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Li Z, Wang S, Qin Y, Yang B, Wang C, Lu T, Xu J, Zhu L, Yuan C, Han W. Gabapentin attenuates cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 967:176398. [PMID: 38350591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation regulates ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI), and gabapentin exerts anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the anti-inflammatory role and mechanism of gabapentin after MI. METHODS Rats were divided into the sham group (n = 12), MI group (n = 20), and MI + gabapentin group (n = 16). MI was induced by left coronary artery ligation. The effects of gabapentin on THP-1-derived macrophages were examined in vitro. RESULTS In vivo, 1 week after MI, gabapentin significantly reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS; M1 macrophage marker) expression and decreased pro-inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α and interleukin [IL]-1β). Gabapentin upregulated the M2 macrophage marker arginase-1, as well as CD163 expression, and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory factors, including chitinase-like 3, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-β. Four weeks after MI, cardiac function, infarct size, and cardiac fibrosis improved after gabapentin treatment. Gabapentin inhibited sympathetic nerve activity and decreased ventricular electrical instability in rats after MI. Tyrosine hydroxylase and growth-associated protein 43 were suppressed after gabapentin treatment. Gabapentin downregulated nerve growth factor (NGF) and reduced pro-inflammatory factors (iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β). In vitro, gabapentin reduced NGF, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Mechanistic studies revealed that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ antagonist GW9662 attenuated the effects of gabapentin. Moreover, gabapentin reduced α2δ1 expression in the macrophage plasma membrane and reduced the calcium content of macrophages. CONCLUSION Gabapentin attenuates cardiac remodeling by inhibiting inflammation via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation and preventing calcium overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shaoxian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ying Qin
- College of Sports and Human Sciences, Harbin Sport University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tianyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lige Zhu
- Medical Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hei Long Jiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China; Department of Heart Failure, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China.
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Zhou YP, Normandin MD, Belov V, Macdonald-Soccorso MT, Moon SH, Sun Y, El Fakhri G, Guehl NJ, Brugarolas P. Evaluation of trans- and cis-4-[ 18F]Fluorogabapentin for Brain PET Imaging. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:4208-4215. [PMID: 37947793 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gabapentin, a selective ligand for the α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, is an anticonvulsant medication used in the treatment of neuropathic pain, epilepsy, and other neurological conditions. We recently described two radiofluorinated derivatives of gabapentin (trans-4-[18F]fluorogabapentin, [18F]tGBP4F, and cis-4-[18F]fluorogabapentin, [18F]cGBP4F) and showed that these compounds accumulate in the injured nerves in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Given the use of gabapentin in brain diseases, here we investigate whether these radiofluorinated derivatives of gabapentin can be used for imaging α2δ receptors in the brain. Specifically, we developed automated radiosynthesis methods for [18F]tGBP4F and [18F]cGBP4F and conducted dynamic PET imaging in adult rhesus macaques with and without preadministration of pharmacological doses of gabapentin. Both radiotracers showed very high metabolic stability, negligible plasma protein binding, and slow accumulation in the brain. [18F]tGBP4F, the isomer with higher binding affinity, showed low brain uptake and could not be displaced, whereas [18F]cGBP4F showed moderate brain uptake and could be partially displaced. Kinetic modeling of brain regional time-activity curves using a metabolite-corrected arterial input function shows that a one-tissue compartment model accurately fits the data. Graphical analysis using Logan or multilinear analysis 1 produced similar results as compartmental modeling, indicating robust quantification. This study advances our understanding of how gabapentinoids work and provides an important advancement toward imaging α2δ receptors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Zhou
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Vasily Belov
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Marina T Macdonald-Soccorso
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Pedro Brugarolas
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Zhou YP, Normandin MD, Belov V, Macdonald-Soccorso MT, Moon SH, Sun Y, Fakhri GE, Guehl NJ, Brugarolas P. Evaluation of trans- and cis-4-[ 18F]fluorogabapentin for brain PET imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.01.555353. [PMID: 37732236 PMCID: PMC10508714 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Gabapentin, a selective ligand for the α2δ subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channels, is an anticonvulsant medication used in the treatment of neuropathic pain, epilepsy and other neurological conditions. We recently described two radiofluorinated derivatives of gabapentin (trans-4-[18F]fluorogabapentin, [18F]tGBP4F, and cis-4-[18F]fluorogabapentin, [18F]cGBP4F) and showed that these compounds accumulate in the injured nerves in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Given the use of gabapentin in brain diseases, here we investigate whether these radiofluorinated derivatives of gabapentin can be used for imaging α2δ receptors in the brain. Specifically, we developed automated radiosynthesis methods for [18F]tGBP4F and [18F]cGBP4F and conducted dynamic PET imaging in adult rhesus macaques with and without preadministration of pharmacological doses of gabapentin. Both radiotracers showed very high metabolic stability, negligible plasma protein binding and slow accumulation in the brain. [18F]tGBP4F, the isomer with higher binding affinity, showed low brain uptake and could not be displaced whereas [18F]cGBP4F showed moderate brain uptake and could be partially displaced. Kinetic modeling of brain regional time-activity curves using a metabolite-corrected arterial input function shows that a 1-tissue compartment model accurately fits the data. Graphical analysis using Logan or multilinear analysis 1 produced similar results as compartmental modeling indicating robust quantification. This study advances our understanding of how gabapentinoids work and provides an important advancement towards imaging α2δ receptors in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Zhou
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marc D. Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vasily Belov
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marina T. Macdonald-Soccorso
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yang Sun
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicolas J. Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pedro Brugarolas
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Xu J, Guo Y, Liu Q, Yang H, Ma M, Yu J, Chen L, Ou C, Liu X, Wu J. Pregabalin Mediates Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival From Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Via the Akt/GSK3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:7. [PMID: 36326725 PMCID: PMC9645359 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.12.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss induced by retinal ischemia/reperfusion (RIR) injury leads to irreversible visual impairment. Pregabalin (PGB) is a promising drug for neurodegenerative diseases. However, with regard to RGC survival, its specific role and exact mechanism after RIR injury remain unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate whether PGB could protect RGCs from mitochondria-related apoptosis induced by RIR and explore the possible mechanisms. Methods C57BL/6J mice and primary RGCs were pretreated with PGB prior to ischemia/reperfusion modeling. The retinal structure and cell morphology were assessed by immunochemical assays and optical coherence tomography. CCK8 was used to assay cell viability, and an electroretinogram was performed to detect RGC function. Mitochondrial damage was assessed by a reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit and transmission electron microscopy. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays quantified the expression of proteins associated with the Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. Results Treatment with PGB increased the viability of RGCs in vitro. Consistently, PGB preserved the normal thickness of the retina, upregulated Bcl-2, reduced the ratio of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 and the expression of Bax in vivo. Meanwhile, PGB improved mitochondrial structure and prevented excessive ROS production. Moreover, PGB restored the amplitudes of oscillatory potentials and photopic negative responses following RIR. The mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective effects were attributed to upregulation of the Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. However, PGB-mediated neuroprotection was suppressed when using MK2206 (an Akt inhibitor), whereas it was preserved when treated with TWS119 (a GSK3β inhibitor). Conclusions PGB exerts a protective effect against RGC apoptosis induced by RIR injury, mediated by the Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuyan Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linjiang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunlian Ou
- Department of General Practice, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Huiqiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Li X, Wang B, Yu N, Yang L, Nan C, Sun Z, Guo L, Zhao Z. Gabapentin Alleviates Brain Injury in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Through Suppressing Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3063-3075. [PMID: 35809188 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in brain tissue injury during intracerebral hemorrhage. Gabapentin can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress through inhibiting nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signals. Here, we showed that gabapentin reduced brain tissue injury in ICH through suppressing NFκB-mediated neuroinflammation. ICH was induced by injecting collagenase IV into the right striatum of Sprague-Dawley rats. PC12 and BV2 cells injury induced by Hemin were used to simulate ICH in vitro. Inflammation and apoptosis were assessed in rat brain tissue and in vitro cells. The neurobehavioral scores were significantly decreased in ICH rats compared with sham rats. Phosphorylated IκB-α and cleaved caspase3, and apoptosis rate were significantly higher in tissue surrounding the hematoma than in brain tissues from rats subjected to sham surgery. Furthermore, serum IL-6 levels in ICH rats were higher than in sham rats. Gabapentin treatment significantly improved the behavioral scores, decreased levels of phosphorylated IκB-α and cleaved caspase3, apoptosis rate, and serum IL-6 level in ICH rats. Hemin-treated BV2 cells displayed higher levels of phosphorylated IκB-α, cleaved caspase3, and IL-6 in the supernatant compared with vehicle-treated cells. Hemin treatment induced a significantly lower level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in BV2 cells. BV2-PC12 co-culture cells treated by hemin displayed higher levels of cleaved caspase3 in PC12 cells. Furthermore, gabapentin treatment could reduce these effects induced by hemin and the protective effects of gabapentin were significantly attenuated by PPARγ inhibitor. Therefore, gabapentin may reduce inflammation and apoptosis induced by the ICH through PPARγ-NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, HeBei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Handan City, Handan, 056000, HeBei, China
| | - Bingqian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, HeBei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Xing Tai People Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Xingtai, 054000, HeBei, China
| | - Ning Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, HeBei, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, HeBei, China
| | - Chengrui Nan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, HeBei, China
| | - Zhimin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, HeBei, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, 050000, HeBei, China
| | - Lisi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, HeBei, China
| | - Zongmao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, HeBei, China.
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Kiran S, Rakib A, Singh UP. The NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor Dapansutrile Attenuates Cyclophosphamide-Induced Interstitial Cystitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903834. [PMID: 35720309 PMCID: PMC9205468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS), hereafter referred together as IC, is a clinical syndrome characterized by sterile inflammation in the bladder. While the etiology and pathophysiology of IC remain unclear, it may involve autoimmunity in light of the significant role played by the NLRP3 inflammasome. However, the effect of NLRP3 inhibitors including dapansutrile (Dap) on IC had not been explored previously. Here, we investigated the effect of Dap in the cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced experimental mouse model of IC, which results in functional and histological alterations confined to the urinary bladder (UB) comparable to that of clinical IC. CYP-induced mice treated with Dap exhibited improved UB pathology and reductions in inflammation scores and the frequency and the number of mast cells and neutrophils, relative to mice that received CYP alone. Dap- and CYP-treated mice also exhibited infiltration of T cells in the spleen and iliac lymph nodes (ILNs) and a concurrent significant decrease (p<0.01) in CXCR3+CD8+ T cells in the UB, induction of systemic and mucosal dendritic cells (DCs), and reduced levels of systemic proinflammatory cytokines, as compared to CYP alone. We also observed decreases in the expression of several signaling pathways regulators, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), NLRP3, caspase-1, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the UB of CYP- and Dap-treated mice, relative to those receiving CYP alone. Taken together, these results suggest that Dap suppresses IC through the reduction of CXCR3+T cells, mast cells, and neutrophils in the UB and induces DCs as a protective measure. The present study identifies the mechanisms underlying the amelioration of IC by the NLRP3 inhibitor Dap and may provide an avenue for a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of IC.
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A Systematic Review of Therapeutic Approaches Used in Experimental Models of Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080865. [PMID: 34440069 PMCID: PMC8389661 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a multifactorial, chronic bladder disorder with limited therapeutic options currently available. The present review provides an extensive overview of therapeutic approaches used in in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental models of IC/BPS. Publications were identified by electronic search of three online databases. Data were extracted for study design, type of treatment, main findings, and outcome, as well as for methodological quality and the reporting of measures to avoid bias. A total of 100 full-text articles were included. The majority of identified articles evaluated therapeutic agents currently recommended to treat IC/BPS by the American Urological Association guidelines (21%) and therapeutic agents currently approved to treat other diseases (11%). More recently published articles assessed therapeutic approaches using stem cells (11%) and plant-derived agents (10%), while novel potential drug targets identified were proteinase-activated (6%) and purinergic (4%) receptors, transient receptor potential channels (3%), microRNAs (2%), and activation of the cannabinoid system (7%). Our results show that the reported methodological quality of animal studies could be substantially improved, and measures to avoid bias should be more consistently reported in order to increase the value of preclinical research in IC/BPS for potential translation to a clinical setting.
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Calcium Channel Subunit α2δ-1 as a Potential Biomarker Reflecting Illness Severity and Neuroinflammation in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105874. [PMID: 34049015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) dysfunction is involved in the development of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). As a subunit of VGCC complexes, we detected the levels of α2δ-1 subunit in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from AIS patients. METHODS The study included 105 patients with first-ever AIS, who were admitted within 48 hours after stroke onset. The serum and CSF levels of α2δ-1 were measured with ELISA and the severity of AIS patients was evaluated according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. The cerebral infarct volume was calculated through the Pullicino formula based on the cranial CT or MRI scan. C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured using the latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay. RESULTS Compared to the control subjects, the serum α2δ-1 level was significantly increased in AIS patients with large infarct volume and in severe AIS cases with high NIHSS score, which correlated positively with the inflammatory markers CRP and SAA. Furthermore, the concentration of α2δ-1 in CSF was elevated with the infarct volume, which was higher in severe AIS patients. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the increased α2δ-1 levels in serum and CSF specimens may be used as a potential marker for reflecting VGCCs dysfunction, illness severity and neuroinflammation in AIS patients.
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Mathematical modeling of septic shock: an innovative tool for assessing therapeutic hypotheses. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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