 female) to characterize the effect of psilocybin (0.1 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg delivered over an hour) on network organization as inferred through changes in node degree (index of network density) and connection strength (weighted phase-lag index). The removal of aperiodic component from the electroencephalogram localized the primary oscillatory changes to theta (4-10 Hz), medium gamma (70-110 Hz), and high gamma (110-150 Hz) bands, which were used for the network analysis. Additionally, we determined the concurrent changes in theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling. We report that psilocybin, in a dose-dependent manner, 1) disrupted theta-gamma coupling [p<0.05], 2) increased frontal high gamma connectivity [p<0.05] and posterior theta connectivity [p≤0.049], and 3) increased frontal high gamma [p<0.05] and posterior theta [p≤0.046] network density. The medium gamma frontoparietal connectivity showed a nonlinear relationship with psilocybin dose. Our results suggest that high-frequency network organization, decoupled from local theta-phase, may be an important signature of psilocybin-induced non-ordinary state of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Silverstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nicholas Kolbman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Amanda Nelson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Tiecheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Peter Guzzo
- Tryp Therapeutics, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1Y 7T2, Canada
| | - Jim Gilligan
- Tryp Therapeutics, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1Y 7T2, Canada
| | - UnCheol Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Michigan Psychedelic Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - George A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Michigan Psychedelic Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Giancarlo Vanini
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Michigan Psychedelic Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Dinesh Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Michigan Psychedelic Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Takahashi K, Sobczak F, Pais-Roldán P, Yu X. Characterizing brain stage-dependent pupil dynamics based on lateral hypothalamic activity. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10736-10749. [PMID: 37709360 PMCID: PMC10629899 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pupil dynamics presents varied correlation features with brain activity under different vigilant levels. The modulation of brain dynamic stages can arise from the lateral hypothalamus (LH), where diverse neuronal cell types contribute to arousal regulation in opposite directions via the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, the relationship of the LH and pupil dynamics has seldom been investigated. Here, we performed local field potential (LFP) recordings at the LH and ACC, and whole-brain fMRI with simultaneous fiber photometry Ca2+ recording in the ACC, to evaluate their correlation with brain state-dependent pupil dynamics. Both LFP and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data showed various correlations to pupil dynamics across trials that span negative, null, and positive correlation values, demonstrating brain state-dependent coupling features. Our results indicate that the correlation of pupil dynamics with ACC LFP and whole-brain fMRI signals depends on LH activity, suggesting a role of the latter in brain dynamic stage regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Takahashi
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Sobczak
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patricia Pais-Roldán
- Medical Imaging Physics, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Xin Yu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
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Lyu J, Cai H, Chen Y, Chen G. Brain areas modulation in consciousness during sevoflurane anesthesia. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:1031613. [PMID: 36619239 PMCID: PMC9811387 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.1031613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane is presently one of the most used inhaled anesthetics worldwide. However, the mechanisms through which sevoflurane acts and the areas of the brain associated with changes in consciousness during anesthesia remain important and complex research questions. Sevoflurane is generally regarded as a volatile anesthetic that blindly targets neuronal (and sometimes astrocyte) GABAA receptors. This review focuses on the brain areas of sevoflurane action and their relation to changes in consciousness during anesthesia. We cover 20 years of history, from the bench to the bedside, and include perspectives on functional magnetic resonance, electroencephalogram, and pharmacological experiments. We review the interactions and neurotransmitters involved in brain circuits during sevoflurane anesthesia, improving the effectiveness and accuracy of sevoflurane's future application and shedding light on the mechanisms behind human consciousness.
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Yan T, Suzuki K, Kameda S, Maeda M, Mihara T, Hirata M. Electrocorticographic effects of acute ketamine on non-human primate brains. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35354131 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac6293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute blockade of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by ketamine induces symptoms and electrophysiological changes similar to schizophrenia. Previous studies have shown that ketamine elicits aberrant gamma oscillations in several cortical areas and impairs coupling strength between the low-frequency phase and fast frequency amplitude (PAC), which plays an important role in integrating functional information. APPROACH This study utilized a customized wireless electrocorticography (ECoG) recording device to collect subdural signals from the somatosensory and primary auditory cortices in two monkeys. Ketamine was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg (intramuscular) or 0.56 mg/kg (intravenous) to elicit brain oscillation reactions. We analyzed the raw data using methods such as power spectral density, time-frequency spectra, and PAC. MAIN RESULTS Acute ketamine triggered broadband gamma and high gamma oscillation power and decreased lower frequencies. The effect was stronger in the primary auditory cortex than in the somatosensory area. The coupling strength between the low phase of theta and the faster amplitude of gamma/high gamma bands was increased by a lower dose (0.56 mg/kg iv) and decreased with a higher dose (3 mg/kg im) ketamine. SIGNIFICANCE Our results showed that lower and higher doses of ketamine elicited differential effects on theta-gamma PAC. These findings support the utility of ECoG models as a translational platform for pharmacodynamic research in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfang Yan
- Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, JAPAN
| | - Katsuyoshi Suzuki
- Nihon Kohden Corp, Kusunokidai 1-1-6, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-0037, JAPAN
| | - Seiji Kameda
- Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, 565-0871, JAPAN
| | - Masashi Maeda
- Candidate Discovery Science Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc, Miyukigaoka 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Ibrakai, 305-8585, JAPAN
| | - Takuma Mihara
- Candidate Discovery Science Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc, Miyukigaoka 2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, JAPAN
| | - Masayuki Hirata
- Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, JAPAN
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Kiefer D, Müller-Wirtz LM, Maurer F, Hüppe T, Mathes AM, Volk T, Kreuer S, Fink T. Intravenous propofol, ketamine (ketofol) and rocuronium after sevoflurane induction provides long lasting anesthesia in ventilated rats. Exp Anim 2021; 71:231-239. [PMID: 34880161 PMCID: PMC9130037 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rats are commonly used animals for laboratory experiments and many experiments require general anesthesia. However, the lack of published and reproducible intravenous anesthesia protocols
for rats results in unnecessary animal use to establish new anesthesia techniques across institutions. We therefore developed an anesthesia protocol with propofol, ketamine, and rocuronium
for mechanically ventilated rats, and evaluated vital parameters and plasma concentrations. 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent inhalation induction with sevoflurane and tracheal, venous
and arterial cannulation. After established venous access, sevoflurane was substituted by propofol and ketamine (ketofol). Rocuronium was added under mechanical ventilation for 7 h. Drug
dosages were stepwise reduced to prevent accumulation. All animals survived the observation period and showed adequate depth of anesthesia. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate remained
within normal ranges. Median propofol plasma concentrations remained stable: 1, 4, 7 h: 2.0 (interquartile range (IQR): 1.8–2.2), 2.1 (1.8–2.2), 1.8 (1.6–2.1) µg/ml, whereas
median ketamine concentrations slightly differed after 7 h compared to 1 h: 1, 4, 7 h: 3.7 (IQR: 3.5–4.5), 3.8 (3.3–4.1), 3.8 (3.0–4.1) µg/ml. Median rocuronium plasma
concentrations were lower after 4 and 7 h compared to 1 h: 1, 4, 7 h: 3.9 (IQR: 3.5–4.9), 3.2 (2.7–3.3), 3.0 (2.4–3.4) µg/ml. Our anesthesia protocol provides stable and
reliable anesthesia in mechanically ventilated rats for several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kiefer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Lukas M Müller-Wirtz
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Felix Maurer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Tobias Hüppe
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Alexander M Mathes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Thomas Volk
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Sascha Kreuer
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Tobias Fink
- CBR - Center of Breath Research, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine
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Liang T, Wu F, Sun Y, Wang B. Electrophysiological Activity and Brain Network During Recovery of Propofol Anesthesia: A Stereoelectroencephalography-Based Analysis in Patients With Intractable Epilepsy—An Exploratory Research. Front Neurol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.694964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The oscillations and interactions between different brain areas during recovery of consciousness (ROC) from anesthesia in humans are poorly understood. Reliable stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) signatures for transitions between unconsciousness and consciousness under anesthesia have not yet been fully identified.Objective: This study was designed to observe the change of electrophysiological activity during ROC and construct a ROC network based on SEEG data to describe the network property of cortical and deep areas during ROC from propofol-induced anesthetic epileptic patients.Methods: We analyzed SEEG data recorded from sixteen right-handed epileptic patients during ROC from propofol anesthesia from March 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. Power spectrum density (PSD), correlation, and coherence were used to describe different brain areas' electrophysiological activity. The clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, modularity, network efficiency, degrees, and betweenness centrality were used to describe the network changes during ROC from propofol anesthesia. Statistical analysis was performed using MATLAB 2016b. The power spectral data from different contacts were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with Tukey's post-hoc correction. One sample t-test was used for the analysis of network property. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to judge data distribution. Non-normal distribution was analyzed using the signed rank-sum test.Result: From the data of these 16 patients, 10 cortical, and 22 deep positions were observed. In this network, we observed that bilateral occipital areas are essential parts that have strong links with many regions. The recovery process is different in the bilateral cerebral cortex. Stage B (propofol 3.0-2.5 μg/ml) and E (propofol 1.5 μg/ml-ROC) play important roles during ROC exhibiting significant changes. The clustering coefficient gradually decreases with the recovery from anesthesia, and the changes mainly come from the cortical region. The characteristic path length and network efficiency do not change significantly during the recovery from anesthesia, and the changes of network modularity and clustering coefficient are similar. Deep areas tend to form functional modules. The left occipital lobe, the left temporal lobe, bilateral amygdala are essential nodes in the network. Some specific cortical regions (i.e., left angular gyrus, right angular gyrus, right temporal lobe, left temporal lobe, and right angular gyrus) and deep regions (i.e., right amygdala, left cingulate gyrus, right insular lobe, right amygdala) have more significant constraints on other regions.Conclusion: We verified that the bilateral cortex's recovery process is the opposite, which is not found in the deep regions. Significant PSD changes were observed in many areas at the beginning of stop infusion and near recovery. Our study found that during the ROC process, the modularity and clustering coefficient of the deep area network is significantly improved. However, the changes of the bilateral cerebral cortex were different. Power spectrum analysis shows that low-frequency EEG in anesthesia recovery accounts for a large proportion. The changes of the bilateral brain in the process of anesthesia recovery are different. The clustering coefficient gradually decreased with the recovery from anesthesia, and the changes mainly came from the cortical region. The characteristic path length and network efficiency do not change significantly during the recovery from anesthesia, and the changes of network modularity and clustering coefficient were similar. During ROC, the left occipital lobe, the left temporal lobe, bilateral amygdala were essential nodes in the network. The findings of the current study suggest SEEG as an effective tool for providing direct evidence of the anesthesia recovery mechanism.
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Ren J, Yan F, Song D, Du R, Wang Q, Huang L. Propofol-Induced Anesthesia Alters Corticocortical Functional Connectivity in the Human Brain: An EEG Source Space Analysis. Neurosci Bull 2021; 37:563-568. [PMID: 33687648 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Junchan Ren
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Fei Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Dawei Song
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ruini Du
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Liyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China.
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Fox AP, Wagner KR, Towle VL, Xie KG, Xie Z. Caffeine reverses the unconsciousness produced by light anesthesia in the continued presence of isoflurane in rats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241818. [PMID: 33152041 PMCID: PMC7643991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently no drugs are employed clinically to reverse the unconsciousness induced by general anesthetics. Our previous studies showed that caffeine, when given near the end of an anesthesia session, accelerated emergence from isoflurane anesthesia, likely caused by caffeine’s ability to elevate intracellular cAMP levels and to block adenosine receptors. These earlier studies showed that caffeine did not rouse either rats or humans from deep anesthesia (≥ 1 minimum alveolar concentration, MAC). In this current crossover study, we examined whether caffeine reversed the unconsciousness produced by light anesthesia (< 1 MAC) in the continued presence of isoflurane. The primary endpoint of this study was to measure isoflurane levels at the time of recovery of righting reflex, which was a proxy for consciousness. Rats were deeply anesthetized with 2% isoflurane (~1.5 MAC) for 20 minutes. Subsequently, isoflurane was reduced to 1.2% for 10 minutes, then by 0.2% every 10 min; animals were monitored until the recovery of righting reflex occurred, in the continued presence of isoflurane. Respiration rate, heart rate and electroencephalogram (EEG) were monitored. Our results show that caffeine-treated rats recovered their righting reflex at a significantly higher inspired isoflurane concentration, corresponding to light anesthesia, than the same rats treated with saline (control). Respiration rate and heart rate increased initially after caffeine injection but were then unchanged for the rest of the anesthesia session. Deep anesthesia is correlated with burst suppression in EEG recordings. Our data showed that caffeine transiently reduced the burst suppression time produced by deep anesthesia, suggesting that caffeine altered neuronal circuit function but not to a point where it caused arousal. In contrast, under light anesthesia, caffeine shifted the EEG power to high frequency beta and gamma bands. These data suggest that caffeine may represent a clinically viable drug to reverse the unconsciousness produced by light anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P. Fox
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kyle R. Wagner
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vernon L. Towle
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kelvin G. Xie
- Department of Neurobiology, Pharmacology and Physiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zheng Xie
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Awal MR, Wirak GS, Gabel CV, Connor CW. Collapse of Global Neuronal States in Caenorhabditis elegans under Isoflurane Anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2020; 133:133-44. [PMID: 32282426 DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000003304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A comprehensive understanding of how anesthetics facilitate a reversible collapse of system-wide neuronal function requires measurement of neuronal activity with single-cell resolution. Multineuron recording was performed in Caenorhabditis elegans to measure neuronal activity at varying depths of anesthesia. The authors hypothesized that anesthesia is characterized by dyssynchrony between neurons resulting in a collapse of organized system states. METHODS Using light-sheet microscopy and transgenic expression of the calcium-sensitive fluorophore GCaMP6s, a majority of neurons (n = 120) in the C. elegans head were simultaneously imaged in vivo and neuronal activity was measured. Neural activity and system-wide dynamics were compared in 10 animals, progressively dosed at 0%, 4%, and 8% isoflurane. System-wide neuronal activity was analyzed using principal component analysis. RESULTS Unanesthetized animals display distinct global neuronal states that are reflected in a high degree of correlation (R = 0.196 ± 0.070) between neurons and low-frequency, large-amplitude neuronal dynamics. At 4% isoflurane, the average correlation between neurons is significantly diminished (R = 0.026 ± 0.010; P < 0.0001 vs. unanesthetized) and neuron dynamics shift toward higher frequencies but with smaller dynamic range. At 8% isoflurane, interneuronal correlations indicate that neuronal activity remains uncoordinated (R = 0.053 ± 0.029; P < 0.0001 vs. unanesthetized) with high-frequency dynamics that are even further restricted. Principal component analysis of unanesthetized neuronal activity reveals distinct structure corresponding to known behavioral states. At 4% and 8% isoflurane this structure is lost and replaced with randomized dynamics, as quantified by the percentage of total ensemble variance captured by the first three principal components. In unanesthetized worms, this captured variance is high (88.9 ± 5.4%), reflecting a highly organized system, falling significantly at 4% and 8% isoflurane (57.9 ± 11.2%, P < 0.0001 vs. unanesthetized, and 76.0 ± 7.9%, P < 0.001 vs. unanesthetized, respectively) and corresponding to increased randomization and collapse of system-wide organization. CONCLUSIONS Anesthesia with isoflurane in C. elegans corresponds to high-frequency randomization of individual neuron activity, loss of coordination between neurons, and a collapse of system-wide functional organization.
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Brito MA, Li D, Mashour GA, Pal D. State-Dependent and Bandwidth-Specific Effects of Ketamine and Propofol on Electroencephalographic Complexity in Rats. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:50. [PMID: 32848642 PMCID: PMC7431468 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate as to whether ketamine anesthesia suppresses neurophysiologic complexity at doses sufficient for surgical anesthesia, with previous human studies reporting surrogates of both suppressed and preserved levels of cortical complexity. However, these studies have not assessed cortical dynamics in higher gamma frequencies, which have previously been demonstrated to correlate with the level of consciousness during anesthesia. In this study, we used Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZc) to characterize frontal and parietal electroencephalographic complexity (0.5–175 Hz, 0.5–55 Hz, 65–175 Hz) before, during, and after ketamine or propofol anesthesia in the rat. To control for the potential influence of spectral changes in complexity estimation, LZc was normalized with phase-shuffled surrogate data. We demonstrate that ketamine and propofol anesthesia were characterized by a significant reduction in broadband (0.5–175 Hz) LZc. Further analysis showed that while the reduction of LZc during ketamine anesthesia was significant in 65–175 Hz range, during propofol anesthesia, a significant decrease was observed in 0.5–55 Hz bandwidth. LZc in broadband and 0.5–55 Hz range showed a significant increase during emergence from ketamine anesthesia. Phase-shuffled normalized LZc revealed that (1) decrease in complexity during ketamine and propofol anesthesia—not increase in complexity during emergence—were dissociable from the influence of spectral changes, and (2) reduced LZc during ketamine anesthesia was present across all three bandwidths. Ketamine anesthesia was characterized by reduced complexity in high gamma bandwidth, as reflected in both raw and phase-shuffled normalized LZc, which suggests that reduced high gamma complexity is a neurophysiological feature of ketamine anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brito
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Duan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - George A Mashour
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Dinesh Pal
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Center for Consciousness Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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13
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Abstract
AbstractThe drug ketamine has been extensively studied due to its use in anaesthesia, as a model of psychosis and, most recently, its antidepressant properties. Understanding the physiology of ketamine is complex due to its rich pharmacology with multiple potential sites at clinically relevant doses. In this review of the neurophysiology of ketamine, we focus on the acute effects of ketamine in the resting brain. We ascend through spatial scales starting with a complete review of the pharmacology of ketamine and then cover its effects on in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology. We then summarise and critically evaluate studies using EEG/MEG and neuroimaging measures (MRI and PET), integrating across scales where possible. While a complicated and, at times, confusing picture of ketamine’s effects are revealed, we stress that much of this might be caused by use of different species, doses, and analytical methodologies and suggest strategies that future work could use to answer these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McMillan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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14
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Lopes-Aguiar C, Ruggiero RN, Rossignoli MT, Esteves IDM, Peixoto-Santos JE, Romcy-Pereira RN, Leite JP. Long-term potentiation prevents ketamine-induced aberrant neurophysiological dynamics in the hippocampus-prefrontal cortex pathway in vivo. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7167. [PMID: 32346044 PMCID: PMC7188848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) antagonists such as ketamine (KET) produce psychotic-like behavior in both humans and animal models. NMDAr hypofunction affects normal oscillatory dynamics and synaptic plasticity in key brain regions related to schizophrenia, particularly in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. It has been shown that prior long-term potentiation (LTP) occluded the increase of synaptic efficacy in the hippocampus-prefrontal cortex pathway induced by MK-801, a non-competitive NMDAr antagonist. However, it is not clear whether LTP could also modulate aberrant oscillations and short-term plasticity disruptions induced by NMDAr antagonists. Thus, we tested whether LTP could mitigate the electrophysiological changes promoted by KET. We recorded HPC-PFC local field potentials and evoked responses in urethane anesthetized rats, before and after KET administration, preceded or not by LTP induction. Our results show that KET promotes an aberrant delta-high-gamma cross-frequency coupling in the PFC and an enhancement in HPC-PFC evoked responses. LTP induction prior to KET attenuates changes in synaptic efficiency and prevents the increase in cortical gamma amplitude comodulation. These findings are consistent with evidence that increased efficiency of glutamatergic receptors attenuates cognitive impairment in animal models of psychosis. Therefore, high-frequency stimulation in HPC may be a useful tool to better understand how to prevent NMDAr hypofunction effects on synaptic plasticity and oscillatory coordination in cortico-limbic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton Lopes-Aguiar
- Núcleo de Neurociências, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rafael N Ruggiero
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil.
| | - Matheus T Rossignoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ingrid de Miranda Esteves
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - João P Leite
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
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Ma L, Liu W, Hudson AE. Propofol Anesthesia Increases Long-range Frontoparietal Corticocortical Interaction in the Oculomotor Circuit in Macaque Monkeys. Anesthesiology 2019; 130:560-71. [PMID: 30807382 DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000002637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THIS TOPIC A decrease in frontoparietal functional connectivity has been demonstrated with multiple anesthetic agents, and this decrease has been proposed as a final common functional pathway to produce anesthesia.Two alternative measures of long-range cortical interaction are coherence and phase-amplitude coupling. Although phase-amplitude coupling within frontal cortex changes with propofol administration, the effects of propofol on phase-amplitude coupling between different cortical areas have not previously been reported. WHAT THIS ARTICLE TELLS US THAT IS NEW Using a previously published monkey electrocorticography data set, it was found that propofol induced coherent slow oscillations in visual and oculomotor networks made up of cortical areas with strong anatomic projections.Frontal eye field within-area phase-amplitude coupling increased.Contrary to expectations from previous functional connectivity studies, interareal phase-amplitude coupling also increased with propofol. BACKGROUND Frontoparietal functional connectivity decreases with multiple anesthetics using electrophysiology and functional imaging. This decrease has been proposed as a final common functional pathway to produce anesthesia. Two alternative measures of long-range cortical interaction are coherence and phase-amplitude coupling. Although phase-amplitude coupling within frontal cortex changes with propofol administration, the effects of propofol on phase-amplitude coupling between different cortical areas have not previously been reported. Based on phase-amplitude coupling observed within frontal lobe during the anesthetized period, it was hypothesized that between-lead phase-amplitude coupling analysis should decrease between frontal and parietal leads during propofol anesthesia. METHODS A published monkey electrocorticography data set (N = 2 animals) was used to test for interactions in the cortical oculomotor circuit, which is robustly interconnected in primates, and in the visual system during propofol anesthesia using coherence and interarea phase-amplitude coupling. RESULTS Propofol induces coherent slow oscillations in visual and oculomotor networks made up of cortical areas with strong anatomic projections. Frontal eye field within-area phase-amplitude coupling increases with a time course consistent with a bolus response to intravenous propofol (modulation index increase of 12.6-fold). Contrary to the hypothesis, interareal phase-amplitude coupling also increases with propofol, with the largest increase in phase-amplitude coupling in frontal eye field low-frequency phase modulating lateral intraparietal area β-power (27-fold increase) and visual area 2 low-frequency phase altering visual area 1 β-power (19-fold increase). CONCLUSIONS Propofol anesthesia induces coherent oscillations and increases certain frontoparietal interactions in oculomotor cortices. Frontal eye field and lateral intraparietal area show increased coherence and phase-amplitude coupling. Visual areas 2 and 1, which have similar anatomic projection patterns, show similar increases in phase-amplitude coupling, suggesting higher order feedback increases in influence during propofol anesthesia relative to wakefulness. This suggests that functional connectivity between frontal and parietal areas is not uniformly decreased by anesthetics.
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Hunter A, Crouch B, Webster N, Platt B. Delirium screening in the intensive care unit using emerging QEEG techniques: A pilot study. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 7:1-16. [PMID: 32455162 PMCID: PMC7242058 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2020001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Delirium is an under-diagnosed yet frequently occurring clinical complication with potentially serious consequences for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Diagnosis is currently reactive and based upon qualitative assessment of the patient's cognitive status by ICU staff. Here, we conducted a preliminary investigation into whether emerging quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) analysis techniques can accurately discriminate between delirious and non-delirious patients in an ICU setting. Resting EEG recordings from 5 ICU patients in a state of delirium and 5 age matched control patients were analyzed using autoregressive spectral estimation for quantification of EEG power and renormalized partial directed coherence for analysis of directed functional connectivity. Delirious subjects exhibited pronounced EEG slowing as well as severe general loss of directed functional connectivity between recording sites. Distinction between groups based on these parameters was surprisingly clear given the low sample size employed. Furthermore, by targeting the electrode positions where effects were most apparent it was possible to clearly segregate patients using only 3 scalp electrodes. These findings indicate that quantitative diagnosis and monitoring of delirium is not only possible using emerging QEEG methods but is also accomplishable using very low-density electrode systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hunter
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Barry Crouch
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nigel Webster
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Bettina Platt
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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18
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Afshani F, Shalbaf A, Shalbaf R, Sleigh J. Frontal-temporal functional connectivity of EEG signal by standardized permutation mutual information during anesthesia. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 13:531-540. [PMID: 31741690 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09553-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantifying brain dynamics during anesthesia is an important challenge for understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms of anesthetic drug effect. Several single channel Electroencephalogram (EEG) indices have been proposed for monitoring anesthetic drug effect. The most commonly used single channel commercial index is the Bispectral index (BIS). However, this monitor has shown some drawbacks. In this study, a nonlinear functional connectivity measure named Standardized Permutation Mutual Information (SPMI) is proposed to describe communication between two-channel EEG signals at frontal and temporal brain regions during a controlled propofol-induced anesthesia and recovery design from eight subjects. The SPMI index has higher correlation with estimated propofol effect-site concentration and has better ability to distinguish three anesthetic states of patient than the other functional connectivity indexes (cross-correlation, coherence, phase analysis) and also the BIS index. Moreover, the SPMI index has a faster reaction to the effect of drug concentration, less variability at the consciousness state and better robustness to noise than BIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Afshani
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Electronic Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shalbaf
- 2Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shalbaf
- 3Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamie Sleigh
- 4Department of Anesthesia, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
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19
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O'Donnell JC, Browne KD, Kilbaugh TJ, Chen HI, Whyte J, Cullen DK. Challenges and demand for modeling disorders of consciousness following traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:336-346. [PMID: 30550859 PMCID: PMC7847278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), many patients experience coma - an unresponsive state lacking wakefulness or awareness. Coma rarely lasts more than two weeks, and emergence involves passing through a state of wakefulness without awareness of self or environment. Patients that linger in these Disorders of Consciousness (DoC) undergo clinical assessments of awareness for diagnosis into Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome (no awareness, also called vegetative state) or Minimally Conscious State (periodic increases in awareness). These diagnoses are notoriously inaccurate, offering little prognostic value. Recovery of awareness is unpredictable, returning within weeks, years, or never. This leaves patients' families with difficult decisions and little information on which to base them. Clinical studies have made significant advancements, but remain encumbered by high variability, limited data output, and a lack of necessary controls. Herein we discuss the clear and present need to establish a preclinical model of TBI-induced DoC, the significant challenges involved, and how such a model can be applied to support DoC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C O'Donnell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kevin D Browne
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Todd J Kilbaugh
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - H Isaac Chen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Whyte
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA, United States
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Abstract
The heterogeneity of molecular mechanisms, target neural circuits, and neurophysiologic effects of general anesthetics makes it difficult to develop a reliable and drug-invariant index of general anesthesia. No single brain region or mechanism has been identified as the neural correlate of consciousness, suggesting that consciousness might emerge through complex interactions of spatially and temporally distributed brain functions. The goal of this review article is to introduce the basic concepts of networks and explain why the application of network science to general anesthesia could be a pathway to discover a fundamental mechanism of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. This article reviews data suggesting that reduced network efficiency, constrained network repertoires, and changes in cortical dynamics create inhospitable conditions for information processing and transfer, which lead to unconsciousness. This review proposes that network science is not just a useful tool but a necessary theoretical framework and method to uncover common principles of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- UnCheol Lee
- From the Center for Consciousness Science, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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21
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Liang Z, Li J, Xia X, Wang Y, Li X, He J, Bai Y. Long-Range Temporal Correlations of Patients in Minimally Conscious State Modulated by Spinal Cord Stimulation. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1511. [PMID: 30420813 PMCID: PMC6215825 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been shown to improve the consciousness levels of patients with disorder of consciousness (DOC). However, the underlying mechanisms of SCS remain poorly understood. This study recorded resting-state electroencephalograms (EEG) from 16 patients with minimally conscious state (MCS), before and after SCS, and investigated the mechanisms of SCS on the neuronal dynamics in MCS patients. Detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), combined with surrogate data method, was employed to measure the long-range temporal correlations (LRTCs) of the EEG signals. A surrogate data method was utilized to acquire the genuine DFA exponents (GDFAE) reflecting the genuine LRTCs of brain activity. We analyzed the GDFAE in four brain regions (frontal, central, posterior, and occipital) at five EEG frequency bands [delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-13 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), and gamma (30-45 Hz)]. The GDFAE values ranged from 0.5 to 1, and showed temporal and spatial variation between the pre-SCS and the post-SCS states. We found that the channels with GDFAE spread wider after SCS. This phenomenon may indicate that more cortical areas were engaged in the information integration after SCS. In addition, the GDFAE values increased significantly in the frontal area at delta, theta, and alpha bands after SCS. At the theta band, a significant increase in GDFAE was observed in the occipital area. No significant change was found at beta or gamma bands in any brain region. These findings show that the enhanced LRTCs after SCS occurred primarily at low-frequency bands in the frontal and occipital regions. As the LRTCs reflect the long-range temporal integration of EEG signals, our results indicate that information integration became more "complex" after SCS. We concluded that the brain activities at low-frequency oscillations, particularly in the frontal and occipital regions, were improved by SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhu Liang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Jiani Li
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianghong He
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Driscoll N, Richardson AG, Maleski K, Anasor B, Adewole O, Lelyukh P, Escobedo L, Cullen DK, Lucas TH, Gogotsi Y, Vitale F. Two-Dimensional Ti 3C 2 MXene for High-Resolution Neural Interfaces. ACS Nano 2018; 12:10419-10429. [PMID: 30207690 PMCID: PMC6200593 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution neural interfaces are essential tools for studying and modulating neural circuits underlying brain function and disease. Because electrodes are miniaturized to achieve higher spatial resolution and channel count, maintaining low impedance and high signal quality becomes a significant challenge. Nanostructured materials can address this challenge because they combine high electrical conductivity with mechanical flexibility and can interact with biological systems on a molecular scale. Unfortunately, fabricating high-resolution neural interfaces from nanostructured materials is typically expensive and time-consuming and does not scale, which precludes translation beyond the benchtop. Two-dimensional (2D) Ti3C2 MXene possesses a combination of remarkably high volumetric capacitance, electrical conductivity, surface functionality, and processability in aqueous dispersions distinct among carbon-based nanomaterials. Here, we present a high-throughput microfabrication process for constructing Ti3C2 neuroelectronic devices and demonstrate their superior impedance and in vivo neural recording performance in comparison with standard metal microelectrodes. Specifically, when compared to gold microelectrodes of the same size, Ti3C2 electrodes exhibit a 4-fold reduction in interface impedance. Furthermore, intraoperative in vivo recordings from the brains of anesthetized rats at multiple spatial and temporal scales demonstrate that Ti3C2 electrodes exhibit lower baseline noise, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and reduced susceptibility to 60 Hz interference than gold electrodes. Finally, in neuronal biocompatibility studies, neurons cultured on Ti3C2 are as viable as those in control cultures, and they can adhere, grow axonal processes, and form functional networks. Overall, our results indicate that Ti3C2 MXene microelectrodes have the potential to become a powerful platform technology for high-resolution biological interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette Driscoll
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Andrew G. Richardson
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kathleen Maleski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Babak Anasor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Oladayo Adewole
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Pavel Lelyukh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lilia Escobedo
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Timothy H. Lucas
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Flavia Vitale
- Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Corresponding Author
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Huang Y, Wu D, Bahuri NFA, Wang S, Hyam JA, Yarrow S, FitzGerald JJ, Aziz TZ, Green AL. Spectral and phase-amplitude coupling signatures in human deep brain oscillations during propofol-induced anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:303-13. [PMID: 29935585 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures play important roles in consciousness. Some evidence points to general anaesthesia-induced unconsciousness being associated with distinct patterns of superficial cortical electrophysiological oscillations, but how general anaesthetics influence deep brain neural oscillations and interactions between oscillations in humans is poorly understood. METHODS Local field potentials were recorded in discrete deep brain regions, including anterior cingulate cortex, sensory thalamus, and periaqueductal grey, in humans with implanted deep brain electrodes during induction of unconsciousness with propofol. Power-frequency spectra, phase-amplitude coupling, coherence, and directed functional connectivity analysis were used to characterise local field potentials in the awake and unconscious states. RESULTS An increase in alpha (7-13 Hz) power and decrease in gamma (30-90 Hz) power were observed in both deep cortical (ACC, anterior cingulate cortex) and subcortical (sensory thalamus, periaqueductal grey) areas during propofol-induced unconsciousness. Robust alpha-low gamma (30-60 Hz) phase-amplitude coupling induced by general anaesthesia was observed in the anterior cingulate cortex but not in other regions studied. Moreover, alpha oscillations during unconsciousness were highly coherent within the anterior cingulate cortex, and this rhythm exhibited a bidirectional information flow between left and right anterior cingulate cortex but stronger left-to-right flow. CONCLUSION Propofol increases alpha oscillations and attenuates gamma oscillations in both cortical and subcortical areas. The alpha-gamma phase-amplitude coupling and the functional connectivity of alpha oscillations in the anterior cingulate cortex could be specific markers for loss of consciousness.
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Garcia PS, Rothman DL, Fitzpatrick SM. Waking Up to a New Model for Studying Neural Systems: What Emergence from Unconscious States Can Reveal about Brain Organization. Front Syst Neurosci 2017; 11:78. [PMID: 29089871 PMCID: PMC5651010 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Garcia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Anesthesiology and Research Divisions, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Douglas L Rothman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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