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Zhong Y, Yang C, Lu Y, Lv L. Theanine Capture of Reactive Carbonyl Species in Humans after Consuming Theanine Capsules or Green Tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13240-13249. [PMID: 38825967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Acrolein (ACR), methylglyoxal (MGO), and glyoxal (GO) are a class of reactive carbonyl species (RCS), which play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic and age-related diseases. Here, we explored a new RCS inhibitor (theanine, THE) and investigated its capture capacity on RCS in vivo by human experiments. After proving that theanine could efficiently capture ACR instead of MGO/GO by forming adducts under simulated physiological conditions, we further detected the ACR/MGO/GO adducts of theanine in the human urine samples after consumption of theanine capsules (200 and 400 mg) or green tea (4 cups, containing 200 mg of theanine) by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Quantitative assays revealed that THE-ACR, THE-2ACR-1, THE-MGO, and THE-GO were formed in a dose-dependent manner in the theanine capsule groups; the maximum value of the adducts of theanine was also tested. Furthermore, besides the RCS adducts of theanine, the RCS adducts of catechins could also be detected in the drinking tea group. Whereas, metabolite profile analysis showed that theanine could better capture RCS produced in the renal metabolic pathway than catechins. Our findings indicated that theanine could reduce RCS in the body in two ways: as a pure component or contained in tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2# Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2# Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2# Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lishuang Lv
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2# Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Chen L, Chen G, Gai T, Zhou X, Zhu J, Wang R, Wang X, Guo Y, Wang Y, Xie Z. L-Theanine Prolongs the Lifespan by Activating Multiple Molecular Pathways in Ultraviolet C-Exposed Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecules 2024; 29:2691. [PMID: 38893565 PMCID: PMC11173996 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
L-theanine, a unique non-protein amino acid, is an important bioactive component of green tea. Previous studies have shown that L-theanine has many potent health benefits, such as anti-anxiety effects, regulation of the immune response, relaxing neural tension, and reducing oxidative damage. However, little is known concerning whether L-theanine can improve the clearance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in organisms. Here, we reported that L-theanine treatment increased ATP production and improved mitochondrial morphology to extend the lifespan of UVC-exposed nematodes. Mechanistic investigations showed that L-theanine treatment enhanced the removal of mtDNA damage and extended lifespan by activating autophagy, mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, and mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) in UVC-exposed nematodes. In addition, L-theanine treatment also upregulated the expression of genes related to mitochondrial energy metabolism in UVC-exposed nematodes. Our study provides a theoretical basis for the possibility that tea drinking may prevent mitochondrial-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Biological Engineering, Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China (J.Z.)
| | - Guijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.C.)
| | - Tingting Gai
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Biological Engineering, Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China (J.Z.)
| | - Xiuhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.C.)
| | - Jinchi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Biological Engineering, Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China (J.Z.)
| | - Ruiyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Biological Engineering, Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China (J.Z.)
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Biological Engineering, Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China (J.Z.)
| | - Yujie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Biological Engineering, Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China (J.Z.)
| | - Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresource and Environmental Biotechnology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Biological Engineering, Institute of Digital Ecology and Health, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, China (J.Z.)
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (L.C.)
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Wang Q, Hu GL, Qiu MH, Cao J, Xiong WY. Coffee, tea, and cocoa in obesity prevention: Mechanisms of action and future prospects. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100741. [PMID: 38694556 PMCID: PMC11061710 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a major public health problem, causes numerous complications that threaten human health and increase the socioeconomic burden. The pathophysiology of obesity is primarily attributed to lipid metabolism disorders. Conventional anti-obesity medications have a high abuse potential and frequently deliver insufficient efficacy and have negative side-effects. Hence, functional foods are regarded as effective alternatives to address obesity. Coffee, tea, and cocoa, three widely consumed beverages, have long been considered to have the potential to prevent obesity, and several studies have focused on their intrinsic molecular mechanisms in past few years. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which the bioactive ingredients in these three beverages counteract obesity from the aspects of adipogenesis, lipolysis, and energy expenditure (thermogenesis). The future prospects and challenges for coffee, tea, and cocoa as functional products for the treatment of obesity are also discussed, which can be pursued for future drug development and prevention strategies against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Gui-Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Yong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
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Yamaura S, Sadamori K, Konishi R, Majima T, Mukai A, Uno K, Kinjo T, Komori K, Kuramoto N, Kawada K. Pharmacokinetics of L-theanine and the effect on amino acid composition in mice administered with L-theanine. Amino Acids 2024; 56:29. [PMID: 38583116 PMCID: PMC10999383 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
L-theanine, an amino acid component of the tea leaves of Camellia sinensis, is sold in Japan as a supplement for good sleep. Although several studies in humans and mice have reported the effects of L-theanine on brain function, only a few reports have comprehensively clarified the disposition of theanine administered to mice and its effects on concentrations of other blood amino acids. In this study, we aimed to determine the changes in the blood levels of L-theanine administered to mice and amino acid composition of the serum. L-theanine were administered to four-week-old Std-ddY male mice orally or via tail vein injection. L-theanine and other amino acids in serum prepared from blood collected at different time points post-dose were labeled with phenylisothiocyanate and quantified. The serum concentration of orally administered L-theanine peaked 15 min after administration. The area under the curve for tail vein injection revealed the bioavailability of L- theanine to be approximately 70%. L-theanine administration did not affect any amino acid levels in the serum, but a significant increase in the peak area overlapping the Glycine (Gly) peak was observed 30 min after administration. L-theanine administered to mice was rapidly absorbed and eliminated, suggesting that taking L-theanine as a supplement is safe without affecting its own levels or serum levels of other amino acids. However, considering that Gly, similar to L-theanine, is used as a dietary supplement for its anxiolytic effects and to improve sleep, determining the effects of L-theanine administration on Gly is important and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinnosuke Yamaura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koki Sadamori
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Reiko Konishi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Majima
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Yamato University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akira Mukai
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Uno
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Komori
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Kuramoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kou Kawada
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Zhu K, Zeng H, Yue L, Huang J, Ouyang J, Liu Z. The Protective Effects of L-Theanine against Epigallocatechin Gallate-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Foods 2024; 13:1121. [PMID: 38611425 PMCID: PMC11011850 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a main bioactive constituent in green tea. Being a redox-active polyphenol, high-dose EGCG exhibits pro-oxidative activity and could cause liver injury. L-theanine is a unique non-protein amino acid in green tea and could provide liver-protective effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of L-theanine on EGCG-induced liver injury and the underlying mechanisms. A total of 300 mg/kg L-theanine was administrated to ICR mice for 7 days. Then, the acute liver injury model was established through intragastric administration of 1000 mg/kg EGCG. Pretreatment with L-theanine significantly alleviated the oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by high-dose EGCG through modulation of Nrf2 signaling and glutathione homeostasis. Furthermore, metabolomic results revealed that L-theanine protects mice from EGCG-induced liver injury mainly through the regulation of amino acid metabolism, especially tryptophan metabolism. These findings could provide valuable insights into the potential therapeutic applications of L-theanine and highlight the importance of the interactions between dietary components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China;
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Hongzhe Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Lin Yue
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (J.H.)
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (H.Z.); (L.Y.); (J.H.)
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Watanuki Y, Yajima S, Sashide Y, Takeda M. Effect of theanine on the hyperexcitability of trigeminal secondary nociceptive neurons following orofacial inflammation in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2024; 132:e12961. [PMID: 37984410 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The present in vivo study investigated whether systemic administration of theanine attenuates the inflammation-induced hyperexcitability of trigeminal spinal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) neurons associated with hyperalgesia. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the whisker pads of 24 rats to induce inflammation, and then mechanical stimulation was applied to the orofacial area to assess the threshold of escape. The mechanical threshold was statistically significantly lower in CFA-inflamed rats compared to uninjected naïve rats, and this lowered threshold returned to control levels after 2 days of theanine administration. The mean discharge frequency of SpVc wide-dynamic range (WDR) neurons to mechanical stimuli in anesthetized CFA-inflamed rats was statistically significantly lower after two days of theanine administration. In addition, the increased mean spontaneous discharge of SpVc WDR neurons in CFA-inflamed rats statistically significantly decreased after theanine administration. Similarly, theanine restored the expanded mean receptive field size in CFA-inflamed rats to control levels. Taken together, these results suggest that administration of theanine attenuates inflammatory hyperalgesia associated with hyperexcitability of nociceptive SpVc WDR neurons. These findings support the potential of theanine as a therapeutic agent in complementary alternative medicine strategies to prevent inflammatory hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Watanuki
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sora Yajima
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukito Sashide
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mamoru Takeda
- Laboratory of Food and Physiological Sciences, Department of Life and Food Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Fan YG, Zhao TT, Xiang QZ, Han XY, Yang SS, Zhang LX, Ren LJ. Multi-Omics Research Accelerates the Clarification of the Formation Mechanism and the Influence of Leaf Color Variation in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:426. [PMID: 38337959 PMCID: PMC10857240 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Tea is a popular beverage with characteristic functional and flavor qualities, known to be rich in bioactive metabolites such as tea polyphenols and theanine. Recently, tea varieties with variations in leaf color have been widely used in agriculture production due to their potential advantages in terms of tea quality. Numerous studies have used genome, transcriptome, metabolome, proteome, and lipidome methods to uncover the causes of leaf color variations and investigate their impacts on the accumulation of crucial bioactive metabolites in tea plants. Through a comprehensive review of various omics investigations, we note that decreased expression levels of critical genes in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids, activated chlorophyll degradation, and an impaired photosynthetic chain function are related to the chlorina phenotype in tea plants. For purple-leaf tea, increased expression levels of late biosynthetic genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway and anthocyanin transport genes are the major and common causes of purple coloration. We have also summarized the influence of leaf color variation on amino acid, polyphenol, and lipid contents and put forward possible causes of these metabolic changes. Finally, this review further proposes the research demands in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gen Fan
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Ting-Ting Zhao
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Qin-Zeng Xiang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Xiao-Yang Han
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Shu-Sen Yang
- Yipinming Tea Planting Farmers Specialized Cooperative, Longnan 746400, China;
| | - Li-Xia Zhang
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
| | - Li-Jun Ren
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; (Y.-G.F.); (T.-T.Z.); (Q.-Z.X.); (X.-Y.H.)
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Zhong Y, Lu Y, Lv L. Theanine in Tea: An Effective Scavenger of Single or Multiple Reactive Carbonyl Species at the Same Time. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37906124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are generated during thermal food processing, and their accumulation in the body increases the risk of various chronic diseases. Herein, the RCS-scavenging ability of theanine, a unique nonproteinogenic amino acid, was evaluated in terms of the scavenging rate, reaction kinetics, and reaction pathway using LC-MS/MS. Three major products of theanine conjugated with acrolein (ACR) and glyoxal (GO) were prepared and identified using nuclear magnetic resonance. Thereafter, the simultaneous reactions of four types of RCS (namely, ACR, crotonaldehyde, methylglyoxal, and GO) with theanine were discussed in RCS-theanine and RCS-tea models. Under different reaction ratios, theanine could nonspecifically scavenge the four coexisting RCS by forming adducts with them. The amount of theanine-RCS adducts in green and black tea was more than that of catechin (epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epicatechin)-RCS adducts despite the lower content of theanine than catechins. Thus, theanine, as a food additive and dietary supplement, could demonstrate new bioactivity as a promising RCS scavenger in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2# Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2# Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lishuang Lv
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2# Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Jović MD, Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Ristivojević PM, Trifković JĐ, Morton DW. Bioassay-Guided Assessment of Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts from Medicinal Plants via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography. Molecules 2023; 28:7346. [PMID: 37959765 PMCID: PMC10647317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products and their analogues have contributed significantly to treatment options, especially for anti-inflammatory and infectious diseases. Thus, the primary objective of this work was to compare the bioactivity profiles of selected medicinal plants that are historically used in folk medicine to treat inflammation and infections in the body. Chemical HPTLC fingerprinting was used to assess antioxidant, phenolic and flavonoid content, while bioassay-guided HPTLC was used to detect compounds with the highest antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The results of this study showed that green tea leaf, walnut leaf, St. John's wort herb, wild thyme herb, European goldenrod herb, chamomile flower, and immortelle flower extracts were strong radical scavengers. Green tea and nettle extracts were the most active extracts against E. coli, while calendula flower extract showed significant potency against S. aureus. Furthermore, green tea, greater celandine, and fumitory extracts exhibited pronounced potential in suppressing COX-1 activity. The bioactive compounds from the green tea extract, as the most bioactive, were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography and characterized with their FTIR spectra. Although earlier studies have related green tea's anti-inflammatory properties to the presence of catechins, particularly epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the FTIR spectrum of the compound from the most intense bioactive zone showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity can be attributed to amino acids and heterocyclic compounds. As expected, antibacterial activity in extracts was related to fatty acids and monoglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko D. Jović
- Innovation Centre of the Faculty of Chemistry Ltd., University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Road, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
| | - Petar M. Ristivojević
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Đ. Trifković
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - David W. Morton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry Named after Arzamastsev of the Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Rural Clinical Sciences, La Trobe University, Edwards Road, Bendigo, VIC 3550, Australia
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Cai M, Huang L, Dong S, Diao N, Ye W, Peng Z, Fang X. Enhancing the Flavor Profile of Summer Green Tea via Fermentation with Aspergillus niger RAF106. Foods 2023; 12:3420. [PMID: 37761129 PMCID: PMC10529516 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Summer green tea (SGT) has a low cost and high annual yield, but its utilization rate is limited due to suboptimal quality. The aim of this study is to enhance the flavor of SGT using fermentation with A. niger RAF106 while examining changes in its metabolites during this process. The results revealed an elevation in the content of alcohol, alkanes, and nitroxides in tea leaves following the process of fermentation. The predominant volatile compounds identified in tea leaves after undergoing a 6-day fermentation period were linalool, (Z)-α, α, 5-trimethyl-5-vinyltetrahydrofuran-2-methanol, (E)-linalool oxide (furan type), linalool oxide (pyran type), and theapyrrole. These compounds exhibited significant increases of 31.48%, 230.43%, 225.12%, 70.71%, and 521.62%, respectively, compared to the non-fermented control group (CK). The content of non-ester catechins, soluble sugars, and total flavonoids reached their peak on the 4th day of fermentation, exhibiting significant increases of 114.8%, 95.59%, and 54.70%, respectively. The content of gallic acid and free amino acids reached their peak on the 6th day of fermentation, exhibiting significant increases of 3775% and 18.18%, respectively. However, the content of ester catechin decreased by 81.23%, while caffeine decreased by 7.46%. The content of lactic acid, acetic acid, and citric acid in tea after fermentation was 421.03%, 203.13%, and 544.39% higher than before fermentation, respectively. The present study offers a fresh approach for the advancement of SGT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiang Fang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.C.); (L.H.); (S.D.); (N.D.); (W.Y.); (Z.P.)
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Nematizadeh M, Ghorbanzadeh H, Moghaddam HS, Shalbafan M, Boroon M, Keshavarz-Akhlaghi AA, Akhondzadeh S. L-theanine combination therapy with fluvoxamine in moderate-to-severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 77:478-485. [PMID: 37169515 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AIM The main aim of this study was to investigate the additional effects of L-theanine, an amino acid in tea and an analog of glutamate with neuroprotective and anti-depressant properties, on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms in combination with fluvoxamine. METHODS Patients from either sex aged between 18 and 60 years diagnosed with OCD, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), who had a Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) score of more than 21 were enrolled in a double-blinded, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of 10 weeks to receive either L-theanine (100 mg twice daily) and fluvoxamine (100 mg daily initially followed by 200 mg daily after week 5) or placebo and fluvoxamine. The primary outcome of interest in this study was the Y-BOCS total score decrease from baseline. RESULTS From a total of 95 evaluated patients, 50 completed our study; 30 were randomly assigned to each group. Multivariate analysis (ANOVA) showed a significant effect of time× $$ \times $$ treatment for L-theanine in obsession subscale (F = 5.51, P = 0.008) of the Y-BOCS score but not in the total and compulsion scores. Our results showed significantly more improvement in obsession subscale scores in L-theanine compared to placebo group (P = 0.007, Cohen's d = 0.82). Also, total Y-BOCS scores were lower in L-theanine compared to placebo group at week 5 (P = 0.039, Cohen's d = 0.60) and 10 (P = 0.008, Cohen's d = 0.80). However, there was no significant between-group differences in compulsion subscale scores. Complete response was also more frequent in the L-theanine group (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Findings in this study suggest L-theanine as a relatively safe and effective adjuvant therapy for moderate to severe OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Nematizadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghorbanzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Sanjari Moghaddam
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Shalbafan
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Boroon
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir-Abbas Keshavarz-Akhlaghi
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute (PHRI), Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Chen F, Chen YP, Wu H, Li Y, Zhang S, Ke J, Yao JY. Characterization of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flower extract and insights into its antifungal susceptibilities of Aspergillus flavus. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:286. [PMID: 37580785 PMCID: PMC10424394 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04122-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) flowers will compete with tea leaves in nutrition and are abandoned as an undesirable by-product. In this study, the biological efficacy of tea flowers was investigated. Further exploration of its antifungal activity was explained. METHODS Tea flowers harvested from China were characterized in term of component, antioxidant ability, tyrosinase inhibition, and antifungal ability. Chemical compounds of tea flowers were analyzed by LC-MS. Disinfectant compounds were identified in tea flowers, and 2-ketobutyric acid exhibited antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavusCCTCC AF 2023038. The antifungal mechanism of 2-ketobutyric acid was further investigated by RNA-seq. RESULTS Water-soluble tea flower extracts (TFEs) exhibited free radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) as well as a high ferric-reducing ability. However, no inhibition of tyrosinase activity was observed. In the antifungal test, 6.4 mg/mL TFE reached 71.5% antifungal rate and the electrical conductivity of the culture broth increased with increasing concentration of TFE, implying that it damaged the fungal cell membrane by the TFE. Several disinfectants were identified in TFE by LC-MS, and 2-ketobutyric acid was also confirmed to be capable of fungal inhibition. Propidium iodide (PI) staining indicated that 2-ketobutyric acid caused damage to the cell membrane. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 3,808 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in A. flavus CCTCC AF 2023038 treated by 2-ketobutyric acid, and more than 1,000 DEGs involved in the integral and intrinsic component of membrane were affected. Moreover, 2-ketobutyric acid downregulated aflatoxin biosynthesis genes and decreased the aflatoxin production. CONCLUSIONS Overall, TFE exhibited excellent antioxidant ability and fungal inhibition against A. flavus CCTCC AF 2023038 due to its abundant disinfectant compounds. As a recognized food additive, 2-ketobutyric acid is safe to use in the food industry and can be utilized as the basis for the research and development of strong fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Yu-Pei Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China.
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Hongtan Wu
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Shudi Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
| | - Jincheng Ke
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361000, China
| | - Jeng-Yuan Yao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, 361023, China
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13
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Qi D, Lu M, Li J, Ma C. Metabolomics Reveals Distinctive Metabolic Profiles and Marker Compounds of Camellia ( Camellia sinensis L.) Bee Pollen. Foods 2023; 12:2661. [PMID: 37509753 PMCID: PMC10378613 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Camellia bee pollen (CBP) is a major kind of bee product which is collected by honeybees from tea tree (Camellia sinensis L.) flowers and agglutinated into pellets via oral secretion. Due to its special healthcare value, the authenticity of its botanical origin is of great interest. This study aimed at distinguishing CBP from other bee pollen, including rose, apricot, lotus, rape, and wuweizi bee pollen, based on a non-targeted metabolomics approach using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Among the bee pollen groups, 54 differential compounds were identified, including flavonol glycosides and flavone glycosides, catechins, amino acids, and organic acids. A clear separation between CBP and all other samples was observed in the score plots of the principal component analysis, indicating distinctive metabolic profiles of CBP. Notably, L-theanine (864.83-2204.26 mg/kg) and epicatechin gallate (94.08-401.82 mg/kg) were identified exclusively in all CBP and were proposed as marker compounds of CBP. Our study unravels the distinctive metabolic profiles of CBP and provides specific and quantified metabolite indicators for the assessment of authentic CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
- Tea Research Institute, Shangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Meiling Lu
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jianke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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14
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Ye Y, Fang C, Li L, Liu D, Wang Y, Huang F, Gong X, Xu Y, Yao Y, Ye S, Feng D, Luo F. Protective Effect of l-Theanine on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Testicular Toxicity in Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:8050-8060. [PMID: 37198140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine is the most abundant free amino acid present in tea. Several tea components have been studied for their impact on male fertility, but little is known about the effects of l-theanine. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that reduces fertility in males. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of l-theanine on CP-induced testicular toxicity in male mice. A single dosage of 50 mg/kg saline or CP was administered intraperitoneally over the course of 5 days. Mice were administered l-theanine (80 mg/kg) or saline by gavage for 30 days. Animals were euthanized 24 h after the last l-theanine administration, and the testes were removed for histopathological and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Histological evaluation and transmission electron microscopy showed that administration of l-theanine alleviated CP-induced damage to the testicles, including spermatogonial cells, epithelial cells, seminiferous tubules, and basement membrane. An integrated proteomics and metabolomics investigation of testes revealed that l-theanine therapy substantially affected the quantity of 719 proteins (395 upregulated and 324 downregulated) and 196 metabolites (75 upregulated and 111 downregulated). The top three enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways for these proteins and metabolites were purine metabolism, choline metabolism in cancer, and arachidonic acid metabolism. This is the first study to reveal the protective effect of l-theanine on CP-induced testicular toxicity. l-Theanine could be a potential natural active substance for resistance to the testis toxicity induced by CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Fang
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, P. R. China
| | - Lanying Li
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
| | - Dongna Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
| | - Fan Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Gong
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
| | - Yaqiong Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yao
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
| | - Shanrong Ye
- National Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Chengdu 610021, P. R. China
| | - Dejian Feng
- National Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Chengdu 610021, P. R. China
| | - Fan Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, P. R. China
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15
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Yang CC, Wang MH, Soung HS, Tseng HC, Lin FH, Chang KC, Tsai CC. Through Its Powerful Antioxidative Properties, L-Theanine Ameliorates Vincristine-Induced Neuropathy in Rats. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040803. [PMID: 37107178 PMCID: PMC10135327 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
L-theanine (LT), which is a major amino acid found in green tea, was shown to alleviate Vincristine (VCR)-induced peripheral neuropathy and associated neuronal functional changes in rats. To induce peripheral neuropathy, rats were administered VCR at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally on days 1–5 and 8–12, while control rats received LT at doses of 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally for 21 days or saline solution. Electrophysiological measurements were taken to evaluate the nerve functional loss and recovery through motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities. The sciatic nerve was examined for several biomarkers, including nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total calcium, IL-6, IL-10, MPO, and caspase-3. The results showed that VCR caused significant hyperalgesia and allodynia in rats; decreased nerve conduction velocity; increased NO and MDA levels; and decreased GSH, SOD, CAT, and IL-10 levels. LT was found to significantly reduce VCR-induced nociceptive pain thresholds, decrease oxidative stress levels (NO, MDA), increase antioxidative strength (GSH, SOD, CAT), and reduce neuroinflammatory activity and apoptosis markers (caspase-3). LT’s antioxidant, calcium homeostasis, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective properties make it a potential adjuvant to conventional treatment in VCR-induced neuropathy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chuan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei 11260, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Hsien Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, En Chu Kon Hospital, Sanshia District, New Taipei City 23702, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Sheng Soung
- Department of Psychiatry, Yuan-Shan Br. of Taipei Veteran General Hospital, Yilan County 26604, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chien Tseng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chi Chang
- Institute of Taiwan Instrument Research, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Tsai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan;
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-928260400
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16
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Xie X, Wan J, Zheng X, Pan W, Yuan J, Hu B, Feng M, Liu Z, Cai S. Synergistic effects of epigallocatechin gallate and l-theanine in nerve repair and regeneration by anti-amyloid damage, promoting metabolism, and nourishing nerve cells. Front Nutr 2022; 9:951415. [PMID: 36034895 PMCID: PMC9399931 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.951415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea has significant protective activity on nerve cells, but the mechanism of action is unclear. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and N-ethyl-L-glutamine (L-theanine) are the representative functional components of green tea (Camellia sinensis). In this study, an AD model of Aβ25–35-induced differentiated neural cell line PC12 cells was established to study the synergistic effect of EGCG and L-theanine in protecting neural cells. The results showed that under Aβ25–35 stress conditions, mitochondria and axons degenerated, and the expression of cyclins was up-regulated, showing the gene and protein characteristics of cellular hyperfunction. EGCG + L-theanine inhibited inflammation and aggregate formation pathways, significantly increased the percentage of G0/G1 in the cell cycle, downregulated the expression of proteins such as p-mTOR, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin B1, upregulated the expression of GAP43, Klotho, p-AMPK, and other proteins, promoted mitochondrial activity and energy metabolism, and had repair and regeneration effects on differentiated nerve cells. The synergistic mechanism study showed that under the premise that EGCG inhibits amyloid stress and inflammation and promotes metabolism, L-theanine could play a nourish nerve effect. EGCG + L-theanine keeps differentiated nerve cells in a quiescent state, which is beneficial to the repair and regeneration of nerve cells. In addition, EGCG + L-theanine maintains the high-fidelity structure of cellular proteins. This study revealed for the first time that the synergistic effect of EGCG with L-theanine may be an effective way to promote nerve cell repair and regeneration and slow down the progression of AD. Our findings provide a new scientific basis for the relationship between tea drinking and brain protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Xie
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Wan
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenjing Pan
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayi Yuan
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Baozhu Hu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Meiyan Feng
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuxian Cai
- National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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